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Helbing DL, Dommaschk EM, Danyeli LV, Liepinsh E, Refisch A, Sen ZD, Zvejniece L, Rocktäschel T, Stabenow LK, Schiöth HB, Walter M, Dambrova M, Besteher B. Conceptual foundations of acetylcarnitine supplementation in neuropsychiatric long COVID syndrome: a narrative review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024:10.1007/s00406-023-01734-3. [PMID: 38172332 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01734-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 can present as multi-organ pathology, with neuropsychiatric symptoms being the most common symptom complex, characterizing long COVID as a syndrome with a significant disease burden for affected individuals. Several typical symptoms of long COVID, such as fatigue, depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment, are also key features of other psychiatric disorders such as myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and major depressive disorder (MDD). However, clinically successful treatment strategies are still lacking and are often inspired by treatment options for diseases with similar clinical presentations, such as ME/CFS. Acetylcarnitine, the shortest metabolite of a class of fatty acid metabolites called acylcarnitines and one of the most abundant blood metabolites in humans can be used as a dietary/nutritional supplement with proven clinical efficacy in the treatment of MDD, ME/CFS and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Basic research in recent decades has established acylcarnitines in general, and acetylcarnitine in particular, as important regulators and indicators of mitochondrial function and other physiological processes such as neuroinflammation and energy production pathways. In this review, we will compare the clinical basis of neuropsychiatric long COVID with other fatigue-associated diseases. We will also review common molecular disease mechanisms associated with altered acetylcarnitine metabolism and the potential of acetylcarnitine to interfere with these as a therapeutic agent. Finally, we will review the current evidence for acetylcarnitine as a supplement in the treatment of fatigue-associated diseases and propose future research strategies to investigate the potential of acetylcarnitine as a treatment option for long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Lucas Helbing
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits, Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena, Magdeburg, Halle, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Site Halle, Jena, Magdeburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Dommaschk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Lena Vera Danyeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits, Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena, Magdeburg, Halle, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Edgars Liepinsh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Alexander Refisch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits, Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena, Magdeburg, Halle, Germany
| | - Zümrüt Duygu Sen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits, Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena, Magdeburg, Halle, Germany
| | - Liga Zvejniece
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Tonia Rocktäschel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits, Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena, Magdeburg, Halle, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Site Halle, Jena, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Leonie Karoline Stabenow
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits, Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena, Magdeburg, Halle, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Site Halle, Jena, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maija Dambrova
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Bianca Besteher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits, Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena, Magdeburg, Halle, Germany.
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Site Halle, Jena, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Teder T, Haeggström JZ, Airavaara M, Lõhelaid H. Cross-talk between bioactive lipid mediators and the unfolded protein response in ischemic stroke. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2023; 168:106760. [PMID: 37331425 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2023.106760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic cerebral stroke is a severe medical condition that affects about 15 million people every year and is the second leading cause of death and disability globally. Ischemic stroke results in neuronal cell death and neurological impairment. Current therapies may not adequately address the deleterious metabolic changes and may increase neurological damage. Oxygen and nutrient depletion along with the tissue damage result in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, including the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), and neuroinflammation in the affected area and cause cell death in the lesion core. The spatio-temporal production of lipid mediators, either pro-inflammatory or pro-resolving, decides the course and outcome of stroke. The modulation of the UPR as well as the resolution of inflammation promotes post-stroke cellular viability and neuroprotection. However, studies about the interplay between the UPR and bioactive lipid mediators remain elusive and this review gives insights about the crosstalk between lipid mediators and the UPR in ischemic stroke. Overall, the treatment of ischemic stroke is often inadequate due to lack of effective drugs, thus, this review will provide novel therapeutical strategies that could promote the functional recovery from ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarvi Teder
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Z Haeggström
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland; Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helike Lõhelaid
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland; Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Activating Transcription Factor 3 Diminishes Ischemic Cerebral Infarct and Behavioral Deficit by Downregulating Carboxyl-Terminal Modulator Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032306. [PMID: 36768628 PMCID: PMC9917101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a stress-induced transcription factor and a familiar neuronal marker for nerve injury. This factor has been shown to protect neurons from hypoxic insult in vitro by suppressing carboxyl-terminal modulator protein (CTMP) transcription, and indirectly activating the anti-apoptotic Akt/PKB cascade. Despite prior studies in vitro, whether this neuroprotective pathway also exists in the brain in vivo after ischemic insult remains to be determined. In the present study, we showed a rapid and marked induction of ATF3 mRNA throughout ischemia-reperfusion in a middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion model. Although the level of CTMP mRNA was quickly induced upon ischemia, its level showed only a mild increase after reperfusion. With the gain-of-function approach, both pre- and post-ischemic administration of Ad-ATF3 ameliorated brain infarct and neurological deficits. Whereas, with the loss-of-function approach, ATF3 knockout (KO) mice showed bigger infarct and worse functional outcome after ischemia. In addition, these congenital defects were rescued upon reintroducing ATF3 to the brain of KO mice. ATF3 overexpression led to a lower level of CTMP and a higher level of p-Akt(473) in the ischemic brain. On the contrary, ATF3 KO resulted in upregulation of CTMP and downregulation of p-Akt(473) instead. Furthermore, post-ischemic CTMP siRNA knockdown led to smaller infarct and better behaviors. CTMP siRNA knockdown increased the level of p-Akt(473), but did not alter the ATF3 level in the ischemic brain, upholding the ATF3→CTMP signal cascade. In summary, our proof-of-principle experiments support the existence of neuroprotective ATF3→CTMP signal cascade regulating the ischemic brain. Furthermore, these results suggest the therapeutic potential for both ATF3 overexpression and CTMP knockdown for stroke treatment.
