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Koh N, Ma Z, Sarup A, Kristl AC, Agrios M, Young M, Miri A. Selective direct motor cortical influence during naturalistic climbing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.06.18.545509. [PMID: 39229015 PMCID: PMC11370436 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.18.545509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
It remains poorly resolved when and how motor cortical output directly influences limb muscle activity through descending projections, which impedes mechanistic understanding of cortical movement control. Here we addressed this in mice performing an ethologically inspired all-limb climbing behavior. We quantified the direct influence of forelimb primary motor cortex (caudal forelimb area, CFA) on muscle activity comprehensively across the muscle activity states that occur during climbing. We found that CFA informs muscle activity pattern, mainly by selectively activating certain muscles while exerting much smaller, bidirectional effects on their antagonists. From Neuropixel recordings, we identified linear combinations (components) of motor cortical activity that covary with these effects, finding that these components differ from those that covary with muscle activity or kinematics. Collectively, our results reveal an instructive direct motor cortical influence on limb muscles that is selective within a motor behavior and reliant on a new type of neural activity subspace.
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Rault N, Bergmans T, Delfstra N, Kleijnen BJ, Zeldenrust F, Celikel T. Where Top-Down Meets Bottom-Up: Cell-Type Specific Connectivity Map of the Whisker System. Neuroinformatics 2024; 22:251-268. [PMID: 38767789 PMCID: PMC11329691 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-024-09658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Sensorimotor computation integrates bottom-up world state information with top-down knowledge and task goals to form action plans. In the rodent whisker system, a prime model of active sensing, evidence shows neuromodulatory neurotransmitters shape whisker control, affecting whisking frequency and amplitude. Since neuromodulatory neurotransmitters are mostly released from subcortical nuclei and have long-range projections that reach the rest of the central nervous system, mapping the circuits of top-down neuromodulatory control of sensorimotor nuclei will help to systematically address the mechanisms of active sensing. Therefore, we developed a neuroinformatic target discovery pipeline to mine the Allen Institute's Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas. Using network connectivity analysis, we identified new putative connections along the whisker system and anatomically confirmed the existence of 42 previously unknown monosynaptic connections. Using this data, we updated the sensorimotor connectivity map of the mouse whisker system and developed the first cell-type-specific map of the network. The map includes 157 projections across 18 principal nuclei of the whisker system and neuromodulatory neurotransmitter-releasing. Performing a graph network analysis of this connectome, we identified cell-type specific hubs, sources, and sinks, provided anatomical evidence for monosynaptic inhibitory projections into all stages of the ascending pathway, and showed that neuromodulatory projections improve network-wide connectivity. These results argue that beyond the modulatory chemical contributions to information processing and transfer in the whisker system, the circuit connectivity features of the neuromodulatory networks position them as nodes of sensory and motor integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rault
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tido Bergmans
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja Delfstra
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Fleur Zeldenrust
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Boch M, Huber L, Lamm C. Domestic dogs as a comparative model for social neuroscience: Advances and challenges. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105700. [PMID: 38710423 PMCID: PMC7616343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Dogs and humans have lived together for thousands of years and share many analogous socio-cognitive skills. Dog neuroimaging now provides insight into the neural bases of these shared social abilities. Here, we summarize key findings from dog fMRI identifying neocortical brain areas implicated in visual social cognition, such as face, body, and emotion perception, as well as action observation in dogs. These findings provide converging evidence that the temporal cortex plays a significant role in visual social cognition in dogs. We further briefly review investigations into the neural base of the dog-human relationship, mainly involving limbic brain regions. We then discuss current challenges in the field, such as statistical power and lack of common template spaces, and how to overcome them. Finally, we argue that the foundation has now been built to investigate and compare the neural bases of more complex socio-cognitive phenomena shared by dogs and humans. This will strengthen and expand the role of the domestic dog as a powerful comparative model species and provide novel insights into the evolutionary roots of social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Boch
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria; Department of Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Ludwig Huber
- Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Claus Lamm
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria; Vienna Cognitive Science Hub, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria
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Blin M, Valay L, Kuratko M, Pavie M, Rétaux S. The evolution of olfactory sensitivity, preferences, and behavioral responses in Mexican cavefish is influenced by fish personality. eLife 2024; 12:RP92861. [PMID: 38832493 PMCID: PMC11149931 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Animals are adapted to their natural habitats and lifestyles. Their brains perceive the external world via their sensory systems, compute information together with that of internal states and autonomous activity, and generate appropriate behavioral outputs. However, how do these processes evolve across evolution? Here, focusing on the sense of olfaction, we have studied the evolution in olfactory sensitivity, preferences, and behavioral responses to six different food-related amino acid odors in the two eco-morphs of the fish Astyanax mexicanus. To this end, we have developed a high-throughput behavioral setup and pipeline of quantitative and qualitative behavior analysis, and we have tested 489 six-week-old Astyanax larvae. The blind, dark-adapted morphs of the species showed markedly distinct basal swimming patterns and behavioral responses to odors, higher olfactory sensitivity, and a strong preference for alanine, as compared to their river-dwelling eyed conspecifics. In addition, we discovered that fish have an individual 'swimming personality', and that this personality influences their capability to respond efficiently to odors and find the source. Importantly, the personality traits that favored significant responses to odors were different in surface fish and cavefish. Moreover, the responses displayed by second-generation cave × surface F2 hybrids suggested that olfactory-driven behavior and olfactory sensitivity is a quantitative genetic trait. Our findings show that olfactory processing has rapidly evolved in cavefish at several levels: detection threshold, odor preference, and foraging behavior strategy. Cavefish is therefore an outstanding model to understand the genetic, molecular, and neurophysiological basis of sensory specialization in response to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Blin
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS and University Paris-SaclaySaclayFrance
| | - Louis Valay
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS and University Paris-SaclaySaclayFrance
| | - Manon Kuratko
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS and University Paris-SaclaySaclayFrance
| | - Marie Pavie
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS and University Paris-SaclaySaclayFrance
| | - Sylvie Rétaux
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS and University Paris-SaclaySaclayFrance
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Mezias C, Huo B, Bota M, Jayakumar J, Mitra PP. Establishing neuroanatomical correspondences across mouse and marmoset brain structures. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4373678. [PMID: 38826382 PMCID: PMC11142350 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4373678/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Interest in the common marmoset is growing due to evolutionarily proximity to humans compared to laboratory mice, necessitating a comparison of mouse and marmoset brain architectures, including connectivity and cell type distributions. Creating an actionable comparative platform is challenging since these brains have distinct spatial organizations and expert neuroanatomists disagree. We propose a general theoretical framework to relate named atlas compartments across taxa and use it to establish a detailed correspondence between marmoset and mice brains. Contrary to conventional wisdom that brain structures may be easier to relate at higher levels of the atlas hierarchy, we find that finer parcellations at the leaf levels offer greater reconcilability despite naming discrepancies. Utilizing existing atlases and associated literature, we created a list of leaf-level structures for both species and establish five types of correspondence between them. One-to-one relations were found between 43% of the structures in mouse and 47% in marmoset, whereas 25% of mouse and 10% of marmoset structures were not relatable. The remaining structures show a set of more complex mappings which we quantify. Implementing this correspondence with volumetric atlases of the two species, we make available a computational tool for querying and visualizing relationships between the corresponding brains. Our findings provide a foundation for computational comparative analyses of mesoscale connectivity and cell type distributions in the laboratory mouse and the common marmoset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mezias
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | - Bingxing Huo
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Data Sciences Platform Division, 105 Broadway, Cambridge, MA
| | - Mihail Bota
- 15 Cismelei, 15 Bl. Constanta, Romania, 900842
| | - Jaikishan Jayakumar
- Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Center for Computational Brain Research, Chennai, TM, India
| | - Partha P. Mitra
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
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Meneghetti N, Vannini E, Mazzoni A. Rodents' visual gamma as a biomarker of pathological neural conditions. J Physiol 2024; 602:1017-1048. [PMID: 38372352 DOI: 10.1113/jp283858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural gamma oscillations (indicatively 30-100 Hz) are ubiquitous: they are associated with a broad range of functions in multiple cortical areas and across many animal species. Experimental and computational works established gamma rhythms as a global emergent property of neuronal networks generated by the balanced and coordinated interaction of excitation and inhibition. Coherently, gamma activity is strongly influenced by the alterations of synaptic dynamics which are often associated with pathological neural dysfunctions. We argue therefore that these oscillations are an optimal biomarker for probing the mechanism of cortical dysfunctions. Gamma oscillations are also highly sensitive to external stimuli in sensory cortices, especially the primary visual cortex (V1), where the stimulus dependence of gamma oscillations has been thoroughly investigated. Gamma manipulation by visual stimuli tuning is particularly easy in rodents, which have become a standard animal model for investigating the effects of network alterations on gamma oscillations. Overall, gamma in the rodents' visual cortex offers an accessible probe on dysfunctional information processing in pathological conditions. Beyond vision-related dysfunctions, alterations of gamma oscillations in rodents were indeed also reported in neural deficits such as migraine, epilepsy and neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric conditions such as Alzheimer's, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Altogether, the connections between visual cortical gamma activity and physio-pathological conditions in rodent models underscore the potential of gamma oscillations as markers of neuronal (dys)functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Meneghetti
- The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Excellence for Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vannini
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Mazzoni
- The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Excellence for Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
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Urban III ET, Hudson HM, Li Y, Nishibe M, Barbay S, Guggenmos DJ, Nudo RJ. Corticocortical connections of the rostral forelimb area in rats: a quantitative tract-tracing study. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad530. [PMID: 38265300 PMCID: PMC10839842 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The rostral forelimb area (RFA) in the rat is a premotor cortical region based on its dense efferent projections to primary motor cortex. This study describes corticocortical connections of RFA and the relative strength of connections with other cortical areas. The goal was to provide a better understanding of the cortical network in which RFA participates, and thus, determine its function in sensorimotor behavior. The RFA of adult male Long-Evans rats (n = 6) was identified using intracortical microstimulation techniques and injected with the tract-tracer, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA). In post-mortem tissue, locations of BDA-labeled terminal boutons and neuronal somata were plotted and superimposed on cortical field boundaries. Quantitative estimates of terminal boutons in each region of interest were based on unbiased stereological methods. The results demonstrate that RFA has dense connections with primary motor cortex and frontal cortex medial and lateral to RFA. Moderate connections were found with insular cortex, primary somatosensory cortex (S1), the M1/S1 overlap zone, and lateral somatosensory areas. Cortical connections of RFA in rat are strikingly similar to cortical connections of the ventral premotor cortex in non-human primates, suggesting that these areas share similar functions and allow greater translation of rodent premotor cortex studies to primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Urban III
