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Sagar RC, Ajjan RA, Naseem KM. Non-Traditional Pathways for Platelet Pathophysiology in Diabetes: Implications for Future Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094973. [PMID: 35563363 PMCID: PMC9104718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with diabetes, driven by interlinked metabolic, inflammatory, and thrombotic changes. Hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance/deficiency, dyslipidaemia, and associated oxidative stress have been linked to abnormal platelet function leading to hyperactivity, and thus increasing vascular thrombotic risk. However, emerging evidence suggests platelets also contribute to low-grade inflammation and additionally possess the ability to interact with circulating immune cells, further driving vascular thrombo-inflammatory pathways. This narrative review highlights the role of platelets in inflammatory and immune processes beyond typical thrombotic effects and the impact these mechanisms have on cardiovascular disease in diabetes. We discuss pathways for platelet-induced inflammation and how platelet reprogramming in diabetes contributes to the high cardiovascular risk that characterises this population. Fully understanding the mechanistic pathways for platelet-induced vascular pathology will allow for the development of more effective management strategies that deal with the causes rather than the consequences of platelet function abnormalities in diabetes.
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2
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Role of Platelets in Osteoarthritis-Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Role of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Osteoarthritis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071080. [PMID: 35406644 PMCID: PMC8997794 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are an essential component of hemostasis, with an increasing role in host inflammatory processes in injured tissues. The reaction between receptors and vascular endothelial cells results in the recruitment of platelets in the immune response pathway. The aim of the present review is to describe the role of platelets in osteoarthritis. Platelets induce secretion of biological substances, many of which are key players in the inflammatory response in osteoarthritis. Molecules involved in cartilage degeneration, or being markers of inflammation in osteoarthritis, are cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukins (IL), type II collagen, aggrecan, and metalloproteinases. Surprisingly, platelets may also be used as a treatment modality for osteoarthritis. Multiple randomized controlled trials included in our systematic review and meta-analyses prove the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as a minimally invasive method of pain alleviation in osteoarthritis treatment.
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Gissler MC, Stachon P, Wolf D, Marchini T. The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Associated Factors (TRAFs) in Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:826630. [PMID: 35252400 PMCID: PMC8891542 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.826630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF receptor associated factors (TRAFs) represent a family of cytoplasmic signaling adaptor proteins that regulate, bundle, and transduce inflammatory signals downstream of TNF- (TNF-Rs), interleukin (IL)-1-, Toll-like- (TLRs), and IL-17 receptors. TRAFs play a pivotal role in regulating cell survival and immune cell function and are fundamental regulators of acute and chronic inflammation. Lately, the inhibition of inflammation by anti-cytokine therapy has emerged as novel treatment strategy in patients with atherosclerosis. Likewise, growing evidence from preclinical experiments proposes TRAFs as potent modulators of inflammation in atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation. Yet, TRAFs show a highly complex interplay between different TRAF-family members with partially opposing and overlapping functions that are determined by the level of cellular expression, concomitant signaling events, and the context of the disease. Therefore, inhibition of specific TRAFs may be beneficial in one condition and harmful in others. Here, we carefully discuss the cellular expression and signaling events of TRAFs and evaluate their role in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. We also highlight metabolic effects of TRAFs and discuss the development of TRAF-based therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Colin Gissler
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Peter Stachon
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- *Correspondence: Dennis Wolf
| | - Timoteo Marchini
- Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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P2Y 12-dependent activation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells promotes emergency hematopoiesis after myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol 2022; 117:16. [PMID: 35353230 PMCID: PMC8967792 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-022-00927-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Emergency hematopoiesis is the driving force of the inflammatory response to myocardial infarction (MI). Increased proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (LSK) after MI enhances cell production in the bone marrow (BM) and replenishes leukocyte supply for local cell recruitment to the infarct. Decoding the regulation of the inflammatory cascade after MI may provide new avenues to improve post-MI remodeling. In this study, we describe the influence of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-dependent P2Y12-mediated signaling on emergency hematopoiesis and cardiac remodeling after MI. Permanent coronary ligation was performed to induce MI in a murine model. BM activation, inflammatory cell composition and cardiac function were assessed using global and platelet-specific gene knockout and pharmacological inhibition models for P2Y12. Complementary in vitro studies allowed for investigation of ADP-dependent effects on LSK cells. We found that ADP acts as a danger signal for the hematopoietic BM and fosters emergency hematopoiesis by promoting Akt phosphorylation and cell cycle progression. We were able to detect P2Y12 in LSK, implicating a direct effect of ADP on LSK via P2Y12 signaling. P2Y12 knockout and P2Y12 inhibitor treatment with prasugrel reduced emergency hematopoiesis and the excessive inflammatory response to MI, translating to lower numbers of downstream progeny and inflammatory cells in the blood and infarct. Ultimately, P2Y12 inhibition preserved cardiac function and reduced chronic adverse cardiac remodeling after MI. P2Y12-dependent signaling is involved in emergency hematopoiesis after MI and fuels post-ischemic inflammation, proposing a novel, non-canonical value for P2Y12 antagonists beyond inhibition of platelet-mediated atherothrombosis.
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5
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Tokarz-Deptuła B, Palma J, Baraniecki Ł, Stosik M, Kołacz R, Deptuła W. What Function Do Platelets Play in Inflammation and Bacterial and Viral Infections? Front Immunol 2021; 12:770436. [PMID: 34970260 PMCID: PMC8713818 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.770436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The article presents the function of platelets in inflammation as well as in bacterial and viral infections, which are the result of their reaction with the endovascular environment, including cells of damaged vascular endothelium and cells of the immune system. This role of platelets is conditioned by biologically active substances present in their granules and in their specific structures - EV (extracellular vesicles).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Palma
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Michał Stosik
- Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Roman Kołacz
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Wiesław Deptuła
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
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6
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The posttraumatic response of CD4+ regulatory T cells is modulated by direct cell-cell contact via CD40L- and P-selectin-dependent pathways. Cent Eur J Immunol 2021; 46:283-294. [PMID: 34764800 PMCID: PMC8574106 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2021.109171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (CD4+ Tregs) are important for the posttraumatic anti-inflammatory host response. As described previously, platelets are able to modulate CD4+ Treg activity in a reciprocally activating interaction following injury. The underlying mechanisms of the posttraumatic interaction between platelets and CD4+ Tregs remain unclear. We investigated the potential influence of CD40L and P-selectin, molecules known to be involved in direct cell contact of these cell types. In a murine burn injury model, the potential interaction pathways were addressed using CD40L- and P-selectin-deficient mice. Draining lymph nodes were harvested following trauma (1 h) and following a sham procedure. Early rapid activation of CD4+ Tregs was assessed by phospho-flow cytometry (signaling molecules (p)PKC-δ and (p)ZAP-70). Platelet function was analyzed performing rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM). We hypothesized that disruption of the direct cell-cell contact via CD40L and P-selectin would affect posttraumatic activation of CD4+ Tregs and influence the hemostatic function of platelets. Indeed, while injury induced early activation of CD4+ Tregs in wild-type mice (ZAP-70: p = 0.13, pZAP-70: p < 0.05, PKC-δ: p < 0.05, pPKC-δ: p < 0.05), disruption of CD40L-dependent interaction (ZAP-70: p = 0.57, pZAP-70: p = 0.68, PKC-δ: p = 0.68, pPKC-δ: p = 0.9) or P-selectin-dependent interaction (ZAP-70: p = 0.78, pZAP-70: p = 0.58, PKC-δ: p = 0.81, pPKC-δ: p = 0.73) resulted in reduced posttraumatic activation. Furthermore, hemostatic function was impaired towards hypocoagulability in either deficiency. Our results suggest that the posttraumatic activation of CD4+ Tregs and hemostatic function of platelets are affected by direct cell-cell-signaling via CD40L and P-selectin.