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Durai P, Beeraka NM, Ramachandrappa HVP, Krishnan P, Gudur P, Raghavendra NM, Ravanappa PKB. Advances in PPARs Molecular Dynamics and Glitazones as a Repurposing Therapeutic Strategy through Mitochondrial Redox Dynamics against Neurodegeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:893-915. [PMID: 34751120 PMCID: PMC9881103 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211109141330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) activity has significant implications for the development of novel therapeutic modalities against neurodegenerative diseases. Although PPAR-α, PPAR-β/δ, and PPAR-γ nuclear receptor expressions are significantly reported in the brain, their implications in brain physiology and other neurodegenerative diseases still require extensive studies. PPAR signaling can modulate various cell signaling mechanisms involved in the cells contributing to on- and off-target actions selectively to promote therapeutic effects as well as the adverse effects of PPAR ligands. Both natural and synthetic ligands for the PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ have been reported. PPARα (WY 14.643) and PPARγ agonists can confer neuroprotection by modulating mitochondrial dynamics through the redox system. The pharmacological effect of these agonists may deliver effective clinical responses by protecting vulnerable neurons from Aβ toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Therefore, the current review delineated the ligands' interaction with 3D-PPARs to modulate neuroprotection, and also deciphered the efficacy of numerous drugs, viz. Aβ aggregation inhibitors, vaccines, and γ-secretase inhibitors against AD; this review elucidated the role of PPAR and their receptor isoforms in neural systems, and neurodegeneration in human beings. Further, we have substantially discussed the efficacy of PPREs as potent transcription factors in the brain, and the role of PPAR agonists in neurotransmission, PPAR gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and mitochondrial dynamics in neuroprotection during AD conditions. This review concludes with the statement that the development of novel PPARs agonists may benefit patients with neurodegeneration, mainly AD patients, which may help mitigate the pathophysiology of dementia, subsequently improving overall the patient's quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Durai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru 570 015, India and JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Narasimha M. Beeraka
- Center of Excellence in Regenerative Medicine and Molecular Biology (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570 015, Karnataka, India;,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119146, Russia
| | - Hemanth Vikram Poola Ramachandrappa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru 570 015, India and JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Pranesh Gudur
- Swamy Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana Deemed University, Bengaluru 560 105, India
| | | | - Prashantha Kumar Bommenahally Ravanappa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru 570 015, India and JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India;,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru 570 015, India and JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India; E-mail:
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Yang CC, Hsiao LD, Shih YF, Chang CI, Yang CM. Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 by 15d-Prostaglandin J2 Mediated via a ROS-Dependent Sp1 and AP-1 Cascade Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Triggered Interleukin-6 Expression in Mouse Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040719. [PMID: 35453404 PMCID: PMC9024691 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been shown to exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects in various types of cells. Therefore, the induction of HO-1 is an excellent rationale for the development of protective drugs. 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) can modulate the expression of antioxidant defense proteins and be beneficial for neuroinflammation. Brain endothelial cells play an important role in the pathophysiology of brain disorders. Whether 15d-PGJ2 can induce HO-1 expression and protect against the inflammatory responses in mouse brain microvascular endothelial (bEnd.3) cells remains unclear. Here, we reveal that 15d-PGJ2 stimulated HO-1 protein and mRNA expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in bEnd.3 cells, which was attenuated by diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI) and MitoTempo. Thus, activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX)- and mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated 15d-PGJ2-induced HO-1 expression. ROS generation could cause phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC)δ, leading to HO-1 expression, which was suppressed by Rottlerin (selective inhibitor PKCδ), DPI, and MitoTempo. We further demonstrated that phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1/2 participated in 15d-PGJ2-upregulated HO-1 expression, which was blocked by SP600125 or Rottlerin. Moreover, 15d-PGJ2-induced HO-1 expression was mediated through the activation of c-Jun (a subunit of activator protein 1 (AP-1)) and specificity protein 1 (Sp1), leading to their interaction with the HO-1 promoter, revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, which was attenuated by SP600125, Mithramycin A, or Tanshinone II A. We further verified the anti-inflammatory effect of HO-1 expression. Our results showed that 15d-PGJ2-induced HO-1 could mitigate the lipopolysaccharide-triggered interleukin-6 expression and secretion, as measured by an ELISA assay kit. These results suggest that 15d-PGJ2-induced HO-1 expression is mediated through the activation of NOX- and mitochondria-derived ROS-dependent PKCδ/JNK1/2/Sp1 and the AP-1 signaling pathway and protects against inflammatory responses in bEnd.3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chung Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Tao-Yuan, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan;
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (L.-D.H.); (Y.-F.S.); (C.-I.C.)
| | - Ya-Fang Shih
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (L.-D.H.); (Y.-F.S.); (C.-I.C.)
| | - Ching-I Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (L.-D.H.); (Y.-F.S.); (C.-I.C.)
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (L.-D.H.); (Y.-F.S.); (C.-I.C.)
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-22053366 (ext. 2229)
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Wang CY, Yang CC, Hsiao LD, Yang CM. Involvement of FoxO1, Sp1, and Nrf2 in Upregulation of Negative Regulator of ROS by 15d-PGJ 2 Attenuates H 2O 2-Induced IL-6 Expression in Rat Brain Astrocytes. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:154-172. [PMID: 34997457 PMCID: PMC8784370 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase (Nox) resulted in inflammation. The negative regulator of ROS (NRROS) dampens ROS generation during inflammatory responses. 15-Deoxy-∆12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) exhibits neuroprotective effects on central nervous system (CNS). However, whether 15d-PGJ2-induced NRROS expression was unknown in rat brain astrocytes (RBA-1). NRROS expression was determined by Western blot, RT/real-time PCR, and promoter activity assays. The signaling components were investigated using pharmacological inhibitors or specific siRNAs. The interaction between transcription factors and the NRROS promoter was investigated by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Upregulation of NRROS on the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediated ROS generation and interleukin 6 (IL-6) secretion was measured. 15d-PGJ2-induced NRROS expression was mediated through PI3K/Akt-dependent activation of Sp1 and FoxO1 and established the essential promoter regions. We demonstrated that 15d-PGJ2 activated PI3K/Akt and following by cooperation between phosphorylated nuclear FoxO1 and Sp1 to initiate the NRROS transcription. In addition, Nrf2 played a key role in NRROS expression induced by 15d-PGJ2 which was mediated through its phosphorylation. Finally, the NRROS stable clones attenuated the H2O2-induced ROS generation and expression of IL-6 through suppressing the Nox-2 activity. These results suggested that 15d-PGJ2-induced NRROS expression is mediated through a PI3K/Akt-dependent FoxO1 and Sp1 phosphorylation, and Nrf2 cascade, which suppresses ROS generation through attenuating the p47phox phosphorylation and gp91phox formation and IL-6 expression in RBA-1 cells. These results confirmed the mechanisms underlying 15d-PGJ2-induced NRROS expression which might be a potential strategy for prevention and management of brain inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital At Tao-Yuan, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, 33302, Taiwan.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Ph.D. Program for Biotch Pharmaceutical Industry, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Department of Post-Baccalaureate Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan.
