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Chen XR, Dixit K, Yang Y, McDermott MI, Imam HT, Bankaitis VA, Igumenova TI. A novel bivalent interaction mode underlies a non-catalytic mechanism for Pin1-mediated protein kinase C regulation. eLife 2024; 13:e92884. [PMID: 38687676 PMCID: PMC11060717 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulated hydrolysis of the phosphoinositide phosphatidylinositol(4,5)-bis-phosphate to diacylglycerol and inositol-1,4,5-P3 defines a major eukaryotic pathway for translation of extracellular cues to intracellular signaling circuits. Members of the lipid-activated protein kinase C isoenzyme family (PKCs) play central roles in this signaling circuit. One of the regulatory mechanisms employed to downregulate stimulated PKC activity is via a proteasome-dependent degradation pathway that is potentiated by peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1. Here, we show that contrary to prevailing models, Pin1 does not regulate conventional PKC isoforms α and βII via a canonical cis-trans isomerization of the peptidyl-prolyl bond. Rather, Pin1 acts as a PKC binding partner that controls PKC activity via sequestration of the C-terminal tail of the kinase. The high-resolution structure of full-length Pin1 complexed to the C-terminal tail of PKCβII reveals that a novel bivalent interaction mode underlies the non-catalytic mode of Pin1 action. Specifically, Pin1 adopts a conformation in which it uses the WW and PPIase domains to engage two conserved phosphorylated PKC motifs, the turn motif and hydrophobic motif, respectively. Hydrophobic motif is a non-canonical Pin1-interacting element. The structural information combined with the results of extensive binding studies and experiments in cultured cells suggest that non-catalytic mechanisms represent unappreciated modes of Pin1-mediated regulation of AGC kinases and other key enzymes/substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ru Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Karuna Dixit
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Mark I McDermott
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Hasan Tanvir Imam
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Vytas A Bankaitis
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
| | - Tatyana I Igumenova
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUnited States
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2
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Su Q, Zhang J, Lin W, Zhang JF, Newton AC, Mehta S, Yang J, Zhang J. Sensitive Fluorescent Biosensor Reveals Differential Subcellular Regulation of PKC. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.29.587373. [PMID: 38586003 PMCID: PMC10996667 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.29.587373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases, which consist of three distinctly regulated subfamilies, have long been established as critical for a variety of cellular functions. However, how PKC enzymes are regulated at different subcellular locations, particularly at emerging signaling hubs such as the ER, lysosome, and Par signaling complexes, is unclear. Here, we present a sensitive Excitation Ratiometric (ExRai) C Kinase Activity Reporter (ExRai-CKAR2) that enables the detection of minute changes in subcellular PKC activity. Using ExRai-CKAR2 in conjunction with an enhanced diacylglycerol (DAG) biosensor capable of detecting intracellular DAG dynamics, we uncover the differential regulation of PKC isoforms at distinct subcellular locations. We find that G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) stimulation triggers sustained PKC activity at the ER and lysosomes, primarily mediated by Ca2+ sensitive conventional PKC (cPKC) and novel PKC (nPKC), respectively, with nPKC showing high basal activity due to elevated basal DAG levels on lysosome membranes. The high sensitivity of ExRai-CKAR2, targeted to either the cytosol or Par-complexes, further enabled us to detect previously inaccessible endogenous atypical PKC (aPKC) activity in 3D organoids. Taken together, ExRai-CKAR2 is a powerful tool for interrogating PKC regulation in response to physiological stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jin-Fan Zhang
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sohum Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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3
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Nuthikattu S, Milenkovic D, Norman JE, Villablanca AC. Single nuclei transcriptomics in diabetic mice reveals altered brain hippocampal endothelial cell function, permeability, and behavior. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166970. [PMID: 38036105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder with cerebrovascular and cardiovascular sequelae. Yet, a clear pattern of gene dysregulation by T2DM in dementia has yet to be defined. We used single nuclei RNA sequencing technology to profile the transcriptome of endothelial cells (EC) from anatomically defined hippocampus of db/db mice to identify differentially expressed (DE) genes, gene pathways and networks, predicted regulating transcription factors, and targets of DE long noncoding RNAs. We also applied gadolinium (Gd) enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and functionally assessed cognitive behavior. The murine gene expression profiles were then integrated with those of persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). We reveal that the transcriptome of the diabetic hippocampal murine brain endothelium differs substantially from control wild types with molecular changes characterized by differential RNA coding and noncoding pathways enriched for EC signaling and for endothelial functions for neuroinflammation, endothelial barrier disruption, and neurodegeneration. Gd enhanced structural brain MRI linked endothelial molecular alterations to BBB dysfunction by neuroimaging. Integrated multiomics of hippocampal endothelial gene dysregulation associated with impairments in cognitive adaptive capacity. In addition, the diabetic transcriptome significantly and positively correlated with that of persons with AD and VaD. Taken together, our results from comprehensive, multilevel, integrated, single nuclei transcriptomics support the hypothesis of T2DM-mediated neuroinflammation and endothelial cell and barrier disruption as key mechanisms in cognitive decline in T2DM, thereby suggesting potential endothelial-specific molecular therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saivageethi Nuthikattu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Dragan Milenkovic
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jennifer E Norman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Amparo C Villablanca
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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4
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Chen XR, Dixit K, Yang Y, McDermott MI, Imam HT, Bankaitis VA, Igumenova TI. A novel bivalent interaction mode underlies a non-catalytic mechanism for Pin1-mediated Protein Kinase C regulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.18.558341. [PMID: 37781616 PMCID: PMC10541119 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.18.558341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Regulated hydrolysis of the phosphoinositide phosphatidylinositol(4,5)-bis-phosphate to diacylglycerol and inositol-1,4,5-P3 defines a major eukaryotic pathway for translation of extracellular cues to intracellular signaling circuits. Members of the lipid-activated protein kinase C isoenzyme family (PKCs) play central roles in this signaling circuit. One of the regulatory mechanisms employed to downregulate stimulated PKC activity is via a proteasome-dependent degradation pathway that is potentiated by peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1. Here, we show that contrary to prevailing models, Pin1 does not regulate conventional PKC isoforms α and βII via a canonical cis-trans isomerization of the peptidyl-prolyl bond. Rather, Pin1 acts as a PKC binding partner that controls PKC activity via sequestration of the C-terminal tail of the kinase. The high-resolution structure of Pin1 complexed to the C-terminal tail of PKCβII reveals that a novel bivalent interaction mode underlies the non-catalytic mode of Pin1 action. Specifically, Pin1 adopts a compact conformation in which it engages two conserved phosphorylated PKC motifs, the turn motif and hydrophobic motif, the latter being a non-canonical Pin1-interacting element. The structural information, combined with the results of extensive binding studies and in vivo experiments suggest that non-catalytic mechanisms represent unappreciated modes of Pin1-mediated regulation of AGC kinases and other key enzymes/substrates.