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7
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Saris A, Steuten J, Schrijver DP, van Schijndel G, Zwaginga JJ, van Ham SM, ten Brinke A. Inhibition of Dendritic Cell Activation and Modulation of T Cell Polarization by the Platelet Secretome. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631285. [PMID: 33737933 PMCID: PMC7961920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet transfusions are a frequently administered therapy for especially hemato-oncological patients with thrombocytopenia. Next to their primary function in hemostasis, currently there is increased attention for the capacity of platelets to affect the function of various cells of the immune system. Here, we investigate the capacity of platelets to immuno-modulate monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC) as well as primary dendritic cells and effects on subsequent T cell responses. Platelets significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory (IL-12, IL-6, TNFα) and increased anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine production of moDCs primed with toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent and TLR-independent stimuli. Transwell assays and ultracentrifugation revealed that a soluble factor secreted by platelets, but not microvesicles, inhibited DC activation. Interestingly, platelet-derived soluble mediators also inhibited cytokine production by human ex vivo stimulated myeloid CD1c+ conventional DC2. Moreover, platelets and platelet-derived soluble mediators inhibited T cell priming and T helper differentiation toward an IFNγ+ Th1 phenotype by moDCs. Overall, these results show that platelets are able to inhibit the pro-inflammatory properties of DCs, and may even induce an anti-inflammatory DC phenotype, with decreased T cell priming capacity by the DC. The results of this study provide more insight in the potential role of platelets in immune modulation, especially in the context of platelet transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anno Saris
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Disease, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Juulke Steuten
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David P. Schrijver
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Schijndel
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Jan Zwaginga
- Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin Research, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - S. Marieke van Ham
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anja ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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8
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de Miranda DC, de Oliveira Faria G, Hermidorff MM, Dos Santos Silva FC, de Assis LVM, Isoldi MC. Pre- and Post-Conditioning of the Heart: An Overview of Cardioprotective Signaling Pathways. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 19:499-524. [PMID: 33222675 DOI: 10.2174/1570161119666201120160619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of ischemic pre- and post-conditioning, more than 30 years ago, the knowledge about the mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in these processes has significantly increased. In clinical practice, on the other hand, such advancement has yet to be seen. This article provides an overview of ischemic pre-, post-, remote, and pharmacological conditioning related to the heart. In addition, we reviewed the cardioprotective signaling pathways and therapeutic agents involved in the above-mentioned processes, aiming to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the advancements in the field. The advancements made over the last decades cannot be ignored and with the exponential growth in techniques and applications. The future of pre- and post-conditioning is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Coutinho de Miranda
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Research Center in Biological Science, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabriela de Oliveira Faria
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Research Center in Biological Science, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Milla Marques Hermidorff
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Research Center in Biological Science, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cacilda Dos Santos Silva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Biological Science, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Vinícius Monteiro de Assis
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro César Isoldi
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Research Center in Biological Science, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
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9
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Pérez-Sayáns M, Blanco-Carrión A, García-García A, Chamorro-Petronacci CM, Ortega KL, Suárez-Quintanilla J. Alveolar bone loss, platelet and glycosylated haemoglobin levels in 239 patients. A clinical study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2020; 25:e318-e325. [PMID: 32134896 PMCID: PMC7211374 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.23181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relation between periodontal disease and systemic pathologies is still not widespread among general practitioners. The aim of our study is to evaluate whether or not periodontal radiological diagnosis can aid the detection of blood alterations associated with acquired systemic diseases.
Material and Methods This is a cross sectional study. All of the participants underwent a panoramic radiograph and a complete blood test. Morphological bone loss was considered as positive in those patients who showed radiographically more than 1 tooth with bone loss greater than or equal to the middle third of the root. The statistical analysis was performed by comparing the variables using the ANOVA or U-Mann-Whitney tests for independent samples with normal conditions. The correlation coefficient was analysed using the Pearson test.
Results 239 patients were included in our study (96 men and 143 women) with an average age of 64.40 years. 59.04% of the patients were determined as morphological bone loss positive and had on average 4 teeth less than negative patients (p <0.0001). Also the average platelet levels in positive patients were lower (p = 0.024) and mean levels of HBA1c (p = 0.009) were higher.
Conclusions Morphological bone loss parameter can be useful both for dentists and general practitioners to refer, subsequently, to periodontal specialist. Key words:Periodontal diseases, blood chemical analysis, blood platelets, alkaline phosphatase, glycosylated haemoglobin A, alveolar bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pérez-Sayáns
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Santiago de Compostela University Entrerríos s/n, Santiago de Compostela C.P. 15782, Spain
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10
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Abstract
A central feature of atherosclerosis, the most prevalent chronic vascular disease and root cause of myocardial infarction and stroke, is leukocyte accumulation in the arterial wall. These crucial immune cells are produced in specialized niches in the bone marrow, where a complex cell network orchestrates their production and release. A growing body of clinical studies has documented a correlation between leukocyte numbers and cardiovascular disease risk. Understanding how leukocytes are produced and how they contribute to atherosclerosis and its complications is, therefore, critical to understanding and treating the disease. In this review, we focus on the key cells and products that regulate hematopoiesis under homeostatic conditions, during atherosclerosis and after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram C Poller
- From the Center for Systems Biology (W.C.P., M.N., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- From the Center for Systems Biology (W.C.P., M.N., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Radiology (M.N., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Filip K Swirski
- From the Center for Systems Biology (W.C.P., M.N., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Radiology (M.N., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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11
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Kerris EWJ, Hoptay C, Calderon T, Freishtat RJ. Platelets and platelet extracellular vesicles in hemostasis and sepsis. J Investig Med 2019; 68:813-820. [PMID: 31843956 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2019-001195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Platelets, cell fragments traditionally thought of as important only for hemostasis, substantially and dynamically contribute to the immune system's response to infection. In addition, there is increasing evidence that externally active platelet entities, including platelet granules and platelet extracellular vesicles (PEVs), play a role not only in hemostasis, but also in inflammatory actions previously ascribed to platelets themselves. Given the functions of platelets and PEVs during inflammation and infection, their role in sepsis is being investigated. Sepsis is a condition marked by the dysregulation of the body's normal activation of the immune system in response to a pathogen. The mechanisms for controlling infection locally become detrimental to the host if they are applied systemically. Similar to cells traditionally ascribed to the immune system, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages, platelets are instrumental in helping a host clear an infection, but are also implicated in the uncontrolled amplification of the immune response that leads to sepsis. Clearly, the function of platelets is more complicated than its simple structure and primary role in hemostasis initially suggest. This review provides an overview of platelet and platelet extracellular vesicle structure and function, highlighting the complex role platelets and PEVs play in the body in the context of infection and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W J Kerris
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Claire Hoptay
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thais Calderon
- Department of Medical Education, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Robert J Freishtat
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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12
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Clinical Profiles of Selected Biomarkers Identifying Infection and Cancer Patients: A Gorzów Hospital Example. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:6826127. [PMID: 31565102 PMCID: PMC6745159 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6826127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Many pathobiological processes that manifest in a patient's organs could be associated with biomarker levels that are detectable in different human systems. However, biomarkers that promote early disease diagnosis should not be tested only in personalized medicine but also in large-scale diagnostic evaluations of patients, such as for medical management. Objective We aimed to create an easy algorithmic risk assessment tool that is based on obtainable "everyday" biomarkers, identifying infection and cancer patients. Patients We obtained the study data from the electronic medical records of 517 patients (186 infection and 331 cancer episodes) hospitalized at Gorzów Hospital, Poland, over a one and a half-year period from the 1st of January 2017 to the 30th of June 2018. Methods and Results A set of consecutive statistical methods (cluster analysis, ANOVA, and ROC analysis) was used to predict infection and cancer. For in-hospital diagnosis, our approach showed independent clusters of patients by age, sex, MPV, and disease fractions. From the set of available "everyday" biomarkers, we established the most likely bioindicators for infection and cancer together with their classification cutoffs. Conclusions Despite infection and cancer being very different diseases in their clinical characteristics, it seems possible to discriminate them using "everyday" biomarkers and popular statistical methods. The estimated cutoffs for the specified biomarkers can be used to allocate patients to appropriate risk groups for stratification purposes (medical management or epidemiological administration).
