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Chand Dakal T, Choudhary K, Tiwari I, Yadav V, Kumar Maurya P, Kumar Sharma N. Unraveling the Triad: Hypoxia, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Neuroscience 2024; 552:126-141. [PMID: 38936458 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian brain's complete dependence on oxygen for ATP production makes it highly susceptible to hypoxia, at high altitudes or in clinical scenarios including anemia or pulmonary disease. Hypoxia plays a crucial role in the development of various brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and other age-related neurodegenerative diseases. On the other hand, a decrease in environmental oxygen levels, such as prolonged stays at high elevations, may have beneficial impacts on the process of ageing and the likelihood of death. Additionally, the utilization of controlled hypoxia exposure could potentially serve as a therapeutic approach for age-related brain diseases. Recent findings indicate that the involvement of HIF-1α and the NLRP3 inflammasome is of significant importance in the development of Alzheimer's disease. HIF-1α serves as a pivotal controller of various cellular reactions to oxygen deprivation, exerting influence on a multitude of physiological mechanisms such as energy metabolism and inflammatory responses. The NLRP3 plays a crucial role in the innate immune system by coordinating the initiation of inflammatory reactions through the assembly of the inflammasome complex. This review examines the information pertaining to the contrasting effects of hypoxia on the brain, highlighting both its positive and deleterious effects and molecular pathways that are involved in mediating these different effects. This study explores potential strategies for therapeutic intervention that focus on restoring cellular balance and reducing neuroinflammation, which are critical aspects in addressing this severe neurodegenerative condition and addresses crucial inquiries that warrant further future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tikam Chand Dakal
- Genome and Computational Biology Lab, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kanika Choudhary
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Isha Tiwari
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Tonk 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vikas Yadav
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Maurya
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh 123031, India
| | - Narendra Kumar Sharma
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Tonk 304022, Rajasthan, India.
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Khalilpour J, Zangbar HS, Alipour MR, Pakdel FQ, Zavari Z, Shahabi P. Chronic Sustained Hypoxia Leads to Brainstem Tauopathy and Declines the Power of Rhythms in the Ventrolateral Medulla: Shedding Light on a Possible Mechanism. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3121-3143. [PMID: 37976025 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia, especially the chronic type, leads to disruptive results in the brain that may contribute to the pathogenesis of some neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The ventrolateral medulla (VLM) contains clusters of interneurons, such as the pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC), that generate the main respiratory rhythm drive. We hypothesized that exposing animals to chronic sustained hypoxia (CSH) might develop tauopathy in the brainstem, consequently changing the rhythmic manifestations of respiratory neurons. In this study, old (20-22 months) and young (2-3 months) male rats were subjected to CSH (10 ± 0.5% O2) for ten consecutive days. Western blotting and immunofluorescence (IF) staining were used to evaluate phosphorylated tau. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP or ∆ψm) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were measured to assess mitochondrial function. In vivo diaphragm's electromyography (dEMG) and local field potential (LFP) recordings from preBötC were employed to assess the respiratory factors and rhythmic representation of preBötC, respectively. Findings showed that ROS production increased significantly in hypoxic groups, associated with a significant decline in ∆ψm. In addition, tau phosphorylation elevated in the brainstem of hypoxic groups. On the other hand, the power of rhythms declined significantly in the preBötC of hypoxic rats, parallel with changes in the respiratory rate, total respiration time, and expiration time. Moreover, there was a positive and statistically significant correlation between LFP rhythm's power and inspiration time. Our data showed that besides CSH, aging also contributed to mitochondrial dysfunction, tau hyperphosphorylation, LFP rhythms' power decline, and changes in respiratory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Khalilpour
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Hamid Soltani Zangbar
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Alipour
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Firouz Qaderi Pakdel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Zohre Zavari
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Parviz Shahabi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran.
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Shushanyan RA, Avtandilyan NV, Grigoryan AV, Karapetyan AF. The role of oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of high-altitude cerebral edema in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2024; 327:104286. [PMID: 38825093 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2024.104286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
High-altitude environments present extreme conditions characterized by low barometric pressure and oxygen deficiency, which can disrupt brain functioning and cause edema formation. The objective of the present study is to investigate several biomolecule expressions and their role in the development of High Altitude Cerebral Edema in a rat model. Specifically, the study focuses on analyzing the changes in total arginase, nitric oxide, and lipid peroxidation (MDA) levels in the brain following acute hypobaric hypoxic exposure (7620 m, SO2=8.1 %, for 24 h) along with the histopathological assessment. The histological examination revealed increased TNF-α activity, and an elevated number of mast cells in the brain, mainly in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The research findings demonstrated that acute hypobaric hypoxic causes increased levels of apoptotic cells, shrinkage, and swelling of neurons, accompanied by the formation of protein aggregation in the brain parenchyma. Additionally, the level of nitric oxide and MDA was found to have increased (p<0.0001), however, the level of arginase decreased indicating active lipid peroxidation and redox imbalance in the brain. This study provides insights into the pathogenesis of HACE by evaluating some biomolecules that play a pivotal role in the inflammatory response and the redox landscape in the brain. The findings could have significant implications for understanding the neuronal dysfunction and the pathological mechanisms underlying HACE development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolay V Avtandilyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Anna V Grigoryan
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Yerevan State University, Armenia
| | - Anna F Karapetyan
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Yerevan State University, Armenia
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Weinstein G, Kojis DJ, Ghosh S, Beiser AS, Seshadri S. Association of Neurotrophic Factors at Midlife With In Vivo Measures of β-Amyloid and Tau Burden 15 Years Later in Dementia-Free Adults. Neurology 2024; 102:e209198. [PMID: 38471064 PMCID: PMC11033983 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) play an important role in Alzheimer disease (AD) pathophysiology. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are important NTFs. However, a direct link of BDNF and VEGF circulating levels with in vivo measures of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau burden remains to be elucidated. We explored the relationship of BDNF and VEGF serum levels with future brain Aβ and tau pathology in a cohort of cognitively healthy, predominantly middle-aged adults and tested for possible effect modifications by sex and menopausal status. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS), a community-based cohort study. The study sample included cognitively healthy participants from the FHS Offspring and Third-generation cohorts. BDNF and VEGF were measured in the third-generation cohort during examination cycles 2 (2005-2008) and 1 (2002-2005), respectively, and in the offspring cohort during examination cycle 7 (1998-2001). Participants underwent 11C-Pittsburgh compound B amyloid and 18F-Flortaucipir tau-PET imaging (2015-2021). Linear regression models were used to assess the relationship of serum BDNF and VEGF levels with regional tau and global Aβ, adjusting for potential confounders. Interactions with sex and menopausal status were additionally tested. RESULTS The sample included 414 individuals (mean age = 41 ± 9 years; 51% female). Continuous measures of BDNF and VEGF were associated with tau signal in the rhinal region after adjustment for potential confounders (β = -0.15 ± 0.06, p = 0.018 and β = -0.19 ± 0.09, p = 0.043, respectively). High BDNF (≥32,450 pg/mL) and VEGF (≥488 pg/mL) levels were significantly related to lower rhinal tau (β = -0.27 ± 0.11, p = 0.016 and β = -0.40 ± 0.14, p = 0.004, respectively) and inferior temporal tau (β = -0.24 ± 0.11, p = 0.028 and β = -0.26 ± 0.13, p = 0.049, respectively). The BDNF-rhinal tau association was observed only among male individuals. Overall, BDNF and VEGF were not associated with global amyloid; however, high VEGF levels were associated with lower amyloid burden in postmenopausal women (β = -1.96 ± 0.70, p = 0.013, per 1 pg/mL). DISCUSSION This study demonstrates a robust association between BDNF and VEGF serum levels with in vivo measures of tau almost 2 decades later. These findings add to mounting evidence from preclinical studies suggesting a role of NTFs as valuable blood biomarkers for AD risk prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Weinstein
- From the School of Public Health (G.W.), University of Haifa, Israel; Department of Biostatistics (D.J.K., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston; The Framingham Study (D.J.K., S.G., A.S.B., S.S.); Department of Neurology (S.G., A.S.B., S.S.), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; and Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio
| | - Daniel J Kojis
- From the School of Public Health (G.W.), University of Haifa, Israel; Department of Biostatistics (D.J.K., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston; The Framingham Study (D.J.K., S.G., A.S.B., S.S.); Department of Neurology (S.G., A.S.B., S.S.), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; and Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio
| | - Saptaparni Ghosh
- From the School of Public Health (G.W.), University of Haifa, Israel; Department of Biostatistics (D.J.K., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston; The Framingham Study (D.J.K., S.G., A.S.B., S.S.); Department of Neurology (S.G., A.S.B., S.S.), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; and Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio
| | - Alexa S Beiser
- From the School of Public Health (G.W.), University of Haifa, Israel; Department of Biostatistics (D.J.K., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston; The Framingham Study (D.J.K., S.G., A.S.B., S.S.); Department of Neurology (S.G., A.S.B., S.S.), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; and Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- From the School of Public Health (G.W.), University of Haifa, Israel; Department of Biostatistics (D.J.K., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston; The Framingham Study (D.J.K., S.G., A.S.B., S.S.); Department of Neurology (S.G., A.S.B., S.S.), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; and Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio
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Kim RT, Zhou L, Li Y, Krieger AC, Nordvig AS, Butler T, de Leon MJ, Chiang GC. Impaired sleep is associated with tau deposition on 18F-flortaucipir PET and accelerated cognitive decline, accounting for medications that affect sleep. J Neurol Sci 2024; 458:122927. [PMID: 38341949 PMCID: PMC10947806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.122927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired sleep is commonly associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Furthermore, the moderating effects of sleep-affecting medications, which have been linked to AD pathology, are incompletely characterized. Using data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, we investigated whether a medical history of impaired sleep, informant-reported nighttime behaviors, and sleep-affecting medications are associated with beta-amyloid and tau deposition on PET and cognitive change, cross-sectionally and longitudinally. METHODS We included 964 subjects with 18F-florbetapir PET scans. Measures of sleep impairment and medication use were obtained from medical histories and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire. Multivariate models, adjusted for covariates, were used to assess associations among sleep-related features, beta-amyloid and tau, and cognition. Cortical tau deposition, categorized by Braak stage, was assessed using the standardized uptake value peak alignment (SUVP) method on 18F-flortaucipir PET. RESULTS Medical history of sleep impairment was associated with greater baseline tau in the meta-temporal, Braak 1, and Braak 4 regions (p = 0.04, p < 0.001, p = 0.025, respectively). Abnormal nighttime behaviors were also associated with greater baseline tau in the meta-temporal region (p = 0.024), and greater cognitive impairment, cross-sectionally (p = 0.007) and longitudinally (p < 0.001). Impaired sleep was not associated with baseline beta-amyloid (p > 0.05). Short-term use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and benzodiazepines slightly weakened the sleep-tau relationship. CONCLUSIONS Sleep impairment was associated with tauopathy and cognitive decline, which could be linked to increased tau secretion from neuronal hyperactivity. Clinically, our results help identify high-risk individuals who could benefit from sleep-related interventions aimed to delay cognitive decline and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Kim
- From the Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Bauer-Sherman Fairchild Complex 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America.