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5
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Kozłowska M, Śliwińska A. The Link between Diabetes, Pancreatic Tumors, and miRNAs-New Players for Diagnosis and Therapy? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10252. [PMID: 37373398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in medicine, pancreatic cancer is one of the most tardily diagnosed cancer and is consequently associated with a poor prognosis and a low survival rate. The asymptomatic clinical picture and the lack of relevant diagnostic markers for the early stages of pancreatic cancer are believed to be the major constraints behind an accurate diagnosis of this disease. Furthermore, underlying mechanisms of pancreatic cancer development are still poorly recognized. It is well accepted that diabetes increases the risk of pancreatic cancer development, however the precise mechanisms are weakly investigated. Recent studies are focused on microRNAs as a causative factor of pancreatic cancer. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge of pancreatic cancer and diabetes-associated microRNAs, and their potential in diagnosis and therapy. miR-96, miR-124, miR-21, and miR-10a were identified as promising biomarkers for early pancreatic cancer prediction. miR-26a, miR-101, and miR-200b carry therapeutic potential, as they not only regulate significant biological pathways, including the TGF-β and PI3K/AKT, but their re-expression contributes to the improvement of the prognosis by reducing invasiveness or chemoresistance. In diabetes, there are also changes in the expression of microRNAs, such as in miR-145, miR-29c, and miR-143. These microRNAs are involved, among others, in insulin signaling, including IRS-1 and AKT (miR-145), glucose homeostasis (hsa-miR-21), and glucose reuptake and gluconeogenesis (miR-29c). Although, changes in the expression of the same microRNAs are observed in both pancreatic cancer and diabetes, they exert different molecular effects. For example, miR-181a is upregulated in both pancreatic cancer and diabetes mellitus, but in diabetes it contributes to insulin resistance, whereas in pancreatic cancer it promotes tumor cell migration, respectively. To conclude, dysregulated microRNAs in diabetes affect crucial cellular processes that are involved in pancreatic cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kozłowska
- Student Scientific Society of Civilization Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Śliwińska
- Department of Nucleic Acid Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
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Hatipoglu OF, Nishinaka T, Nishibori M, Watanabe M, Toyomura T, Mori S, Yaykasli KO, Wake H, Takahashi H. Histamine promotes angiogenesis through a histamine H1 receptor-PKC-VEGF-mediated pathway in human endothelial cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2023; 151:177-186. [PMID: 36925216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Histamine is a well-known inflammatory mediator, but how histamine induces angiogenesis remains poorly understood. In the present study, we demonstrated a dose-dependent dynamic tube formation in the human endothelial cell line EA.hy926 in the presence of histamine that was completely blocked by histamine H1 receptor (H1R) and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors. However, histamine H2, H3, and H4 receptor inhibitors did not inhibit tube formation, suggesting that H1R-PKC signaling is involved in histamine-induced tube formation. Moreover, we found an H1-specific induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Inhibition of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) suppressed the histamine-induced tube formation, indicating that VEGF is downstream of histamine signaling. Additionally, we demonstrated that histamine stimulation induces the expression of critical regulators of angiogenesis such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-14 metalloproteases, as histamine-induced tube formation is blocked by MMP inhibitors. In summary, our study indicates that histamine can activate the H1R in human endothelial cells and thereby promote tube formation through the PKC, MMP, and VEGF signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Faruk Hatipoglu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishinaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- Department of Translational Research & Dug Development, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takao Toyomura
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shuji Mori
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kursat Oguz Yaykasli
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hidenori Wake
- Department of Pharmacology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hideo Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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Bale BF, Doneen AL, Leimgruber PP, Vigerust DJ. The critical issue linking lipids and inflammation: Clinical utility of stopping oxidative stress. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1042729. [PMID: 36439997 PMCID: PMC9682196 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1042729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of an atheroma begins when lipoproteins become trapped in the intima. Entrapped lipoproteins become oxidized and activate the innate immune system. This immunity represents the primary association between lipids and inflammation. When the trapping continues, the link between lipids and inflammation becomes chronic and detrimental, resulting in atherosclerosis. When entrapment ceases, the association between lipids and inflammation is temporary and healthy, and the atherogenic process halts. Therefore, the link between lipids and inflammation depends upon lipoprotein retention in the intima. The entrapment is due to electrostatic forces uniting apolipoprotein B to polysaccharide chains on intimal proteoglycans. The genetic transformation of contractile smooth muscle cells in the media into migratory secretory smooth muscle cells produces the intimal proteoglycans. The protein, platelet-derived growth factor produced by activated platelets, is the primary stimulus for this genetic change. Oxidative stress is the main stimulus to activate platelets. Therefore, minimizing oxidative stress would significantly reduce the retention of lipoproteins. Less entrapment decreases the association between lipids and inflammation. More importantly, it would halt atherogenesis. This review will analyze oxidative stress as the critical link between lipids, inflammation, and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Through this perspective, we will discuss stopping oxidative stress to disrupt a harmful association between lipids and inflammation. Numerous therapeutic options will be discussed to mitigate oxidative stress. This paper will add a new meaning to the Morse code distress signal SOS-stopping oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Field Bale
- Department of Medical Education and Clinical Sciences, Washington State University College of Medicine, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Amy Lynn Doneen
- Department of Medical Education and Clinical Sciences, Washington State University College of Medicine, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Pierre P. Leimgruber
- Department of Medical Education and Clinical Sciences, Washington State University College of Medicine, Spokane, WA, United States
- Department of Medical Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David John Vigerust
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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Pharmacophore modeling, docking and molecular dynamics simulation for identification of novel human protein kinase C beta (PKCβ) inhibitors. Struct Chem 2022; 34:1157-1171. [PMID: 36248344 PMCID: PMC9553083 DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-02075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase Cβ (PKCβ) is considered as an attractive molecular target for the treatment of COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Several classes of inhibitors have been already identified. In this article, we developed and validated ligand-based PKCβ pharmacophore models based on the chemical structures of the known inhibitors. The most accurate pharmacophore model, which correctly predicted more than 70% active compounds of test set, included three aromatic pharmacophore features without vectors, one hydrogen bond acceptor pharmacophore feature, one hydrophobic pharmacophore feature and 158 excluded volumes. This pharmacophore model was used for virtual screening of compound collection in order to identify novel potent PKCβ inhibitors. Also, molecular docking of compound collection was performed and 28 compounds which were selected simultaneously by two approaches as top-scored were proposed for further biological research.
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Li X, Feng JL, Chen ZL, Bao BH, Dai HH, Meng FC, Deng S, Wang B, Li HS, Wang JS. Mechanism by which Huoxue Tongluo Qiwei Decoction improves the erectile function of rats with diabetic erectile dysfunction. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114674. [PMID: 34560214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Huoxue Tongluo Qiwei Decoction is a classical herbal formula, which can improve the symptoms of erectile dysfunction (ED) patients and has a good therapeutic effect on patients with diabetic erectile dysfunction (DIED). The main function of Huoxue Tongluo Qiwei Decoction is to stimulate the blood circulation and dredge collaterals, remove blood stasis, and calm wind. RATIONALE To further explore the mechanism of Huoxue Tongluo Qiwei Decoction in the treatment of DIED, related animal experiments were designed. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical constituents of Huoxue Tongluo Qiwei Decoction were identified with the help of high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). A rat model was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and screened by apomorphine (APO). Serum sE-selectin, lysyl oxidase-1 (LOX-1), malondialdehyde (MDA) and other markers of vascular endothelial injury and related indicators of oxidative stress were studied through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The endothelial cells and ultrastructure of the corpus cavernosum were examined by electron microscopy and HE staining. The expression of protein and mRNA was detected by western blotting (WB) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS The results of the study revealed that the sE-selectin, LOX-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), endothelial microparticles (EMPs), P-selectin (CD62P), and MDA levels in the serum of group M rats were considerably higher than rats of group K, while the superoxide dismutase (SOD) level showed a significant decrease. In addition, the PKC pathway was activated, and the expression of related proteins and mRNA was increased. After 8 weeks of intervention with Huoxue Tongluo Qiwei Decoction and LY333531, serum level of sE-selectin, LOX-1, sICAM-1, EMPs, CD62P and MDA in L, D and G groups were remarkably lower than group M while SOD level increased significantly, protein kinase C (PKC) pathway was inhibited with the improved erectile function of rats. CONCLUSION Huoxue Tongluo Qiwei Decoction can inhibit the expression of protein and mRNA of the PKCβ signaling pathway related molecules in DIED rats to cure the injury of vascular endothelial, enhance antioxidant capacity, and prevent the activation of platelet, thus improving erectile function in rats with DIED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| | - Jun-Long Feng
- First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Zi-Long Chen
- First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Department of Andrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, 518033, China.
| | - Bing-Hao Bao
- Department of Andrology, China Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Heng-Heng Dai
- First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Fan-Chao Meng
- First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Sheng Deng
- First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Andrology Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Hai-Song Li
- First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Andrology Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Ji-Sheng Wang
- First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Andrology Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
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10
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Khan S. Wogonin and alleviation of hyperglycemia via inhibition of DAG mediated PKC expression. A brief insight. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:1365-1371. [PMID: 34711151 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666211027113349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of protein kinase enzymes that can phosphorylate other proteins and influence their functions, such as signal transduction, cell survival, and death. Increased diacylglycerol (DAG) concentrations, which are typically observed raised in hyperglycemic situations such as diabetes mellitus, can also activate PKC enzymes (DM). On the other hand, PKC isomers have been shown to play an essential role in diabetes and many hyperglycemic complications, most importantly atherosclerosis and diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). As a result, blocking PKC activation via DAG can prevent hyperglycemia and related consequences, such as DCM. Wogonin is a herbal medicine which has anti-inflammatory properties, and investigations show that it scavenge oxidative radicals, attenuate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity, inhibit several essential cell cycle regulatory genes, block nitric oxide (NO) and suppress cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Furthermore, several investigations show that wogonin also attenuates diacylglycerol DAG levels in diabetic mice. Since the DAG-PKC pathway is linked with hyperglycemia and its complications, Wogonin-mediated DAG-PKC attenuation can help treat hyperglycemia and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Khan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Hubei, Wuhan. China
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11
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Thengchaisri N, Hein TW, Ren Y, Kuo L. Activation of Coronary Arteriolar PKCβ2 Impairs Endothelial NO-Mediated Vasodilation: Role of JNK/Rho Kinase Signaling and Xanthine Oxidase Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189763. [PMID: 34575925 PMCID: PMC8471475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) activation can evoke vasoconstriction and contribute to coronary disease. However, it is unclear whether PKC activation, without activating the contractile machinery, can lead to coronary arteriolar dysfunction. The vasoconstriction induced by the PKC activator phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) was examined in isolated porcine coronary arterioles. The PDBu-evoked vasoconstriction was sensitive to a broad-spectrum PKC inhibitor but not affected by inhibiting PKCβ2 or Rho kinase. After exposure of the vessels to a sub-vasomotor concentration of PDBu (1 nmol/L, 60 min), the endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (NO)-mediated dilations in response to serotonin and adenosine were compromised but the dilation induced by the NO donor sodium nitroprusside was unaltered. PDBu elevated superoxide production, which was blocked by the superoxide scavenger Tempol. The impaired NO-mediated vasodilations were reversed by Tempol or inhibition of PKCβ2, xanthine oxidase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Rho kinase but were not affected by a hydrogen peroxide scavenger or inhibitors of NAD(P)H oxidase and p38 kinase. The PKCβ2 protein was detected in the arteriolar wall and co-localized with endothelial NO synthase. In conclusion, activation of PKCβ2 appears to compromise NO-mediated vasodilation via Rho kinase-mediated JNK signaling and superoxide production from xanthine oxidase, independent of the activation of the smooth muscle contractile machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naris Thengchaisri
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (N.T.); (T.W.H.); (Y.R.)
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Travis W. Hein
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (N.T.); (T.W.H.); (Y.R.)