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13
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Li RHL, Nguyen N, Tablin F. Canine platelets express functional Toll-like receptor-4: lipopolysaccharide-triggered platelet activation is dependent on adenosine diphosphate and thromboxane A2 in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:245. [PMID: 31307465 PMCID: PMC6632210 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been characterized in human and murine platelets indicating that platelets play a role in inflammation and hemostasis during sepsis. It is unclear whether canine platelets could express functional TLR4 by responding to its ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We sought to determine if dogs express functional TLR4 and if LPS-induced platelet activation requires co-stimulation with ADP or thromboxane A2 (TxA2). Canine platelets were unstimulated (resting) or activated with thrombin or ADP prior to flow cytometric or microscopic analyses for TLR4 expression. We treated resting or ADP-primed platelets with LPS in the absence or presence of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and inhibited TLR4 with function blocking antibody or LPS from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPS-RS). RESULTS We discovered that dog platelets have variable TLR4 expression, which was upregulated following thrombin or ADP activation. LPS augmented P-selectin expression and thromboxane B2 secretion in ADP-primed platelets via TLR4. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase by ASA attenuated LPS-mediated P-selectin expression demonstrating that TLR4 signaling in platelets is partially dependent on TxA2 pathway. CONCLUSION Expression of functional TLR4 on canine platelets may contribute to hypercoagulability in clinical septic dogs. Cyclooxygenase and TxA2 pathways in TLR4-mediated platelet activation may present novel therapeutic targets in dogs with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald H L Li
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Fern Tablin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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14
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Liu X, Gorzelanny C, Schneider SW. Platelets in Skin Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1453. [PMID: 31333641 PMCID: PMC6620619 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), and small vessel vasculitis are three autoimmune diseases frequently manifested in the skin. They share common pathogenic features, including production of autoantibodies, loss of tolerance to self-antigens, tissue necrosis and fibrosis, vasculopathy and activation of the coagulation system. Platelets occupy a central part within the coagulation cascade and are well-recognized for their hemostatic role. However, recent cumulative evidence implicates their additional and multifaceted immunoregulatory functions. Platelets express immune receptors and they store growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines in their granules enabling a significant contribution to inflammation. A plethora of activating triggers such as damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from damaged endothelial cells, immune complexes, or complement effector molecules can mediate platelet activation. Activated platelets further foster an inflammatory environment and the crosstalk with the endothelium and leukocytes by the release of immunoactive molecules and microparticles. Further insight into the pathogenic implications of platelet activation will pave the way for new therapeutic strategies targeting autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss the inflammatory functions of platelets and their mechanistic contribution to the pathophysiology of SSc, ANCA associated small vessel vasculitis and other autoimmune diseases affecting the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Gorzelanny
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan W Schneider
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Schanze N, Bode C, Duerschmied D. Platelet Contributions to Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1260. [PMID: 31244834 PMCID: PMC6562336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstruction of a coronary artery causes ischemia of heart tissue leading to myocardial infarction. Prolonged oxygen deficiency provokes tissue necrosis, which can result in heart failure and death of the patient. Therefore, restoration of coronary blood flow (reperfusion of the ischemic area) by re-canalizing the affected vessel is essential for a better patient outcome. Paradoxically, sudden reperfusion also causes tissue injury, thereby increasing the initial ischemic damage despite restoration of blood flow (=ischemia/reperfusion injury, IRI). Myocardial IRI is a complex event that involves various harmful mechanisms (e.g., production of reactive oxygen species and local increase in calcium ions) as well as inflammatory cells and signals like chemokines and cytokines. An involvement of platelets in the inflammatory reaction associated with IRI was discovered several years ago, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. This mini review focusses on platelet contributions to the intricate picture of myocardial IRI. We summarize how upregulation of platelet surface receptors and release of immunomodulatory mediators lead to aggravation of myocardial IRI and subsequent cardiac damage by different mechanisms such as recruitment and activation of immune cells or modification of the cardiac vascular endothelium. In addition, evidence for cardioprotective roles of distinct platelet factors during IRI will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Schanze
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bode
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Duerschmied
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Koessler J, Niklaus M, Weber K, Koessler A, Kuhn S, Boeck M, Kobsar A. The Role of Human Platelet Preparation for Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 Related Platelet Responsiveness. TH OPEN 2019; 3:e94-e102. [PMID: 31249988 PMCID: PMC6524919 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1685495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background
Like immune cells, platelets express the repertoire of toll-like receptors (TLR), among them TLR2 and TLR4, which are important for the recognition of bacterial patterns. Receptor-mediated functional effects in platelets have been investigated, but reliable conclusions are tampered due to heterogeneous study designs with variable platelet preparation methods. This study compares TLR2- and TLR4-dependent platelet responsiveness in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and in washed platelets (WPs).
Material and Methods
Fresh peripheral blood samples from healthy donors served for the preparation of PRP and WP. Basal and agonist-stimulated TLR2 and TLR4 expression levels were evaluated by flow cytometry. Light transmission aggregometry was used to investigate functional effects of TLR2 and TLR4 stimulation with Pam3CSK4 or LPS (lipopolysaccharides from
Escherichia coli
) as ligands. The capacity of chemokine release was determined by immunoassays.