| | - Liangdong Zhou
- From the Department of Radiology, Brain Health Imaging Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, 407 E 61(st) Street, New York, NY 10065, United States of America.
| | - Yi Li
- From the Department of Radiology, Brain Health Imaging Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, 407 E 61(st) Street, New York, NY 10065, United States of America.
| | - Ana C Krieger
- From the Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Division of Sleep Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, 425 E 61st St., 5th Floor, New York, NY 10065, United States of America.
| | - Anna S Nordvig
- From the Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, 428 East 72(nd) Street Suite 500, New York, NY 10021, United States of America.
| | - Tracy Butler
- From the Department of Radiology, Brain Health Imaging Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, 407 E 61(st) Street, New York, NY 10065, United States of America.
| | - Mony J de Leon
- From the Department of Radiology, Brain Health Imaging Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, 407 E 61(st) Street, New York, NY 10065, United States of America.
| | - Gloria C Chiang
- From the Department of Radiology, Brain Health Imaging Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, 407 E 61(st) Street, New York, NY 10065, United States of America; From the Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th Street, Starr Pavilion, Box 141, New York, NY 10065, United States of America.
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Wrzesień A, Andrzejewski K, Jampolska M, Kaczyńska K. Respiratory Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease-Consequence or Underlying Cause? Applying Animal Models to the Study of Respiratory Malfunctions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2327. [PMID: 38397004 PMCID: PMC10888758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative brain disease that is the most common cause of dementia among the elderly. In addition to dementia, which is the loss of cognitive function, including thinking, remembering, and reasoning, and behavioral abilities, AD patients also experience respiratory disturbances. The most common respiratory problems observed in AD patients are pneumonia, shortness of breath, respiratory muscle weakness, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The latter is considered an outcome of Alzheimer's disease and is suggested to be a causative factor. While this narrative review addresses the bidirectional relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and Alzheimer's disease and reports on existing studies describing the most common respiratory disorders found in patients with Alzheimer's disease, its main purpose is to review all currently available studies using animal models of Alzheimer's disease to study respiratory impairments. These studies on animal models of AD are few in number but are crucial for establishing mechanisms, causation, implementing potential therapies for respiratory disorders, and ultimately applying these findings to clinical practice. This review summarizes what is already known in the context of research on respiratory disorders in animal models, while pointing out directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katarzyna Kaczyńska
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (K.A.); (M.J.)
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Astara K, Tsimpolis A, Kalafatakis K, Vavougios GD, Xiromerisiou G, Dardiotis E, Christodoulou NG, Samara MT, Lappas AS. Sleep disorders and Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology: The role of the Glymphatic System. A scoping review. Mech Ageing Dev 2024; 217:111899. [PMID: 38163471 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is highly intertwined with sleep disturbances throughout its whole natural history. Sleep consists of a major compound of the functionality of the glymphatic system, as the synchronized slow-wave activity during NREM facilitates cerebrospinal and interstitial long-distance mixing. OBJECTIVE The present study undertakes a scoping review of research on the involvement of the glymphatic system in AD-related sleep disturbances. DESIGN we searched Medline, Embase, PsychInfo and HEAL-link databases, without limitations on date and language, along with reference lists of relevant reviews and all included studies. We included in vivo, in vitro and post-mortem studies examining glymphatic implications of sleep disturbances in human populations with AD spectrum pathology. A thematic synthesis of evidence based on the extracted content was applied and presented in a narrative way. RESULTS In total, 70 original research articles were included and were grouped as following: a) Protein aggregation and toxicity, after sleep deprivation, along with its effects on sleep architecture, b) Glymphatic Sequalae in SDB, yielding potential glymphatic markers c) Circadian Dysregulation, d) Possible Interventions. CONCLUSIONS this review sought to provide insight into the role of sleep disturbances in AD pathogenesis, in the context of the glymphatic disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Astara
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, 417 Army Equity Fund Hospital (NIMTS), Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Tsimpolis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete & Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kalafatakis
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry (Malta campus), Queen Mary University of London, VCT 2520, Victoria, Gozo, Malta.
| | - George D Vavougios
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cyprus, Lefkosia, Cyprus; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Athens Naval Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Xiromerisiou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Nikos G Christodoulou
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Medical School, University of Nottingham, Lenton, Nottingham, UK
| | - Myrto T Samara
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Andreas S Lappas
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Wales, UK
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Hai Y, Ren K, Zhang Y, Yang L, Cao H, Yuan X, Su L, Li H, Feng X, Liu D. HIF-1α serves as a co-linker between AD and T2DM. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116158. [PMID: 38242039 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related brain deterioration is linked to the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) features hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. Hypoxia as a common risk factor for both AD and T2DM. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) acts as the main regulator of the hypoxia response and may be a key target in the comorbidity of AD and T2DM. HIF-1α expression is closely related to hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Tissue oxygen consumption disrupts HIF-1α homeostasis, leading to increased reactive oxygen species levels and the inhibition of insulin receptor pathway activity, causing neuroinflammation, insulin resistance, abnormal Aβ deposition, and tau hyperphosphorylation. HIF-1α activation also leads to the deposition of Aβ by promoting the abnormal shearing of amyloid precursor protein and inhibiting the degradation of Aβ, and it promotes tau hyperphosphorylation by activating oxidative stress and the activation of astrocytes, which further exasperates AD. Therefore, we believe that HIF-α has great potential as a target for the treatment of AD. Importantly, the intracellular homeostasis of HIF-1α is a more crucial factor than its expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hai
- Scientific Research and Experimental Center, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China.
| | - Ke Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Yarong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Lili Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Haoshi Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Xianxia Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Linling Su
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Hailong Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Feng
- Scientific Research and Experimental Center, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Dongling Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China; Northwest Collaborative Innovation Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China; Gansu Pharmaceutical Industry Innovation Research Institute, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China.
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Pena E, San Martin-Salamanca R, El Alam S, Flores K, Arriaza K. Tau Protein Alterations Induced by Hypobaric Hypoxia Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:889. [PMID: 38255962 PMCID: PMC10815386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases whose central feature is dysfunction of the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT). Although the exact etiology of tauopathies is still unknown, it has been hypothesized that their onset may occur up to twenty years before the clear emergence of symptoms, which has led to questions about whether the prognosis of these diseases can be improved by, for instance, targeting the factors that influence tauopathy development. One such factor is hypoxia, which is strongly linked to Alzheimer's disease because of its association with obstructive sleep apnea and has been reported to affect molecular pathways related to the dysfunction and aggregation of tau proteins and other biomarkers of neurological damage. In particular, hypobaric hypoxia exposure increases the activation of several kinases related to the hyperphosphorylation of tau in neuronal cells, such as ERK, GSK3β, and CDK5. In addition, hypoxia also increases the levels of inflammatory molecules (IL-β1, IL-6, and TNF-α), which are also associated with neurodegeneration. This review discusses the many remaining questions regarding the influence of hypoxia on tauopathies and the contribution of high-altitude exposure to the development of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samia El Alam
- High Altitude Medicine Research Center (CEIMA), Arturo Prat University, Iquique 1110939, Chile; (E.P.); (R.S.M.-S.); (K.F.); (K.A.)