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Heather M Hudson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Yanming Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Mariko Nishibe
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Scott Barbay
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - David J Guggenmos
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Randolph J Nudo
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Freire MAM, Franca JG, Picanco-Diniz CW, Manger PR, Kaas JH, Pereira A. Organization of Somatosensory Cortex in the South American Rodent Paca (Cuniculus paca). BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2024; 98:275-289. [PMID: 38198769 DOI: 10.1159/000534469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study of non-laboratory species has been part of a broader effort to establish the basic organization of the mammalian neocortex, as these species may provide unique insights relevant to cortical organization, function, and evolution. METHODS In the present study, the organization of three somatosensory cortical areas of the medium-sized (5-11 kg body mass) Amazonian rodent, the paca (Cuniculus paca), was determined using a combination of electrophysiological microelectrode mapping and histochemical techniques (cytochrome oxidase and NADPH diaphorase) in tangential sections. RESULTS Electrophysiological mapping revealed a somatotopically organized primary somatosensory cortical area (S1) located in the rostral parietal cortex with a characteristic foot-medial/head-lateral contralateral body surface representation similar to that found in other species. S1 was bordered laterally by two regions housing neurons responsive to tactile stimuli, presumably the secondary somatosensory (S2) and parietal ventral (PV) cortical areas that evinced a mirror-reversal representation (relative to S1) of the contralateral body surface. The limits of the putative primary visual (V1) and primary auditory (A1) cortical areas, as well as the complete representation of the contralateral body surface in S1, were determined indirectly by the histochemical stains. Like the barrel field described in small rodents, we identified a modular arrangement located in the face representation of S1. CONCLUSIONS The relative location, somatotopic organization, and pattern of neuropil histochemical reactivity in the three paca somatosensory cortical areas investigated are similar to those described in other mammalian species, providing additional evidence of a common plan of organization for the somatosensory cortex in the rostral parietal cortex of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João G Franca
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jon H Kaas
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Antonio Pereira
- Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Brazil
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Ortega-Jimenez VM, Jusufi A, Brown CE, Zeng Y, Kumar S, Siddall R, Kim B, Challita EJ, Pavlik Z, Priess M, Umhofer T, Koh JS, Socha JJ, Dudley R, Bhamla MS. Air-to-land transitions: from wingless animals and plant seeds to shuttlecocks and bio-inspired robots. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 18:051001. [PMID: 37552773 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/acdb1c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent observations of wingless animals, including jumping nematodes, springtails, insects, and wingless vertebrates like geckos, snakes, and salamanders, have shown that their adaptations and body morphing are essential for rapid self-righting and controlled landing. These skills can reduce the risk of physical damage during collision, minimize recoil during landing, and allow for a quick escape response to minimize predation risk. The size, mass distribution, and speed of an animal determine its self-righting method, with larger animals depending on the conservation of angular momentum and smaller animals primarily using aerodynamic forces. Many animals falling through the air, from nematodes to salamanders, adopt a skydiving posture while descending. Similarly, plant seeds such as dandelions and samaras are able to turn upright in mid-air using aerodynamic forces and produce high decelerations. These aerial capabilities allow for a wide dispersal range, low-impact collisions, and effective landing and settling. Recently, small robots that can right themselves for controlled landings have been designed based on principles of aerial maneuvering in animals. Further research into the effects of unsteady flows on self-righting and landing in small arthropods, particularly those exhibiting explosive catapulting, could reveal how morphological features, flow dynamics, and physical mechanisms contribute to effective mid-air control. More broadly, studying apterygote (wingless insects) landing could also provide insight into the origin of insect flight. These research efforts have the potential to lead to the bio-inspired design of aerial micro-vehicles, sports projectiles, parachutes, and impulsive robots that can land upright in unsteady flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Ortega-Jimenez
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States of America
| | - Ardian Jusufi
- Soft Kinetic Group, Engineering Sciences Department, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Institutes for Neuroinformatics and Palaeontology, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Christian E Brown
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Science Center 110, Tampa, FL 33620, United States of America
| | - Yu Zeng
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Science Center 110, Tampa, FL 33620, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Sunny Kumar
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, United States of America
| | - Robert Siddall
- Aerial Robotics Lab, Imperial College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Baekgyeom Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Elio J Challita
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, United States of America
| | - Zoe Pavlik
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States of America
| | - Meredith Priess
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States of America
| | - Thomas Umhofer
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States of America
| | - Je-Sung Koh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - John J Socha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Robert Dudley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Science Center 110, Tampa, FL 33620, United States of America
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | - M Saad Bhamla
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, United States of America
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Wilson KM, Arquilla AM, Saltzman W. The parental umwelt: Effects of parenthood on sensory processing in rodents. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13237. [PMID: 36792373 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An animal's umwelt, comprising its perception of the sensory environment, which is inherently subjective, can change across the lifespan in accordance with major life events. In mammals, the onset of motherhood, in particular, is associated with a neural and sensory plasticity that alters a mother's detection and use of sensory information such as infant-related sensory stimuli. Although the literature surrounding mammalian mothers is well established, very few studies have addressed the effects of parenthood on sensory plasticity in mammalian fathers. In this review, we summarize the major findings on the effects of parenthood on behavioural and neural responses to sensory stimuli from pups in rodent mothers, with a focus on the olfactory, auditory, and somatosensory systems, as well as multisensory integration. We also review the available literature on sensory plasticity in rodent fathers. Finally, we discuss the importance of sensory plasticity for effective parental care, hormonal modulation of plasticity, and an exploration of temporal, ecological, and life-history considerations of sensory plasticity associated with parenthood. The changes in processing and/or perception of sensory stimuli associated with the onset of parental care may have both transient and long-lasting effects on parental behaviour and cognition in both mothers and fathers; as such, several promising areas of study, such as on the molecular/genetic, neurochemical, and experiential underpinnings of parenthood-related sensory plasticity, as well as determinants of interspecific variation, remain potential avenues for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerianne M Wilson
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - April M Arquilla
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Wendy Saltzman
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Haghir H, Kuckertz A, Zhao L, Hami J, Palomero-Gallagher N. A new map of the rat isocortex and proisocortex: cytoarchitecture and M 2 receptor distribution patterns. Brain Struct Funct 2023:10.1007/s00429-023-02654-7. [PMID: 37318645 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters and their receptors are key molecules in information transfer between neurons, thus enabling inter-areal communication. Therefore, multimodal atlases integrating the brain's cyto- and receptor architecture constitute crucial tools to understand the relationship between its structural and functional segregation. Cholinergic muscarinic M2 receptors have been shown to be an evolutionarily conserved molecular marker of primary sensory areas in the mammalian brain. To complement existing rodent atlases, we applied a silver cell body staining and quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiographic visualization of M2 receptors to alternating sections throughout the entire brain of five adult male Wistar rats (three sectioned coronally, one horizontally, one sagittally). Histological sections and autoradiographs were scanned at a spatial resolution of 1 µm and 20 µm per pixel, respectively, and files were stored as 8 bit images. We used these high-resolution datasets to create an atlas of the entire rat brain, including the olfactory bulb, cerebellum and brainstem. We describe the cyto- and M2 receptor architectonic features of 48 distinct iso- and proisocortical areas across the rat forebrain and provide their mean M2 receptor density. The ensuing parcellation scheme, which is discussed in the framework of existing comprehensive atlasses, includes the novel subdivision of mediomedial secondary visual area Oc2MM into anterior (Oc2MMa) and posterior (Oc2MMp) parts, and of lateral visual area Oc2L into rostrolateral (Oc2Lr), intermediate dorsolateral (Oc2Lid), intermediate ventrolateral (Oc2Liv) and caudolateral (Oc2Lc) secondary visual areas. The M2 receptor densities and the comprehensive map of iso-and proisocortical areas constitute useful tools for future computational and neuroscientific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Haghir
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Genetic Research Center (MGRC), School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Anika Kuckertz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ling Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Javad Hami
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University Potsdam, 14471, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
- C. & O. Vogt Institute of Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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12
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Nengovhela A, Ivy CM, Scott GR, Denys C, Taylor PJ. Counter-gradient variation and the expensive tissue hypothesis explain parallel brain size reductions at high elevation in cricetid and murid rodents. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5617. [PMID: 37024565 PMCID: PMC10079977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand functional morphological adaptations to high elevation (> 3000 m above sea level) life in both North American and African mountain-associated rodents, we used microCT scanning to acquire 3D images and a 3D morphometric approach to calculate endocranial volumes and skull lengths. This was done on 113 crania of low-elevation and high-elevation populations in species of North American cricetid mice (two Peromyscus species, n = 53), and African murid rodents of two tribes, Otomyini (five species, n = 49) and Praomyini (four species, n = 11). We tested two distinct hypotheses for how endocranial volume might vary in high-elevation populations: the expensive tissue hypothesis, which predicts that brain and endocranial volumes will be reduced to lessen the costs of growing and maintaining a large brain; and the brain-swelling hypothesis, which predicts that endocranial volumes will be increased either as a direct phenotypic effect or as an adaptation to accommodate brain swelling and thus minimize pathological symptoms of altitude sickness. After correcting for general allometric variation in cranial size, we found that in both North American Peromyscus mice and African laminate-toothed (Otomys) rats, highland rodents had smaller endocranial volumes than lower-elevation rodents, consistent with the expensive tissue hypothesis. In the former group, Peromyscus mice, crania were obtained not just from wild-caught mice from high and low elevations but also from those bred in common-garden laboratory conditions from parents caught from either high or low elevations. Our results in these mice showed that brain size responses to elevation might have a strong genetic basis, which counters an opposite but weaker environmental effect on brain volume. These results potentially suggest that selection may act to reduce brain volume across small mammals at high elevations but further experiments are needed to assess the generality of this conclusion and the nature of underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aluwani Nengovhela
- Department of Mammalogy, National Museum, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa.