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (N.T.); (T.W.H.); (Y.R.)
| | - Lih Kuo
- Department of Medical Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (N.T.); (T.W.H.); (Y.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Nille GC, Mishra SK, Chaudhary AK, Reddy KRC. Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Review on Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb.: A Special Insight to Antidiabetic Property. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:647887. [PMID: 34504420 PMCID: PMC8423098 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.647887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avartaki (Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. syn. Cassia auriculata L.; Family- Fabaceae ) is a traditional medicinal plant, widely used for the treatment of various ailments in Ayurveda and Siddha system of medicine in India. Almost all the parts of the plant, such as flowers, leaves, seeds, barks, and roots have been reported for their medicinal uses. Traditionally, it has been used in the treatment of diabetes, asthma, rheumatism, dysentery, skin disease, and metabolic disorders. The principle phytochemicals in Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. are alkaloids, anthraquinone, flavone glycosides, sugar, saponins, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, benzoic acid 2-hydroxyl methyl ester, 1-methyl butyl ester, resorcinol, α-tocopherol-β-D-mannosidase, epicatechin, ferulic acid, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin, proanthocyanidin B1. The extracts from its different parts and their isolated compounds possess a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, cardioprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, anticancer, antimutagenic, antimicrobial, antiulcer, antipyretic, anthelmintic, immunomodulatory, antifertility, anti-venom, and anti-melanogenesis. The toxicological findings from preclinical studies ensured the safety of the plant, but comprehensive clinical studies are required for the safety and efficacy of the plant in humans. The current review article aimed to provide up-to-date information about Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. covering its ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological aspects with special emphasis on its clinical implications in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guruprasad C. Nille
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Varanasi, India
| | - Shardendu Kumar Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Ram-Eesh Institute of Vocational & Technical Education, Greater Noida, India
| | - Anand Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Varanasi, India
| | - K. R. C. Reddy
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Varanasi, India
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Li H, Xu W, Liu X, Wang T, Wang S, Liu J, Jiang H. JAK2 deficiency improves erectile function in diabetic mice through attenuation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fibrosis. Andrology 2021; 9:1662-1671. [PMID: 34085398 PMCID: PMC8672361 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is activated in diabetic mellitus (DM) conditions and may enhance oxidative stress, apoptosis and fibrosis in many tissues. Whether JAK2 activation is involved in the occurrence of diabetic erectile dysfunction (ED) is unknown. Objectives We performed this study to investigate the effect of JAK2 deficiency on diabetic ED. Materials and methods Conditional JAK2 gene knockout mice (Cre+/+‐JAK2fl/fl) were used, in which JAK2 gene knockout could be induced by tamoxifen. Mice fell into four groups: control, JAK2 knockout (JAK2−/−), DM, and DM with JAK2−/−. DM was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Two months later, JAK2 gene knockout was induced with tamoxifen in Cre+/+‐JAK2fl/fl mice. After another 2 months, erectile function was measured by electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve, and penile tissues were harvested. Ratio of maximal intracavernosal pressure (MIP) to mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), expression and phosphorylation of JAK2, oxidative stress level, NO/Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) pathway, apoptosis, fibrosis, and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1)/Smad/Collagen IV pathway in corpus cavernosum, were measured. Results JAK2 expression was remarkably decreased after induction with tamoxifen. JAK2 was activated in penile tissues of diabetic mice, and JAK2 deficiency could improve the impaired erectile function caused by DM. However, in mice without DM, JAK2 deficiency had no apparent influence on erectile function. Levels of oxidative stress, apoptosis, fibrosis, and TGF‐β1/Smad/Collagen IV pathway were all elevated by DM, whereas JAK2 deficiency lessened these alterations in diabetic mice. Moreover, JAK2 deficiency improved the expression of the down‐regulated NO/cGMP pathway in diabetic mice. In non‐diabetic mice, no apparent changes were found in aforementioned parameters after JAK2 gene knockout. Discussion and conclusion Our study showed that JAK2 deficiency could improve erectile function in diabetic mice, which might be mediated by reduction in oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fibrosis in corpus cavernosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenchao Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaming Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaogang Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyang Jiang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Bhat S, Yatsynovich Y, Sharma UC. Coronary revascularization in patients with stable coronary disease and diabetes mellitus. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2021; 18:14791641211002469. [PMID: 33926268 PMCID: PMC8482730 DOI: 10.1177/14791641211002469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF STUDY Diabetes mellitus accelerates the development of atherosclerosis. Patients with diabetes mellitus have higher incidence and mortality rates from cardiovascular disease and undergo a disproportionately higher number of coronary interventions compared to the general population. Proper selection of treatment modalities is thus paramount. Treatment strategies include medical management and interventional approaches including coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). The purpose of this review is to assimilate emerging evidence comparing CABG to PCI in patients with diabetes and present an outlook on the latest advances in percutaneous interventions, in addition to the optimal medical therapies in patients with diabetes. KEY METHODS A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE was performed to identify prospective, randomized trials comparing outcomes of CABG and PCI, and also PCI with different generations of stents used in patients with diabetes. Additional review of bibliography of selected studies was also performed. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Most of the trials discussed above demonstrate a survival advantage of CABG over PCI in patients with diabetes. However, recent advances in PCI technology are starting to challenge this narrative. Superior stent designs, use of specific drug-eluting stents, image-guided stent deployment, and the use of contemporary antiplatelet and lipid-lowering therapies are continuing to improve the PCI outcomes. Prospective data for such emerging interventional technologies in diabetes is however lacking currently and is the need of the hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Bhat
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yan Yatsynovich
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, NY, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University at Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Umesh C Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, NY, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University at Buffalo, NY, USA
- The Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, NY, USA
- Umesh C Sharma, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, Suite 7030, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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Wang JS, Li X, Chen ZL, Feng JL, Bao BH, Deng S, Dai HH, Meng FC, Wang B, Li HS. Effect of leech-centipede medicine on improving erectile function in DIED rats via PKC signalling pathway-related molecules. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113463. [PMID: 33049347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Leeches (pinyin name Shui Zhi; Latin scientific name Hirudo; Hirudinea; Hirudinidae) and centipedes (pinyin name Wu Gong; Latin scientific name Scolopendridae; Chilopoda; Scolopendridae) are traditional Chinese medicines, and they belong to the family entomology. A combination of leech and centipede is used as an effective medicine to promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis in traditional Chinese medicine, and "leech-centipede" medicine has been used in many prescriptions to treat diabetic vascular disease, including diabetic erectile dysfunction (DIED). However, its specific mechanism remains unclear and requires in-depth study. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of "leech-centipede" medicine to improve erectile dysfunction-associated diabetes by detecting PKC pathway-related molecules. MATERIALS AND METHODS The active ingredients of "leech-centipede" medicine were identified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fifty male SPF rats were injected with streptozotocin to induce the DM model. Eight weeks later, the DMED model was validated with apomorphine. The DIED rats were divided into five groups-T,P,DD,DZ, and DG-and were separately treated with tadalafil, pathway inhibitor LY333531 and low-, medium-, and high-dose "leech-centipede" medicine for 8 weeks. After treatment, the blood glucose level was measured, erectile function with apomorphine was assessed, the LOX-1, sE-selectin, sICAM-1, SOD, and MDA in serum was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry was performed. After the collection of penile tissue, the related protein and mRNA expression was assessed by Western blotting and PCR, and the tissue and ultrastructure were analysed by HE staining, immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS After treatment, the erectile function of rats was significantly improved in the T,P,DD,DZ, and DG groups compared with that in the model group. Thus, "leech-centipede" medicine can significantly reduce the levels of LOX-1, sE-selectin, sICAM-1, EMPs and CD62P to protect vascular endothelial function and anti-platelet activation, improving DIED rat erectile function. Additionally, "leech-centipede" medicine can increase SOD expression and decrease MDA expression, reducing the possibility of oxidative stress injury in DIED rats and improving the antioxidant capacity. Moreover, "leech-centipede" therapy can dramatically reduce the protein and mRNA expression of DAG, PKCβ, NF-κB, and ICAM-1, improve vascular endothelial injury in DIED rats and inhibit abnormal platelet activation. CONCLUSION "leech-centipede" medicine can improve erectile dysfunction by inhibiting the expression of PKC pathway-related molecules in DIED rats and protects endothelial function and anti-platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sheng Wang
- First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Andrology Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| | - Zi-Long Chen
- First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Andrology Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Jun-Long Feng
- First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Andrology Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Bing-Hao Bao
- First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Andrology Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Sheng Deng
- First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Andrology Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Heng-Heng Dai
- First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Andrology Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Fan-Chao Meng
- First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Andrology Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Andrology Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Hai-Song Li
- Andrology Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Moerman AM, Visscher M, Slijkhuis N, Van Gaalen K, Heijs B, Klein T, Burgers PC, De Rijke YB, Van Beusekom HMM, Luider TM, Verhagen HJM, Van der Steen AFW, Gijsen FJH, Van der Heiden K, Van Soest G. Lipid signature of advanced human carotid atherosclerosis assessed by mass spectrometry imaging. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100020. [PMID: 33581415 PMCID: PMC7881220 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotid atherosclerosis is a risk factor for ischemic stroke, one of the main causes of mortality and disability worldwide. The disease is characterized by plaques, heterogeneous deposits of lipids, and necrotic debris in the vascular wall, which grow gradually and may remain asymptomatic for decades. However, at some point a plaque can evolve to a high-risk plaque phenotype, which may trigger a cerebrovascular event. Lipids play a key role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, but the nature of their involvement is not fully understood. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging, we visualized the distribution of approximately 200 different lipid signals, originating of >90 uniquely assigned species, in 106 tissue sections of 12 human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. We performed unsupervised classification of the mass spectrometry dataset, as well as a histology-directed multivariate analysis. These data allowed us to extract the spatial lipid patterns associated with morphological plaque features in advanced plaques from a symptomatic population, revealing spatial lipid patterns in atherosclerosis and their relation to histological tissue type. The abundances of sphingomyelin and oxidized cholesteryl ester species were elevated specifically in necrotic intima areas, whereas diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols were spatially correlated to areas containing the coagulation protein fibrin. These results demonstrate a clear colocalization between plaque features and specific lipid classes, as well as individual lipid species in high-risk atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid M Moerman