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Zhang S, Zhang L, Ma L, Wu H, Liu L, He X, Gao M, Li R. Neuropsychological, plasma marker, and functional connectivity changes in Alzheimer's disease patients infected with COVID-19. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1302281. [PMID: 38187359 PMCID: PMC10766841 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1302281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with COVID-19 may experience various neurological conditions, including cognitive impairment, encephalitis, and stroke. This is particularly significant in individuals who already have Alzheimer's disease (AD), as the cognitive impairments can be more pronounced in these cases. However, the extent and underlying mechanisms of cognitive impairments in COVID-19-infected AD patients have yet to be fully investigated through clinical and neurophysiological approaches. Methods This study included a total of 77 AD patients. Cognitive functions were assessed using neuropsychiatric scales for all participants, and plasma biomarkers of amyloid protein and tau protein were measured in a subset of 25 participants. To investigate the changes in functional brain connectivity induced by COVID-19 infection, a cross-sectional neuroimaging design was conducted involving a subset of 37 AD patients, including a control group of 18 AD participants without COVID-19 infection and a COVID-19 group consisting of 19 AD participants. Results For the 77 AD patients between the stages of pre and post COVID-19 infection, there were significant differences in cognitive function and psychobehavioral symptoms on the Montreal Scale (MoCA), the neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI), the clinician's global impression of change (CIBIC-Plus), and the activity of daily living scale (ADL). The COVID-19 infection significantly decreased the plasma biomarker level of Aβ42 and increased the plasma p-tau181 level in AD patients. The COVID-19-infected AD patients show decreased local coherence (LCOR) in the anterior middle temporal gyrus and decreased global correlation (GCOR) in the precuneus and the medial prefrontal cortex. Conclusion The findings suggest clinical, cognitive, and neural alterations following COVID-19 infection in AD patients and emphasize the need for close monitoring of symptoms in AD patients who have had COVID-19 and further exploration of the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouzi Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelin He
- Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Maolong Gao
- Department of Science and Technology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Damgaard V, Mariegaard J, Lindhardsen JM, Ehrenreich H, Miskowiak KW. Neuroprotective Effects of Moderate Hypoxia: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1648. [PMID: 38137096 PMCID: PMC10741927 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence highlights moderate hypoxia as a candidate treatment for brain disorders. This systematic review examines findings and the methodological quality of studies investigating hypoxia (10-16% O2) for ≥14 days in humans, as well as the neurobiological mechanisms triggered by hypoxia in animals, and suggests optimal treatment protocols to guide future studies. We followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) 2020. Searches were performed on PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycInfo, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library, in May-September 2023. Two authors independently reviewed the human studies with the following tools: (1) revised Cochrane collaboration's risk of bias for randomized trials 2.0; (2) the risk of bias in nonrandomized studies of interventions. We identified 58 eligible studies (k = 8 human studies with N = 274 individuals; k = 48 animal studies) reporting the effects of hypoxia on cognition, motor function, neuroimaging, neuronal/synaptic morphology, inflammation, oxidative stress, erythropoietin, neurotrophins, and Alzheimer's disease markers. A total of 75% of human studies indicated cognitive and/or neurological benefits, although all studies were evaluated ashigh risk of bias due to a lack of randomization and assessor blinding. Low-dose intermittent or continuous hypoxia repeated for 30-240 min sessions, preferably in combination with motor-cognitive training, produced beneficial effects, and high-dose hypoxia with longer (≥6 h) durations and chronic exposure produced more adverse effects. Larger and methodologically stronger translational studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Damgaard
- Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders (NEAD) Centre, Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Hovedvejen 17, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (V.D.); (J.M.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanna Mariegaard
- Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders (NEAD) Centre, Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Hovedvejen 17, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (V.D.); (J.M.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Marie Lindhardsen
- Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders (NEAD) Centre, Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Hovedvejen 17, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (V.D.); (J.M.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kamilla Woznica Miskowiak
- Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders (NEAD) Centre, Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Hovedvejen 17, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (V.D.); (J.M.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Li N, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Deng Y. An integrated multi-level analysis reveals learning-memory deficits and synaptic dysfunction in the rat model exposure to austere environment. J Proteomics 2023; 279:104887. [PMID: 36966970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.104887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Austere environment existing in tank, submarine and vessel has many risk factors including high temperature and humidity, confinement, noise, hypoxia, and high level of carbon dioxide, which may cause depression and cognitive impairment. However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood yet. We attempt to investigate the effects of austere environment (AE) on emotion and cognitive function in a rodent model. After 21 days of AE stress, the rats exhibit depressive-like behavior and cognitive impairment. Compared with control group, the glucose metabolic level of the hippocampus is significantly decreased using whole-brain positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, and the density of dendritic spines of the hippocampus is remarkably reduced in AE group. Then, we employ a label-free quantitative proteomics strategy to investigate the differentially abundant proteins in rats' hippocampus. It is striking that the differentially abundant proteins annotated by KEGG enrich in oxidative phosphorylation pathway, synaptic vesicle cycle pathway and glutamatergic synapses pathway. The synaptic vesicle transport related proteins (Syntaxin-1A, Synaptogyrin-1 and SV-2) are down-regulated, resulting in the accumulation of intracellular glutamate. Furthermore, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde is increased while the activity of superoxide dismutase and complex I and IV of mitochondria is decreased, indicating that oxidative damage to hippocampal synapses is associated with the cognitive decline. The results of this study offer direct evidence, for the first time, that austere environment can substantially cause learning and memory deficits and synaptic dysfunction in a rodent model via behavioral assessments, PET imaging, label-free proteomics, and oxidative stress tests. SIGNIFICANCE: The incidence of depression and cognitive decline in military occupations (for example, tanker and submariner) is significantly higher than that of global population. In the present study, we first established novel model to simulate the coexisting risk factors in the austere environment. The results of this study offer the direct evidences, for the first time, that the austere environment can substantially cause learning and memory deficits by altering plasticity of the synaptic transmission in a rodent model via proteomic strategy, PET imaging, oxidative stress and behavioral assessments. These findings provide valuable information to better understand the mechanisms of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuomin Li
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanan Gao
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongqian Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yulin Deng
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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13
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Le WD, Yang C, Yang Q, Xiang Y, Zeng XR, Xiao J. The neuroprotective effects of oxygen therapy in Alzheimer’s disease: a narrative review. Neural Regen Res 2023. [PMID: 35799509 PMCID: PMC9241400 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological disease that primarily affects the elderly. Drug therapy is the main strategy for AD treatment, but current treatments suffer from poor efficacy and a number of side effects. Non-drug therapy is attracting more attention and may be a better strategy for treatment of AD. Hypoxia is one of the important factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Multiple cellular processes synergistically promote hypoxia, including aging, hypertension, diabetes, hypoxia/obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, and traumatic brain injury. Increasing evidence has shown that hypoxia may affect multiple pathological aspects of AD, such as amyloid-beta metabolism, tau phosphorylation, autophagy, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction. Treatments targeting hypoxia may delay or mitigate the progression of AD. Numerous studies have shown that oxygen therapy could improve the risk factors and clinical symptoms of AD. Increasing evidence also suggests that oxygen therapy may improve many pathological aspects of AD including amyloid-beta metabolism, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, oxidative stress, neurotrophic factors, mitochondrial function, cerebral blood volume, and protein synthesis. In this review, we summarized the effects of oxygen therapy on AD pathogenesis and the mechanisms underlying these alterations. We expect that this review can benefit future clinical applications and therapy strategies on oxygen therapy for AD.
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14
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Wang Z, Yang Y, He X, Jiang X, Gao X, Liu P, He Z, Zhang L, Zhang M, Niu X, Liu B, Zhang L, Li Z. Incidence and Clinical Features of Venous Thromboembolism in Inpatients with Mental Illness. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2023; 29:10760296231160753. [PMID: 36855268 PMCID: PMC9986904 DOI: 10.1177/10760296231160753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS We investigated the incidence and clinical features of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in inpatients with mental illnesses. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed records of inpatients with mental illnesses and confirmed VTE at The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University between August 2018 and July 2022. We recorded demographic characteristics, psychosis-related conditions, and thrombus distribution. RESULTS Among 12939 patients diagnosed with mental illness, 156 (1.21%) presented with VTE at the first visit or during the disease course. Crude VTE incidence varied significantly across mental illnesses, being highest in patients with organic mental disorders (5.20%), followed by emotional disorders (1.10%), and others (P < 0.001). Distal and proximal deep venous thromboses (DVT) occurred in 79.17% and 20.84% of patients, respectively. The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) score was higher in patients with proximal DVT than in those with distal DVT (P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, the HAMD score (odds ratio [OR] 1.173, confidence interval [CI] 1.100-1.251, P<0.001) was a risk factor and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) (OR 0.862, CI 0.796-0.934, P<0.001), a protective factor against DVT progression. CONCLUSION VTE is not rare in patients with mental illnesses and is most commonly associated with organic mental disorders. Psychosis-related DVT typically shows a significantly high incidence of distal DVT. Prevention and early treatment in patients with severe depression and distal DVT can prevent DVT aggravation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibin Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xinqi He
- Department of Vascular Surgery, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xia Jiang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Departments of Gastrointestinal Surgery and General Surgery, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xian Gao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Departments of Gastrointestinal Surgery and General Surgery, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhaopeng He
- Department of Vascular Surgery, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Like Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xupeng Niu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Boyu Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhongxin Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Departments of Gastrointestinal Surgery and General Surgery, 220742The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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15
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HIF-1α Causes LCMT1/PP2A Deficiency and Mediates Tau Hyperphosphorylation and Cognitive Dysfunction during Chronic Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416140. [PMID: 36555780 PMCID: PMC9783654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hypoxia is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formed by hyperphosphorylated tau is one of the two major pathological changes in AD. However, the effect of chronic hypoxia on tau phosphorylation and its mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of HIF-1α (the functional subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor 1) in tau pathology. It was found that in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, global hypoxia (10% O2, 6 h per day) for one month induced cognitive impairments. Meanwhile it induced HIF-1α increase, tau hyperphosphorylation, and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) deficiency with leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1(LCMT1, increasing PP2A activity) decrease in the rats' hippocampus. The results were replicated by hypoxic treatment in primary hippocampal neurons and C6/tau cells (rat C6 glioma cells stably expressing human full-length tau441). Conversely, HIF-1α silencing impeded the changes induced by hypoxia, both in primary neurons and SD rats. The result of dual luciferase assay proved that HIF-1α acted as a transcription factor of LCMT1. Unexpectedly, HIF-1α decreased the protein level of LCMT1. Further study uncovered that both overexpression of HIF-1α and hypoxia treatment resulted in a sizable degradation of LCMT1 via the autophagy--lysosomal pathway. Together, our data strongly indicated that chronic hypoxia upregulates HIF-1α, which obviously accelerated LCMT1 degradation, thus counteracting its transcriptional expression. The increase in HIF-1α decreases PP2A activity, finally resulting in tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive dysfunction. Lowering HIF-1α in chronic hypoxia conditions may be useful in AD prevention.