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Huang R, Zhang C, Wang X, Hu H. PPARγ in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Overview of the Biology and Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:600618. [PMID: 33995008 PMCID: PMC8117354 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.600618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a complex pathophysiological process that is often characterized as a blood circulation disorder caused due to various factors (such as traumatic shock, surgery, organ transplantation, burn, and thrombus). Severe metabolic dysregulation and tissue structure destruction are observed upon restoration of blood flow to the ischemic tissue. Theoretically, IRI can occur in various tissues and organs, including the kidney, liver, myocardium, and brain, among others. The advances made in research regarding restoring tissue perfusion in ischemic areas have been inadequate with regard to decreasing the mortality and infarct size associated with IRI. Hence, the clinical treatment of patients with severe IRI remains a thorny issue. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a member of a superfamily of nuclear transcription factors activated by agonists and is a promising therapeutic target for ameliorating IRI. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of PPARγ in IRI. The protective effects of PPARγ, such as attenuating oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory responses, and antagonizing apoptosis, are described, envisaging certain therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhen Huang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chiyu Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Honglin Hu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Gamdzyk M, Lenahan C, Tang J, Zhang JH. Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in stroke prevention and therapy-The best is yet to come? J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2275-2289. [PMID: 32772463 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in the pathophysiology of stroke and protective effects of PPAR ligands have been widely investigated in the last 20 years. Activation of all three PPAR isoforms, but especially PPAR-γ, was documented to limit postischemic injury in the numerous in vivo, as well as in in vitro studies. PPARs have been demonstrated to act on multiple mechanisms and were shown to activate multiple protective pathways related to inflammation, apoptosis, BBB protection, neurogenesis, and oxidative stress. The aim of this review was to summarize two decades of PPAR research in stroke with emphasis on in vivo animal studies. We focus on each PPAR receptor separately and detail their implication in stroke. This review also discusses recent clinical efforts in the field and the epidemiological data with regard to role of PPAR polymorphisms in susceptibility to stroke, and tries to draw conclusions and describe future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Gamdzyk
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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9
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Słowikowski BK, Drzewiecka H, Malesza M, Mądry I, Sterzyńska K, Jagodziński PP. The influence of conjugated linoleic acid on the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and selected apoptotic genes in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 466:65-82. [PMID: 31993929 PMCID: PMC7028827 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03689-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) has been intensively studied. Because its activation is often associated with changes in the expression level of various apoptotic genes, many studies have emphasized the role of PPARγ as an important anticancer agent. However, in different types of cancer, different genes are influenced by PPARγ action. Previous studies showed that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was able to induce apoptosis, upregulate PPARG gene expression and activate PPARγ protein in certain human cancer cell lines. Moreover, some PPARγ agonists inhibited the growth of human lung cancer cells through the induction of apoptosis. Nevertheless, the impact of CLA on PPARγ mRNA and protein levels in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines has not been investigated thus far. Therefore, in our study, we analysed the influence of the c9,t11 linoleic acid isomer on the expression of PPARG and other genes involved in the apoptotic response (BCL-2, BAX, and CDKN1A) in two NSCLC cell lines of different histological origin (A549 and Calu-1) and in normal human bronchial epithelial Beas-2B cells. Cells were treated with several doses of c9,t11 CLA, followed by RNA and protein isolation, cDNA synthesis, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot analysis. We showed that the investigated CLA isomer was able to enhance the expression of PPARγ in the examined cell lines and alter the mRNA and protein levels of genes involved in apoptosis. Fluorescent staining and MMT assay revealed the antiproliferative potential of CLA as well as its ability to activate pathways that lead to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Kazimierz Słowikowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Hanna Drzewiecka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Malesza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ida Mądry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznan, Poland
| | - Karolina Sterzyńska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Piotr Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznan, Poland
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Guo Y, Mehrabian Z, Johnson MA, Albers DS, Rich CC, Baumgartner RA, Bernstein SL. Topical Trabodenoson Is Neuroprotective in a Rodent Model of Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (rNAION). Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:47. [PMID: 31879569 PMCID: PMC6927734 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.6.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is the leading cause of sudden optic nerve-related vision loss currently without effective treatment. We evaluated the neuroprotective potential of ocular (topical) delivery of trabodenoson, a selective A1 receptor mimetic, in a rodent model of NAION (rNAION). Methods Daily topical delivery of 3% trabodenoson or vehicle administered in both eyes 3 days prior to rNAION induction and for 21 days post induction. Retinal appearance and optic nerve head (ONH) edema was evaluated using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Retinal function was evaluated before and after induction by ganzfeld electroretinography (ERG). Brn3a(+) retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were quantified by stereology. Axonal ultrastructure was evaluated by electron microscopy. Results Trabodenoson-treated eyes had significantly reduced optic nerve (ON) edema compared with vehicle-treated eyes (ANOVA, P < 0.05). Electrophysiologically, there was a nonsignificant trend toward b-wave and oscillatory potential (OP) preservation in the trabodenoson-treated eyes. RGC counts were higher in trabodenoson-treated eyes compared to vehicle (74% versus 47% of the contralateral eye; two-tailed t-test; P = 0.01), as were ON axons. No overt morphologic differences in cell inflammation were observed between vehicle- and trabodenoson-treated ONHs, but trabodenoson-treated ONHs revealed increased expression of astrocyte-related neuroprotective responses. Conclusions Trabodenoson preserves RGCs in the rodent NAION model. While previous clinical trials focused on trabodenoson's ocular antihypertensive effect, our data suggest trabodenoson's primary target may be both the retina and ONH. Selective adenosine A1 agonists may prove an appropriate neuroprotective adjunctive for ischemia-related ON diseases such as NAION and glaucoma. Translational Relevance RGC and ON neuroprotection in ischemic neuropathies may be achievable by topical administration of A1 adenosine agonists rather than by simply relying on intraocular pressure reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland at Baltimore-School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zara Mehrabian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland at Baltimore-School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary A Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland at Baltimore-School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Steven L Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland at Baltimore-School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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11
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Song J, Kim YS, Lee DH, Lee SH, Park HJ, Lee D, Kim H. Neuroprotective effects of oleic acid in rodent models of cerebral ischaemia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10732. [PMID: 31341184 PMCID: PMC6656890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oleic acid (OA) is released from brain phospholipids after cerebral ischaemia; however, its role in ischaemic injury remains unknown. We hypothesised that OA has neuroprotective effects after cerebral ischaemia, which may be exerted through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) activation, since OA is an endogenous ligand of PPAR-γ. The effects of OA administration were evaluated in rodent models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), photothrombosis, and four-vessel occlusion (4-VO). We determined the time window of therapeutic opportunity and examined the ability of the PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 to reverse OA’s protective effects after MCAO. We found that OA administration decreased the MCAO-induced infarct volume and functional deficits, photothrombosis-induced infarct volume, and 4-VO-induced hippocampal neuronal death. Additionally, OA was highly efficacious when administered up to 3 h after MCAO. Pre-treatment with GW9662 abolished the inhibitory effects of OA on the infarct volume and immunoreactivity of key inflammatory mediators in the ischaemic cortex. Our results indicate that OA has neuroprotective effects against transient and permanent focal cerebral ischaemia, as well as global cerebral ischaemia. It may have therapeutic value for the ischaemic stroke treatment with a clinically feasible therapeutic window. The OA-mediated neuroprotection might be attributable to its anti-inflammatory actions through PPAR-γ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungbin Song