Results
Pam3CSK4 and LPS (in combination with thrombin) were able to induce aggregation in WP, but not in PRP, with threshold concentrations of 15 µg/mL. Basal expression levels of TLR2 and TLR4 were higher in WP than in PRP, increasing several-fold rapidly and persistently upon platelet activation with potent agonists. Pam3CSK4 (15 µg/mL) or LPS led to the submaximal release of RANTES, PF4, PDGF, NAP-2, and sCD40L from WP. In PRP, secretory effects are less pronounced for RANTES, PDGF, or PF4, and not detectable for NAP-2 or sCD40L.
Conclusion
The effects mediated by TLR2 and TLR4 stimulation are dependent on platelet preparation, an important issue for experimental designs and for manufacturing of platelet concentrates in transfusion medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Koessler
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marius Niklaus
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katja Weber
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Angela Koessler
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Kuhn
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Boeck
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Kobsar
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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17
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Qiao J, Wu X, Luo Q, Wei G, Xu M, Wu Y, Liu Y, Li X, Zi J, Ju W, Fu L, Chen C, Wu Q, Zhu S, Qi K, Li D, Li Z, Andrews RK, Zeng L, Gardiner EE, Xu K. NLRP3 regulates platelet integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling, hemostasis and arterial thrombosis. Haematologica 2018; 103:1568-1576. [PMID: 29794149 PMCID: PMC6119128 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.191700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their hemostatic function, platelets play an important role in regulating the inflammatory response. The platelet NLRP3 inflammasome not only promotes interleukin-1β secretion, but was also found to be upregulated during platelet activation and thrombus formation in vitro However, the role of NLRP3 in platelet function and thrombus formation in vivo remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of NLRP3 in platelet integrin αIIbβ3 signaling transduction. Using NLRP3-/- mice, we showed that NLRP3-deficient platelets do not have significant differences in expression of the platelet-specific adhesive receptors αIIbβ3 integrin, GPIba or GPVI; however, NLRP3-/- platelets transfused into wild-type mice resulted in prolonged tail-bleeding time and delayed arterial thrombus formation, as well as exhibiting impaired spreading on immobilized fibrinogen and defective clot retraction, concomitant with decreased phosphorylation of c-Src, Syk and PLCγ2 in response to thrombin stimulation. Interestingly, addition of exogenous recombinant interleukin-1β reversed the defect in NLRP3-/- platelet spreading and clot retraction, and restored thrombin-induced phosphorylation of c-Src/Syk/PLCγ2, whereas an anti-interleukin-1β antibody blocked spreading and clot retraction mediated by wild-type platelets. Using the direct NLRP3 inhibitor, CY-09, we demonstrated significantly reduced human platelet aggregation in response to threshold concentrations of collagen and ADP, as well as impaired clot retraction in CY-09-treated human platelets, supporting a role for NLRP3 also in regulating human platelet αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling. This study identifies a novel role for NLRP3 and interleukin-1β in platelet function, and provides a new potential link between thrombosis and inflammation, suggesting that therapies targeting NLRP3 or interleukin-1β might be beneficial for treating inflammation-associated thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Qiao
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, China.,Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Qi Luo
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Guangyu Wei
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Mengdi Xu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, China.,Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yulu Wu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Jie Zi
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Wen Ju
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, China.,Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, China.,Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, China.,Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qingyun Wu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, China.,Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shengyun Zhu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, China.,Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kunming Qi
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Depeng Li
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, China.,Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Robert K Andrews
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lingyu Zeng
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Elizabeth E Gardiner
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kailin Xu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, China .,Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
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18
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Koessler J, Schwarz M, Weber K, Etzel J, Koessler A, Boeck M, Kobsar A. The role of adenosine diphosphate mediated platelet responsiveness for the stability of platelet integrity in citrated whole blood under ex vivo conditions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188193. [PMID: 29155852 PMCID: PMC5695795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Platelets are important for effective hemostasis and considered to be involved in pathophysiological processes, e.g. in cardiovascular diseases. Platelets provided for research or for therapeutic use are frequently separated from citrated whole blood (WB) stored for different periods of time. Although functionally intact platelets are required, the stability of platelet integrity, e.g. adenosine diphosphate (ADP) mediated responsiveness, has never been thoroughly investigated in citrated WB under ex vivo conditions. Objectives Platelet integrity was evaluated at different time points in citrated WB units, collected from healthy donors and stored for 5 days at ambient temperature. The analysis included the measurement of activation markers, of induced light transmission aggregometry and of purinergic receptor expression or function. Inhibitory pathways were explored by determination of basal vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP)-phosphorylation, intracellular cyclic nucleotide levels and the content of phosphodiesterase 5A. Fresh peripheral blood (PB) samples served as controls. Results On day 5 of storage, thrombin receptor activating peptide-6 (TRAP-6) stimulated CD62P expression and fibrinogen binding were comparable to PB samples. ADP induced aggregation continuously decreased during storage. Purinergic receptor expression remained unchanged, whereas the P2Y1 activity progressively declined in contrast to preserved P2Y12 and P2X1 function. Inhibitory pathways were unaffected except for a slight elevation of VASP phosphorylation at Ser239 on day 5. Conclusion After 5 days of storage in citrated WB, platelet responsiveness to TRAP-6 is sufficiently maintained. However, ADP-mediated platelet integrity is more sensitive to deterioration, especially after storage for more than 2 days. Decreasing ADP-induced aggregation is particularly caused by the impairment of the purinergic receptor P2Y1 activity. These characteristics should be considered in the use of platelets from stored citrated WB for experimental or therapeutic issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Koessler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Michaela Schwarz
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katja Weber
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Etzel
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Angela Koessler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Boeck
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Kobsar
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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19
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Secretory phospholipase A 2 modified HDL rapidly and potently suppresses platelet activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8030. [PMID: 28808297 PMCID: PMC5556053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Levels of secretory phospholipases A2 (sPLA2) highly increase under acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. sPLA2 is mainly associated with high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and generates bioactive lysophospholipids implicated in acute and chronic inflammatory processes. Unexpectedly, pharmacological inhibition of sPLA2 in patients with acute coronary syndrome was associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Given that platelets are key players in thrombosis and inflammation, we hypothesized that sPLA2-induced hydrolysis of HDL-associated phospholipids (sPLA2-HDL) generates modified HDL particles that affect platelet function. We observed that sPLA2-HDL potently and rapidly inhibited platelet aggregation induced by several agonists, P-selectin expression, GPIIb/IIIa activation and superoxide production, whereas native HDL showed little effects. sPLA2-HDL suppressed the agonist-induced rise of intracellular Ca2+ levels and phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2, which trigger key steps in promoting platelet activation. Importantly, sPLA2 in the absence of HDL showed no effects, whereas enrichment of HDL with lysophosphatidylcholines containing saturated fatty acids (the main sPLA2 products) mimicked sPLA2-HDL activities. Our findings suggest that sPLA2 generates lysophosphatidylcholine-enriched HDL particles that modulate platelet function under inflammatory conditions.