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16
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Yang C, Zhou Y, Liu H, Xu P. The Role of Inflammation in Cognitive Impairment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12101303. [PMID: 36291237 PMCID: PMC9599901 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) has become a major worldwide public health concern, given its global prevalence. It has clear links with multiple comorbidities and mortality. Cognitive impairment is one related comorbidity causing great pressure on individuals and society. The clinical manifestations of cognitive impairment in OSAS include decline in attention/vigilance, verbal–visual memory loss, visuospatial/structural ability impairment, and executive dysfunction. It has been proven that chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) may be a main cause of cognitive impairment in OSAS. Inflammation plays important roles in CIH-induced cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, the nuclear factor kappa B and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha pathways play significant roles in this inflammatory mechanism. Continuous positive airway pressure is an effective therapy for OSAS; however, its effect on cognitive impairment is suboptimal. Therefore, in this review, we address the role inflammation plays in the development of neuro-impairment in OSAS and the association between OSAS and cognitive impairment to provide an overview of its pathophysiology. We believe that furthering the understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms involved in OSAS-associated cognitive impairment could lead to the development of appropriate and effective therapy.
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17
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Kang J, Tian Z, Wei J, Mu Z, Liang J, Li M. Association between obstructive sleep apnea and Alzheimer's disease-related blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers: A meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci 2022; 102:87-94. [PMID: 35753156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies indicate that Alzheimer's disease- (AD) related biomarkers, including amyloid β (Aβ40 and Aβ42) and tau proteins (P-tau and T-tau), in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, the results have been inconsistent. Therefore, the primary purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine the relationship between blood and CSF AD-related biomarkers and OSA. METHODS We searched the Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases for relevant articles till February 2022. RESULTS Eight articles were finally included after the literature screening, including 446 patients with OSA and 286 controls. Pooled analysis showed that CSF Aβ42 (SMD = -0.220, P = 0.136), T-tau (SMD = 0.012, P = 0.89), and P-tau (SMD = 0.099, P = 0.274) levels were not different between patients with OSA and controls. In patients with moderate to severe OSA, CSF Aβ42 (SMD = -0.482, P = 0.031) were significantly lower than in controls. Blood T-tau (SMD = 0.560, P = 0.026), P-tau (SMD = 0.621, P < 0.001), and Aβ40 (SMD = 0.656, P < 0.001) levels were significantly higher in patients with OSA than in controls. Blood Aβ42 (SMD = 0.241, P = 0.232) were not different between patients with OSA and controls. CONCLUSION OSA is associated with changes in AD-related markers. Higher OSA severity may be associated with the development of AD. AD-related biomarkers, especially in the blood, are clinically efficient, less invasively assessed and monitored, and may be useful for detecting OSA and related cognitive impairments. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Kang
- Department of Respiratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Zongsheng Tian
- Department of Respiratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Jun Wei
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Mu
- Department of Respiratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Jianmin Liang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| | - Mingxian Li
- Department of Respiratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
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Frontera JA, Boutajangout A, Masurkar AV, Betensky RA, Ge Y, Vedvyas A, Debure L, Moreira A, Lewis A, Huang J, Thawani S, Balcer L, Galetta S, Wisniewski T. Comparison of serum neurodegenerative biomarkers among hospitalized COVID-19 patients versus non-COVID subjects with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, or Alzheimer's dementia. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:899-910. [PMID: 35023610 PMCID: PMC9011610 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurological complications among hospitalized COVID-19 patients may be associated with elevated neurodegenerative biomarkers. METHODS Among hospitalized COVID-19 patients without a history of dementia (N = 251), we compared serum total tau (t-tau), phosphorylated tau-181 (p-tau181), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament light chain (NfL), ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), and amyloid beta (Aβ40,42) between patients with or without encephalopathy, in-hospital death versus survival, and discharge home versus other dispositions. COVID-19 patient biomarker levels were also compared to non-COVID cognitively normal, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia controls (N = 161). RESULTS Admission t-tau, p-tau181, GFAP, and NfL were significantly elevated in patients with encephalopathy and in those who died in-hospital, while t-tau, GFAP, and NfL were significantly lower in those discharged home. These markers correlated with severity of COVID illness. NfL, GFAP, and UCHL1 were higher in COVID patients than in non-COVID controls with MCI or AD. DISCUSSION Neurodegenerative biomarkers were elevated to levels observed in AD dementia and associated with encephalopathy and worse outcomes among hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yulin Ge
- New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Alok Vedvyas
- New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Ludovic Debure
- New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Andre Moreira
- New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Ariane Lewis
- New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Joshua Huang
- New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Sujata Thawani
- New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Laura Balcer
- New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Steven Galetta
- New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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19
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High altitude is associated with pTau deposition, neuroinflammation, and myelin loss. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6839. [PMID: 35477957 PMCID: PMC9046305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10881-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals are able to adapt to high altitude (HA) if appropriate acclimation occurs. However, specific occupations (professional climbers, pilots, astronauts and other) can be exposed to HA without acclimation and be at a higher risk of brain consequences. In particular, US Air Force U2-pilots have been shown to develop white matter hyperintensities (WMH) on MRI. Whether WMH are due to hypoxia or hypobaria effects is not understood. We compared swine brains exposed to 5000 feet (1524 m) above sea level (SL) with 21% fraction inspired O2 (FiO2) (Control group [C]; n = 5) vs. 30,000 feet (9144 m) above SL with 100% FiO2 group (hypobaric group [HYPOBAR]; n = 6). We performed neuropathologic assessments, molecular analyses, immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western Blotting (WB), and stereology analyses to detect differences between HYPOBAR vs. Controls. Increased neuronal insoluble hyperphosphorylated-Tau (pTau) accumulation was observed across different brain regions, at histological level, in the HYPOBAR vs. Controls. Stereology-based cell counting demonstrated a significant difference (p < 0.01) in pTau positive neurons between HYPOBAR and C in the Hippocampus. Higher levels of soluble pTau in the Hippocampus of HYPOBAR vs. Controls were also detected by WB analyses. Additionally, WB demonstrated an increase of IBA-1 in the Cerebellum and a decrease of myelin basic protein (MBP) in the Hippocampus and Cerebellum of HYPOBAR vs. Controls. These findings illustrate, for the first time, changes occurring in large mammalian brains after exposure to nonhypoxic-hypobaria and open new pathophysiological views on the interaction among hypobaria, pTau accumulation, neuroinflammation, and myelination in large mammals exposed to HA.
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Inuzuka H, Liu J, Wei W, Rezaeian AH. PROTACs technology for treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Advances and perspectives. ACTA MATERIA MEDICA 2022; 1:24-41. [PMID: 35237768 PMCID: PMC8887676 DOI: 10.15212/amm-2021-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characteristic with progression of neuron degeneration, resulting in dysfunction of cognition and mobility. Many neurodegenerative diseases are because of proteinopathies that results from unusual protein accumulations and aggregations. The aggregation of misfolded proteins like β-amyloid, α-synuclein, tau, and polyglutamates are hallmarked in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which are undruggable targets, and usually do not respond to conventional small-molecule agents. Therefore, developing novel technology and strategy for reducing the levels of protein aggregates would be critical for treatment of AD. Recently, the emerging proteolysis targeting chimeras (PRPTACs) technology has been significantly considered for artificial and selective degradation of aberrant target proteins. These engineered bifunctional molecules engage target proteins to be degraded by either the cellular degradation machinery in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) or via the autophagy-lysosome degradation pathway. Although the application of PROTACs technology is preferable than oligonucleotide and antibodies for treatment of NDs, many limitations such as their pharmacokinetic properties, tissue distribution and cell permeabilities, still need to be corrected. Herein, we review the recent advances in PROTACs technology with their limitation for pharmaceutical targeting of aberrant proteins involved in Alzheimer's diseases. We also review therapeutic potential of dysregulated signaling such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis for the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Corresponding author. Contact: ,
| | - Abdol-Hossein Rezaeian
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Corresponding author. Contact: ,
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21
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Ulland TK, Ewald AC, Knutson AO, Marino KM, Smith SMC, Watters JJ. Alzheimer's Disease, Sleep Disordered Breathing, and Microglia: Puzzling out a Common Link. Cells 2021; 10:2907. [PMID: 34831129 PMCID: PMC8616348 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are strongly associated clinically, but it is unknown if they are mechanistically associated. Here, we review data covering both the cellular and molecular responses in SDB and AD with an emphasis on the overlapping neuroimmune responses in both diseases. We extensively discuss the use of animal models of both diseases and their relative utilities in modeling human disease. Data presented here from mice exposed to intermittent hypoxia indicate that microglia become more activated following exposure to hypoxia. This also supports the idea that intermittent hypoxia can activate the neuroimmune system in a manner like that seen in AD. Finally, we highlight similarities in the cellular and neuroimmune responses between SDB and AD and propose that these similarities may lead to a pathological synergy between SDB and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler K. Ulland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (T.K.U.); (K.M.M.)
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Andrea C. Ewald
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.C.E.); (A.O.K.); (S.M.C.S.)
| | - Andrew O. Knutson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.C.E.); (A.O.K.); (S.M.C.S.)
| | - Kaitlyn M. Marino
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (T.K.U.); (K.M.M.)
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Stephanie M. C. Smith
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.C.E.); (A.O.K.); (S.M.C.S.)
| | - Jyoti J. Watters
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.C.E.); (A.O.K.); (S.M.C.S.)