| | - Catherine M Ivy
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Graham R Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Christiane Denys
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP51, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Peter J Taylor
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
- Afromontane Unit, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
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13
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James SS, Englund M, Bottom R, Perez R, Conner KE, Huffman KJ, Wilson SP, Krubitzer LA. Comparing the development of cortex-wide gene expression patterns between two species in a common reference frame. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2113896119. [PMID: 36201538 PMCID: PMC9564327 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113896119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in sequencing techniques have made comparative studies of gene expression a current focus for understanding evolutionary and developmental processes. However, insights into the spatial expression of genes have been limited by a lack of robust methodology. To overcome this obstacle, we developed methods and software tools for quantifying and comparing tissue-wide spatial patterns of gene expression within and between species. Here, we compare cortex-wide expression of RZRβ and Id2 mRNA across early postnatal development in mice and voles. We show that patterns of RZRβ expression in neocortical layer 4 are highly conserved between species but develop rapidly in voles and much more gradually in mice, who show a marked expansion in the relative size of the putative primary visual area across the first postnatal week. Patterns of Id2 expression, by contrast, emerge in a dynamic and layer-specific sequence that is consistent between the two species. We suggest that these differences in the development of neocortical patterning reflect the independent evolution of brains, bodies, and sensory systems in the 35 million years since their last common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian S. James
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Mackenzie Englund
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Riley Bottom
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Roberto Perez
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Kathleen E. Conner
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Kelly J. Huffman
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Stuart P. Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Leah A. Krubitzer
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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14
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Lang MM, Bertrand OC, San Martin Flores G, Law CJ, Abdul‐Sater J, Spakowski S, Silcox MT. Scaling Patterns of Cerebellar Petrosal Lobules in Euarchontoglires: Impacts of Ecology and Phylogeny. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:3472-3503. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madlen M. Lang
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto ON Canada
| | - Ornella C. Bertrand
- School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute Edinburgh Scotland UK
| | | | - Chris J. Law
- Richard Gilder Graduate School, Department of Mammalogy, and Division of Paleontology American Museum of Natural History, 200 Central Park West New York NY
- Department of Biology University of Washington Seattle WA
- The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX
| | - Jade Abdul‐Sater
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto ON Canada
| | - Shayda Spakowski
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto ON Canada
| | - Mary T. Silcox
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto ON Canada
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15
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Warren MR, Campbell D, Borie AM, Ford CL, Dharani AM, Young LJ, Liu RC. Maturation of Social-Vocal Communication in Prairie Vole ( Microtus ochrogaster) Pups. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 15:814200. [PMID: 35087387 PMCID: PMC8787284 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.814200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairments in social communication are common among neurodevelopmental disorders. While traditional animal models have advanced our understanding of the physiological and pathological development of social behavior, they do not recapitulate some aspects where social communication is essential, such as biparental care and the ability to form long-lasting social bonds. Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) have emerged as a valuable rodent model in social neuroscience because they naturally display these behaviors. Nonetheless, the role of vocalizations in prairie vole social communication remains unclear. Here, we studied the ontogeny [from postnatal days (P) 8-16] of prairie vole pup ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), both when isolated and when the mother was present but physically unattainable. In contrast to other similarly sized rodents such as mice, prairie vole pups of all ages produced isolation USVs with a relatively low fundamental frequency between 22 and 50 kHz, often with strong harmonic structure. Males consistently emitted vocalizations with a lower frequency than females. With age, pups vocalized less, and the acoustic features of vocalizations (e.g., duration and bandwidth) became more stereotyped. Manipulating an isolated pup's social environment by introducing its mother significantly increased vocal production at older (P12-16) but not younger ages, when pups were likely unable to hear or see her. Our data provide the first indication of a maturation in social context-dependent vocal emission, which may facilitate more active acoustic communication. These results help lay a foundation for the use of prairie voles as a model organism to probe the role of early life experience in the development of social-vocal communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. Warren
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Drayson Campbell
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Amélie M. Borie
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Charles L. Ford
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ammar M. Dharani
- Summer Opportunities of Academic Research Program, James T. Laney School of Graduate Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Larry J. Young
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Robert C. Liu
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
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16
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Kwon KM, Lee MJ, Chung HS, Pak JH, Jeon CJ. The Organization of Somatostatin-Immunoreactive Cells in the Visual Cortex of the Gerbil. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010092. [PMID: 35052772 PMCID: PMC8773527 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) is widely expressed in the brain and plays various, vital roles involved in neuromodulation. The purpose of this study is to characterize the organization of SST neurons in the Mongolian gerbil visual cortex (VC) using immunocytochemistry, quantitative analysis, and confocal microscopy. As a diurnal animal, the Mongolian gerbil provides us with a different perspective to other commonly used nocturnal rodent models. In this study, SST neurons were located in all layers of the VC except in layer I; they were most common in layer V. Most SST neurons were multipolar round/oval or stellate cells. No pyramidal neurons were found. Moreover, 2-color immunofluorescence revealed that only 33.50%, 24.05%, 16.73%, 0%, and 64.57% of SST neurons contained gamma-aminobutyric acid, calbindin-D28K, calretinin, parvalbumin, and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, respectively. In contrast, neuropeptide Y and nitric oxide synthase were abundantly expressed, with 80.07% and 75.41% in SST neurons, respectively. Our immunocytochemical analyses of SST with D1 and D2 dopamine receptors and choline acetyltransferase, α7 and β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors suggest that dopaminergic and cholinergic fibers contact some SST neurons. The results showed some distinguishable features of SST neurons and provided some insight into their afferent circuitry in the gerbil VC. These findings may support future studies investigating the role of SST neurons in visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Min Kwon
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative Bio-Research Group, College of Natural Sciences, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (K.-M.K.); (M.-J.L.)
- Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Myung-Jun Lee
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative Bio-Research Group, College of Natural Sciences, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (K.-M.K.); (M.-J.L.)
| | - Han-Saem Chung
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Jae-Hong Pak
- Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea;
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Chang-Jin Jeon
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative Bio-Research Group, College of Natural Sciences, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (K.-M.K.); (M.-J.L.)
- Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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17
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Innocenti GM, Schmidt K, Milleret C, Fabri M, Knyazeva MG, Battaglia-Mayer A, Aboitiz F, Ptito M, Caleo M, Marzi CA, Barakovic M, Lepore F, Caminiti R. The functional characterization of callosal connections. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 208:102186. [PMID: 34780864 PMCID: PMC8752969 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The functional characterization of callosal connections is informed by anatomical data. Callosal connections play a conditional driving role depending on the brain state and behavioral demands. Callosal connections play a modulatory function, in addition to a driving role. The corpus callosum participates in learning and interhemispheric transfer of sensorimotor habits. The corpus callosum contributes to language processing and cognitive functions.
The brain operates through the synaptic interaction of distant neurons within flexible, often heterogeneous, distributed systems. Histological studies have detailed the connections between distant neurons, but their functional characterization deserves further exploration. Studies performed on the corpus callosum in animals and humans are unique in that they capitalize on results obtained from several neuroscience disciplines. Such data inspire a new interpretation of the function of callosal connections and delineate a novel road map, thus paving the way toward a general theory of cortico-cortical connectivity. Here we suggest that callosal axons can drive their post-synaptic targets preferentially when coupled to other inputs endowing the cortical network with a high degree of conditionality. This might depend on several factors, such as their pattern of convergence-divergence, the excitatory and inhibitory operation mode, the range of conduction velocities, the variety of homotopic and heterotopic projections and, finally, the state-dependency of their firing. We propose that, in addition to direct stimulation of post-synaptic targets, callosal axons often play a conditional driving or modulatory role, which depends on task contingencies, as documented by several recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio M Innocenti
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS5), École Polytechnique Fédérale (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Schmidt
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Chantal Milleret
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U 1050, Label Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Mara Fabri
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria G Knyazeva
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neuroimagerie (LREN), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Leenaards Memory Centre and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Francisco Aboitiz
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias and Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maurice Ptito
- Harland Sanders Chair in Visual Science, École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Qc, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matteo Caleo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Italy; CNR Neuroscience Institute, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo A Marzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Muhamed Barakovic
- Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS5), École Polytechnique Fédérale (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franco Lepore
- Department of Psychology, Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Roberto Caminiti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome SAPIENZA, Rome, Italy; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy.