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20
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Herr N, Bode C, Duerschmied D. The Effects of Serotonin in Immune Cells. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:48. [PMID: 28775986 PMCID: PMC5517399 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] plays an important role in many organs as a peripheral hormone. Most of the body’s serotonin is circulating in the bloodstream, transported by blood platelets and is released upon activation. The functions of serotonin are mediated by members of the 7 known mammalian serotonin receptor subtype classes (15 known subtypes), the serotonin transporter (SERT), and by covalent binding of serotonin to different effector proteins. Almost all immune cells express at least one serotonin component. In recent years, a number of immunoregulatory functions have been ascribed to serotonin. In monocytes/macrophages, for example, serotonin modulates cytokine secretion. Serotonin can also suppress the release of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β by activating serotonin receptors. Furthermore, neutrophil recruitment and T-cell activation can both be mediated by serotonin. These are only a few of the known immunomodulatory roles of serotonin that we will review here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Herr
- Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bode
- Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Duerschmied
- Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Veach RA, Liu Y, Zienkiewicz J, Wylezinski LS, Boyd KL, Wynn JL, Hawiger J. Survival, bacterial clearance and thrombocytopenia are improved in polymicrobial sepsis by targeting nuclear transport shuttles. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179468. [PMID: 28628637 PMCID: PMC5476269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising tide of sepsis, a leading cause of death in the US and globally, is not adequately controlled by current antimicrobial therapies and supportive measures, thereby requiring new adjunctive treatments. Severe microvascular injury and multiple organ failure in sepsis are attributed to a "genomic storm" resulting from changes in microbial and host genomes encoding virulence factors and endogenous inflammatory mediators, respectively. This storm is mediated by stress-responsive transcription factors that are ferried to the nucleus by nuclear transport shuttles importins/karyopherins. We studied the impact of simultaneously targeting two of these shuttles, importin alpha 5 (Imp α5) and importin beta 1 (Imp β1), with a cell-penetrating Nuclear Transport Modifier (NTM) in a mouse model of polymicrobial sepsis. NTM reduced nuclear import of stress-responsive transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 alpha, and activator protein 1 in liver, which was also protected from sepsis-associated metabolic changes. Strikingly, NTM without antimicrobial therapy improved bacterial clearance in blood, spleen, and lungs, wherein a 700-fold reduction in bacterial burden was achieved while production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in blood plasma was suppressed. Furthermore, NTM significantly improved thrombocytopenia, a prominent sign of microvascular injury in sepsis, inhibited neutrophil infiltration in the liver, decreased L-selectin, and normalized plasma levels of E-selectin and P-selectin, indicating reduced microvascular injury. Importantly, NTM combined with antimicrobial therapy extended the median time to death from 42 to 83 hours and increased survival from 30% to 55% (p = 0.022) as compared to antimicrobial therapy alone. This study documents the fundamental role of nuclear signaling mediated by Imp α5 and Imp β1 in the mechanism of polymicrobial sepsis and highlights the potential for targeting nuclear transport as an adjunctive therapy in sepsis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Ann Veach
- Immunotherapy Program at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yan Liu
- Immunotherapy Program at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jozef Zienkiewicz
- Immunotherapy Program at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lukasz S. Wylezinski
- Immunotherapy Program at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kelli L. Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - James L. Wynn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jacek Hawiger
- Immunotherapy Program at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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22
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Javaid M, Bi J, Biddle C, Tsai CM, Häkkinen L, Kim H. Platelet factor 4 upregulates matrix metalloproteinase-1 production in gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2017; 52:787-792. [PMID: 28256034 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontitis is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease that causes tooth loss, morbidity and confers an increased risk for systemic disease. Tissue destruction during periodontitis is due in large part to collagen-degrading matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) released by resident cells of the periodontium in response to proinflammatory cytokines. Platelets are immune-competent blood cells with a newly recognized role in chronic inflammation; however, their role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis is undefined. Consequently, the objective of this study was to assess the effect of platelet factor 4 (PF4), a major platelet-derived cytokine, on MMP-1 (collagenase) expression in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). MATERIAL AND METHODS HGFs were cultured in the presence or absence of recombinant PF4. Pro-MMP-1 secretion was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis of the cell culture supernatants. MMP-1 transcription was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Regulation of MMP-1 production by the p44/42 MAP kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was examined in the presence or absence of PF4. RESULTS Exposure to PF4 caused a ~ 2-3-fold increase in MMP-1 transcription and secretion from cultured HGFs. PF4 treatment also enhanced phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK, which has been previously shown to induce MMP-1 expression in fibroblasts. Blockade of p44/42 MAPK signaling with the cell-permeant inhibitors PD98059 and PD184352 abrogated PF4-induced pro-MMP-1 transcription upregulation and release from cultured HGFs. CONCLUSION We conclude that PF4 upregulates MMP-1 expression in HGFs in a p44/42 MAPK-dependent manner. These findings point to a previously unidentified role for platelets in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Javaid
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - J Bi
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C Biddle
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C M Tsai
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - L Häkkinen
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - H Kim
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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23
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Carestia A, Frechtel G, Cerrone G, Linari MA, Gonzalez CD, Casais P, Schattner M. NETosis before and after Hyperglycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168647. [PMID: 28005949 PMCID: PMC5179097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction and Objective Diabetes is characterized by chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, increased risk of infections and early cardiovascular disease. By releasing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), neutrophils kill bacteria and exert pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic activities. Increased NETosis has been found in cross-sectional studies including treated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. In this study, we determined whether the ability of neutrophils to form NETs differs in diabetic patients pre- and post-hyperglycemic control versus healthy donors (HD), and the relationship between NETosis with pro-thrombotic, pro-inflammatory biomarkers and thrombotic clinical events. Methods Diabetic patients recently diagnosed and after 6 and 12 months of treatment (N = 25) and HD (N = 25) were included. NET formation was studied by microscopy and fluorometry. Nucleosomes, HNE-DNA complexes, von Willebrand factor (vWF), IL6 and TNFα plasma levels were measured by ELISA and P-selectin on the platelet surface was assessed by cytometry. Results Basal levels of NETs in recently diagnosed T2DM patients were higher compared to HD. While TNFα stimulation of control neutrophils resulted in DNA release, patient neutrophils were not responsive. Although glycemia decreased after 6 months of metformin treatment, basal and TNFα and PMA-stimulated NETs reached normal values after 12 months. Compared to controls, nucleosomes, HNE-DNA complexes, IL-6 and TNFα levels were increased in recently diagnosed patients and decreased after 12 months of treatment. P-selectin and vWF levels were similar in both populations. Conclusion Our data suggest that NETs could represent a biomarker for T2DM. Increased NETosis in T2DM patients does not appear to be the consequence of impaired glycemic control but rather due to pro-inflammatory cytokines and is not related to thrombotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostina Carestia
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET-National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Frechtel
- Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gloria Cerrone
- Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María A. Linari
- Nutrition and Endocrinology Section, NORMED/UOM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio D. Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Casais
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET-National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail: (PC); (MS)
| | - Mirta Schattner
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET-National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail: (PC); (MS)
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24