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22
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Correia SC, Moreira PI. Oxygen Sensing and Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease: A Breathtaking Story! Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:3-21. [PMID: 34510330 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen sensing and homeostasis is indispensable for the maintenance of brain structural and functional integrity. Under low-oxygen tension, the non-diseased brain has the ability to cope with hypoxia by triggering a homeostatic response governed by the highly conserved hypoxia-inducible family (HIF) of transcription factors. With the advent of advanced neuroimaging tools, it is now recognized that cerebral hypoperfusion, and consequently hypoxia, is a consistent feature along the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum. Of note, the reduction in cerebral blood flow and tissue oxygenation detected during the prodromal phases of AD, drastically aggravates as disease progresses. Within this scenario a fundamental question arises: How HIF-driven homeostatic brain response to hypoxia "behaves" during the AD continuum? In this sense, the present review is aimed to critically discuss and summarize the current knowledge regarding the involvement of hypoxia and HIF signaling in the onset and progression of AD pathology. Importantly, the promises and challenges of non-pharmacological and pharmacological strategies aimed to target hypoxia will be discussed as a new "hope" to prevent and/or postpone the neurodegenerative events that occur in the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia C Correia
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Polo I, 1st Floor, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal. .,CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Polo I, 1st Floor, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
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23
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Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia characterized by the progressive cognitive and social decline. Clinical drug targets have heavily focused on the amyloid hypothesis, with amyloid beta (Aβ), and tau proteins as key pathophysiologic markers of AD. However, no effective treatment has been developed so far, which prompts researchers to focus on other aspects of AD beyond Aβ, and tau proteins. Additionally, there is a mounting epidemiologic evidence that various environmental factors influence the development of dementia and that dementia etiology is likely heterogenous. In the past decades, new risk factors or potential etiologies have been widely studied. Here, we review several novel epidemiologic and clinical research developments that focus on sleep, hypoxia, diet, gut microbiota, and hearing impairment and their links to AD published in recent years. At the frontiers of AD research, these findings and updates could be worthy of further attention.
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24
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Cai J, Ruan J, Shao X, Ding Y, Xie K, Tang C, Yan Z, Luo E, Jing D. Oxygen Enrichment Mitigates High-Altitude Hypoxia-Induced Hippocampal Neurodegeneration and Memory Dysfunction Associated with Attenuated Tau Phosphorylation. High Alt Med Biol 2021; 22:274-284. [PMID: 34348049 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2020.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cai, Jing, Junyong Ruan, Xi Shao, Yuanjun Ding, Kangning Xie, Chi Tang, Zedong Yan, Erping Luo, and Da Jing. Oxygen enrichment mitigates high-altitude hypoxia-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration and memory dysfunction associated with attenuated tau phosphorylation. High Alt Med Biol 00:000-000, 2021. Background: Brain is predominantly vulnerable to high-altitude hypoxia (HAH), resulting in neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. The technology of oxygen enrichment has proven effective to decrease the heart rate and improve the arterial oxygen saturation by reducing the equivalent altitude. However, the efficacy of oxygen enrichment on HAH-induced cognitive impairments remains controversial based on the results of neuropsychological tests, and its role in HAH-induced hippocampal morphological and molecular changes remains unknown. Therefore, this study aims to systematically investigate the effects of oxygen enrichment on the memory dysfunction and hippocampal neurodegeneration caused by HAH. Materials and Methods: Fifty-one male Sprague-Dawley rats were equally assigned to three groups: normal control, HAH, and HAH with oxygen enrichment (HAHO). Rats in the HAH and HAHO groups were exposed to hypoxia for 3 days in a hypobaric hypoxia chamber at a simulated altitude of 6,000 m. Rats in the HAHO group were supplemented with oxygen-enriched air, with 12 hours/day in the hypobaric hypoxia chamber. Results: Our results showed that oxygen enrichment improved the locomotor activity of HAH-exposed rats. The Morris water maze test revealed that oxygen enrichment significantly ameliorated HAH-induced spatial memory deficits. Oxygen enrichment also improved morphological alterations of pyramidal cells and the ultrastructure of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region in rats exposed to acute HAH. Tau hyperphosphorylation at Ser396, Ser262, Thr231, and Thr181 was also significantly attenuated by oxygen enrichment in HAH-exposed rats. Conclusions: Together, our study reveals that oxygen enrichment can ameliorate HAH-induced cognitive impairments associated with improved hippocampal morphology and molecular expression, and highlights that oxygen enrichment may become a promising alternative treatment against neurodegeneration for humans ascending to the plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junyong Ruan
- Medical Engineering Department, Qingdao Special Servicemen Recuperation Center of PLA Navy, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanjun Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kangning Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chi Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zedong Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Erping Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Da Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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25
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Poddar MK, Banerjee S, Chakraborty A, Dutta D. Metabolic disorder in Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:781-813. [PMID: 33638805 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a well known aging-induced neurodegenerative disease is related to amyloid proteinopathy. This proteinopathy occurs due to abnormalities in protein folding, structure and thereby its function in cells. The root cause of such kind of proteinopathy and its related neurodegeneration is a disorder in metabolism, rather metabolomics of the major as well as minor nutrients. Metabolomics is the most relevant "omics" platform that offers a great potential for the diagnosis and prognosis of neurodegenerative diseases as an individual's metabolome. In recent years, the research on such kinds of neurodegenerative diseases, especially aging-related disorders is broadened its scope towards metabolic function. Different neurotransmitter metabolisms are also involved with AD and its associated neurodegeneration. The genetic and epigenetic backgrounds are also noteworthy. In this review, the physiological changes of AD in relation to its corresponding biochemical, genetic and epigenetic involvements including its (AD) therapeutic aspects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal K Poddar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Soumyabrata Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
- Departrment of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Field Neurosciences Institute Research Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Apala Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Debasmita Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
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26
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Owen JE, Benediktsdottir B, Cook E, Olafsson I, Gislason T, Robinson SR. Alzheimer's disease neuropathology in the hippocampus and brainstem of people with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 2021; 44:5909379. [PMID: 32954401 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) involves intermittent cessations of breathing during sleep. People with OSA can experience memory deficits and have reduced hippocampal volume; these features are also characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD), where they are accompanied by neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in the hippocampus and brainstem. We have recently shown reduced hippocampal volume to be related to OSA severity, and although OSA may be a risk factor for AD, the hippocampus and brainstems of clinically verified OSA cases have not yet been examined for NFTs and Aβ plaques. The present study used quantitative immunohistochemistry to investigate postmortem hippocampi of 34 people with OSA (18 females, 16 males; mean age 67 years) and brainstems of 24 people with OSA for the presence of NFTs and Aβ plaques. OSA severity was a significant predictor of Aβ plaque burden in the hippocampus after controlling for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) use. OSA severity also predicted NFT burden in the hippocampus, but not after controlling for age. Although 71% of brainstems contained NFTs and 21% contained Aβ plaques, their burdens were not correlated with OSA severity. These results indicate that OSA accounts for some of the "cognitively normal" individuals who have been found to have substantial Aβ burdens, and are currently considered to be at a prodromal stage of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Owen
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bryndis Benediktsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Sleep Medicine, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Elizabeth Cook
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Isleifur Olafsson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thorarinn Gislason
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Sleep Medicine, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Stephen R Robinson
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Institute for Breathing and Sleep (IBAS), Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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27
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Díaz-Román M, Pulopulos MM, Baquero M, Salvador A, Cuevas A, Ferrer I, Ciopat O, Gómez E. Obstructive sleep apnea and Alzheimer's disease-related cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment. Sleep 2021; 44:5868470. [PMID: 32728730 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that sleep-breathing disorders, and especially obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), can be observed in patients with a higher risk of progression to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent evidence indicates that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD-biomarkers are associated with OSA. In this study, we investigated these associations in a sample of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a condition that is considered the first clinical phase of AD, when patients showed biomarkers consistent with AD pathology. A total of 57 patients (mean age = 66.19; SD = 7.13) with MCI were included in the study. An overnight polysomnography recording was used to assess objective sleep parameters (i.e. apnea/hypopnea index [AHI], total sleep time, sleep efficiency, sleep latency, arousal index, awakening, stage 1, 2, and slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep, periodic limb movement index, O2 saturation during sleep, and percentage of time O2 saturation <90%). Phosphorylated-tau (P-tau), total-tau (T-tau), and amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42) were measured in CSF. Unadjusted correlation analyses showed that a higher AHI (reflecting higher OSA severity) was related to higher P-tau and T-tau (both results remained significant after Bonferroni correction, p = 0.001). Importantly, these associations were observed even after adjusting for potential confounders (i.e. age, sex, body mass index, sleep medication, smoking, hypertension, and heart disease). Although more research is needed to establish a causal link, our findings provide evidence that OSA could be related to the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration in MCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Díaz-Román
- Sleep Medicine Unit, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lluís Alcanyís Hospital, Xàtiva, Spain
| | - Matias M Pulopulos
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, IDOCAL, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Baquero
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Salvador
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, IDOCAL, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Cuevas
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inés Ferrer
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, IDOCAL, Valencia, Spain.,Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Oana Ciopat
- Sleep Medicine Unit, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enriqueta Gómez
- Sleep Medicine Unit, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain
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28
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Association of Peripheral Plasma Neurotransmitters with Cognitive Performance in Chronic High-altitude Exposure. Neuroscience 2021; 463:97-107. [PMID: 33540052 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-term living at high altitude causes significant impairment of cognitive function. Central neurotransmitters are potential mediators of cognitive performance. We aimed to determine whether there were significant associations between select peripheral plasma neurotransmitters and cognitive performance in humans with chronic high-altitude (HA) exposure and to determine the association between peripheral plasma neurotransmitters and brain neurotransmitters in rats after chronic hypobaric hypoxia (HH) exposure. We demonstrated that 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (DOPA), dopamine, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) and GABA in the peripheral plasma were associated with cognitive performance in humans with HA exposure. Consistent with this result, peripheral plasma DOPA, dopamine, serotonin, 5-HIAA and glutamate were associated with brain neurotransmitter levels after chronic HH exposure in rats. These results provide experimental data indicating that neurotransmitter levels and cognitive performance are modified in chronic high-altitude exposure, with a possible causal effect.