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18
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Kui GG, Krysiak M, Banda K, Rodman HR. Context dependence of head bobs in gerbils and potential neural contributions. Behav Brain Res 2021; 418:113622. [PMID: 34648795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Headbobs are up-down movements of the cranium associated with the use of motion parallax for depth perception. Mongolian gerbils (aka jirds; Meriones unguiculatus) often execute a series of headbobs prior to jumping between surfaces. Gerbils were tested in a jumping stand task and headbobs videotaped under three light levels approximating low daylight, dawn/dusk, and moonlight across a range of distances to target. Headbobs per trial increased linearly with increasing distance to the target platform, whereas headbob frequency (rate of headbobbing pre-jump on the start platform) increased with gap distance up to an intermediate level and then decreased. Overall, gerbils made the most headbobs per trial under the darkest conditions, whereas their headbobbing rate was highest for medium illumination, especially for medium-long gap distances. There was a positive correlation between headbob frequency and volume of the superior colliculus (SC), but no relationship between headbobs and relative size of the temporo-posterior (TP) visual cortex. The results suggest that gerbils employ a specific visuomotor strategy for depth perception differentially under different conditions. We suggest that the deployment of headbobs under specific conditions may be part of an SC-driven vigilant state, of which more rapid sampling of the visual environment using headbobs for depth estimation is one component. Moreover, the findings highlight the importance of considering ecological factors in designing studies of visual behavior and its underpinnings in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Gwen Kui
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Krista Banda
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hillary R Rodman
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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19
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The primary visual cortex of Cetartiodactyls: organization, cytoarchitectonics and comparison with perissodactyls and primates. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 227:1195-1225. [PMID: 34604923 PMCID: PMC9046356 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cetartiodactyls include terrestrial and marine species, all generally endowed with a comparatively lateral position of their eyes and a relatively limited binocular field of vision. To this day, our understanding of the visual system in mammals beyond the few studied animal models remains limited. In the present study, we examined the primary visual cortex of Cetartiodactyls that live on land (sheep, Père David deer, giraffe); in the sea (bottlenose dolphin, Risso’s dolphin, long-finned pilot whale, Cuvier’s beaked whale, sperm whale and fin whale); or in an amphibious environment (hippopotamus). We also sampled and studied the visual cortex of the horse (a closely related perissodactyl) and two primates (chimpanzee and pig-tailed macaque) for comparison. Our histochemical and immunohistochemical results indicate that the visual cortex of Cetartiodactyls is characterized by a peculiar organization, structure, and complexity of the cortical column. We noted a general lesser lamination compared to simians, with diminished density, and an apparent simplification of the intra- and extra-columnar connections. The presence and distribution of calcium-binding proteins indicated a notable absence of parvalbumin in water species and a strong reduction of layer 4, usually enlarged in the striated cortex, seemingly replaced by a more diffuse distribution in neighboring layers. Consequently, thalamo-cortical inputs are apparently directed to the higher layers of the column. Computer analyses and statistical evaluation of the data confirmed the results and indicated a substantial correlation between eye placement and cortical structure, with a markedly segregated pattern in cetaceans compared to other mammals. Furthermore, cetacean species showed several types of cortical lamination which may reflect differences in function, possibly related to depth of foraging and consequent progressive disappearance of light, and increased importance of echolocation.
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20
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Bone conducted responses in the neonatal rat auditory cortex. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16777. [PMID: 34408208 PMCID: PMC8373948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats are born deaf and start hearing at the end of the second postnatal week, when the ear canals open and low-intensity sounds start to evoke responses in the auditory cortex. Here, using μECoG electrode arrays and intracortical silicon probe recordings, we found that bone-conducted (BC) sounds evoked biphasic responses in the auditory cortex starting from postnatal day (P) 8. The initial phase of these responses, generated by thalamocortical input, was followed by intracortical propagation within supragranular layers. BC-evoked responses co-localized with the responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the cochlea and the deepest layers of the inferior colliculus prior to onset of low-threshold hearing (P13), as well as with the responses evoked by high-frequency (30 kHz) low-intensity (70 dB) air-conducted sounds after that. Thus, BC signals reach high-frequency processing regions of the auditory cortex well before the onset of low-threshold hearing, reflecting early integrity of the auditory system.
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21
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The posterior auditory field is the chief generator of prediction error signals in the auditory cortex. Neuroimage 2021; 242:118446. [PMID: 34352393 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The auditory cortex (AC) encompasses distinct fields subserving partly different aspects of sound processing. One essential function of the AC is the detection of unpredicted sounds, as revealed by differential neural activity to predictable and unpredictable sounds. According to the predictive coding framework, this effect can be explained by repetition suppression and/or prediction error signaling. The present study investigates functional specialization of the rat AC fields in repetition suppression and prediction error by combining a tone frequency oddball paradigm (involving high-probable standard and low-probable deviant tones) with two different control sequences (many-standards and cascade). Tones in the control sequences were comparable to deviant events with respect to neural adaptation but were not violating a regularity. Therefore, a difference in the neural activity between deviant and control tones indicates a prediction error effect, whereas a difference between control and standard tones indicates a repetition suppression effect. Single-unit recordings revealed by far the largest prediction error effects for the posterior auditory field, while the primary auditory cortex, the anterior auditory field, the ventral auditory field, and the suprarhinal auditory field were dominated by repetition suppression effects. Statistically significant repetition suppression effects occurred in all AC fields, whereas prediction error effects were less robust in the primary auditory cortex and the anterior auditory field. Results indicate that the non-lemniscal, posterior auditory field is more engaged in context-dependent processing underlying deviance-detection than the other AC fields, which are more sensitive to stimulus-dependent effects underlying differential degrees of neural adaptation.
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22
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Gurma M, Yang YM, Wang LY. Developmental plasticity of NMDA receptors at the calyx of Held synapse. Neuropharmacology 2021; 196:108697. [PMID: 34242682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Excitatory synaptic transmission is largely mediated by glutamate receptors in central synapses, such as the calyx of Held synapse in the auditory brainstem. This synapse is best known for undergoing extensive morphological and functional changes throughout early development and thereby has served as a prominent model system to study presynaptic mechanisms of neurotransmitter release. However, the pivotal roles of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in gating acute forms of activity-dependent, persistent plasticity in vitro and chronic developmental remodeling in vivo are hardly noted. This article will provide a retrospective review of key experimental evidence to conceptualize the impact of a transient abundance of NMDARs during the early postnatal stage on the functionality of fast-spiking central synapses while raising a series of outstanding questions that are of general significance for understanding the developing brain in health and diseases. This article is part of the special Issue on "Glutamate Receptors - NMDA receptors".
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gurma
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 Kings Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yi-Mei Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth MN, 55812, USA
| | - Lu-Yang Wang
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 Kings Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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23
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Wada M, Takano K, Ide M, Sano Y, Shinoda Y, Furuichi T, Kansaku K. Task-Related c-Fos Expression in the Posterior Parietal Cortex During the "Rubber Tail Task" Is Diminished in Ca 2+-Dependent Activator Protein for Secretion 2 ( Caps2)-Knockout Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:680206. [PMID: 34177481 PMCID: PMC8222529 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.680206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubber hand illusion (RHI), a kind of body ownership illusion, is sometimes atypical in individuals with autism spectrum disorder; however, the brain regions associated with the illusion are still unclear. We previously reported that mice responded as if their own tails were being touched when rubber tails were grasped following synchronous stroking to rubber tails and their tails (a "rubber tail illusion", RTI), which is a task based on the human RHI; furthermore, we reported that the RTI response was diminished in Ca2+-dependent activator protein for secretion 2-knockout (Caps2-KO) mice that exhibit autistic-like phenotypes. Importance of the posterior parietal cortex in the formation of illusory perception has previously been reported in human imaging studies. However, the local neural circuits and cell properties associated with this process are not clear. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the neural basis of the RTI response and its impairment by investigating the c-Fos expression in both wild-type (WT) and Caps2-KO mice during the task since the c-Fos expression occurred soon after the neural activation. Immediately following the delivery of the synchronous stroking to both rubber tails and actual tails, the mice were perfused. Subsequently, whole brains were cryo-sectioned, and each section was immunostained with anti-c-Fos antibody; finally, c-Fos positive cell densities among the groups were compared. The c-Fos expression in the posterior parietal cortex was significantly lower in the Caps2-KO mice than in the WT mice. Additionally, we compared the c-Fos expression in the WT mice between synchronous and asynchronous conditions and found that the c-Fos-positive cell densities were significantly higher in the claustrum and primary somatosensory cortex of the WT mice exposed to the synchronous condition than those exposed to the asynchronous condition. Hence, the results suggest that decreased c-Fos expression in the posterior parietal cortex may be related to impaired multisensory integrations in Caps2-KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Wada
- Developmental Disorders Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Kouji Takano
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ide
- Developmental Disorders Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Sano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Yo Shinoda
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,Department of Environmental Health, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Teiichi Furuichi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Kenji Kansaku
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan.,Center for Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
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24
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O'Connor DH, Krubitzer L, Bensmaia S. Of mice and monkeys: Somatosensory processing in two prominent animal models. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 201:102008. [PMID: 33587956 PMCID: PMC8096687 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the neural basis of somatosensation is based largely on studies of the whisker system of mice and rats and the hands of macaque monkeys. Results across these animal models are often interpreted as providing direct insight into human somatosensation. Work on these systems has proceeded in parallel, capitalizing on the strengths of each model, but has rarely been considered as a whole. This lack of integration promotes a piecemeal understanding of somatosensation. Here, we examine the functions and morphologies of whiskers of mice and rats, the hands of macaque monkeys, and the somatosensory neuraxes of these three species. We then discuss how somatosensory information is encoded in their respective nervous systems, highlighting similarities and differences. We reflect on the limitations of these models of human somatosensation and consider key gaps in our understanding of the neural basis of somatosensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H O'Connor
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States; Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, United States
| | - Leah Krubitzer
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, United States
| | - Sliman Bensmaia
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, United States; Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, United States; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology, and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, United States.