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sik Kim
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Lee
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Lee
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology for Eastern Medicine (KISTEM) NeuMed Inc., 88 Imun-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02440, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Park
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology for Eastern Medicine (KISTEM) NeuMed Inc., 88 Imun-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02440, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghun Lee
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdae-ro, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hocheol Kim
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Biringer RG. The Role of Eicosanoids in Alzheimer's Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16142560. [PMID: 31323750 PMCID: PMC6678666 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders known. Estimates from the Alzheimer's Association suggest that there are currently 5.8 million Americans living with the disease and that this will rise to 14 million by 2050. Research over the decades has revealed that AD pathology is complex and involves a number of cellular processes. In addition to the well-studied amyloid-β and tau pathology, oxidative damage to lipids and inflammation are also intimately involved. One aspect all these processes share is eicosanoid signaling. Eicosanoids are derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids by enzymatic or non-enzymatic means and serve as short-lived autocrine or paracrine agents. Some of these eicosanoids serve to exacerbate AD pathology while others serve to remediate AD pathology. A thorough understanding of eicosanoid signaling is paramount for understanding the underlying mechanisms and developing potential treatments for AD. In this review, eicosanoid metabolism is examined in terms of in vivo production, sites of production, receptor signaling, non-AD biological functions, and known participation in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Blvd., Bradenton, FL 34211, USA.
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13
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Yun SJ, Kim H, Jung SH, Kim JH, Ryu JE, Singh NJ, Jeon J, Han JK, Kim CH, Kim S, Jang SK, Kim WJ. The mechanistic insight of a specific interaction between 15d-Prostaglandin-J2 and eIF4A suggests an evolutionary conserved role across species. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio035402. [PMID: 30257829 PMCID: PMC6262856 DOI: 10.1242/bio.035402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
15-deoxy-delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) is an anti-inflammatory/anti-neoplastic prostaglandin that functions through covalent binding to cysteine residues of various target proteins. We previously showed that 15d-PGJ2 mediated anti-inflammatory responses are dependent on the translational inhibition through its interaction with eIF4A (Kim et al., 2007). Binding of 15d-PGJ2 to eIF4A specifically blocks the interaction between eIF4G and eIF4A, which leads to the formation of stress granules (SGs), which then cluster mRNAs with inhibited translation. Here, we show that the binding between 15d-PGJ2 and eIF4A specifically blocks the interaction between the MIF4G domain of eIF4G and eIF4A. To reveal the mechanism of this interaction, we used computational simulation-based docking studies and identified that the carboxyl tail of 15d-PGJ2 could stabilize the binding of 15d-PGJ2 to eIF4A through arginine 295 of eIF4A, which is the first suggestion that the 15d-PGJ2 tail plays a physiological role. Interestingly, the putative 15d-PGJ2 binding site on eiF4A is conserved across many species, suggesting a biological role. Our data propose that studying 15d-PGJ2 and its targets may uncover new therapeutic approaches in anti-inflammatory drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Jeong Yun
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Kim
- PBC, Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Jung
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hyun Kim
- PBC, Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Ryu
- PBC, Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - N Jiten Singh
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jouhyun Jeon
- Division of Molecular and Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kwan Han
- PBC, Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanguk Kim
- Division of Molecular and Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Key Jang
- PBC, Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jae Kim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Canada
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14
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Wei W, Chen X, Lin X, Shan F, Lin S, Shen Q, Zhang L. Serum PPARγ level and PPARγ gene polymorphism as well as severity and prognosis of brain injury in patients with arteriosclotic cerebral infarction. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:4058-4062. [PMID: 30344683 PMCID: PMC6176134 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to study the serum peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) level and PPARγ gene polymorphism as well as the severity and prognosis of brain injury in patients with arteriosclotic cerebral infarction (ACI). A total of 246 ACI patients presenting at the Department of Neurology of Zengcheng District People's Hospital of Guangzhou between April 2009 and July 2015 were selected as the case group, and 382 control subjects were enrolled as the control group. The hepatic and renal functions and homocysteine (Hcy) expression levels were measured. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit was used to detect the serum PPARγ levels of the ACI patients. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method was applied to measure the PPARγ gene polymorphism. The proportions of hypertension patients, diabetes patients and smoking people in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The levels of cholesterol and fasting blood glucose in the case group were elevated obviously compared with those in the control group. The levels of indexes related to the hepatic function and renal function in the case group were remarkably higher than those in the control group. The serum PPARγ levels were increased progressively at acute stage. The distribution frequencies of PPARγ genotypes CC, CT and TT in the case group were higher than those in the control group; compared with that in the control group, the proportion of C allele in the case group was raised obviously, while that of T allele was significantly decreased. The serum PPARγ level has a close correlation with the PPARγ gene polymorphism in ACI patients, and PPARγ is also remarkably related to the severity of brain injury; therefore, PPARγ has great significance in the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Wei
- Department of Neurology, Zengcheng District People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511300, P.R. China
| | - Xuwen Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zengcheng District People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511300, P.R. China
| | - Xueying Lin
- Department of Neurology, Zengcheng District People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511300, P.R. China
| | - Fulan Shan
- Department of Neurology, Zengcheng District People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511300, P.R. China
| | - Shaopeng Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, P.R. China
| | - Qingyu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Zengcheng District People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511300, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Li Zhang, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 19 Nonglinxi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China, E-mail:
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15
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Shan BS, Mogi M, Iwanami J, Bai HY, Kan-No H, Higaki A, Min LJ, Horiuchi M. Attenuation of stroke damage by angiotensin II type 2 receptor stimulation via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation. Hypertens Res 2018; 41:839-848. [PMID: 30089862 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The brain renin-angiotensin system plays a crucial role in ischemic stroke. It is known that stimulation of the angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor protects against ischemic brain injury. We recently demonstrated that AT2 receptor stimulation by compound 21 (C21), a direct AT2 receptor agonist, inhibited vascular intimal proliferation with activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ). However, whether direct AT2 receptor stimulation protects against ischemic brain injury via PPAR-γ activation is still unknown. 8-week-old male C57BL/6 J mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. 2 weeks before MCA occlusion, they were administered C21 with or without GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist. Neurologic deficit, ischemic size, superoxide anion, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, expression of NADPH subunits and blood brain barrier (BBB) stabilization were assessed 24 h after MCA occlusion. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured in the core and periphery of the MCA territory before, immediately after, 1 h and 24 h after MCA occlusion. Treatment with C21 markedly decreased the neurologic deficit and ischemic size with an increase in CBF, SOD activity and BBB stabilization genes compared with the non-treated group. Co-administration of GW9662 partially attenuated this protective effect of C21 on neurologic deficit and ischemic size via an increase in superoxide anion production and a decrease of SOD activity and BBB stabilization genes, while GW9662 treatment alone had no significant effect on neurologic deficit and ischemic size. These results suggest that direct AT2 receptor stimulation has a preventive effect on stroke-induced brain injury partly due to activation of PPAR-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Shuai Shan
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Masaki Mogi
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Matsuyama, Japan.