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Pfeiler S, Stark K, Massberg S, Engelmann B. Propagation of thrombosis by neutrophils and extracellular nucleosome networks. Haematologica 2016; 102:206-213. [PMID: 27927771 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.142471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils, early mediators of the innate immune defense, are recruited to developing thrombi in different types of thrombosis. They amplify intravascular coagulation by stimulating the tissue factor-dependent extrinsic pathway via inactivation of endogenous anticoagulants, enhancing factor XII activation or decreasing plasmin generation. Neutrophil-dependent prothrombotic mechanisms are supported by the externalization of decondensed nucleosomes and granule proteins that together form neutrophil extracellular traps. These traps, either in intact or fragmented form, are causally involved in various forms of experimental thrombosis as first indicated by their role in the enhancement of both microvascular thrombosis during bacterial infection and carotid artery thrombosis. Neutrophil extracellular traps can be induced by interactions of neutrophils with activated platelets; vice versa, these traps enhance adhesion of platelets via von Willebrand factor. Neutrophil-induced microvascular thrombus formation can restrict the dissemination and survival of blood-borne bacteria and thereby sustain intravascular immunity. Dysregulation of this innate immune pathway may support sepsis-associated coagulopathies. Notably, neutrophils and extracellular nucleosomes, together with platelets, critically promote fibrin formation during flow restriction-induced deep vein thrombosis. Neutrophil extracellular traps/extracellular nucleosomes are increased in thrombi and in the blood of patients with different vaso-occlusive pathologies and could be therapeutically targeted for the prevention of thrombosis. Thus, during infections and in response to blood vessel damage, neutrophils and externalized nucleosomes are major promoters of intravascular blood coagulation and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Pfeiler
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Konstantin Stark
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Massberg
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Engelmann
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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Ferdous F, Saski C, Bridges W, Burns M, Dunn H, Elliott K, Scott TR. Transcriptome Profile of the Chicken Thrombocyte: New Implications as an Advanced Immune Effector Cell. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163890. [PMID: 27711235 PMCID: PMC5053482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombocytes are nucleated platelets involved in immune functions such as pathogen recognition and release of pro-inflammatory bioactive compounds when exposed to bacterial and viral molecules. However, the complete role of these cells in innate and adaptive immune responses is not understood, and little is known about their biology at the molecular-genetic level. Highly sensitive RNA-sequencing technologies were used to analyze the complete transcriptome of thrombocytes for the first time with analytical resolution focused on cell-based components of the immune system/response. Amongst all the genes listed in the current chicken genome assembly, 10,041 gene transcripts were found in the chicken thrombocyte. After 1-hour in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Salmonella minnesota), 490 genes were upregulated and 359 genes were downregulated, respectively, with at least a 1-fold change relative to unexposed thrombocytes. Additionally, by constructing a de novo assembly, we were able to identify a total of 3,030 novel genes in the thrombocyte transcriptome. The information generated here is useful in development of novel solutions to lower the economic burden and zoonotic threat that accompanies infectious diseases for birds and fish. In addition, the resources created here have translational utility as a model system to find orthologous genes and genes related to its enucleated counterpart, the platelet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Ferdous
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher Saski
- Clemson University Genomics Institute, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - William Bridges
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew Burns
- Clemson Cooperative Extension, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Heather Dunn
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Elliott
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Scott
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Jansen MPB, Emal D, Teske GJD, Dessing MC, Florquin S, Roelofs JJTH. Release of extracellular DNA influences renal ischemia reperfusion injury by platelet activation and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Kidney Int 2016; 91:352-364. [PMID: 27692564 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is often the result of ischemia reperfusion injury, which leads to activation of coagulation and inflammation, resulting in necrosis of renal tubular epithelial cells. Platelets play a central role in coagulation and inflammatory processes, and it has been shown that platelet activation exacerbates acute kidney injury. However, the mechanism of platelet activation during ischemia reperfusion injury and how platelet activation leads to tissue injury are largely unknown. Here we found that renal ischemia reperfusion injury in mice leads to increased platelet activation in immediate proximity of necrotic cell casts. Furthermore, platelet inhibition by clopidogrel decreased cell necrosis and inflammation, indicating a link between platelet activation and renal tissue damage. Necrotic tubular epithelial cells were found to release extracellular DNA, which, in turn, activated platelets, leading to platelet-granulocyte interaction and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps ex vivo. Renal ischemia reperfusion injury resulted in increased DNA-platelet and DNA-platelet-granulocyte colocalization in tissue and elevated levels of circulating extracellular DNA and platelet factor 4 in mice. After renal ischemia reperfusion injury, neutrophil extracellular traps were formed within renal tissue, which decreased when mice were treated with the platelet inhibitor clopidogrel. Thus, during renal ischemia reperfusion injury, necrotic cell-derived DNA leads to platelet activation, platelet-granulocyte interaction, and subsequent neutrophil extracellular trap formation, leading to renal inflammation and further increase in tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel P B Jansen
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Diba Emal
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gwendoline J D Teske
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark C Dessing
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Florquin
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Koenen RR. The prowess of platelets in immunity and inflammation. Thromb Haemost 2016; 116:605-12. [PMID: 27384503 DOI: 10.1160/th16-04-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Platelets not only serve as essential haemostatic cells, they also have important roles in immune defence and inflammation. Despite not having a nucleus, platelets contain physiologically relevant amounts of RNA, which can be spliced and translated into functional proteins. In addition, platelets have the ability to bind to numerous other cells, such as leukocytes and vascular cells. During those interactions, platelets can modulate cellular responses, resulting in e. g. inflammatory activation or apoptosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that platelets can influence the outcomes of bacterial and viral infection, as well as the extent of tissue injury after ischaemia. Platelets also carry considerable amounts of cytokines and growth factors in their secretory granules, preformed for rapid secretion. Those properties in combination with the sheer amount of platelets circulating in the blood stream make them an important force in the immune response during health and disease. In this overview, recent findings concerning those interesting properties of platelets beyond haemostasis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory R Koenen
- Rory R. Koenen, PhD, Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Tel.: +31 43 3881674, Fax: +31 43 3884159, E-mail:
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Furlan JC, Fang J, Silver FL. Outcomes after acute ischemic stroke in patients with thrombocytopenia or thrombocytosis. J Neurol Sci 2016; 362:198-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Koessler J, Hermann S, Weber K, Koessler A, Kuhn S, Boeck M, Kobsar A. Role of Purinergic Receptor Expression and Function for Reduced Responsiveness to Adenosine Diphosphate in Washed Human Platelets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147370. [PMID: 26808867 PMCID: PMC4725951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Washing of platelets is an important procedure commonly used for experimental studies, e.g. in cardiovascular research. As a known phenomenon, responsiveness to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is reduced in washed platelets, although underlying molecular mechanisms—potentially interfering with experimental results—have not been thoroughly studied. Objectives Since ADP mediates its effects via three purinergic receptors P2Y1, P2X1 and P2Y12, their surface expression and function were investigated in washed platelets and, for comparison, in platelet-rich-plasma (PRP) at different time points for up to 2 hours after preparation. Results In contrast to PRP, flow cytometric analysis of surface expression in washed platelets revealed an increase of all receptors during the first 60 minutes after preparation followed by a significant reduction, which points to an initial preactivation of platelets and consecutive degeneration. The activity of the P2X1 receptor (measured by selectively induced calcium flux) was substantially maintained in both PRP and washed platelets. P2Y12 function (determined by flow cytometry as platelet reactivity index) was partially reduced after platelet washing compared to PRP, but remained stable in course of ongoing storage. However, the function of the P2Y1 receptor (measured by selectively induced calcium flux) continuously declined after preparation of washed platelets. Conclusion In conclusion, decreasing ADP responsiveness in washed platelets is particularly caused by impaired activity of the P2Y1 receptor associated with disturbed calcium regulation, which has to be considered in the design of experimental studies addressing ADP mediated platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Koessler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephanie Hermann
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katja Weber
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Angela Koessler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Kuhn
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Boeck
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Kobsar
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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De Meyer SF, Denorme F, Langhauser F, Geuss E, Fluri F, Kleinschnitz C. Thromboinflammation in Stroke Brain Damage. Stroke 2016; 47:1165-72. [PMID: 26786115 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.011238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon F De Meyer
- From the Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium (S.F.D.M., F.D.); and Department of Neurology, University Clinic of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (F.L., E.G., F.F., C.K.).