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29
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Does a hypoxic injury from a non-fatal overdose lead to an Alzheimer Disease? Neurochem Int 2020; 143:104936. [PMID: 33309980 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long term consequence of non-fatal overdose in people who use opioids are not well understood. The intermittent exposure to non-fatal overdose leads to a tauopathy that is often accompanied by abrogated neuroprotective response, abnormal amyloid processing and other pathologies. The scope and limitations of available literature are discussed including neuropathologies associated with opioid and overdose exposures, contributing comorbidities and proteinopathies. Contrasting postmortem data of overdose victims with animal models of opioid neuropathologies and hypoxic injury paints a picture distinct from other proteinopathies as well as effects of moderate opioid exposure. Furthermore the reported biochemical changes and potential targets for therapeutic intervention were mapped pointing to underlying imbalance between tau kinases and phosphatases that is characteristic of Alzheimer Disease.
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30
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Zubčić K, Hof PR, Šimić G, Jazvinšćak Jembrek M. The Role of Copper in Tau-Related Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:572308. [PMID: 33071757 PMCID: PMC7533614 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.572308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
All tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), are characterized by the intracellular accumulation of abnormal forms of tau protein in neurons and glial cells, which negatively affect microtubule stability. Under physiological conditions, tubulin-associated unit (Tau) protein is intrinsically disordered, almost without secondary structure, and is not prone to aggregation. In AD, it assembles, and forms paired helical filaments (PHFs) that further build-up neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Aggregates are composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein that is more prone to aggregation. The pathology of AD is also linked to disturbed copper homeostasis, which promotes oxidative stress (OS). Copper imbalance is widely observed in AD patients. Deregulated copper ions may initiate and exacerbate tau hyperphosphorylation and formation of β-sheet-rich tau fibrils that ultimately contribute to synaptic failure, neuronal death, and cognitive decline observed in AD patients. The present review summarizes factors affecting the process of tau aggregation, conformational changes of small peptide sequences in the microtubule-binding domain required for these motifs to act as seeding sites in aggregation, and the role of copper in OS induction, tau hyperphosphorylation and tau assembly. A better understanding of the various factors that affect tau aggregation under OS conditions may reveal new targets and novel pharmacological approaches for the therapy of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Zubčić
- Laboratory for Developmental Neuropathology, Department for Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Goran Šimić
- Laboratory for Developmental Neuropathology, Department for Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Jazvinšćak Jembrek
- Laboratory for Protein Dynamics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
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31
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Xiong T, Qu Y, Wang H, Chen H, Zhu J, Zhao F, Zou R, Zhang L, Mu D. GSK-3β/mTORC1 Couples Synaptogenesis and Axonal Repair to Reduce Hypoxia Ischemia-Mediated Brain Injury in Neonatal Rats. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 77:383-394. [PMID: 29506051 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) plays an important role in neurological outcomes after brain injury. However, its roles and mechanisms in hypoxia-ischemia (HI) are unclear. Activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) has been proven to induce the synthesis of proteins associated with regeneration. We hypothesized that GSK-3β inhibition could activate the mTORC1 signaling pathway, which may reduce axonal injury and induce synaptic protein synthesis and functional recovery of synapses after HI. By analyzing a P7 rat model of cerebral HI and an in vitro ischemic (oxygen glucose deprivation) model, we found that GSK-3β inhibitors (GSK-3β siRNA or lithium chloride) activated mTORC1 signaling, leading to increased expression of synaptic proteins, including synapsin 1, PSD95, and GluR1, and the microtubule-associated protein Tau and decreased expression of the axonal injury-associated protein amyloid precursor protein. These changes contributed to attenuated axonal injury (decreased amyloid precursor protein staining and axonal loss by silver staining), improved electrophysiological properties of synapses, and enhanced spatial memory performance in the Morris water maze. However, inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin blocked the benefits induced by GSK-3β inhibition, suggesting that GSK-3β inhibition induces synaptogenesis and axonal repair via mTORC1 signaling, which may benefit neonatal rats subjected to HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiong
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital and Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital and Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Huiqin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital and Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongju Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital and Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianghu Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital and Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengyan Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital and Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong Zou
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital and Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital and Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital and Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
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32
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Tzeng NS, Chung CH, Chang SY, Yeh CB, Lu RB, Chang HA, Kao YC, Chou YC, Yeh HW, Chien WC. Risk of psychiatric disorders in pulmonary embolism: a nationwide cohort study. J Investig Med 2019; 67:977-986. [PMID: 31266811 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2018-000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the association between pulmonary embolism (PE) and the risk of psychiatric disorders. A total of 21,916 patients aged ≥20 years with PE between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2015, were selected from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan, along with 65,748 (1:3) controls matched for sex and age. Cox regression model revealed the crude HR was 1.539 (95% CI 1.481 to 1.599; p<0.001), and after adjusting all the covariates, the adjusted HR was 1.704 (95% CI 1.435 to 1.991, p<0.001), for the risk of psychiatric disorders in the PE cohort. PE was associated with the overall psychiatric disorders, dementia, anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders, after the exclusion of the psychiatric diagnoses in the first year. PE was associated with the overall psychiatric disorders, dementia, anxiety, and depression, after the exclusion of the psychiatric diagnoses in the first 5 years. The patients with PE were associated with psychiatric disorders. This finding could serve as a reminder to the physicians to be more watchful and aware in the long-term follow-up of patients with PE for their care and potential mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Sheng Tzeng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Student Counseling Center, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsiang Chung
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwanese Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Association, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Yueh Chang
- Division of Chest and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Bin Yeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Band Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine & Hospital, National Chen-Gung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-An Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Student Counseling Center, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Kao
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Songshan Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Chou
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Yeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Bioinformatics and System Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chien Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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33
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Elgenaidi IS, Spiers JP. Regulation of the phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A system and its modulation during oxidative stress: A potential therapeutic target? Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:68-89. [PMID: 30797822 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoprotein phosphatases are of growing interest in the pathophysiology of many diseases and are often the neglected partner of protein kinases. One family member, PP2A, accounts for dephosphorylation of ~55-70% of all serine/threonine phosphosites. Interestingly, dysregulation of kinase signalling is a hallmark of many diseases in which an increase in oxidative stress is also noted. With this in mind, we assess the evidence to support oxidative stress-mediated regulation of the PP2A system In this article, we first present an overview of the PP2A system before providing an analysis of the regulation of PP2A by endogenous inhibitors, post translational modification, and miRNA. Next, a detailed critique of data implicating reactive oxygen species, ischaemia, ischaemia-reperfusion, and hypoxia in regulating the PP2A holoenzyme and associated regulators is presented. Finally, the pharmacological targeting of PP2A, its endogenous inhibitors, and enzymes responsible for its post-translational modification are covered. There is extensive evidence that oxidative stress modulates multiple components of the PP2A system, however, most of the data pertains to the catalytic subunit of PP2A. Irrespective of the underlying aetiology, free radical-mediated attenuation of PP2A activity is an emerging theme. However, in many instances, a dichotomy exists, which requires clarification and mechanistic insight. Nevertheless, this raises the possibility that pharmacological activation of PP2A, either through small molecule activators of PP2A or CIP2A/SET antagonists may be beneficial in modulating the cellular response to oxidative stress. A better understanding of which, will have wide ranging implications for cancer, heart disease and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Elgenaidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - J P Spiers
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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34
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Zhang F, Niu L, Li S, Le W. Pathological Impacts of Chronic Hypoxia on Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:902-909. [PMID: 30412668 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hypoxia is considered as one of the important environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many chronic hypoxia-causing comorbidities, such as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have been reported to be closely associated with AD. Increasing evidence has documented that chronic hypoxia may affect many pathological aspects of AD including amyloid β (Aβ) metabolism, tau phosphorylation, autophagy, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction, which may collectively result in neurodegeneration in the brain. In this Review, we briefly summarize the effects of chronic hypoxia on AD pathogenesis and discuss the underlying mechanisms. Since chronic hypoxia is common in the elderly and may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD, prospective prevention and treatment targeting hypoxia may be helpful to delay or alleviate AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Long Niu
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Song Li
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
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35
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Saha P, Sen N. Tauopathy: A common mechanism for neurodegeneration and brain aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2019; 178:72-79. [PMID: 30668956 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tau, a microtubule-associated protein promotes assembly and stability of microtubules which is related to axoplasmic flow and critical neuronal activities upon physiological conditions. Under neurodegenerative condition such as in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), tau-microtubule binding dynamics and equilibrium are severely affected due to its aberrant post-translational modifications including acetylation and hyperphosphorylation. This event results in its conformational changes to form neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) after aggregation in the cytosol. The formation of NFT is more strongly correlated with cognitive decline than the distribution of senile plaque, which is formed by polymorphous beta-amyloid (Aβ) protein deposits, another pathological hallmark of AD. In neurodegenerative conditions, other than AD, the disease manifestation is correlated with mutations of the MAPT gene. In Primary age-related tauopathy (PART), which is commonly observed in the brains of aged individuals, tau deposition is directly correlated with cognitive deficits even in the absence of Aβ deposition. Thus, tauopathy has been considered as an essential hallmark in neurodegeneration and normal brain aging. In this review, we highlighted the recent progress about the tauopathies in the light of its posttranslational modifications and its implication in AD and the aged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pampa Saha
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, 15213, United States
| | - Nilkantha Sen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, 15213, United States.