| | - Jun Iwanami
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Hui-Yu Bai
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Harumi Kan-No
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Akinori Higaki
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Matsuyama, Japan.,Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension and Nephrology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Li-Juan Min
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Horiuchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Matsuyama, Japan
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16
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Cai W, Yang T, Liu H, Han L, Zhang K, Hu X, Zhang X, Yin KJ, Gao Y, Bennett MVL, Leak RK, Chen J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ): A master gatekeeper in CNS injury and repair. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 163-164:27-58. [PMID: 29032144 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a widely expressed ligand-modulated transcription factor that governs the expression of genes involved in inflammation, redox equilibrium, trophic factor production, insulin sensitivity, and the metabolism of lipids and glucose. Synthetic PPARγ agonists (e.g. thiazolidinediones) are used to treat Type II diabetes and have the potential to limit the risk of developing brain injuries such as stroke by mitigating the influence of comorbidities. If brain injury develops, PPARγ serves as a master gatekeeper of cytoprotective stress responses, improving the chances of cellular survival and recovery of homeostatic equilibrium. In the acute injury phase, PPARγ directly restricts tissue damage by inhibiting the NFκB pathway to mitigate inflammation and stimulating the Nrf2/ARE axis to neutralize oxidative stress. During the chronic phase of acute brain injuries, PPARγ activation in injured cells culminates in the repair of gray and white matter, preservation of the blood-brain barrier, reconstruction of the neurovascular unit, resolution of inflammation, and long-term functional recovery. Thus, PPARγ lies at the apex of cell fate decisions and exerts profound effects on the chronic progression of acute injury conditions. Here, we review the therapeutic potential of PPARγ in stroke and brain trauma and highlight the novel role of PPARγ in long-term tissue repair. We describe its structure and function and identify the genes that it targets. PPARγ regulation of inflammation, metabolism, cell fate (proliferation/differentiation/maturation/survival), and many other processes also has relevance to other neurological diseases. Therefore, PPARγ is an attractive target for therapies against a number of progressive neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cai
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Huan Liu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lijuan Han
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Xuejing Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ke-Jie Yin
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Michael V L Bennett
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
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17
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Wu JS, Kao MH, Tsai HD, Cheung WM, Chen JJ, Ong WY, Sun GY, Lin TN. Clinacanthus nutans Mitigates Neuronal Apoptosis and Ischemic Brain Damage Through Augmenting the C/EBPβ-Driven PPAR-γ Transcription. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5425-5438. [PMID: 28942553 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0776-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clinacanthus nutans Lindau (C. nutans) is a traditional herbal medicine widely used in Asian countries for treating a number of remedies including snake and insect bites, skin rashes, viral infections, and cancer. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for its action and whether C. nutans can offer protection on stroke damage in brain remain largely unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated protective effects of C. nutans extract to ameliorate neuronal apoptotic death in the oxygen-glucose deprivation model and to reduce infarction and mitigate functional deficits in the middle cerebral artery occlusion model, either administered before or after hypoxic/ischemic insult. Using pharmacological antagonist and siRNA knockdown approaches, we demonstrated ability for C. nutans extract to protect neurons and ameliorate ischemic injury through promoting the anti-apoptotic activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ), a stress-induced transcription factor. Reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation promoter analysis further revealed C. nutans extract to selectively increase CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)β binding to specific C/EBP binding site (-332~-325) on the PPAR-γ promoter to augment its transcription. In summary, we report a novel transcriptional activation involving C/EBPβ upregulation of PPAR-γ expression to suppress ischemic neuronal apoptosis and brain infarct. Recognition of C. nutans to enhance the C/EBPβ → PPAR-γ neuroprotective signaling pathway paves a new way for future drug development for prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Sheng Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mei-Han Kao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Da Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wai-Mui Cheung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jin-Jer Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Teng-Nan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Republic of China.