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Visscher
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nuria Slijkhuis
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Van Gaalen
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Heijs
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Klein
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C Burgers
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda B De Rijke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heleen M M Van Beusekom
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Luider
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hence J M Verhagen
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius F W Van der Steen
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Frank J H Gijsen
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Van der Heiden
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Van Soest
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Gupta P, Taiyab A, Hassan MI. Emerging role of protein kinases in diabetes mellitus: From mechanism to therapy. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 124:47-85. [PMID: 33632470 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus has emerged as a severe burden on the medical health system across the globe. Presently, around 422 million people are suffering from diabetes which is speculated to be expanded to about 600 million by 2035. Patients with type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of developing detrimental metabolic and cardiovascular complications. The scientific understanding of this chronic disease and its underlying root cause is not yet fully unraveled. Protein kinases are well known to regulate almost every cellular process through phosphorylation of target protein in diverse signaling pathways. The important role of several protein kinases including AMP-activated protein kinase, IκB kinase and protein kinase C have been well demonstrated in various animal models. They modulate glucose tolerance, inflammation and insulin resistance in the cells via acting on diverse downstream targets and signaling pathways. Thus, modulating the activity of potential human kinases which are significantly involved in diabetes by targeting with small molecule inhibitors could be an attractive therapeutic strategy to tackle diabetes. In this chapter, we have discussed the potential role of protein kinases in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, and in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, the small molecules reported in the literature that can be potentially used for the treatment of diabetes have been discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Gupta
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Aaliya Taiyab
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
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Byon CH, Kim SW. Regulatory Effects of O-GlcNAcylation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells on Diabetic Vasculopathy. J Lipid Atheroscler 2020; 9:243-254. [PMID: 32821734 PMCID: PMC7379086 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2020.9.2.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular complications from uncontrolled hyperglycemia are the leading cause of death in patients with diabetes mellitus. Previous reports have shown a strong correlation between hyperglycemia and vascular calcification, which increases mortality and morbidity in individuals with diabetes. However, the precise underlying molecular mechanisms of hyperglycemia-induced vascular calcification remain largely unknown. Transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) into osteoblast-like cells is a known culprit underlying the development of vascular calcification in the diabetic vasculature. Pathological conditions such as high glucose levels and oxidative stress are linked to enhanced osteogenic differentiation of VSMC both in vivo and in vitro. It has been demonstrated that increased expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), a bone-related transcription factor, in VSMC is necessary and sufficient for the induction of VSMC calcification. Addition of a single O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moiety to the serine/threonine residues of target proteins (O-GlcNAcylation) has been observed in the arteries of diabetic patients, as well as in animal models in association with the enhanced expression of Runx2 and aggravated vascular calcification. O-GlcNAcylation is a dynamic and tightly regulated process, that is mediated by 2 enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase. Glucose is metabolized into UDP-β-D-N-acetylglucosamine, an active sugar donor of O-GlcNAcylation via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. Overall increases in the O-GlcNAcylation of cellular proteins have been closely associated with cardiovascular complications of diabetes. In this review, the authors provide molecular insights into cardiovascular complications, including diabetic vasculopathy, that feature increased O-GlcNAcylation in people with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Byon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Soo Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Wang T, Zhu H, Hou Y, Duan W, Meng F, Liu Y. Ketamine attenuates high-glucose-mediated endothelial inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:156-161. [PMID: 32078386 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia mediates oxidative stress, thus inducing transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation, increasing endothelial adhesion molecule expression and monocyte/endothelial interaction, and resulting in endothelial injury. Ketamine was reported to attenuate oxidative stress in many cases. In this research, we determined whether and how ketamine protects against high-glucose-mediated augmentation of monocyte/endothelial interaction and endothelial adhesion molecule expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. High glucose augmented monocyte/endothelial adhesion and endothelial adhesion molecule expression. High glucose induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and augmented phospho-protein kinase C (p-PKC) βII expression and PKC activity. Moreover, high glucose inhibited the inhibitory subunit of nuclear factor-κBα (IκBα) expression in the cytoplasm and induced NF-κB nuclear translocation. Importantly, the effects induced by high glucose were counteracted by ketamine treatment. Further, CGP53353, a PKC βII inhibitor, inhibited high-glucose-mediated NF-κB nuclear translocation, attenuated adhesion molecule expression, and reduced monocyte/endothelial interaction. Further, these effects of ketamine against high-glucose-induced endothelial injury were inhibited by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, a PKC βII activator. In conclusion, ketamine, via reducing ROS accumulation, inhibited PKC βII Ser660 phosphorylation and PKC and NF-κB activation and reduced high-glucose-induced expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and monocyte/endothelial interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhai Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xinjiang Medical University, Affiliated Tumour Hospital, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Hongge Zhu
- Department of Second Pulmonary Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Affiliated Tumour Hospital, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yanshen Hou
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xinjiang Medical University, Affiliated Tumour Hospital, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Wenming Duan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xinjiang Medical University, Affiliated Tumour Hospital, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Fufen Meng
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xinjiang Medical University, Affiliated Tumour Hospital, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yahua Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Xinjiang Medical University, Affiliated Tumour Hospital, Xinjiang, PR China
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Raghavan S, Singh NK, Gali S, Mani AM, Rao GN. Protein Kinase Cθ Via Activating Transcription Factor 2-Mediated CD36 Expression and Foam Cell Formation of Ly6C hi Cells Contributes to Atherosclerosis. Circulation 2019; 138:2395-2412. [PMID: 29991487 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.034083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the role of thrombin in atherothrombosis is well studied, its role in the pathogenesis of diet-induced atherosclerosis is not known. METHODS Using a mouse model of diet-induced atherosclerosis and molecular biological approaches, here we have explored the role of thrombin and its G protein-coupled receptor signaling in diet-induced atherosclerosis. RESULTS In exploring the role of G protein-coupled receptor signaling in atherogenesis, we found that thrombin triggers foam cell formation via inducing CD36 expression, and these events require Par1-mediated Gα12-Pyk2-Gab1-protein kinase C (PKC)θ-dependent ATF2 activation. Genetic deletion of PKCθ in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-/- mice reduced Western diet-induced plaque formation. Furthermore, thrombin induced Pyk2, Gab1, PKCθ, and ATF2 phosphorylation, CD36 expression, and foam cell formation in peritoneal macrophages of ApoE-/- mice. In contrast, thrombin only stimulated Pyk2 and Gab1 but not ATF2 phosphorylation or its target gene CD36 expression in the peritoneal macrophages of ApoE-/-:PKCθ-/- mice, and it had no effect on foam cell formation. In addition, the aortic root cross-sections of Western diet-fed ApoE-/- mice showed increased Pyk2, Gab1, PKCθ, and ATF2 phosphorylation and CD36 expression as compared with ApoE-/-:PKCθ-/- mice. Furthermore, although the monocytes from peripheral blood and the aorta of Western diet-fed ApoE-/- mice were found to contain more of Ly6Chi cells than Ly6Clo cells, the monocytes from Western diet-fed ApoE-/-:PKCθ-/- mice were found to contain more Ly6Clo cells than Ly6Chi cells. It is interesting to note that the Ly6Chi cells showed higher CD36 expression with enhanced capacity to form foam cells as compared with Ly6Clo cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal for the first time that thrombin-mediated Par1-Gα12 signaling via targeting Pyk2-Gab1-PKCθ-ATF2-dependent CD36 expression might be playing a crucial role in diet-induced atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikhlesh K Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | - Sivaiah Gali
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | - Arul M Mani
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
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APOC3 promotes TNF-α-induced expression of JAM-1 in endothelial cell via PI3K-IKK2-p65 pathway. Cardiovasc Pathol 2019; 41:11-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Bastianini S, Lo Martire V, Silvani A, Zoccoli G, Berteotti C, Lagercrantz H, Arner A, Cohen G. Long-term cardiovascular reprogramming by short-term perinatal exposure to nicotine's main metabolite cotinine. Acta Paediatr 2018; 107:638-646. [PMID: 29224235 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Gather 'proof-of-concept' evidence of the adverse developmental potential of cotinine (a seemingly benign biomarker of recent nicotine/tobacco smoke exposure). METHODS Pregnant C57 mice drank nicotine- or cotinine-laced water for 6 wks from conception (NPRE = 2% saccharin + 100 μg nicotine/mL; CPRE = 2% saccharin + 10 μg cotinine/mL) or 3 wks after birth (CPOST = 2% saccharin + 30 μg cotinine/mL). Controls drank 2% saccharin (CTRL). At 17 ± 1 weeks (male pups; CTRL n = 6; CPOST n = 6; CPRE n = 8; NPRE n = 9), we assessed (i) cardiovascular control during sleep; (ii) arterial reactivity ex vivo; and (iii) expression of genes involved in arterial constriction/dilation. RESULTS Blood cotinine levels recapitulated those of passive smoker mothers' infants. Pups exposed to cotinine exhibited (i) mild bradycardia - hypotension at rest (p < 0.001); (ii) attenuated (CPRE , p < 0.0001) or reverse (CPOST ; p < 0.0001) BP stress reactivity; (iii) adrenergic hypocontractility (p < 0.0003), low protein kinase C (p < 0.001) and elevated adrenergic receptor mRNA (p < 0.05; all drug-treated arteries); and (iv) endothelial dysfunction (NPRE only). CONCLUSION Cotinine has subtle, enduring developmental consequences. Some cardiovascular effects of nicotine can plausibly arise via conversion into cotinine. Low-level exposure to this metabolite may pose unrecognised perinatal risks. Adults must avoid inadvertently exposing a foetus or infant to cotinine as well as nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bastianini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (PRISM Lab); Alma Mater Studiorum; Università di Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Viviana Lo Martire
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (PRISM Lab); Alma Mater Studiorum; Università di Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Alessandro Silvani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (PRISM Lab); Alma Mater Studiorum; Università di Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Giovanna Zoccoli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (PRISM Lab); Alma Mater Studiorum; Università di Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Chiara Berteotti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (PRISM Lab); Alma Mater Studiorum; Università di Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Hugo Lagercrantz
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Neonatal Unit; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anders Arner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (Genetic Physiology); Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Gary Cohen
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Neonatal Unit; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Centre for Sleep Health and Research; Sleep Investigation Laboratory; Royal North Shore Hospital; Sydney Australia