| | - Frederik Denorme
- From the Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium (S.F.D.M., F.D.); and Department of Neurology, University Clinic of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (F.L., E.G., F.F., C.K.)
| | - Friederike Langhauser
- From the Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium (S.F.D.M., F.D.); and Department of Neurology, University Clinic of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (F.L., E.G., F.F., C.K.)
| | - Eva Geuss
- From the Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium (S.F.D.M., F.D.); and Department of Neurology, University Clinic of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (F.L., E.G., F.F., C.K.)
| | - Felix Fluri
- From the Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium (S.F.D.M., F.D.); and Department of Neurology, University Clinic of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (F.L., E.G., F.F., C.K.)
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- From the Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium (S.F.D.M., F.D.); and Department of Neurology, University Clinic of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (F.L., E.G., F.F., C.K.).
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Ahmadsei M, Lievens D, Weber C, von Hundelshausen P, Gerdes N. Immune-mediated and lipid-mediated platelet function in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2015; 26:438-48. [PMID: 26270811 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide. Detailed knowledge of the mechanisms of atherosclerosis, the main underlying disease of CVD, will enable improved preventive and therapeutic options, thus potentially limiting the burden of vascular disease in aging societies. A large body of evidence illustrates the contribution of platelets to processes beyond their traditionally recognized role as mediators in thrombosis and hemostasis. Recent advances in molecular biology help to understand the complexity of atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS This article outlines the role of platelets as modulators of immune responses in the context of atherosclerosis. It provides a short overview of interactions between platelets and endothelial cells or immune cells via direct cell contact or soluble factors during atherogenesis. By means of some well examined, exemplary pathways (e.g. CD40/CD40L dyad), this article will discuss recent discoveries in immune-related function of platelets. We also focus on the relationship between platelets and the lipid metabolism highlighting potential consequences to atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia. SUMMARY A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of platelet-related immune activity allows their utilization as powerful diagnostic tools or targets of therapeutic intervention. Those findings might help to develop new classes of drugs which may supplement or replace classical anticoagulants and help clinicians to tackle CVD more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiwand Ahmadsei
- aInstitute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany bDZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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Persistent Reactive Thrombocytosis May Increase the Risk of Coronary Artery Disease Among Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:3062-8. [PMID: 25972153 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IBD patients are at increased risk of coronary artery disease in the absence of traditional risk factors. However, the disease-related risk factors remain poorly understood although increased inflammation seems to increase cardiovascular disease risk in IBD. Thrombocytes are involved in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease, and a subset of IBD patients have reactive thrombocytosis. AIM The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of persistent reactive thrombocytosis on the development of coronary artery disease in IBD. METHODS We evaluated a retrospective cohort of 2525 IBD patients who were evaluated at the Henry Ford hospital from 2000 to 2004. We performed a case-control study comparing patients with persistent thrombocytosis and patients without persistent thrombocytosis. Cases (n = 36) and controls (n = 72) were matched for age and gender. Coronary artery disease incidence was compared between the two groups. RESULTS Cases (n = 36) and controls (n = 72) were matched for age and gender. Cases and controls were similar in age at onset of IBD (41.5 vs. 35.5, p value 0.11) and smoking status (33.3 vs. 27.8%, p value 0.66). Persistent thrombocytosis was less common among Caucasian patients (44.44 vs. 62.5%, p value 0.09) and more common in patients who had exposure to steroids during the study follow-up period. Coronary artery disease occurred in 13 (36.1%) patients with persistent thrombocytosis compared to only seven (9.7%) patients in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Persistent reactive thrombocytosis among IBD patients is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease. Further studies should characterize the clinical and molecular associations of this phenomenon and determine appropriate therapeutic measures.
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33
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Herr N, Mauler M, Bode C, Duerschmied D. Intravital Microscopy of Leukocyte-endothelial and Platelet-leukocyte Interactions in Mesenterial Veins in Mice. J Vis Exp 2015:e53077. [PMID: 26325284 DOI: 10.3791/53077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy is a method that can be used to investigate different processes in different regions and vessels in living animals. In this protocol, we describe intravital microscopy of mesentery veins. This can be performed in a short period of time with reproducible results showing leukocyte-endothelial interactions in vivo. We describe an inflammatory setting after LPS challenge of the endothelium. But in this model one can apply many different types of inflammatory conditions, like bacterial, chemical or biological and investigate the administration of drugs and their direct effects on the living animal and its impact on leukocyte recruitment. This protocol has been applied successfully to a number of different treatments of mice and their effects on inflammatory response in vessels. Herein, we describe the visualization of leukocytes and platelets by fluorescently labeling these with rhodamine 6G. Additionally, any specific imaging can be performed using targeted fluorescently labeled molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Herr
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, University of Freiburg
| | - Maximilian Mauler
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, University of Freiburg; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg
| | - Christoph Bode
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, University of Freiburg
| | - Daniel Duerschmied
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, University of Freiburg;
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Ahrens I, Chen YC, Topcic D, Bode M, Haenel D, Hagemeyer CE, Seeba H, Duerschmied D, Bassler N, Jandeleit-Dahm KA, Sweet MJ, Agrotis A, Bobik A, Peter K. HMGB1 binds to activated platelets via the receptor for advanced glycation end products and is present in platelet rich human coronary artery thrombi. Thromb Haemost 2015. [PMID: 26202300 DOI: 10.1160/th14-12-1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) acts as both a nuclear protein that regulates gene expression, as well as a pro-inflammatory alarmin that is released from necrotic or activated cells. Recently, HMGB1-expression in human atherosclerotic plaques was identified. Therapeutic blockade of HMGB1 reduced the development of diet-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE knockout mice. Thus, we hypothesised an interaction between HMGB1 and activated platelets. Binding of recombinant HMGB1 to platelets was assessed by flow cytometry. HMGB1 bound to thrombin-activated human platelets (MFI 2.49 vs 25.01, p=0.0079). Blood from wild-type, TLR4 and RAGE knockout mice was used to determine potential HMGB1 receptors on platelets. HMGB1 bound to platelets from wild type C57Bl6 (MFI 2.64 vs 20.3, p< 0.05), and TLR4-/- mice (MFI 2.11 vs 25.65, p< 0.05) but failed to show binding to platelets from RAGE-/- mice (p > 0.05). RAGE expression on human platelets was detected by RT-PCR with mRNA extracted from highly purified platelets and confirmed by Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy. Platelet activation increased RAGE surface expression (MFI 4.85 vs 6.74, p< 0.05). Expression of HMGB1 in human coronary artery thrombi was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and revealed high expression levels. Platelets bind HMGB1 upon thrombin-induced activation. Platelet specific expression of RAGE could be detected at the mRNA and protein level and is involved in the binding of HMGB1. Furthermore, platelet activation up-regulates platelet surface expression of RAGE. HMGB1 is highly expressed in platelet-rich human coronary artery thrombi pointing towards a central role for HMGB1 in atherothrombosis, thereby suggesting the possibility of platelet targeted anti-inflammatory therapies for atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Ahrens