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18
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Guo JW, Guan PP, Ding WY, Wang SL, Huang XS, Wang ZY, Wang P. Erythrocyte membrane-encapsulated celecoxib improves the cognitive decline of Alzheimer's disease by concurrently inducing neurogenesis and reducing apoptosis in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Biomaterials 2017; 145:106-127. [PMID: 28865290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the loss of neurogenesis and excessive induction of apoptosis. The induction of neurogenesis and inhibition of apoptosis may be a promising therapeutic approach to combating the disease. Celecoxib (CB), a cyclooxygenase-2 specific inhibitor, could offer neuroprotection. Specifically, the CB-encapsulated erythrocyte membranes (CB-RBCMs) sustained the release of CB over a period of 72 h in vitro and exhibited high brain biodistribution efficiency following intranasal administration, which resulted in the clearance of aggregated β-amyloid proteins (Aβ) in neurons. The high accumulation of the CB-RBCMs in neurons resulted in a decrease in the neurotoxicity of CB and an increase in the migratory activity of neurons, and alleviated cognitive decline in APP/PS1 transgenic (Tg) mice. Indeed, COX-2 metabolic products including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGD2, PGE2 induced neurogenesis by enhancing the expression of SOD2 and 14-3-3ζ, and PGD2 stimulated apoptosis by increasing the expression of BIK and decreasing the expression of ARRB1. To this end, the CB-RBCMs achieved better effects on concurrently increasing neurogenesis and decreasing apoptosis than the phospholipid membrane-encapsulated CB liposomes (CB-PSPD-LPs), which are critical for the development and progression of AD. Therefore, CB-RBCMs provide a rational design to treat AD by promoting the self-repairing capacity of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Guo
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China
| | - Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China
| | - Wei-Yan Ding
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China
| | - Si-Ling Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, PR China
| | - Xue-Shi Huang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China.
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, PR China.
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19
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Physiological and Pathological Roles of 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin J2 in the Central Nervous System and Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2227-2248. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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20
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Wang X, Zhang L, Zhao W, Liu T. The protective effects of hydrogen on HO-1 expression in the brainafter focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rats. Turk J Med Sci 2016; 46:1534-1539. [PMID: 27966325 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The aim of this study was to investigate whether a hydrogen administration can produce neuroprotective effects after brain ischemia reperfusion in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS A brain ischemia reperfusion injury was induced by a 2-h left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) using an intraluminal filament, followed by 46 h of reperfusion. A hydrogen-rich saline (1 mL/kg body weight i.p.) was administered at the beginning of reperfusion. Saline (1 mL/kg)-treated animals were used as the control. Sham-operated animals were also used. Subsequently, 48 h after the MCAO, histological alternations, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus were examined. RESULTS Hydrogen significantly alleviated brain tissue histological damage, promoted HO-1 expression, upregulated levels of SOD, and decreased the levels of MDA in brain tissue after the ischemia reperfusion injury. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of hydrogen may be mediated by promoting HO-1 expression and attenuated the oxidative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Yu Huang Ding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yan Tai, P.R. China
| | - Lianshuang Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Bin Zhou Medical College, Yan Tai, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Bin Zhou Medical College, Yan Tai, P.R. China
| | - Tongshen Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Bin Zhou Medical College, Yan Tai, P.R. China
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Coquenlorge S, Van Landeghem L, Jaulin J, Cenac N, Vergnolle N, Duchalais E, Neunlist M, Rolli-Derkinderen M. The arachidonic acid metabolite 11β-ProstaglandinF2α controls intestinal epithelial healing: deficiency in patients with Crohn's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25203. [PMID: 27140063 PMCID: PMC4853710 DOI: 10.1038/srep25203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In healthy gut enteric glial cells (EGC) are essential to intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) functions. In Crohn's Disease (CD), both EGC phenotype and IEB functions are altered, but putative involvement of EGC in CD pathogenesis remains unknown and study of human EGC are lacking. EGC isolated from CD and control patients showed similar expression of glial markers and EGC-derived soluble factors (IL6, TGF-β, proEGF, GSH) but CD EGC failed to increase IEB resistance and healing. Lipid profiling showed that CD EGC produced decreased amounts of 15-HETE, 18-HEPE, 15dPGJ2 and 11βPGF2α as compared to healthy EGC. They also had reduced expression of the L-PGDS and AKR1C3 enzymes. Produced by healthy EGC, the 11βPGF2 activated PPARγ receptor of intestinal epithelial cells to induce cell spreading and IEB wound repair. In addition to this novel healing mechanism our data show that CD EGC presented impaired ability to promote IEB functions through defect in L-PGDS-AKR1C3-11βPGF2α dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Coquenlorge
- INSERM, UMR913, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Université Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | - Laurianne Van Landeghem
- INSERM, UMR913, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Université Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | - Julie Jaulin
- INSERM, UMR913, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Université Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- Centre de Pathophysiologie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR-1043 CNRS UMR-5282, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- Centre de Pathophysiologie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR-1043 CNRS UMR-5282, Toulouse, France
| | - Emilie Duchalais
- INSERM, UMR913, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Université Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- INSERM, UMR913, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Université Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | - Malvyne Rolli-Derkinderen
- INSERM, UMR913, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Université Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, F-44093, France
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15-Deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 Induces Apoptosis and Upregulates SOCS3 in Human Thyroid Cancer Cells. PPAR Res 2016; 2016:4106297. [PMID: 27190500 PMCID: PMC4852108 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4106297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclopentenone prostaglandin 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) is a natural ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and a potential mediator of apoptosis in cancer cells. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of 15d-PGJ2 in human thyroid papillary carcinoma cells (TPC-1) using different doses of 15d-PGJ2 (0.6 to 20 μM) to determine IC50 (9.3 μM) via the MTT assay. The supernatant culture medium of the TPC-1 cells that was treated either with 15d-PGJ2 or with vehicle (control) for 24 hours was assessed for IL-6 secretion via CBA assay. RT-qPCR was used to evaluate mRNA expression of IL-6, SOCS1, SOCS3, and STAT3. TPC-1 cells treated with 15d-PGJ2 decreased the secretion and expression of IL-6 and STAT3, while it increased SOCS1 and SOCS3. Overall, we demonstrated that 15d-PGJ2 downregulated IL-6 signaling pathway and led TPC-1 cells into apoptosis. In conclusion, 15d-PGJ2 shows the potential to become a new therapeutic approach for thyroid tumors.