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Schwartz SS, Epstein S, Corkey BE, Grant SFA, Gavin Iii JR, Aguilar RB, Herman ME. A Unified Pathophysiological Construct of Diabetes and its Complications. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017. [PMID: 28629897 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Advances in understanding diabetes mellitus (DM) through basic and clinical research have helped clarify and reunify a disease state fragmented into numerous etiologies and subtypes. It is now understood that a common pathophysiology drives the diabetic state throughout its natural history and across its varied clinical presentations, a pathophysiology involving metabolic insults, oxidative damage, and vicious cycles that aggravate and intensify organ dysfunction and damage. This new understanding of the disease requires that we revisit existing diagnostics and treatment approaches, which were built upon outmoded assumptions. 'The Common Pathophysiologic Origins of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications Construct' is presented as a more accurate, foundational, and translatable construct of DM that helps make sense of the hitherto ambiguous findings of long-term outcome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley S Schwartz
- Main Line Health System, Wynnewood, PA, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Solomon Epstein
- Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barbara E Corkey
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Division of Human Genetics and Center for Applied Genomics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Divisions of Human Genetics and Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Mary E Herman
- Montclair State University, Upper Montclair, NJ, USA; Social Alchemy Ltd., Building Global Research Competency, Lynchburg, VA, USA
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24
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Yang SL, Zhu LY, Han R, Sun LL, Li JX, Dou JT. Pathophysiology of peripheral arterial disease in diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes 2017; 9:133-140. [PMID: 27556728 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) increases the risk of lower extremity amputation. It is also an independent predictor of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular ischemic events, affecting both the quality and expectancy of life. Many studies have demonstrated that the prevalence of PAD in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is higher than in non-diabetic patients. In diabetic patients, PAD occurs early with rapid progression, and is frequently asymptomatic. Multiple metabolic aberrations in DM, such as advanced glycation end-products, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and abnormal oxidative stress, have been shown to worsen PAD. However, the role of DM in PAD is not completely understood. The purpose of the present article is to review and discuss the pathophysiology of PAD in DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ling Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lv-Yun Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Bethune International Peace Hospital of PLA, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rui Han
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lei-Lei Sun
- Graduate School of Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun-Xia Li
- Department of Cardiology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Tao Dou
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
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25
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Abstract
Chronic inflammatory state in obesity causes dysregulation of the endocrine and paracrine actions of adipocyte-derived factors, which disrupt vascular homeostasis and contribute to endothelial vasodilator dysfunction and subsequent hypertension. While normal healthy perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) ensures the dilation of blood vessels, obesity-associated PVAT leads to a change in profile of the released adipo-cytokines, resulting in a decreased vasorelaxing effect. Adipose tissue inflammation, nitric oxide (NO)-bioavailability, insulin resistance and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) are main participating factors in endothelial dysfunction of obesity. In this chapter, disruption of inter-endothelial junctions between endothelial cells, significant increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation mediators, which are originated from inflamed endothelial cells, the balance between NO synthesis and ROS , insulin signaling and NO production, and decrease in L-arginine/endogenous asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine (ADMA) ratio are discussed in connection with endothelial dysfunction in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.
- , Mustafa Kemal Mah. 2137. Sok. 8/14, 06520, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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26
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Saha AK, Dallo SF, Detmar AL, Osmulski P, Gaczynska M, Huang THM, Ramasubramanian AK. Cellular cholesterol regulates monocyte deformation. J Biomech 2016; 52:83-88. [PMID: 28082022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of cholesterol content on monocyte biomechanics remains understudied despite the well-established link between cholesterol and monocytes/macrophages in atherosclerosis, and the effect on other cell types. In this work, we have investigated the effect of cholesterol on monocyte deformability and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We altered the baseline cholesterol in human monocytic cell line THP-1, and investigated the changes in monocyte deformability using a custom microfluidic platform and atomic force microscopy. We observed that the cholesterol depletion lowered deformability while enrichment increased deformability compared to untreated cells. As a consequence of altered deformability, cholesterol depleted cells spread more on collagen-coated surfaces with elongated morphology, whereas cholesterol enriched cells had a more rounded morphology. We observed that the decreased deformability in cholesterol depleted cells, despite an increase in the fluidity of the membrane, is due to an increase in phosphorylation of Protein Kinase C (PKC), which translates to a higher degree of actin polymerization. Together, our results highlight the importance of biophysical regulation of monocyte response to cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Saha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Shatha F Dallo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ariana L Detmar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Pawel Osmulski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Maria Gaczynska
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Tim Hui-Ming Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Anand K Ramasubramanian
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, San José State University, San José, CA, United States.
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27
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Gupta A, Bhatnagar S. Vasoregression: A Shared Vascular Pathology Underlying Macrovascular And Microvascular Pathologies? OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 19:733-53. [PMID: 26669709 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vasoregression is a common phenomenon underlying physiological vessel development as well as pathological microvascular diseases leading to peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, and vascular oculopathies. In this review, we describe the hallmarks and pathways of vasoregression. We argue here that there is a parallel between characteristic features of vasoregression in the ocular microvessels and atherosclerosis in the larger vessels. Shared molecular pathways and molecular effectors in the two conditions are outlined, thus highlighting the possible systemic causes of local vascular diseases. Our review gives us a system-wide insight into factors leading to multiple synchronous vascular diseases. Because shared molecular pathways might usefully address the diagnostic and therapeutic needs of multiple common complex diseases, the literature analysis presented here is of broad interest to readership in integrative biology, rational drug development and systems medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Gupta
- 1 Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology , Dwarka, New Delhi, India .,2 Department of Biotechnology, IMS Engineering College , Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sonika Bhatnagar
- 1 Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology , Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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28
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Qin W, Ren B, Wang S, Liang S, He B, Shi X, Wang L, Liang J, Wu F. Apigenin and naringenin ameliorate PKCβII-associated endothelial dysfunction via regulating ROS/caspase-3 and NO pathway in endothelial cells exposed to high glucose. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 85:39-49. [PMID: 27473516 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a key event in the progression of atherosclerosis with diabetes. Increasing cell apoptosis may lead to endothelial dysfunction. Apigenin and naringenin are two kinds of widely used flavones. In the present study, we investigated whether and how apigenin and naringenin reduced endothelial dysfunction induced by high glucose in endothelial cells. We showed that apigenin and naringenin protected against endothelial dysfunction via inhibiting phosphorylation of protein kinase C βII (PKCβII) expression and downstream reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in endothelial cells exposed to high glucose. Furthermore, we demonstrated that apigenin and naringenin reduced high glucose-increased apoptosis, Bax expression, caspase-3 activity and phosphorylation of NF-κB in endothelial cells. Moreover, apigenin and naringenin effectively restored high glucose-reduced Bcl-2 expression and Akt phosphorylation. Importantly, apigenin and naringenin significantly increased NO production in endothelial cells subjected to high glucose challenge. Consistently, high glucose stimulation impaired acetylcholine (ACh)-mediated vasodilation in the rat aorta, apigenin and naringenin treatment restored the impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation via dramatically increasing eNOS activity and nitric oxide (NO) level. Taken together, our results manifest that apigenin and naringenin can ameliorate endothelial dysfunction via regulating ROS/caspase-3 and NO pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Qin
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Bei Ren
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Taiyuan Institute For Food And Drug Control, 85 Longcheng Avenue, Taiyuan 030000, PR China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Shujun Liang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Baiqiu He
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Xiaoji Shi
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Jingyu Liang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Feihua Wu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
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29
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Reddy MA, Das S, Zhuo C, Jin W, Wang M, Lanting L, Natarajan R. Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Dysfunction Under Diabetic Conditions by miR-504. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:864-73. [PMID: 26941017 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetes mellitus accelerates proatherogenic and proinflammatory phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) associated with vascular complications. Evidence shows that microRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in VSMC functions, but their role under diabetic conditions is unclear. We profiled miRNAs in VSMC from diabetic mice and examined their role in VSMC dysfunction. APPROACH AND RESULTS High throughput small RNA-sequencing identified 135 differentially expressed miRNAs in VSMC from type 2 diabetic db/db mice (db/dbVSMC) versus nondiabetic db/+ mice. Several of these miRNAs were known to regulate VSMC functions. We further focused on miR-504, because it was highly upregulated in db/dbVSMC, and its function in VSMC is unknown. miR-504 and its host gene Fgf13 were significantly increased in db/dbVSMC and in aortas from db/db mice. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that miR-504 targets including signaling adaptor Grb10 and transcription factor Egr2 could regulate growth factor signaling. We experimentally validated Grb10 and Egr2 as novel targets of miR-504. Overexpression of miR-504 in VSMC inhibited contractile genes and enhanced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation, proliferation, and migration. These effects were blocked by miR-504 inhibitors. Grb10 knockdown mimicked miR-504 functions and increased inflammatory genes. Egr2 knockdown-inhibited anti-inflammatory Socs1 and increased proinflammatory genes. Furthermore, high glucose and palmitic acid upregulated miR-504 and inflammatory genes, but downregulated Grb10. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes mellitus misregulates several miRNAs including miR-504 that can promote VSMC dysfunction. Because changes in many of these miRNAs are sustained in diabetic VSMC even after in vitro culture, they may be involved in metabolic memory of vascular complications. Targeting such mechanisms could offer novel therapeutic strategies for diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marpadga A Reddy
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Sadhan Das
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Chen Zhuo
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Wen Jin
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Mei Wang
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Linda Lanting
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Rama Natarajan
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA.