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25
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Abstract
Prairie voles have emerged as an important rodent model for understanding the neuroscience of social behavior. Prairie voles are well known for their capacity for pair bonding and alloparental care. These behavioral phenomena overlap with human social behavior but are not commonly observed in traditional rodent models. In this article, we highlight the many benefits of using prairie voles in neuroscience research. We begin by describing the advantages of using diverse and non-traditional study models. We then focus on social behaviors, including pair bonding, alloparental care, and peer interactions, that have brought voles to the forefront of social neuroscience. We describe many additional features of prairie vole biology and behavior that provide researchers with opportunities to address an array of research questions. We also survey neuroethological methods that have been used with prairie voles, from classic to modern techniques. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of other vole species, particularly meadow voles, and their own unique advantages for neuroscience studies. This article provides a foundation for researchers who are new to working with voles, as well as for experienced neuroscientists who want to expand their research scope. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Kenkel
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Morgan L. Gustison
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Annaliese K. Beery
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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26
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Schmidt AR, Gariboldi MC, Cortasa SA, Proietto S, Corso MC, Inserra PIF, Jaime VS, Halperin J, Vitullo AD, Dorfman VB. Neocortical Anatomy in the South American Plains Vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus, Reveals Different Strategies in Encephalic Development among Hystricomorpha and Myomorpha Rodents. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:318-329. [PMID: 33910193 DOI: 10.1159/000515638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Depending on the presence or absence of sulci and convolutions, the brains of mammals are classified as gyrencephalic or lissencephalic. We analyzed the encephalic anatomy of the hystricomorph rodent Lagostomus maximus in comparison with other evolutionarily related species. The encephalization quotient (EQ), gyrencephaly index (GI), and minimum cortical thickness (MCT) were calculated for the plains vizcacha as well as for other myomorph and hystricomorph rodents. The vizcacha showed a gyrencephalic brain with a sagittal longitudinal fissure that divides both hemispheres, and 3 pairs of sulci with bilateral symmetry; that is, lateral-rostral, intraparietal, and transverse sulci. The EQ had one of the lowest values among Hystricomorpha, while GI was one of the highest. Besides, the MCT was close to the mean value for the suborder. The comparison of EQ, GI, and MCT values between hystricomorph and myomorph species allowed the detection of significant variations. Both EQ and GI showed a significant increase in Hystricomorpha compared to Myomorpha, whereas a Pearson's analysis between EQ and GI depicted an inverse correlation pattern for Hystricomorpha. Furthermore, the ratio between MCT and GI also showed a negative correlation for Hystricomorpha and Myomorpha. Our phylogenetic analyses showed that Hystricomorpha and Myomorpha do not differ in their allometric patterning between the brain and body mass, GI and brain mass, and MCT and GI. In conclusion, gyrencephalic neuroanatomy in the vizcacha could have developed from the balance between the brain size, the presence of invaginations, and the cortical thickness, which resulted in a mixed encephalization strategy for the species. Gyrencephaly in the vizcacha, as well as in other Hystricomorpha, advocates in favor of the proposal that in the more recently evolved Myomorpha lissencephaly would have arisen from a phenotype reversal process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Raúl Schmidt
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Constanza Gariboldi
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Andrés Cortasa
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofía Proietto
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Clara Corso
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Ignacio Felipe Inserra
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanina Soledad Jaime
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julia Halperin
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfredo Daniel Vitullo
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Berta Dorfman
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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27
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Yamawaki N, Raineri Tapies MG, Stults A, Smith GA, Shepherd GMG. Circuit organization of the excitatory sensorimotor loop through hand/forelimb S1 and M1. eLife 2021; 10:e66836. [PMID: 33851917 PMCID: PMC8046433 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory-guided limb control relies on communication across sensorimotor loops. For active touch with the hand, the longest loop is the transcortical continuation of ascending pathways, particularly the lemnisco-cortical and corticocortical pathways carrying tactile signals via the cuneate nucleus, ventral posterior lateral (VPL) thalamus, and primary somatosensory (S1) and motor (M1) cortices to reach corticospinal neurons and influence descending activity. We characterized excitatory connectivity along this pathway in the mouse. In the lemnisco-cortical leg, disynaptic cuneate→VPL→S1 connections excited mainly layer (L) 4 neurons. In the corticocortical leg, S1→M1 connections from L2/3 and L5A neurons mainly excited downstream L2/3 neurons, which excite corticospinal neurons. The findings provide a detailed new wiring diagram for the hand/forelimb-related transcortical circuit, delineating a basic but complex set of cell-type-specific feedforward excitatory connections that selectively and extensively engage diverse intratelencephalic projection neurons, thereby polysynaptically linking subcortical somatosensory input to cortical motor output to spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamawaki
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | | | - Austin Stults
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - Gregory A Smith
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - Gordon MG Shepherd
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
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28
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Bertrand OC, Püschel HP, Schwab JA, Silcox MT, Brusatte SL. The impact of locomotion on the brain evolution of squirrels and close relatives. Commun Biol 2021; 4:460. [PMID: 33846528 PMCID: PMC8042109 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
How do brain size and proportions relate to ecology and evolutionary history? Here, we use virtual endocasts from 38 extinct and extant rodent species spanning 50+ million years of evolution to assess the impact of locomotion, body mass, and phylogeny on the size of the brain, olfactory bulbs, petrosal lobules, and neocortex. We find that body mass and phylogeny are highly correlated with relative brain and brain component size, and that locomotion strongly influences brain, petrosal lobule, and neocortical sizes. Notably, species living in trees have greater relative overall brain, petrosal lobule, and neocortical sizes compared to other locomotor categories, especially fossorial taxa. Across millions of years of Eocene-Recent environmental change, arboreality played a major role in the early evolution of squirrels and closely related aplodontiids, promoting the expansion of the neocortex and petrosal lobules. Fossoriality in aplodontiids had an opposing effect by reducing the need for large brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella C Bertrand
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Hans P Püschel
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Julia A Schwab
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Mary T Silcox
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen L Brusatte
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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29
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Bhagat R, Bertrand OC, Silcox MT. Evolution of arboreality and fossoriality in squirrels and aplodontid rodents: Insights from the semicircular canals of fossil rodents. J Anat 2021; 238:96-112. [PMID: 32812227 PMCID: PMC7754939 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Reconstructing locomotor behaviour for fossil animals is typically done with postcranial elements. However, for species only known from cranial material, locomotor behaviour is difficult to reconstruct. The semicircular canals (SCCs) in the inner ear provide insight into an animal's locomotor agility. A relationship exists between the size of the SCCs relative to body mass and the jerkiness of an animal's locomotion. Additionally, studies have also demonstrated a relationship between SCC orthogonality and angular head velocity. Here, we employ two metrics for reconstructing locomotor agility, radius of curvature dimensions and SCC orthogonality, in a sample of twelve fossil rodents from the families Ischyromyidae, Sciuridae and Aplodontidae. The method utilizing radius of curvature dimensions provided a reconstruction of fossil rodent locomotor behaviour that is more consistent with previous studies assessing fossil rodent locomotor behaviour compared to the method based on SCC orthogonality. Previous work on ischyromyids suggests that this group displayed a variety of locomotor modes. Members of Paramyinae and Ischyromyinae have relatively smaller SCCs and are reconstructed to be relatively slower compared to members of Reithroparamyinae. Early members of the Sciuroidea clade including the sciurid Cedromus wilsoni and the aplodontid Prosciurus relictus are reconstructed to be more agile than ischyromyids, in the range of extant arboreal squirrels. This reconstruction supports previous inferences that arboreality was likely an ancestral trait for this group. Derived members of Sciuridae and Aplodontidae vary in agility scores. The fossil squirrel Protosciurus cf. rachelae is inferred from postcranial material as arboreal, which is in agreement with its high agility, in the range of extant arboreal squirrels. In contrast, the fossil aplodontid Mesogaulus paniensis has a relatively low agility score, similar to the fossorial Aplodontia rufa, the only living aplodontid rodent. This result is in agreement with its postcranial reconstruction as fossorial and with previous indications that early aplodontids were more arboreal than their burrowing descendants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Bhagat
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Toronto ScarboroughTorontoONCanada
| | | | - Mary T. Silcox
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Toronto ScarboroughTorontoONCanada
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30
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Ho CLA, Zimmermann R, Flórez Weidinger JD, Prsa M, Schottdorf M, Merlin S, Okamoto T, Ikezoe K, Pifferi F, Aujard F, Angelucci A, Wolf F, Huber D. Orientation Preference Maps in Microcebus murinus Reveal Size-Invariant Design Principles in Primate Visual Cortex. Curr Biol 2020; 31:733-741.e7. [PMID: 33275889 PMCID: PMC9026768 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Orientation preference maps (OPMs) are a prominent feature of primary visual cortex (V1) organization in many primates and carnivores. In rodents, neurons are not organized in OPMs but are instead interspersed in a “salt and pepper” fashion, although clusters of orientation-selective neurons have been reported. Does this fundamental difference reflect the existence of a lower size limit for orientation columns (OCs) below which they cannot be scaled down with decreasing V1 size? To address this question, we examined V1 of one of the smallest living primates, the 60-g prosimian mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Using chronic intrinsic signal imaging, we found that mouse lemur V1 contains robust OCs, which are arranged in a pinwheel-like fashion. OC size in mouse lemurs was found to be only marginally smaller compared to the macaque, suggesting that these circuit elements are nearly incompressible. The spatial arrangement of pinwheels is well described by a common mathematical design of primate V1 circuit organization. In order to accommodate OPMs, we found that the mouse lemur V1 covers one-fifth of the cortical surface, which is one of the largest V1-to-cortex ratios found in primates. These results indicate that the primate-type visual cortical circuit organization is constrained by a size limitation and raises the possibility that its emergence might have evolved by disruptive innovation rather than gradual change. Orientation preference maps are a hallmark of V1 organization in all primates studied thus far, yet they are absent in rodents. It is uncertain whether these structures scale with body or brain size. Using intrinsic signal imaging, Ho et al. reveal the presence of such maps in the V1 of the world’s smallest primate, the mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Lum Andy Ho
- University of Geneva, Department of Basic Neurosciences, Rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- University of Geneva, Department of Basic Neurosciences, Rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | | | - Mario Prsa
- University of Geneva, Department of Basic Neurosciences, Rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Schottdorf
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Sam Merlin
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Okamoto
- Kyushu University, Faculty of Arts and Science, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Koji Ikezoe
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, Osaka University and National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, 1-3 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fabien Pifferi
- UMR CNRS/MNHN 7179, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, 1 Avenue du Petit Chateau, Brunoy 91800, France
| | - Fabienne Aujard
- UMR CNRS/MNHN 7179, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, 1 Avenue du Petit Chateau, Brunoy 91800, France
| | - Alessandra Angelucci
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Fred Wolf
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, Göttingen 37077, Germany; Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, Göttingen 37075, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, Göttingen 37075, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, Göttingen 37075, Germany; Institute for Dynamics of Complex Systems, Georg-August University, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Daniel Huber