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23
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Wu JS, Tsai HD, Cheung WM, Hsu CY, Lin TN. PPAR-γ Ameliorates Neuronal Apoptosis and Ischemic Brain Injury via Suppressing NF-κB-Driven p22phox Transcription. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3626-3645. [PMID: 26108185 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ), a stress-induced transcription factor, protects neurons against ischemic stroke insult by reducing oxidative stress. NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation, a major driving force in ROS generation in the setting of reoxygenation/reperfusion, constitutes an important pathogenetic mechanism of ischemic brain damage. In the present study, both transient in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation and in vivo middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion-reperfusion experimental paradigms of ischemic neuronal death were used to investigate the interaction between PPAR-γ and NOX. With pharmacological (PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662), loss-of-function (PPAR-γ siRNA), and gain-of-function (Ad-PPAR-γ) approaches, we first demonstrated that 15-deoxy-∆(12,14)-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2), via selectively attenuating p22phox expression, inhibited NOX activation and the subsequent ROS generation and neuronal death in a PPAR-γ-dependent manner. Secondly, results of promoter analyses and subcellular localization studies further revealed that PPAR-γ, via inhibiting hypoxia-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation, indirectly suppressed NF-κB-driven p22phox transcription. Noteworthily, postischemic p22phox siRNA treatment not only reduced infarct volumes but also improved functional outcome. In summary, we report a novel transrepression mechanism involving PPAR-γ downregulation of p22phox expression to suppress the subsequent NOX activation, ischemic neuronal death, and brain infarct. Identification of a PPAR-γ → NF-κB → p22phox neuroprotective signaling cascade opens a new avenue for protecting the brain against ischemic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Sheng Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Rm 404, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Da Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Rm 404, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wai-Mui Cheung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Rm 404, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung Y Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Nan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Rm 404, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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24
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Niro S, Hennebert O, Morfin R. A native steroid hormone derivative triggers the resolution of inflammation. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 1:11-9. [PMID: 25961967 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2010.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflamed tissues produce both prostaglandins (PGs) and 7α-hydroxylated derivatives of native circulating 3β-hydroxysteroids. These 7α-hydroxysteroids are in turn transformed into 7β-hydroxylated epimers by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in the tissue. 7β-Hydroxy-epiandrosterone (7β-hydroxy-EpiA) affects PG production in two models of inflammation, dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in the rat and TNF-α-induced activation of PG production and PG synthase expression in cultured human peripheral blood monocytes (hPBMC). Treatment with 7β-hydroxy-EpiA led to a shift from high to low colonic PGE2 levels and from low to high 15-deoxy-Δ12-14-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2) levels, together with changes in the expression of the respective PG synthases and resolution of colonic inflammation. Addition of 7β-hydroxy-EpiA to hPBMC also changed the expression of PG synthases and decreased PGE2 while increasing 15d-PGJ2 production. These effects were only observed with 7β-hydroxy-EpiA and not with 7α-hydroxy- or 7β-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone (7α-hydroxy-DHEA and 7β-hydroxy-DHEA). 15d-PGJ2, which is the native ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor subtype γ, contributes to cell protection and to the resolution of inflammation. Our results therefore suggest that 7β-hydroxy-EpiA may facilitate inflammatory resolution by shifting PG production from PGE2 to PGD2 and 15d-PGJ2. The finding that 7β-hydroxy-EpiA was effective at nM concentrations, whereas the two structurally closely related hydroxysteroids 7α-hydroxy-DHEA and 7β-hydroxy-DHEA were inactive suggests that the effects of 7β-hydroxy-EpiA are specific to this steroid and may be mediated by a specific receptor.
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25
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Bhullar KS, Rupasinghe HPV. Partridgeberry polyphenols protect rat primary cortical neurons from oxygen–glucose deprivation–reperfusion-induced injury via suppression of inflammatory adipokines and regulation of HIF-1α and PPARγ. Nutr Neurosci 2015; 19:260-8. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830515y.0000000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Chu LY, Liou JY, Wu KK. Prostacyclin protects vascular integrity via PPAR/14-3-3 pathway. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 118-119:19-27. [PMID: 25910681 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular integrity is protected by the lining endothelial cells (ECs) through structural and molecular protective mechanisms. In response to external stresses, ECs are dynamic in producing protective molecules such as prostacyclin (PGI2). PGI2 is known to inhibit platelet aggregation and controls smooth muscle cell contraction via IP receptors. Recent studies indicate that PGI2 defends endothelial survival and protects vascular smooth muscle cell from apoptosis via peroxisome-proliferator activated receptors (PPAR). PPAR activation results in 14-3-3 upregulation. Increase in cytosolic 14-3-3ɛ or 14-3-3β enhances binding and sequestration of Akt-mediated phosphorylated Bad and reduces Bad-mediated apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. Experimental data indicate that administration of PGI2 analogs or augmentation of PGI2 production by gene transfer attenuates endothelial damage and organ infarction caused by ischemia-reperfusion injury. The protective effect of PGI2 is attributed in part to preserving endothelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-yun Chu
- Metabolomic Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yang Liou
- Metabolomic Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Cell and System Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Chunan, Taiwan
| | - Kenneth K Wu
- Metabolomic Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Cell and System Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Chunan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsin-chu, Taiwan.