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30
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Khamaisi M, Katagiri S, Keenan H, Park K, Maeda Y, Li Q, Qi W, Thomou T, Eschuk D, Tellechea A, Veves A, Huang C, Orgill DP, Wagers A, King GL. PKCδ inhibition normalizes the wound-healing capacity of diabetic human fibroblasts. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:837-53. [PMID: 26808499 DOI: 10.1172/jci82788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal fibroblast function underlies poor wound healing in patients with diabetes; however, the mechanisms that impair wound healing are poorly defined. Here, we evaluated fibroblasts from individuals who had type 1 diabetes (T1D) for 50 years or more (Medalists, n = 26) and from age-matched controls (n = 7). Compared with those from controls, Medalist fibroblasts demonstrated a reduced migration response to insulin, lower VEGF expression, and less phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), but not p-ERK, activation. Medalist fibroblasts were also functionally less effective at wound closure in nude mice. Activation of the δ isoform of protein kinase C (PKCδ) was increased in postmortem fibroblasts from Medalists, fibroblasts from living T1D subjects, biopsies of active wounds of living T1D subjects, and granulation tissues from mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Diabetes-induced PKCD mRNA expression was related to a 2-fold increase in the mRNA half-life. Pharmacologic inhibition and siRNA-mediated knockdown of PKCδ or expression of a dominant-negative isoform restored insulin signaling of p-AKT and VEGF expression in vitro and improved wound healing in vivo. Additionally, increasing PKCδ expression in control fibroblasts produced the same abnormalities as those seen in Medalist fibroblasts. Our results indicate that persistent PKCδ elevation in fibroblasts from diabetic patients inhibits insulin signaling and function to impair wound healing and suggest PKCδ inhibition as a potential therapy to improve wound healing in diabetic patients.
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31
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Shirpoor A, Nemati S, Ansari MHK, Ilkhanizadeh B. The protective effect of vitamin E against prenatal and early postnatal ethanol treatment-induced heart abnormality in rats: a 3-month follow-up study. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 26:72-9. [PMID: 25805307 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol consumption during pregnancy is associated with fetal heart malformation. However, the underlying mechanism of prenatal ethanol exposure causing heart malfunction is not well known. The current study examined the effect of prenatal and early postnatal ethanol consumption on heart abnormality resulting from oxidative and inflammatory stress. It was also intended to find out whether vitamin E inhibits the abnormality induced by ethanol in rats' heart tissue. Pregnant Wistar rats received ethanol with/without vitamin E from the seventh day of gestation (GD7) throughout lactation. The proliferation in heart muscle cells and coronary smooth muscle cells, protein carbonyl, IL-6, TNF-α, homocysteine levels, also lipid profile in heart and plasma of male pups were measured at the end of lactation (PN 21) and 90 days after birth (PN 90). The results indicated proliferation of heart muscle and coronary smooth muscle cells along with heart structural alteration, protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, inflammatory reaction, and hyperhomocysteinemia in offspring after 21 and 90 days of birth compared with the controls. Vitamin E treatment significantly decreased cell proliferation and heart structural alteration, compared with the group treated by ethanol alone. Furthermore, it reduced the elevation of protein carbonyl, lipid peroxidation, and increased inflammatory proteins to levels as those of the controls. These findings strongly support the idea that ethanol intake by dams during pregnancy and early postnatal days induces heart abnormality mediated by oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions, and that these effects can be alleviated by using vitamin E as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Shirpoor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Samira Nemati
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Behrouz Ilkhanizadeh
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Lv ZH, Ma P, Luo W, Xiong H, Han L, Li SW, Zhou X, Tu JC. Association between serum free fatty acid levels and possible related factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014; 14:159. [PMID: 25399059 PMCID: PMC4236447 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-14-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Free fatty acids (FFAs) play importance roles in the development of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. We measured serum FFA levels from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients and assay the correlation between serum FFA levels and related factors. The present study was undertaken to investigate a possible relation between the changes in serum free fatty acid concentration with acute myocardial infarction and type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS The study population consisted of 540 healthy individuals and 103 patients with T2DM, 59 patients with AMI and 21 volunteers. Serum FFAs were measured with high pressure liquid chromatography. Blood urea nitrogen and uric acid were measured in clinical laboratory, as were glycemic, lipid and blood routine parameters. We selected 242 individuals with age over 60 years, 143 healthy individuals and 52 patients with T2DM, 47 patients with AMI were incorporated into three groups as control group, T2DM group and AMI group. Associations were analyzed with stepwise regression analysis with adjusted for age, sex, body mass index. RESULTS Serum FFA levels were significantly higher in the age over 60 years individuals compared to 20 ~ 50 years (logFFA μmmol/L:2.60 ± 0.16 vs. 2.73 ± 0.18, P < .001) in the healthy group. We found lower FFA levels in the AMI compared to the T2DM and control group (2.64 ± 0.22 vs. 2.72 ± 0.13&2.72 ± 0.16, respectively, P < .05&P < 0.01) in the age over 60, fasting blood glucose level higher in the AMI and T2DM (5.78 ± 1.32&7.75 ± 2.93 mmol/L vs. 4.90 ± 0.47 mmol/L, P < .01&P < .001) compared with the normal group, HDL level (1.01 ± 0.22&0.98 ± 0.18 mmol/L vs.1.30 ± 0.22 mmol/L, P < .001&P < .001). With stepwise regression analysis, the serum FFA levels was positively associated with the HDL in the control group (YlogFFA = 2.32 + 0.33XHDL, R = 0.26, P < .01) and T2MD (YlogFFA = 2.46 + 0.27XHDL, R = 0.36, P < .05), AST in AMI (YlogFFA =2.24 + 0. 015XAST, R = 0.49, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Compared to control group, serum FFA levels were decreased only in AMI group, while HDL level was increased in both AMI and T2DM group. The serum FFA levels were positive association with the HDL level in both T2DM and control group, FFA levels were positive association with AST in AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
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Campia U, Tesauro M, Di Daniele N, Cardillo C. The vascular endothelin system in obesity and type 2 diabetes: Pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Life Sci 2014; 118:149-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Li YX, Lin CQ, Shi DY, Zeng SY, Li WS. Upregulated expression of human alpha-defensins 1, 2 and 3 in hypercholesteremia and its relationship with serum lipid levels. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:1104-9. [PMID: 25300997 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human alpha-defensins are natural antimicrobial peptides of neutrophils evolved in host defense reactions and circulating nonstressed alpha-defensins may be associated with serum lipid levels. The aim of this work was to examine whether the expression of alpha-defensins 1, 2 and 3 genes are changed and whether this changes are reversed following treatment in patients with hypercholesteremia. A total of 40 individuals of hypercholesteremia group were studied, compared with 40 individuals of normal control group. Protein levels and gene expression levels of alpha-defensins 1, 2 and 3 were significantly higher in patients with hypercholesteremia compared with subjects in normal control group. In patients with hypercholesteremia, protein levels of alpha-defensins 1, 2 and 3 correlated positively with the levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Protein levels and gene expression levels of alpha-defensins 1, 2 and 3 were decreased significantly after a treatment with atorvastatin calcium 20mg daily compared with the patients before the treatment. Our results suggest that the expression of alpha-defensins 1, 2 and 3 genes is involved in dyslipidemia in patients with hypercholesteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Xi Li
- Department of Laboratory, Southern Medical University Affiliated the First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan, China.
| | - Chao-Qun Lin
- Department of Laboratory, Southern Medical University Affiliated the First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan, China.
| | - Da-Yu Shi
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University Affiliated the First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan, China.
| | - Shu-Ying Zeng
- Department of Laboratory, Southern Medical University Affiliated the First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan, China.