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36
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Baril AA, Carrier J, Lafrenière A, Warby S, Poirier J, Osorio RS, Ayas N, Dubé MP, Petit D, Gosselin N. Biomarkers of dementia in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 42:139-148. [PMID: 30241998 PMCID: PMC8803351 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic and mechanistic evidence is increasingly supporting the notion that obstructive sleep apnea is a risk factor for dementia. Hence, the identification of patients at risk of cognitive decline due to obstructive sleep apnea may significantly improve preventive strategies and treatment decision-making. Cerebrospinal fluid and blood biomarkers obtained through genomic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches are improving the ability to predict incident dementia. Therefore, fluid biomarkers have the potential to predict vulnerability to neurodegeneration in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea, as well as deepen our understanding of pathophysiological processes linking obstructive sleep apnea and dementia. Many fluid biomarkers linked to Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia show abnormal levels in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea, suggesting that these conditions share common underlying mechanisms, including amyloid and tau protein neuropathology, inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic disturbances. Markers of these processes include amyloid-β, tau proteins, inflammatory cytokines, acute-phase proteins, antioxydants and oxidized products, homocysteine and clusterin (apolipoprotein J). Thus, these biomarkers may have the ability to identify adults with obstructive sleep apnea at high risk of dementia and provide an opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Large cohort studies are necessary to establish a specific fluid biomarker panel linking obstructive sleep apnea to dementia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée-Ann Baril
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Julie Carrier
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Lafrenière
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Simon Warby
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Judes Poirier
- Centre for Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's disease, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ricardo S Osorio
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Najib Ayas
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Center for Health Evaluation & Outcomes Sciences, St. Paul Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dominique Petit
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nadia Gosselin
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
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37
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Sierra-Fonseca JA, Gosselink KL. Tauopathy and neurodegeneration: A role for stress. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 9:105-112. [PMID: 30450376 PMCID: PMC6234266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by an irreversible and progressive loss of neuronal structure and function. While many alterations to normal cellular processes occur during neurodegeneration, a pathological accumulation of aggregated proteins constitutes a hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders. Alzheimer's disease, specifically, is pathologically defined by the formation of amyloid plaques and tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Stress has emerged as an important factor in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's. Very little is known, however, regarding the effects of stress on the mechanisms controlling abnormal protein aggregation and clearance. Chronic stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, causing an excessive secretion of glucocorticoids that are capable of impacting diverse physiological and cellular processes. The present review focuses on the influence of stress on a key feature of Alzheimer's disease pathology, emphasizing the relationship between tau phosphorylation and accumulation and its connection to HPA axis dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Sierra-Fonseca
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Kristin L Gosselink
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
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38
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Zhang F, Zhong R, Qi H, Li S, Cheng C, Liu X, Liu Y, Le W. Impacts of Acute Hypoxia on Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathologies in APP swe/PS1 dE9 Mice and Their Wild Type Littermates. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:314. [PMID: 29867325 PMCID: PMC5954115 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and pathologically featured by β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque deposition and hyper-phosphorylated tau aggregation in the brain. Environmental factors are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of AD. In the present study, we investigated the impacts of acute hypoxia on Aβ and tau pathologies, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial function, and autophagy in APPswe/PS1dE9 AD mouse model. Male APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic (Tg) mice and their age-matched wild type (Wt) littermates were exposed to one single acute hypoxic episode (oxygen 7%) for 24 h. We found that acute hypoxia exposure increased the expressions of amyloid precursor protein (APP), anterior pharynx-defective 1 (APH1) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), and promoted tau phosphorylation at T181 and T231 residues in both Tg and Wt mice. In addition, acute hypoxia also induced autophagy through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, elicited abnormal mitochondrial function and neuroinflammation in both Tg and Wt mice. In summary, all these findings suggest that acute hypoxia could induce the AD-like pathological damages in the brain of APPswe/PS1dE9 mice and Wt mice to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Rujia Zhong
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hongqian Qi
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Song Li
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinyao Liu
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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39
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Khan S, Yuldasheva NY, Batten TFC, Pickles AR, Kellett KAB, Saha S. Tau pathology and neurochemical changes associated with memory dysfunction in an optimised murine model of global cerebral ischaemia - A potential model for vascular dementia? Neurochem Int 2018; 118:134-144. [PMID: 29649504 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is known to be a major cause of death and the later development of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. However, ischemia induced cellular damage that initiates these diseases remain poorly understood. This is primarily due to lack of clinically relevant models that are highly reproducible. Here, we have optimised a murine model of global cerebral ischaemia with multiple markers to determine brain pathology, neurochemistry and correlated memory deficits in these animals. Cerebral ischaemia in mice was induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. Following reperfusion, the mice were either fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde or decapitated under anaesthesia. Brains were processed for Western blotting or immunohistochemistry for glial (GLT1) and vesicular (VGLUT1, VGLUT2) glutamate transporters and paired helical filament (PHF1) tau. The PHF1 tau is the main component of neurofibrillary tangle, which is the pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. The novel object recognition behavioural assay was used to investigate the functional cognitive consequences in these mice. The results show consistent and selective neuronal and glial cell changes in the hippocampus and the cortex together with significant reductions in GLT1 (***P < 0.001), VGLUT1 (**P < 0.01) and VGLUT2 (***P < 0.001) expressions in the hippocampus in occluded mice as compared to sham-operated animals. These changes are associated with increased PHF1 (***P < 0.0001) protein and a significant impairment of performance (*p < 0.0006, N = 6/group) in the novel object recognition test. This model represents a useful tool for investigating cellular, biochemical and molecular mechanisms of global cerebral ischaemia and may be an ideal preclinical model for vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Khan
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nadira Y Yuldasheva
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Trevor F C Batten
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK; Leeds Trinity University, Brownberrie Lane, Horsforth, Leeds, LS18 5HD, UK
| | | | - Katherine A B Kellett
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Sikha Saha
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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40
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Jha NK, Jha SK, Sharma R, Kumar D, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Hypoxia-Induced Signaling Activation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Targets for New Therapeutic Strategies. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 62:15-38. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar Jha
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
| | - Renu Sharma
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
| | - Rashmi K. Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
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41
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Chai C, Liu S, Fan L, Liu L, Li J, Zuo C, Qian T, Haacke EM, Shen W, Xia S. Reduced deep regional cerebral venous oxygen saturation in hemodialysis patients using quantitative susceptibility mapping. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:313-323. [PMID: 29249064 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) is an important indicator of brain function. There was debate about lower cerebral oxygen metabolism in hemodialysis patients and there were no reports about the changes of deep regional cerebral SvO2 in hemodialysis patients. In this study, we aim to explore the deep regional cerebral SvO2 from straight sinus using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and the correlation with clinical risk factors and neuropsychiatric testing. 52 hemodialysis patients and 54 age-and gender-matched healthy controls were enrolled. QSM reconstructed from original phase data of 3.0 T susceptibility-weighted imaging was used to measure the susceptibility of straight sinus. The susceptibility was used to calculate the deep regional cerebral SvO2 and compare with healthy individuals. Correlation analysis was performed to investigate the correlation between deep regional cerebral SvO2, clinical risk factors and neuropsychiatric testing. The deep regional cerebral SvO2 of hemodialysis patients (72.5 ± 3.7%) was significantly lower than healthy controls (76.0 ± 2.1%) (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the measured volume of interests of straight sinus between hemodialysis patients (250.92 ± 46.65) and healthy controls (249.68 ± 49.68) (P = 0.859). There were no significant correlations between the measured susceptibility and volume of interests in hemodialysis patients (P = 0.204) and healthy controls (P = 0.562), respectively. Hematocrit (r = 0.480, P < 0.001, FDR corrected), hemoglobin (r = 0.440, P < 0.001, FDR corrected), red blood cell (r = 0.446, P = 0.003, FDR corrected), dialysis duration (r = 0.505, P = 0.002, FDR corrected) and parathyroid hormone (r = -0.451, P = 0.007, FDR corrected) were risk factors for decreased deep regional cerebral SvO2 in patients. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores of hemodialysis patients were significantly lower than healthy controls (P < 0.001). However, the deep regional cerebral SvO2 did not correlate with MMSE scores (P = 0.630). In summary, the decreased deep regional cerebral SvO2 occurred in hemodialysis patients and dialysis duration, parathyroid hormone, hematocrit, hemoglobin and red blood cell may be clinical risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chai
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Saifeng Liu
- The MRI Institute for Biomedical Research, N9A6T2, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Linlin Fan
- Department of Prophylactic Inoculation and Statistics, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Graduates, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Jinping Li
- Department of Hemodialysis, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Chao Zuo
- School of Graduates, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Tianyi Qian
- MR Collaboration, Siemens Healthcare, Northeast Asia, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - E Mark Haacke
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Shuang Xia
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China.