- University of Geneva, Department of Basic Neurosciences, Rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
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31
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Muthuswamy A, Pardo ID, Rao DB, Switzer RC, Sharma AK, Bolon B. Neuroanatomy and Sampling of Central Projections for the Visual System in Mammals Used in Toxicity Testing. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 49:455-471. [PMID: 33243077 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320967279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Visual system toxicity may manifest anywhere in the visual system, from the eye proper to the visual brain. Therefore, effective screening for visual system toxicity must evaluate not only ocular structures (ie, eye and optic nerve) but also multiple key brain regions involved in vision (eg, optic tract, subcortical relay nuclei, and primary and secondary visual cortices). Despite a generally comparable pattern across species, the neuroanatomic organization and function of the visual brain in rodents and rabbits exhibit appreciable differences relative to nonrodents. Currently recognized sampling practices for general toxicity studies in animals, which are based on easily discerned external neuroanatomic landmarks and guided by extant stereotaxic brain atlases, typically will permit histopathologic evaluation of many brain centers involved in visual sensation (eg, optic chiasm, optic tract, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, primary and secondary visual cortices) and often some subcortical brain nuclei involved in light-modulated nonvisual activities needed for visual attention and orientation (eg, rostral colliculus in quadrupeds, termed the superior colliculus in bipeds; several cranial nerve nuclei). Pathologic findings induced by toxicants in the visual brain centers are similar to those that are produced in other brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingrid D Pardo
- 390190Pfizer Inc, Global Pathology and Investigative Toxicology, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Deepa B Rao
- ToxPath Specialists LLC [a StageBio Company], Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Brad Bolon
- GEMpath Inc., Longmont, CO, USA * Deceased
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32
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Halley AC, Baldwin MKL, Cooke DF, Englund M, Krubitzer L. Distributed Motor Control of Limb Movements in Rat Motor and Somatosensory Cortex: The Sensorimotor Amalgam Revisited. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:6296-6312. [PMID: 32691053 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Which areas of the neocortex are involved in the control of movement, and how is motor cortex organized across species? Recent studies using long-train intracortical microstimulation demonstrate that in addition to M1, movements can be elicited from somatosensory regions in multiple species. In the rat, M1 hindlimb and forelimb movement representations have long been thought to overlap with somatosensory representations of the hindlimb and forelimb in S1, forming a partial sensorimotor amalgam. Here we use long-train intracortical microstimulation to characterize the movements elicited across frontal and parietal cortex. We found that movements of the hindlimb, forelimb, and face can be elicited from both M1 and histologically defined S1 and that representations of limb movement types are different in these two areas. Stimulation of S1 generates retraction of the contralateral forelimb, while stimulation of M1 evokes forelimb elevation movements that are often bilateral, including a rostral region of digit grasping. Hindlimb movement representations include distinct regions of hip flexion and hindlimb retraction evoked from S1 and hip extension evoked from M1. Our data indicate that both S1 and M1 are involved in the generation of movement types exhibited during natural behavior. We draw on these results to reconsider how sensorimotor cortex evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Halley
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Mary K L Baldwin
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Dylan F Cooke
- Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Englund
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Leah Krubitzer
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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33
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Salas-Lucia F, Pacheco-Torres J, González-Granero S, García-Verdugo JM, Berbel P. Transient Hypothyroidism During Lactation Alters the Development of the Corpus Callosum in Rats. An in vivo Magnetic Resonance Image and Electron Microscopy Study. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:33. [PMID: 32676012 PMCID: PMC7333461 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of children with late diagnosed congenital hypothyroidism and cognitive alterations such as abnormal verbal memory processing suggest altered telencephalic commissural connections. The corpus callosum (CC) is the major inter-hemispheric commissure that contra-laterally connects neocortical areas. However, in late diagnosed neonates with congenital hypothyroidism, the possible effect of early transient and chronic postnatal hypothyroidism still remains unknown. We have studied the development of the anterior, middle and posterior CC, using in vivo MRI and electron microscopy in hypothyroid and control male rats. Four groups of methimazole (MMI) treated rats were studied. One group, as a model for early transient hypothyroidism, was MMI-treated from postnatal day (P) 0 to P21; some of these rats were also treated with L-thyroxine (T4) from P15 to 21. Another group modeling chronic hypothyroid, were treated with MMI from P0 to 150 and from embryonic day 10 to P170. The results obtained from these groups were compared with same age control rats. The normalized T2 signal obtained using MRI was higher in MMI-treated rats and correlated with a low number and percentage of myelinated axons. The number and density of myelinated axons decreased in transient and chronic hypothyroid rats at P150. The g-ratio (inner to outer diameter ratio) and the estimated conduction velocity of myelinated axons were similar between MMI-treated and controls, but the conduction delay decreased in the posterior CC of MMI-treated rats compared to controls. These data show that early postnatal transient and chronic hypothyroidism alters CC maturation in a way that may affect the callosal transfer of information. These alterations cannot be reversed after delayed T4-treatment. Our data support the findings of neurocognitive delay in late T4-treated children with congenital hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Salas-Lucia
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
| | - Jesús Pacheco-Torres
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, UMH – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
| | - Susana González-Granero
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universitat de València - Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Valencia, Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universitat de València - Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Valencia, Spain
| | - Pere Berbel
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
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Ferreira JD, Negri FR, Sánchez-Villagra MR, Kerber L. Small within the largest: brain size and anatomy of the extinct
Neoepiblema acreensis
, a giant rodent from the Neotropics. Biol Lett 2020. [PMCID: PMC7058952 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecomorphological diversity of caviomorph rodents in South America included giant forms, such as the chinchilloid Neoepiblema acreensis from the Upper Miocene of Brazil. The evolution of the brain anatomy and size of these animals can be now studied with non-invasive imaging techniques and exceptional fossils. Caviomorphs show diversity in the traits of the olfactory bulbs, cerebrum, cerebellum, cranial nerves, and blood vessels. Neoepiblema acreensis had a gyrencephalic brain, with an expansion of the frontal lobe, lacking an evident paraflocculus. Compared to the predictions based on extant taxa, even when considering taphonomical effects, N. acreensis, a rodent that weighted almost 80 kg, had a very low encephalization quotient compared to other rodents. The adaptive value of a low energetic cost and other ecological factors could explain the presence of a small brain in this giant rodent––a pattern we also hypothesize for other Neogene giant rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- José D. Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Francisco R. Negri
- Laboratório de Paleontologia, Campus Floresta, Universidade Federal do Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Kerber
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
- Centro de Apoio à Pesquisa Paleontológica da Quarta Colônia (CAPPA), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, São João do Polêsine, Brazil
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35
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Zhou H, Chen Z, Limpanont Y, Hu Y, Ma Y, Huang P, Dekumyoy P, Zhou M, Cheng Y, Lv Z. Necroptosis and Caspase-2-Mediated Apoptosis of Astrocytes and Neurons, but Not Microglia, of Rat Hippocampus and Parenchyma Caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3126. [PMID: 32038563 PMCID: PMC6989440 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the roundworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis is the main cause of eosinophilic meningitis worldwide. The underlying molecular basis of the various pathological outcomes in permissive and non-permissive hosts infected with A. cantonensis remains poorly defined. In the present study, the histology of neurological disorders in the central nervous system (CNS) of infected rats was assessed by using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot and immunofluorescence (IF) were used in evolutions of the transcription and translation levels of the apoptosis-, necroptosis-, autophagy-, and pyroptosis-related genes. The distribution of apoptotic and necroptotic cells in the rat hippocampus and parenchyma was further detected using flow cytometry, and the features of the ultrastructure of the cells were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The inflammatory response upon CNS infection with A. cantonensis evolved, as characterized by the accumulation of a small number of inflammatory cells under the thickened meninges, which peaked at 21 days post-infection (dpi) and returned to normal by 35 dpi. The transcription levels and translation of caspase-2, caspase-8, RIP1 and RIP3 increased significantly at 21 and 28 dpi but decreased sharply at 35 dpi compared to those in the normal control group. However, the changes in the expression of caspase-1, caspase-3, caspase-11, Beclin-1 and LC3B were not obvious, suggesting that apoptosis and necroptosis but not autophagy or pyroptosis occurred in the brains of infected animals at 21 and 28 dpi. The results of RT-qPCR, western blot analysis, IF, flow cytometry and TEM further illustrated that necroptosis and caspase-2-mediated apoptosis occurred in astrocytes and neurons but not in microglia in the parenchyma and hippocampus of infected animals. This study provides the first evidence that neuronal and astrocytic necroptosis and caspase-2-mediated apoptosis are induced by A. cantonensis infection in the parenchymal and hippocampal regions of rats at 21 and 28 dpi but these processes are negligible at 35 dpi. These findings enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of A. cantonensis infection and provide new insights into therapeutic approaches targeting the occurrence of cell death in astrocytes and neurons in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Zhou
- Joint Program of Pathobiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Joint Program of Pathobiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yanin Limpanont
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yue Hu
- Joint Program of Pathobiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yubin Ma
- Joint Program of Pathobiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Joint Program of Pathobiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Paron Dekumyoy
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Minyu Zhou
- Joint Program of Pathobiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yixin Cheng
- Joint Program of Pathobiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhiyue Lv
- Joint Program of Pathobiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
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Translational implications of the anatomical nonequivalence of functionally equivalent cholinergic circuit motifs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26181-26186. [PMID: 31871174 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902280116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research is at a critical juncture, with an aging population increasingly beset by chronic illness and prominent failures to translate research from "bench to bedside." These challenges emerge on a background of increasing "silo-ing" of experiments (and experimenters)-many investigators produce and consume research conducted in 1, perhaps 2, species-and increasing pressure to reduce or eliminate research on so-called "higher" mammals. Such decisions to restrict species diversity in biomedical research have not been data-driven and increase the risk of translational failure. To illustrate this problem, we present a case study from neuroscience: cholinergic suppression in the cortex. In all mammals studied so far, acetylcholine reduces activity in some cortical neurons. Comparative anatomical studies have shown that the mechanism behind this suppression differs between species in a manner that would render drug treatments developed in nonprimate species entirely ineffective if applied to primates (including humans). Developing clinical interventions from basic research will always require translation, either between species (e.g., using a mouse model of a human disease) or within a species (using a subset of humans as a representative sample for all humans). We argue that successful translation will require that we 1) be data-driven in our selection of species for study; 2) use (with careful attention to welfare) animals that minimize the translation gap to humans; and 3) become agile at translation, by resisting the pressures to narrow our focus to a small number of organisms, instead using species diversity as an opportunity to practice translation.