| | - Wen-Sheng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Southern Medical University Affiliated the First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan, China.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Diabetes is a widespread disease with many clinical pathologies. Despite numerous pharmaceutical strategies for treatment, the incidence of diabetes continues to increase. Hyperglycemia, observed in diabetes, causes endothelial injury resulting in microvascular and macrovascular complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and increased atherosclerosis. RECENT ADVANCES Proteoglycans are chemically diverse macromolecules consisting of a protein core with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) attached. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are important compounds found on the endothelial cell membrane and in the extracellular matrix, which play an important role in growth regulation and serve as a reservoir for cytokines and other bioactive molecules. Endothelial cells are altered in hyperglycemia by a reduction in heparan sulfate and upregulation and secretion of heparanase, an enzyme that degrades heparan sulfate GAGs on proteoglycans. Reactive oxygen species, increased in diabetes, also destroy GAGs. CRITICAL ISSUES Preservation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on endothelial cells may be a strategy to prevent angiopathy associated with diabetes. The use of GAGs and GAG-like compounds may increase endothelial heparan sulfate and prevent an increase in the heparanase enzyme. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Elucidating the mechanisms of GAG depletion and its significance in endothelial health may help to further understand, prevent, and treat cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes. Further studies examining the role of GAGs and GAG-like compounds in maintaining endothelial health, including their effect on heparanase, will determine the feasibility of these compounds in diabetes treatment. Preservation of heparan sulfate by decreasing heparanase may have important implications not only in diabetes, but also in cardiovascular disease and tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Hiebert
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Canada
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Zhu M, Chen J, Wen M, Sun Z, Sun X, Wang J, Miao C. Propofol protects against angiotensin II-induced mouse hippocampal HT22 cells apoptosis via inhibition of p66Shc mitochondrial translocation. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16:772-81. [PMID: 25151272 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal neuronal oxidative stress and apoptosis have been reported to be involved in cognitive impairment, and angiotensin II could induce hippocampal oxidative stress and apoptosis. Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent in clinical practice, and it demonstrates significant neuroprotective activities. In this study, we investigated the mechanism how propofol protected mouse hippocampal HT22 cells against angiotensin II-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. Cell viability was evaluated with CCK8 kit. Protein expressions of active caspase 3, cytochrome c, p66(Shc), p-p66(shc)-Ser(36), protein kinase C βII (PKCβII), Pin-1 and phosphatase A2 (PP2A) were measured by Western blot. Superoxide anion (O2(.-)) accumulation was measured with the reduction of ferricytochrome c. Compared with the control group, angiotensin II up-regulated expression of PKCβII, Pin-1 and PP2A, induced p66(Shc)-Ser(36) phosphorylation, and facilitated p66(Shc) mitochondrial translocation, resulting in O2(.-) accumulation, mitochondrial cytochrome c release, caspase 3 activation, and the inhibition of cell viability. Importantly, we found propofol inhibited angiotensin II-induced PKCβII and PP2A expression and improved p66(Shc) mitochondrial translocation, O2(.-) accumulation, mitochondrial cytochrome c release, caspase 3 activation, inhibition of cell viability. On the other hand, propofol had no effects on angiotensin II-induced Pin-1 expression and p66(Shc)-Ser(36) phosphorylation. Moreover, the protective effects of propofol on angiotensin II-induced HT22 apoptosis were similar with calyculin A, an inhibitor of PP2A and CGP53353, an inhibitor of PKCβII. However, the protective effect of propofol could be reversed by FTY720, an activator of PP2A, rather than PMA, an activator of PKCβII. Our data indicated that propofol down-regulated PP2A expression, inhibiting dephosphorylation of p66(Shc)-Ser(36) and p66(Shc) mitochondrial translocation, decreasing O2(.-) accumulation, reducing mitochondrial cytochrome c release, inhibiting caspase 3 activation. By these mechanisms, it protects mouse hippocampal HT22 cells against angiotensin II-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China,
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Pateras I, Giaginis C, Tsigris C, Patsouris E, Theocharis S. NF-κB signaling at the crossroads of inflammation and atherogenesis: searching for new therapeutic links. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:1089-101. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.938051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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38
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Zhu M, Chen J, Yin H, Jiang H, Wen M, Miao C. Propofol protects human umbilical vein endothelial cells from cisplatin-induced injury. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 61:72-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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39
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Manrique C, Lastra G, Sowers JR. New insights into insulin action and resistance in the vasculature. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1311:138-50. [PMID: 24650277 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Two-thirds of adults in the United States are overweight or obese, and another 26 million have type 2 diabetes. Decreased insulin sensitivity in cardiovascular tissue is an underlying abnormality in these individuals. Insulin metabolic signaling increases endothelial cell nitric oxide (NO) production. Impaired vascular insulin sensitivity is an early defect leading to impaired vascular relaxation. In overweight and obese persons, as well as in those with hypertension, systemic and vascular insulin resistance often occur in conjunction with activation of the cardiovascular tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Activated angiotensin II type 1 receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor signaling promote the development of vascular insulin resistance and impaired endothelial NO-mediated relaxation. Research in this area has implicated excessive serine phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation of the docking protein insulin receptor substrate and enhanced signaling through hybrid insulin/insulin-like growth factor receptor as important mechanisms underlying RAAS impediment of downstream vascular insulin metabolic signaling. This review will present recent evidence supporting the notion that RAAS signaling represents a potential pathway for the development of vascular insulin resistance and impaired endothelial-mediated vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Manrique
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Harry S. Truman Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
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40
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Rodriguez MP, Emond ZM, Wang Z, Martinez J, Jiang Q, Kibbe MR. Role of metabolic environment on nitric oxide mediated inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Nitric Oxide 2014; 36:67-75. [PMID: 24333562 PMCID: PMC3917719 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is well known to inhibit neointimal hyperplasia following arterial injury. Previously, we reported that NO was more effective at inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia in a type 2 diabetic environment than control. We also found that NO was ineffective in an uncontrolled type 1 diabetic environment; however, insulin restored the efficacy of NO. Thus, the goal of this study was to more closely evaluate the effect of insulin and glucose on the efficacy of NO at inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic environments using different doses of insulin as well as pioglitazone. Type 1 diabetes was induced in male lean Zucker (LZ) rats with streptozotocin (60 mg/kg IP). Groups included control, moderate glucose control, and tight glucose control. Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats fed Purina 5008 chow were used as a type 2 diabetic model. Groups included no therapy, insulin therapy, or pioglitazone therapy. After 4 weeks of maintaining group assignments, the carotid artery injury model was performed. Treatment groups included: control, injury and injury plus NO. 2 weeks following arterial injury, in the type 1 diabetic rats, NO most effectively reduced the neointimal area in the moderate and tightly controlled groups (81% and 88% vs. 33%, respectively, p=0.01). In type 2 diabetic rats, the metabolic environment had no impact on the efficacy of NO (81-82% reduction for all groups). Thus, in this study, we show NO is effective at inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic environments. A greater understanding of how the metabolic environment may impact the efficacy of NO may lead to the development of more effective NO-based therapies for patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica P Rodriguez
- Division of Vascular Surgery, and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Zachary M Emond
- Division of Vascular Surgery, and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Zheng Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Janet Martinez
- Division of Vascular Surgery, and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Qun Jiang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Melina R Kibbe
- Division of Vascular Surgery, and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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Rosen GP, Nguyen HT, Shaibi GQ. Metabolic syndrome in pediatric cancer survivors: a mechanistic review. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:1922-8. [PMID: 23913590 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric cancer survivors have increased risk of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes, leading to premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). Multiple tissues that are involved in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism are adversely affected by chemotherapy. This review highlights the relevant tissue and molecular end-organ effects of therapy exposures and synthesizes the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying CVD risk in this vulnerable population. The review also approaches the topic from a developmental perspective, with the goal of providing a translational approach to identifying the antecedents of overt CVD among survivors of pediatric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit P Rosen
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Child Health, UA College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
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Abstract
Physical exercise is firmly incorporated in the management of type 1 diabetes (T1DM), due to multiple recognized beneficial health effects (cardiovascular disease prevention being preeminent). When glycemic values are not excessively low or high at the time of exercise, few absolute contraindications exist; practical guidelines regarding amount, type, and duration of age-appropriate exercise are regularly updated by entities such as the American Diabetes Association and the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes. Practical implementation of exercise regimens, however, may at times be problematic. In the poorly controlled patient, specific structural changes may occur within skeletal muscle fiber, which is considered by some to be a disease-specific myopathy. Further, even in well-controlled patients, several homeostatic mechanisms regulating carbohydrate metabolism often become impaired, causing hypo- or hyperglycemia during and/or after exercise. Some altered responses may be related to inappropriate exogenous insulin administration, but are often also partly caused by the "metabolic memory" of prior glycemic events. In this context, prior hyperglycemia correlates with increased inflammatory and oxidative stress responses, possibly modulating key exercise-associated cardio-protective pathways. Similarly, prior hypoglycemia correlates with impaired glucose counterregulation, resulting in greater likelihood of further hypoglycemia to develop. Additional exercise responses that may be altered in T1DM include growth factor release, which may be especially important in children and adolescents. These multiple alterations in the exercise response should not discourage physical activity in patients with T1DM, but rather should stimulate the quest for the identification of the exercise formats that maximize beneficial health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Galassetti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
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Abstract
In healthy individuals, the vascular endothelium regulates an intricate balance of factors that maintain vascular homeostasis and normal arterial function. Functional disruption of the endothelium is known to be an early event that underlies the development of subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD) including atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. In addition, the rising global epidemic of type 2 diabetes is a significant problem conferring a significantly higher risk of CVD to individuals in whom endothelial dysfunction is also notable. This review first summarises the role of endothelium in health and explores and evaluates the impact of diabetes on endothelial function. The characteristic features of insulin resistance and other metabolic disturbances that may underlie long-term changes in vascular endothelial function (metabolic memory) are described along with proposed cellular, molecular and epigenetic mechanisms. Through understanding the underlying mechanisms, novel targets for future therapies to restore endothelial homeostasis and 'drive' a reparative cellular phenotype are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Roberts
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics (LIGHT), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Hydroxytyrosol suppresses MMP-9 and COX-2 activity and expression in activated human monocytes via PKCα and PKCβ1 inhibition. Atherosclerosis 2013; 232:17-24. [PMID: 24401212 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hydroxytyrosol (HT), the major olive oil antioxidant polyphenol in cardioprotective Mediterranean diets, is endowed with anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic activity. The production of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-dependent inflammatory eicosanoids and the functionally linked release of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 by macrophages likely contribute to plaque instability leading to acute coronary events. Objective of the study was to examine the HT effects on inflammatory markers in human activated monocytes, including MMP-9 and COX-2 activity and expression and explore HT underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and U937 monocytes were treated with 1-10 μmol/L HT before activation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). HT blunted monocyte matrix invasive potential and reduced MMP-9 release and expression at zymography, ELISA and RT-PCR, with an IC50 = 10 μmol/L ( P< 0.05), without affecting tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1. Moreover, HT inhibited prostaglandin (PG)E2 production and COX-2 expression, without affecting COX-1. These effects were mediated by inhibition of transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB and protein kinase C (PKC)α and PKCβ1 activation. CONCLUSION HT, at nutritionally relevant concentrations, reduces MMP-9 and COX-2 induction in activated human monocytes via PKCα and PKCβ1 inhibition, thus featuring novel anti-inflammatory properties. Overall, such results contribute to explaining the vascular protective effects by olive oil polyphenols in Mediterranean diets.