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42
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Guo J, Cheng J, North BJ, Wei W. Functional analyses of major cancer-related signaling pathways in Alzheimer's disease etiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:341-358. [PMID: 28694093 PMCID: PMC5675793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an aging-related neurodegenerative disease and accounts for majority of human dementia. The hyper-phosphorylated tau-mediated intracellular neurofibrillary tangle and amyloid β-mediated extracellular senile plaque are characterized as major pathological lesions of AD. Different from the dysregulated growth control and ample genetic mutations associated with human cancers, AD displays damage and death of brain neurons in the absence of genomic alterations. Although various biological processes predominately governing tumorigenesis such as inflammation, metabolic alteration, oxidative stress and insulin resistance have been associated with AD genesis, the mechanistic connection of these biological processes and signaling pathways including mTOR, MAPK, SIRT, HIF, and the FOXO pathway controlling aging and the pathological lesions of AD are not well recapitulated. Hence, we performed a thorough review by summarizing the physiological roles of these key cancer-related signaling pathways in AD pathogenesis, comprising of the crosstalk of these pathways with neurofibrillary tangle and senile plaque formation to impact AD phenotypes. Importantly, the pharmaceutical investigations of anti-aging and AD relevant medications have also been highlighted. In summary, in this review, we discuss the potential role that cancer-related signaling pathways may play in governing the pathogenesis of AD, as well as their potential as future targeted strategies to delay or prevent aging-related diseases and combating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Guo
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ji Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Brian J North
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Zhang F, Zhong R, Li S, Fu Z, Cheng C, Cai H, Le W. Acute Hypoxia Induced an Imbalanced M1/M2 Activation of Microglia through NF-κB Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease Mice and Wild-Type Littermates. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:282. [PMID: 28890695 PMCID: PMC5574879 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease mainly caused by abnormal tau phosphorylation, amyloid β (Aβ) deposition and neuroinflammation. As an important environmental factor, hypoxia has been reported to aggravate AD via exacerbating Aβ and tau pathologies. However, the link between hypoxia and neuroinflammation, especially the changes of pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammation M2 microglia phenotypes in AD, is still far from being clearly investigated. Here, we evaluated the activation of microglia in the brains of APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic (Tg) mice and their wild type (Wt) littermates, after a single episode of acute hypoxia (24 h) exposure. We found that acute hypoxia activated M1 microglia in both Tg and Wt mice as evidenced by the elevated M1 markers including cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and CCL3. In addition, the markers of M2 microglia phenotype (arginase-1 (Arg-1), CD206, IL-4 and IL-10) were decreased after acute hypoxia exposure, suggesting an attenuated M2 phenotype of microglia. Moreover, the activation of microglia and the release of cytokines and chemokines were associated with Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) induction through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In summary, our findings revealed that acute hypoxia modulated microglia M1/M2 subgroup profile, indicating the pathological role of hypoxia in the neuroinflammation of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Rujia Zhong
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Song Li
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Zhenfa Fu
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, United States
| | - Weidong Le
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
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Minhas G, Mathur D, Ragavendrasamy B, Sharma NK, Paanu V, Anand A. Hypoxia in CNS Pathologies: Emerging Role of miRNA-Based Neurotherapeutics and Yoga Based Alternative Therapies. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:386. [PMID: 28744190 PMCID: PMC5504619 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular respiration is a vital process for the existence of life. Any condition that results in deprivation of oxygen (also termed as hypoxia) may eventually lead to deleterious effects on the functioning of tissues. Brain being the highest consumer of oxygen is prone to increased risk of hypoxia-induced neurological insults. This in turn has been associated with many diseases of central nervous system (CNS) such as stroke, Alzheimer's, encephalopathy etc. Although several studies have investigated the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying ischemic/hypoxic CNS diseases, the knowledge about protective therapeutic strategies to ameliorate the affected neuronal cells is meager. This has augmented the need to improve our understanding of the hypoxic and ischemic events occurring in the brain and identify novel and alternate treatment modalities for such insults. MicroRNA (miRNAs), small non-coding RNA molecules, have recently emerged as potential neuroprotective agents as well as targets, under hypoxic conditions. These 18-22 nucleotide long RNA molecules are profusely present in brain and other organs and function as gene regulators by cleaving and silencing the gene expression. In brain, these are known to be involved in neuronal differentiation and plasticity. Therefore, targeting miRNA expression represents a novel therapeutic approach to intercede against hypoxic and ischemic brain injury. In the first part of this review, we will discuss the neurophysiological changes caused as a result of hypoxia, followed by the contribution of hypoxia in the neurodegenerative diseases. Secondly, we will provide recent updates and insights into the roles of miRNA in the regulation of genes in oxygen and glucose deprived brain in association with circadian rhythms and how these can be targeted as neuroprotective agents for CNS injuries. Finally, we will emphasize on alternate breathing or yogic interventions to overcome the hypoxia associated anomalies that could ultimately lead to improvement in cerebral perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillipsie Minhas
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchChandigarh, India
| | - Deepali Mathur
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | | | - Neel K. Sharma
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research InstituteBethesda, MD, United States
| | - Viraaj Paanu
- Government Medical College and HospitalChandigarh, India
| | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchChandigarh, India
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45
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Brain Under Stress and Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:73-84. [PMID: 28699112 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Modern society is characterized by the ubiquity of stressors that affect every individual to different extents. Furthermore, experimental, clinical, and epidemiological data have shown that chronic activation of the stress response may participate in the development of various somatic as well as neuropsychiatric diseases. Surprisingly, the role that stress plays in the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not yet been studied in detail and is therefore not well understood. However, accumulated data have shown that neuroendocrine and behavioral changes accompanying the stress response affect neuronal homeostasis and compromise several key neuronal processes. Mediators of the neuroendocrine stress response, if elevated repeatedly or chronically, exert direct detrimental effects on the brain by impairing neuronal metabolism, plasticity, and survival. Stress-induced hormonal and behavioral reactions may also participate in the development of hypertension, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, and other peripheral disturbances that may indirectly induce neuropathological processes participating in the development and progression of AD. Importantly, stress-induced detrimental effects as etiological factors of AD are attractive because they can be reduced by several approaches including behavioral and pharmacological interventions. These interventions may therefore represent an important strategy for prevention or attenuation of the progression of AD.
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Macedo AC, Balouch S, Tabet N. Is Sleep Disruption a Risk Factor for Alzheimer’s Disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 58:993-1002. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-161287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Balouch
- Centre for Dementia Studies, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, England, UK
| | - Naji Tabet
- Centre for Dementia Studies, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, England, UK
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Ma RH, Zhang Y, Hong XY, Zhang JF, Wang JZ, Liu GP. Role of microtubule-associated protein tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 37:307-312. [PMID: 28585125 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-017-1732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As a major microtubule-associated protein, tau plays an important role in promoting microtubule assembly and stabilizing microtubules. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies, the abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau proteins are aggregated into paired helical filaments and accumulated in the neurons with the form of neurofibrillary tangles. An imbalanced regulation in protein kinases and protein phosphatases is the direct cause of tau hyperphosphorylation. Among various kinases and phosphatases, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) are the most implicated. Accumulation of the hyperphosphorylated tau induces synaptic toxicity and cognitive impairments. Here, we review the upstream factors or pathways that can regulate GSK-3β or PP2A activity mainly based on our recent findings. We will also discuss the mechanisms that may underlie tau-induced synaptic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Hong Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Liyuan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province and Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jun-Fei Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province and Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province and Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Gong-Ping Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province and Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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48
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Majd S, Power JHT, Koblar SA, Grantham HJM. The impact of tau hyperphosphorylation at Ser 262 on memory and learning after global brain ischaemia in a rat model of reversible cardiac arrest. IBRO Rep 2016; 2:1-13. [PMID: 30135928 PMCID: PMC6084925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in phosphorylated tau (p-tau) is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and brain hypoxia. Investigation of the association of residue-specific tau hyperphosphorylation and changes in cognition, leads to greater understanding of its potential role in the pathology of memory impairment. The aims of this study are to investigate the involvement of the main metabolic kinases, Liver Kinase B1 (LKB1) and Adenosine Monophosphate Kinase Protein Kinase (AMPK), in tau phosphorylation-derived memory impairment, and to study the potential contribution of the other tau kinases and phosphatases including Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK-3β), Protein kinase A (PKA) and Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Spatial memory and learning were tested in a rat global brain ischemic model of reversible cardiac arrest (CA). The phosphorylation levels of LKB1, AMPK, GSK-3β, PP2A, PKA and tau-specific phosphorylation were assessed in rats, subjected to ischaemia/reperfusion and in clinically diagnosed AD and normal human brains. LKB1 and AMPK phosphorylation increased 4 weeks after CA as did AMPK related p-tau (Ser262). The animals showed unchanged levels of GSK-3β specific p-tau (Ser202/Thr205), phospho-PP2A (Tyr307), total GSK-3β, PP2A, phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) which is an indicator of PKA activity, and no memory deficits. AD brains had hyperphosphorylated tau in all the residues of Ser262, Ser202 and Thr205, with increased phosphorylation of both AMPK (Thr172) and GSK-3β (Ser9), and reduced PP2A levels. Our data suggests a crucial role for a combined activation of tau kinases and phosphatases in adversely affecting memory and that hyperphosphorylation of tau in more than one specific site may be required to create memory deficits. Short-term brain ischaemia causes AMPK activation and tau phosphorylation at its AMPK-sensitive site (Ser262). Activation of GSK-3β, PP2A and PKA are remained unchanged in short-term brain ischaemia/reperfusion. In clinical cases of AD, activation of AMPK, GSK-3β, PP2A and multiple site hyperphosphorylation of tau are observed. Hyperphosphorylation of tau (Ser262) alone without involving the other tau kinases/phosphatase does not affect memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh Majd
- Neuronal Injury and Repair Laboratory, Centre for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John H T Power
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Simon A Koblar
- School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital (TQEH) Campus, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hugh J M Grantham
- Neuronal Injury and Repair Laboratory, Centre for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Kuruva CS, Reddy PH. Amyloid beta modulators and neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease: a critical appraisal. Drug Discov Today 2016; 22:223-233. [PMID: 27794478 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple cellular changes have been identified as being involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, including mitochondrial damage, synaptic loss, amyloid beta (Aβ) production and/or accumulation, inflammatory responses, and phosphorylated tau formation and/or accumulation. Studies have established that Aβ-induced synaptic dysfunction is dependent on abnormal amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing caused by β- and γ-secretases, resulting in the generation of Aβ. The Aβ formed as a result of abnormal APP processing induces phosphorylated tau and activates glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) and cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (CDK5). Here, we review the latest research on the development of Aβ modulators for neuroprotection in AD. We also review the use of molecular inhibitors as therapeutic targets in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Sekhar Kuruva
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Garrison Institute on Aging, South West Campus, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 6630 S. Quaker Ste. E, MS 7495, Lubbock, TX 79413, USA.
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50
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Yu L, Chen Y, Wang W, Xiao Z, Hong Y. Multi-Vitamin B Supplementation Reverses Hypoxia-Induced Tau Hyperphosphorylation and Improves Memory Function in Adult Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 54:297-306. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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