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37
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Bolker JA. Selection of Models: Evolution and the Choice of Species for Translational Research. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2019; 93:82-91. [PMID: 31416088 DOI: 10.1159/000500317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary thinking can inform the choice and assessment of model species in neuroscience, particularly when such models are intended to generate knowledge that will translate to humans. Avoiding errors that arise from oversimplified notions of phylogeny or genotype-phenotype mapping is one contribution; evolutionary biology also offers positive guidance. The challenge of finding adequate non-human models for translational research is particularly acute in neuroscience: neurobiological and behavioral phenotypes are complex and plastic, and many traits important in humans are absent, radically different, or difficult to assess in other species. Evolutionary perspectives help to articulate and address these challenges. Darwin's description of "descent with modification" points to two aspects of evolution that can help us assess the matching between a prospective model species and its intended target. One is trees that represent the structure of phylogenetic relationships; the other is phenotypic traits, i.e. the unique characteristics of each species' evolved biology and natural history. Mapping traits onto a phylogeny is the first step toward analyzing the source of similarities between a target and a potential model. Whether similar traits arise from shared ancestry or from adaptive convergence has important implications for what kinds of inferences can be justified, and for the likely translatability of findings. Evolution offers both a rich source of possible models, and guidance for choosing the best ones for a given purpose. Considering model choice from an evolutionary angle not only helps to answer the question "What species might be a good model for studying x?" but also suggests additional questions we should be asking to assess the utility of both potential and current models. Recognizing the diverse ways model organisms can function expands our search image as we seek species to study that can both extend general knowledge, and generate translatable insights relevant to human neurobiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bolker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA,
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38
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Battaglia-Mayer A, Caminiti R. Corticocortical Systems Underlying High-Order Motor Control. J Neurosci 2019; 39:4404-4421. [PMID: 30886016 PMCID: PMC6554627 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2094-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical networks are characterized by the origin, destination, and reciprocity of their connections, as well as by the diameter, conduction velocity, and synaptic efficacy of their axons. The network formed by parietal and frontal areas lies at the core of cognitive-motor control because the outflow of parietofrontal signaling is conveyed to the subcortical centers and spinal cord through different parallel pathways, whose orchestration determines, not only when and how movements will be generated, but also the nature of forthcoming actions. Despite intensive studies over the last 50 years, the role of corticocortical connections in motor control and the principles whereby selected cortical networks are recruited by different task demands remain elusive. Furthermore, the synaptic integration of different cortical signals, their modulation by transthalamic loops, and the effects of conduction delays remain challenging questions that must be tackled to understand the dynamical aspects of parietofrontal operations. In this article, we evaluate results from nonhuman primate and selected rodent experiments to offer a viewpoint on how corticocortical systems contribute to learning and producing skilled actions. Addressing this subject is not only of scientific interest but also essential for interpreting the devastating consequences for motor control of lesions at different nodes of this integrated circuit. In humans, the study of corticocortical motor networks is currently based on MRI-related methods, such as resting-state connectivity and diffusion tract-tracing, which both need to be contrasted with histological studies in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Caminiti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome, Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy, and
- Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Rome, Italy
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39
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Bertrand OC, San Martin‐Flores G, Silcox MT. Endocranial shape variation in the squirrel‐related clade and their fossil relatives using 3D geometric morphometrics: contributions of locomotion and phylogeny to brain shape. J Zool (1987) 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. C. Bertrand
- School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh Grant Institute Edinburgh UK
| | | | - M. T. Silcox
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto ON Canada
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40
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Santiago LF, Freire MAM, Picanço-Diniz CW, Franca JG, Pereira A. The Organization and Connections of Second Somatosensory Cortex in the Agouti. Front Neuroanat 2019; 12:118. [PMID: 30692919 PMCID: PMC6339897 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to understand how the mammalian sensory cortex has been structured during evolution, it is necessary to compare data from different species across distinct mammalian lineages. Here, we investigated the organization of the secondary somatosensory area (S2) in the agouti (Dasyprocta aguti), a medium-sized Amazonian rodent, using microelectrode mapping techniques and neurotracer injections. The topographic map obtained from multiunit electrophysiological recordings were correlated with both cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry and with patterns of corticocortical connections in tangential sections. The electrophysiological mapping of the lateral strip of parietal cortex adjacent to the primary somatosensory area (S1) revealed that S2 displays a mirror-reversed topographical representation of S1, but with a smaller cortical magnification factor. The caudal border of S2 is surrounded by sensory fields which also respond to auditory stimulation. BDA injections into the forelimb representation of S2 revealed a dense homotopic ipsilateral projection to S1, supplemented by a less dense projection to the caudolateral cortex located near the rhinal sulcus (parietal rhinal area) and to a frontal region probably associated with the motor cortex. Our findings were similar to those described in other mammalian species, reinforcing the existence of a common plan of organization for S2 in the mammalian parietal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucidia F Santiago
- Laboratory of Investigations in Neurodegeneration and Infection, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio M Freire
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Cristovam W Picanço-Diniz
- Laboratory of Investigations in Neurodegeneration and Infection, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - João G Franca
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio Pereira
- Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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41
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Halley AC, Krubitzer L. Not all cortical expansions are the same: the coevolution of the neocortex and the dorsal thalamus in mammals. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 56:78-86. [PMID: 30658218 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A central question in comparative neurobiology concerns how evolution has produced brains with expanded neocortices, composed of more areas with unique connectivity and functional properties. Some mammalian lineages, such as primates, exhibit exceptionally large cortices relative to the amount of sensory inputs from the dorsal thalamus, and this expansion is associated with a larger number of distinct cortical areas, composing a larger proportion of the cortical sheet. We propose a link between the organization of the neocortex and its expansion relative to the size of the dorsal thalamus, based on a combination of work in comparative neuroanatomy and experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Halley
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Leah Krubitzer
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.
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42
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The pial vasculature of the mouse develops according to a sensory-independent program. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9860. [PMID: 29959346 PMCID: PMC6026131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27910-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral vasculature is organized to supply the brain’s metabolic needs. Sensory deprivation during the early postnatal period causes altered neural activity and lower metabolic demand. Neural activity is instructional for some aspects of vascular development, and deprivation causes changes in capillary density in the deprived brain region. However, it is not known if the pial arteriole network, which contains many leptomeningeal anastomoses (LMAs) that endow the network with redundancy against occlusions, is also affected by sensory deprivation. We quantified the effects of early-life sensory deprivation via whisker plucking on the densities of LMAs and penetrating arterioles (PAs) in anatomically-identified primary sensory regions (vibrissae cortex, forelimb/hindlimb cortex, visual cortex and auditory cortex) in mice. We found that the densities of penetrating arterioles were the same across cortical regions, though the hindlimb representation had a higher density of LMAs than other sensory regions. We found that the densities of PAs and LMAs, as well as quantitative measures of network topology, were not affected by sensory deprivation. Our results show that the postnatal development of the pial arterial network is robust to sensory deprivation.