- PD Dr. Ingo Ahrens, Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Cardiology and Angiology I, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany, E-mail:
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Akin F, Ayca B, Kose N, Altun I, Avsar M, Celik O, Satilmis S, Eksik A, Okuyan E. Relation of platelet indices to severity of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Perfusion 2015; 31:216-22. [PMID: 26178072 DOI: 10.1177/0267659115594231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM We investigated the association between platelet indices and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). METHODS A total of 484 consecutive patients who were routinely referred to coronary angiography for STEMI and 81 age- and gender-matched patients with normal coronary arteries were included in the present study. We analyzed the relation between the platelet distribution width (PDW) and the angiographic severity of CAD. The SYNTAX score was used for assessing the severity of coronary atherosclerosis. RESULTS The mean platelet volume (MPV), the plateletcrit (PCT) and the neutrophil levels were significantly higher in the STEMI group than in the control group. Patients with an elevated SYNTAX score (>32) had higher PDW values. The levels of plateletcrit and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were lower in the high SYNTAX score group compared to the moderate-to-low SYNTAX score group. The PDW was positively correlated with age (r = 0.128, p=0.004) and SYNTAX score (r = 0.209, p<0.001). There was a mild, significant inverse association between the PDW level and the eGFR (r = -0.101, p=0.049), the mean platelet volume (MPV) (r = -290, p<0.001) and the PCT (r = -345, p<001). Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, we found that age (OR = 1.046, 95% CI 1.013-1.079, p=0.005), diabetes (OR = 4.779, 95% CI 2.339-9.767, p<0.001) and PDW (OR = 1.229, 95% CI 1.072-1409, p=0.003) were independent correlates of high SYNTAX score. CONCLUSION Platelet distribution width, an inexpensive and easily measurable laboratory variable, is independently associated with high SYNTAX score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Akin
- Department of Cardiology, Muğla Sıtkı Kocman University School of Medicine, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Burak Ayca
- Department of Cardiology, Bağcılar Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuri Kose
- Department of Cardiology, Yucelen Hospital, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Altun
- Department of Cardiology, Muğla Sıtkı Kocman University School of Medicine, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Murat Avsar
- Department of Cardiology, Bağcılar Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer Celik
- Department of Cardiology, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Chest and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seckin Satilmis
- Department of Cardiology, Acıbadem University School of Medicine, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Eksik
- Department of Cardiology, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Chest and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Okuyan
- Department of Cardiology, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Chest and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
Platelets are anucleate blood cells, long known to be critically involved in hemostasis and thrombosis. In addition to their role in blood clots, increasing evidence reveals significant roles for platelets in inflammation and immunity. However, the notion that platelets represent immune cells is not broadly recognized in the field of Physiology. This article reviews the role of platelets in inflammation and immune responses, and highlights their interactions with other immune cells, including examples of major functional consequences of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong W Lam
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - K Vinod Vijayan
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rolando E Rumbaut
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, USA
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37
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Garraud O, Cognasse F. Are Platelets Cells? And if Yes, are They Immune Cells? Front Immunol 2015; 6:70. [PMID: 25750642 PMCID: PMC4335469 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small fragments circulating in the blood were formally identified by the end of the nineteenth century, and it was suggested that they assisted coagulation via interactions with vessel endothelia. Wright, at the beginning of the twentieth century, identified their bone-marrow origin. For long, platelets have been considered sticky assistants of hemostasis and pollutants of blood or tissue samples; they were just cell fragments. As such, however, they were acknowledged as immunizing (to specific HPA and HLA markers): the platelet’s dark face. The enlightened face showed that besides hemostasis, platelets contained factors involved in healing. As early as 1930s, platelets entered the arsenal of medicines were transfused, and were soon manipulated to become a kind of glue to repair damaged tissues. Some gladly categorized platelets as cells but they were certainly not fully licensed as such for cell physiologists. Actually, platelets possess almost every characteristic of cells, apart from being capable of organizing their genes: they have neither a nucleus nor genes. This view prevailed until it became evident that platelets play a role in homeostasis and interact with cells other than with vascular endothelial cells; then began the era of physiological and also pathological inflammation. Platelets have now entered the field of immunity as inflammatory cells. Does assistance to immune cells itself suffice to license a cell as an “immune cell”? Platelets prove capable of sensing different types of signals and organizing an appropriate response. Many cells can do that. However, platelets can use a complete signalosome (apart from the last transcription step, though it is likely that this step can be circumvented by retrotranscribing RNA messages). The question has also arisen as to whether platelets can present antigen via their abundantly expressed MHC class I molecules. In combination, these properties argue in favor of allowing platelets the title of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Garraud
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine , Paris , France ; EA3064, Université de Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Fabrice Cognasse
- EA3064, Université de Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France ; Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Loire , Saint-Etienne , France
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38
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Ferdous F, Scott T. A comparative examination of thrombocyte/platelet immunity. Immunol Lett 2015; 163:32-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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39
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Abstract
Monocytes and their descendant macrophages are essential to the development and exacerbation of atherosclerosis, a lipid-driven inflammatory disease. Lipid-laden macrophages, known as foam cells, reside in early lesions and advanced atheromata. Our understanding of how monocytes accumulate in the growing lesion, differentiate, ingest lipids, and contribute to disease has advanced substantially over the last several years. These cells' remarkable phenotypic and functional complexity is a therapeutic opportunity: in the future, treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease and its complications may involve specific targeting of atherogenic monocytes/macrophages and their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Hilgendorf
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (I.H.); Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (F.K.S.); and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Immunology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (C.S.R.).
| | - Filip K Swirski
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (I.H.); Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (F.K.S.); and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Immunology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (C.S.R.)
| | - Clinton S Robbins
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (I.H.); Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (F.K.S.); and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Immunology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (C.S.R.).
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Mannhalter C. Infections and the role of plasma proteins and platelets. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:630-1. [PMID: 25208736 DOI: 10.1160/th14-09-0721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Mannhalter
- Prof. Christine Mannhalter, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria, E-mail:
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