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Thiagarajan PS, Akbasli AC, Kinter MT, Willard B, Cathcart MK. Vimentin is a target of PKCβ phosphorylation in MCP-1-activated primary human monocytes. Inflamm Res 2013; 62:991-1001. [PMID: 23974215 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0657-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN We designed a study to detect downstream phosphorylation targets of PKCβ in MCP-1-induced human monocytes. METHODS Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was performed for monocytes treated with MCP-1 in the presence or absence of PKCβ antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides (AS-ODN) or a PKCβ inhibitor peptide, followed by phospho- and total protein staining. Proteins that stained less intensely with the phospho-stain, when normalized to the total protein stain, in the presence of PKCβ AS-ODN or the PKCβ inhibitor peptide, were sequenced. RESULTS Of the proteins identified, vimentin was consistently identified using both experimental approaches. Upon (32)P-labeling and vimentin immunoprecipitation, increased phosphorylation of vimentin was observed in MCP-1 treated monocytes as compared to the untreated monocytes. Both PKCβ AS-ODN and the PKCβ inhibitor reduced MCP-1-induced vimentin phosphorylation. The IP of monocytes with anti-vimentin antibody and immunoblotting with a PKCβ antibody revealed that increased PKCβ becomes associated with vimentin upon MCP-1 activation. Upon MCP-1 treatment, monocytes were shown to secrete vimentin and secretion depended on PKCβ expression and activity. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that vimentin, a major intermediate filament protein, is a phosphorylation target of PKCβ in MCP-1-treated monocytes and that PKCβ phosphorylation is essential for vimentin secretion. Our recently published studies have implicated vimentin as a potent stimulator of the innate immune receptor Dectin-1 as reported by Thiagarajan et al. (Cardiovasc Res 99:494-504, 2013). Taken together our findings suggest that inhibition of PKCβ regulates vimentin secretion and, thereby, its interaction with Dectin-1 and downstream stimulation of superoxide anion production. Thus, PKCβ phosphorylation of vimentin likely plays an important role in propagating inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveena S Thiagarajan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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Vasoprotective effect of vitamin E: Rescue of ethanol-induced atherosclerosis and inflammatory stress in rat vascular wall. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 16:498-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dushay JR, Tecilazich F, Kafanas A, Magargee ML, Auster ME, Gnardellis C, Dinh T, Veves A. Aliskiren improves vascular smooth muscle function in the skin microcirculation of type 2 diabetic patients with normal renal function. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 16:344-52. [PMID: 23670354 DOI: 10.1177/1470320313489060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper is to study the effect of aliskiren on metabolic parameters and micro- and macrovascular reactivity in individuals diagnosed with or at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 47 T2DM and 41 at-risk individuals in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. All subjects were treated with 150 mg aliskiren or placebo daily for 12 weeks. Twenty-six (55%) of T2DM and four (8%) at-risk subjects were also treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers. RESULTS Aliskiren treatment was associated with improvement in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and endothelium-independent vasodilation at the skin microcirculation in those with T2DM but not in those at risk. There were no incidences of hypotension and no significant changes in serum potassium or creatinine levels with aliskiren treatment in either study group. CONCLUSIONS Aliskiren improves blood pressure and vascular smooth muscle function in the skin microcirculation of T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody R Dushay
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, USA
| | | | - Antonios Kafanas
- Joslin-Beth Israel Deaconess Foot Center and Microcirculation Laboratory, USA
| | - Mary L Magargee
- Joslin-Beth Israel Deaconess Foot Center and Microcirculation Laboratory, USA
| | - Michael E Auster
- Joslin-Beth Israel Deaconess Foot Center and Microcirculation Laboratory, USA
| | | | - Thanh Dinh
- Joslin-Beth Israel Deaconess Foot Center and Microcirculation Laboratory, USA
| | - Aristidis Veves
- Joslin-Beth Israel Deaconess Foot Center and Microcirculation Laboratory, USA
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Tain YL, Chen CC, Lee CT, Kao YH, Sheen JM, Yu HR, Huang LT. Melatonin regulates L-arginine transport and NADPH oxidase in young rats with bile duct ligation: role of protein kinase C. Pediatr Res 2013; 73:395-401. [PMID: 23295407 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile duct ligation (BDL) is a commonly used cholestatic liver disease (CLD) model. We recently found that L-arginine levels were significantly raised by melatonin in young rats with BDL. We hypothesized that protein kinase C-α (PKC-α) is involved in the increases of L-arginine in melatonin-treated BDL rats. In addition, we tested whether melatonin prevents nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, in rats with BDL, through PKC. METHODS Four groups of young male rats were studied: shams (n = 6), untreated BDL rats (n = 9), melatonin-treated shams (n = 6, M), and melatonin-treated BDL rats (n = 6, BDL + M). Melatonin-treated rats received daily melatonin 1 mg/kg/d via i.p. injection. All surviving rats were killed 14 d after surgery. RESULTS Melatonin prevented BDL-induced mortality and kidney injury. Melatonin additionally increased L-arginine concentrations in BDL liver, which is correlated with decreased PKC-α translocation. Next, melatonin increased L-arginine levels in BDL kidneys, which was correlated with decreased renal levels of arginase II. In the BDL kidney, melatonin decreased PKC-β translocation, reduced p47phox translocation, and diminished NADPH-dependent superoxide production. CONCLUSION Melatonin inhibits PKC-α to increase cationic amino acid transporter-1 (CAT-1)-mediated L-arginine uptake in BDL liver, whereas it inhibits PKC-β to reduce NADPH-dependent superoxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Rodriguez MP, Emond ZM, Varu VN, Ahanchi SS, Martinez J, Kibbe MR. Nitric oxide differentially affects ERK and Akt in type 1 and type 2 diabetic rats. J Surg Res 2013; 183:944-951. [PMID: 23608617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown that nitric oxide (NO) is more effective at inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia in type 2 diabetic rats than in nondiabetic rats, but is not effective in type 1 diabetic rats. Insulin signaling is mediated by the ERK and Akt pathways, and thus we hypothesized that NO differentially affects ERK and Akt activity in type 1 versus type 2 diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS To investigate this hypothesis, we induced type 2 diabetes in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats by feeding them Purina 5008 chow. To induce type 1 diabetes, lean Zucker (LZ) rats were injected with streptozotocin (STZ; 60 mg/kg). The carotid artery injury model was performed. Groups included injury and injury + PROLI/NO (20 mg/kg) (n = 6/group). RESULTS Three days following injury, all animal models exhibited an increase in pERK levels. Whereas NO reduced pERK levels in LZ and STZ rats, NO had no effect on pERK levels in ZDF rats. Following a similar pattern, NO reduced pAkt levels in LZ and STZ rats but increased pAkt levels in ZDF rats. Fourteen days following injury, NO increased total pERK levels throughout the arterial wall in both the STZ and ZDF rats. These changes were greatest in the adventitia. Interestingly, whereas NO decreased total pAkt levels in LZ and STZ rats, NO increased pAkt levels in ZDF rats. Evaluation of the pERK:pAkt ratio revealed that NO increased this ratio in LZ and STZ rats but decreased the ratio in ZDF rats. CONCLUSIONS We report that NO differentially affects the expression of pERK and pAkt in type 1 versus type 2 diabetic rats. Given that NO is more effective at inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia in type 2 diabetic animals, the pERK:pAkt ratio may be the best surrogate to predict efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica P Rodriguez
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zachary M Emond
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vinit N Varu
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sadaf S Ahanchi
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Janet Martinez
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Melina R Kibbe
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Symons JD, Abel ED. Lipotoxicity contributes to endothelial dysfunction: a focus on the contribution from ceramide. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2013; 14:59-68. [PMID: 23292334 PMCID: PMC4180664 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-012-9235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in individuals with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and insulin resistance. Complications include pathologies specific to large (atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy) and small (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy) vessels. Common among all of these pathologies is an altered endothelial cell phenotype i.e., endothelial dysfunction. A crucial aspect of endothelial dysfunction is reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, activation of the renin-angiotensin system, and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines are systemic disturbances in individuals with obesity, T2DM, and insulin resistance and each of these contribute independently and synergistically to decreasing NO bioavailability. This review will examine the contribution from elevated circulating fatty acids in these subjects that lead to lipotoxicity. Particular focus will be placed on the fatty acid metabolite ceramide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Symons
- College of Health, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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