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43
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Baldwin MKL, Young NA, Matrov D, Kaas JH. Cortical projections to the superior colliculus in grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:1008-1023. [PMID: 29450943 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The superior colliculus is an important midbrain structure involved with integrating information from varying sensory modalities and sending motor signals to produce orienting movements towards environmental stimuli. Because of this role, the superior colliculus receives a multitude of sensory inputs from a wide variety of subcortical and cortical structures. Proportionately, the superior colliculus of grey squirrels is among the largest in size of all studied mammals, suggesting the importance of this structure in the behavioural characteristics of grey squirrels. Yet, our understanding of the connections of the superior colliculus in grey squirrels is lacking, especially with respect to possible cortical influences. In this study, we placed anatomical tracer injections within the medial aspect of the superior colliculus of five grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) and analysed the areal distribution of corticotectal projecting cells in flattened cortex. V1 projections to the superior colliculus were studied in two additional animals. Our results indicate that the superior colliculus receives cortical projections from visual, higher order somatosensory, and higher order auditory regions, as well as limbic, retrosplenial and anterior cingulate cortex. Few, if any, corticotectal projections originate from primary motor, primary somatosensory or parietal cortical regions. This distribution of inputs is similar to the distribution of inputs described in other rodents such as rats and mice, yet the lack of inputs from primary somatosensory and motor cortex is features of corticotectal inputs more similar to those observed in tree shrews and primates, possibly reflecting a behavioural shift from somatosensory (vibrissae) to visual navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K L Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 301 Wilson Hall, 111 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nicole A Young
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 301 Wilson Hall, 111 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Denis Matrov
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 301 Wilson Hall, 111 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jon H Kaas
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 301 Wilson Hall, 111 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
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44
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Lean GA, Liu YJ, Lyon DC. Cell type specific tracing of the subcortical input to primary visual cortex from the basal forebrain. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:589-599. [PMID: 29441578 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The basal forebrain provides cholinergic inputs to primary visual cortex (V1) that play a key modulatory role on visual function. While basal forebrain afferents terminate in the infragranular layers of V1, acetylcholine is delivered to more superficial layers through volume transmission. Nevertheless, direct synaptic contact in deep layers 5 and 6 may provide a more immediate effect on V1 modulation. Using helper viruses with cell type specific promoters to target retrograde infection of pseudotyped and genetically modified rabies virus evidence was found for direct synaptic input onto V1 inhibitory neurons. These inputs were similar in number to geniculocortical inputs and, therefore, considered robust. In contrast, while clear evidence for dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus input to V1 excitatory neurons was found, there was no evidence of direct synaptic input from the basal forebrain. These results suggest a direct and more immediate influence of the basal forebrain on local V1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina A Lean
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, School of Social Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - David C Lyon
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
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45
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New Virtual Endocasts of Eocene Ischyromyidae and Their Relevance in Evaluating Neurological Changes Occurring Through Time in Rodentia. J MAMM EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-017-9425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Abstract
Somatosensory areas containing topographic maps of the body surface are a major feature of parietal cortex. In primates, parietal cortex contains four somatosensory areas, each with its own map, with the primary cutaneous map in area 3b. Rodents have at least three parietal somatosensory areas. Maps are not isomorphic to the body surface, but magnify behaviorally important skin regions, which include the hands and face in primates, and the whiskers in rodents. Within each map, intracortical circuits process tactile information, mediate spatial integration, and support active sensation. Maps may also contain fine-scale representations of touch submodalities, or direction of tactile motion. Functional representations are more overlapping than suggested by textbook depictions of map topography. The whisker map in rodent somatosensory cortex is a canonic system for studying cortical microcircuits, sensory coding, and map plasticity. Somatosensory maps are plastic throughout life in response to altered use or injury. This chapter reviews basic principles and recent findings in primate, human, and rodent somatosensory maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Harding-Forrester
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Daniel E Feldman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States.
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47
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Ibe CS, Salami SO, Wanmi N. Brain Size of the African Grasscutter (Thryonomys Swinderianus, Temminck, 1827) at Defined Postnatal Periods. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/fv-2017-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAs a sequel to the current advancement in ethology, this study was designed to provide information on the brain size of the African grasscutter at specific postnatal periods and to extrapolate these findings to the behaviour of the rodent in its natural habitat. Brain samples were extracted from African grasscutter neonates on postnatal day 6, juveniles on postnatal day 72 and adults on postnatal day 450 by basic neuro-anatomical techniques. The weight, volume and dimensions of the brain samples were determined in absolute and relative terms. Their encephalisation quotient was also computed. There was a very strong positive correlation between nose-rump length and brain length in the neonates. The relative brain weight of neonates, juveniles and adults were 3.84 ± 0.12 %, 2.49 ± 0.07 % and 0.44 ± 0.03 %, respectively. The differences were significant (P < 0.05). The encephalisation quotient of juveniles was 1.62 ± 0.03 while that of the adult was 0.49 ± 0.02. The difference was significant (P < 0.05). The results were extrapolated to the animal’s cognitive ability, and compared with other rodents. It was concluded that the juvenile African grasscutter may have higher cognitive ability than the adult rodent, thus, juveniles should be preferred in physiological studies of memory and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. S. Ibe
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike , Nigeria
| | | | - N. Wanmi
- University of Agriculture, Markurdi , Nigeria
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Hinaux H, Devos L, Blin M, Elipot Y, Bibliowicz J, Alié A, Rétaux S. Sensory evolution in blind cavefish is driven by early embryonic events during gastrulation and neurulation. Development 2017; 143:4521-4532. [PMID: 27899509 DOI: 10.1242/dev.141291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural variations in sensory systems constitute adaptive responses to the environment. Here, we compared sensory placode development in the blind cave-adapted morph and the eyed river-dwelling morph of Astyanax mexicanus Focusing on the lens and olfactory placodes, we found a trade-off between these two sensory components in the two morphs: from neural plate stage onwards, cavefish have larger olfactory placodes and smaller lens placodes. In a search for developmental mechanisms underlying cavefish sensory evolution, we analyzed the roles of Shh, Fgf8 and Bmp4 signaling, which are known to be fundamental in patterning the vertebrate head and are subtly modulated in space and time during cavefish embryogenesis. Modulating these signaling systems at the end of gastrulation shifted the balance toward a larger olfactory derivative. Olfactory tests to assess potential behavioral outcomes of such developmental evolution revealed that Astyanax cavefish are able to respond to a 105-fold lower concentration of amino acids than their surface-dwelling counterparts. We suggest that similar evolutionary developmental mechanisms may be used throughout vertebrates to drive adaptive sensory specializations according to lifestyle and habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Hinaux
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Lucie Devos
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Maryline Blin
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Yannick Elipot
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Jonathan Bibliowicz
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Alexandre Alié
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Sylvie Rétaux
- DECA group, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
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49
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Lauer SM, Lenschow C, Brecht M. Sexually selected size differences and conserved sexual monomorphism of genital cortex. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:2706-2718. [PMID: 28472863 PMCID: PMC6585678 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian somatosensory cortex shows marked species‐specific differences. How evolution in general and sexual selection in particular shape the somatosensory cortical body representation has not been delineated, however. Here we address this issue by a comparative analysis of genital cortex. Genitals are unique body parts in that they show sexual dimorphism, major changes in puberty and typically more pronounced species differences than other body parts (Hosken & Stockley, 2004). To study the evolution of genital cortex we flattened cortical hemispheres and assembled 104 complete body maps, revealed by cytochrome‐oxidase activity in layer 4 of 8 rodent and 1 lagomorph species. In two species, we also performed antibody stainings against vesicular glutamate transporter‐2, which suggested that cytochrome‐oxidase maps closely mirror thalamic innervation. We consistently observed a protrusion between hindlimb and forelimb representation, which in rats (Lenschow et al., 2016) corresponds to the penis representation in males and the clitoris representation in females. Consistent with the idea that this protrusion corresponds to genital cortex, we observed a size increase of this protrusion during puberty. Species differed in external genital sexual dimorphism, but we observed a sexual monomorphism of the putative genital protrusion in all species, similar to previous observations in rats. The relative size of the putative genital protrusion varied more than 3‐fold between species ranging from 0.5% of somatosensory cortex area in chipmunks to 1.7% in rats. This relative size of the genital protrusion co‐varied with relative testicle size, an indicator of sperm competition and sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Lauer
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, Haus 6, Berlin, Germany
| | - Constanze Lenschow
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, Haus 6, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Brecht
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, Haus 6, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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50
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Negwer M, Liu YJ, Schubert D, Lyon DC. V1 connections reveal a series of elongated higher visual areas in the California ground squirrel, Otospermophilus beecheyi. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:1909-1921. [PMID: 28078786 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
For studies of visual cortex organization, mouse is becoming an increasingly more often used model. In addition to its genetic tractability, the relatively small area of cortical surface devoted to visual processing simplifies efforts in relating the structure of visual cortex to visual function. However, the nature of this compact organization can make some comparisons to the much larger non-human primate visual cortex difficult. The squirrel, as a highly visual rodent offers a useful means for better understanding how mouse and monkey cortical organization compares. More in line with primates than their nocturnal rodent cousin, squirrels rely much more on sight and have evolved a larger expanse of cortex devoted to visual processing. To reveal the detailed organization of visual cortex in squirrels, we injected a highly sensitive monosynaptic retrograde tracer (glycoprotein deleted rabies virus) into several locations of primary visual cortex (V1) in California ground squirrels. The resulting pattern of connectivity revealed an organizational scheme in the squirrel that retains some of the basic features of the mouse visual cortex along the medial and posterior borders of V1, but unlike mouse has an elaborate and extensive pattern laterally that is more similar to the early visual cortex organization found in monkeys. In this way, we show that the squirrel can serve as a useful model for comparison to both mouse and primate visual systems, and may help facilitate comparisons between these two very different yet widely used animal models of visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Negwer
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Inst. for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California.,Department of Honeybee Protection and Biosafety, Institute of Agricultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Dirk Schubert
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Inst. for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David C Lyon
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
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