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27
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Sun L, Xu YW, Han J, Liang H, Wang N, Cheng Y. 12/15-Lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid activate PPARγ: a possible neuroprotective effect in ischemic brain. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:502-514. [PMID: 25605873 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m053058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme 12/15-lipoxygenase (LOX) oxidizes various free fatty acids, including arachidonic acid (AA). In the brain, the principal 12/15-LOX metabolites of AA are 12(S)-HETE and 15(S)-HETE. PPARγ is a nuclear receptor whose activation is neuroprotective through its anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigate the involvement of 12(S)- and 15(S)-HETE in the regulation of PPARγ following cerebral ischemia and their effects on ischemia-induced inflammatory response. We show here the increased expression of 12/15-LOX, predominantly in neurons, and elevated production of 12(S)-HETE and 15(S)-HETE in ischemic brain. The exogenous 12(S)- and 15(S)-HETE increase PPARγ protein level, nuclear translocation, and DNA-binding activity in ischemic rats, suggesting the activation of PPARγ. This effect was further confirmed by showing the increased PPARγ transcriptional activity in primary cortical neurons when incubated with 12(S)- or 15(S)-HETE. Moreover, both 12(S)- and 15(S)-HETE potently inhibited the induction of nuclear factor-κB, inducible NO synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 in ischemic rats, and elicited neuroprotection. The reversal of the effects of 12(S)- and 15(S)-HETE on pro-inflammatory factors by PPARγ antagonist GW9662 indicated their actions were mediated via PPARγ. Thus, the induction of 12(S)- and 15(S)-HETE during brain ischemia suggests that endogenous signals of neuroprotection may be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan-Wei Xu
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Han
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Liang
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Wang
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
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28
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Bian H, Hu Q, Liang X, Chen D, Li B, Tang J, Zhang JH. Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning attenuates hemorrhagic transformation through increasing PPARγ in hyperglycemic MCAO rats. Exp Neurol 2014; 265:22-9. [PMID: 25542160 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning (HBO-PC) has been demonstrated to attenuate hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in hyperglycemic rats. However, the mechanisms remain to be illustrated. Recently, HBO-PC has been shown to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) by increasing 15d-PGJ2 in primary cultured neurons. We hypothesize that HBO-PC reduces HT by suppressing inflammation through increasing 15d-PGJ2 and activating PPARγ in hyperglycemic MCAO rats. HBO (2.5ATA) was administered for 1h daily for 5 consecutive days. The PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 was administered intraperitoneally to designated animals. Infarction volume, hemorrhage volume, neurological scores and mortality were analyzed. The levels of 15d-PGJ2, PPARγ, TNF-α and IL-1β, tight junction proteins as well as the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were evaluated 24h after MCAO. HBO-PC reduced HT, improved neurological function, down-regulated inflammatory molecules and inhibited the activation of MMP-9 by increasing 15d-PGJ2 and PPARγ at 24h after MCAO. The results suggested that HBO-PC might be an alternative measure to decrease HT in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetao Bian
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Qin Hu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Xiping Liang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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29
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Kim JY, Kim N, Yenari MA. Mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications of microglial activation after brain injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 21:309-19. [PMID: 25475659 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, microglia rapidly respond to brain insults, including stroke and traumatic brain injury. Microglial activation plays a major role in neuronal cell damage and death by releasing a variety of inflammatory and neurotoxic mediators. Their activation is an early response that may exacerbate brain injury and many other stressors, especially in the acute stages, but are also essential to brain recovery and repair. The full range of microglial activities is still not completely understood, but there is accumulating knowledge about their role following brain injury. We review recent progress related to the deleterious and beneficial effects of microglia in the setting of acute neurological insults and the current literature surrounding pharmacological interventions for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Youl Kim
- Department of Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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30
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Neuroprotective effect of masitinib in rats with postischemic stroke. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 388:79-86. [PMID: 25344204 PMCID: PMC4284372 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-1061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of masitinib, an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor with activity against c-Kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR), to reduce ischemic brain area and neurological deficit. Using a well-established filament model of ischemic stroke in rats, the responses to oral treatment with masitinib alone or in combination with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) were compared to those after rt-PA (10 mg/kg intravenously (i.v.)) monotherapy. In both cases, two doses of masitinib were used--25 or 100 mg/kg, twice per day. Ischemic brain area and the neurological deficit were assessed using the triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) method and behavioral neurological tests, respectively. Masitinib, as a single agent, reduced significantly the infarct size, as compared with the stroke control group. Brain ischemic area decreased from 9.14 to 4.36 % (25 mg/kg) or 2.60 % (100 mg/kg). Moreover, a combined treatment of masitinib with rt-PA produced a stronger effect than the one observed after each of the compound alone. The size of the brain ischemic area (rt-PA 1.67 %) was further reduced to 0.83 or 0.7 % at masitinib doses of 25 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. Masitinib reduced significantly brain ischemia induced by experimental stroke and potentiated the therapeutic effect of rt-PA.
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31
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Miller NR, Johnson MA, Nolan T, Guo Y, Bernstein AM, Bernstein SL. Sustained neuroprotection from a single intravitreal injection of PGJ₂ in a nonhuman primate model of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:7047-56. [PMID: 25298416 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostaglandin J₂ (PGJ₂) is neuroprotective in a murine model of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). After assessing for potential toxicity, we evaluated the efficacy of a single intravitreal (IVT) injection of PGJ₂ in a nonhuman primate model of NAION (pNAION). METHODS We assessed PGJ₂ toxicity by administering it as a single high-dose intravenous (IV) injection, consecutive daily high-dose IV injections, or a single IVT injection in one eye of five adult rhesus monkeys. To assess efficacy, we induced pNAION in one eye of five adult male rhesus monkeys using a laser-activated rose bengal induction method. We then injected the eye with either PGJ₂ or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) intravitreally immediately or 5 hours post induction. We performed a clinical assessment, optical coherence tomography, electrophysiological testing, fundus photography, and fluorescein angiography in all animals prior to induction and at 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after induction. Following analysis of the first eye, we induced pNAION in the contralateral eye and then injected either PGJ₂ or PBS. We euthanized all animals 5 weeks after final assessment of the fellow eye and performed both immunohistochemical and light and electron microscopic analyses of the retina and optic nerves. RESULTS TOXICITY PGJ₂ caused no permanent systemic toxicity regardless of the amount injected or route of delivery, and there was no evidence of any ocular toxicity with the dose of PGJ₂ used in efficacy studies. Transient reduction in the amplitudes of the visual evoked potentials and the N95 component of the pattern electroretinogram (PERG) occurred after both IV and IVT administration of high doses of PGJ₂; however, the amplitudes returned to normal in all animals within 1 week. EFFICACY In all eyes, a single IVT dose of PGJ₂ administered immediately or shortly after induction of pNAION resulted in a significant reduction of clinical, electrophysiological, and histological damage compared with vehicle-injected eyes (P = 0.03 for both VEP and PERG; P = 0.05 for axon counts). CONCLUSIONS In nonhuman primates, PGJ₂ administered either intravenously or intravitreally produces no permanent toxicity at even four times the dose given for neuroprotection. Additionally, a single IVT dose of PGJ₂ is neuroprotective when administered up to 5 hours after induction of pNAION.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Miller
- Wilmer Eye Institute, the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Mary A Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Theresa Nolan
- Department of Veterinary Resources, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Alexander M Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Steven L Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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32
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Huang CY, Chen JJ, Wu JS, Tsai HD, Lin H, Yan YT, Hsu CY, Ho YS, Lin TN. Novel link of anti-apoptotic ATF3 with pro-apoptotic CTMP in the ischemic brain. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:543-57. [PMID: 24771044 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a stress-induced transcription factor with diverse functions under disease states in multiple cell types. ATF3 has neuroprotective action against cerebral ischemia, which may involve caspase 3. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ATF3 regulation of apoptosis are largely unknown. Here, we used gain- and loss-of-function and rescue approaches to demonstrate ATF3 attenuating hypoxic neuronal apoptosis. As well, the protective effect of ATF3 was mediated by downregulation of carboxyl-terminal modulator protein (CTMP), a pro-apoptotic factor that inhibits the anti-apoptotic Akt/PKB cascade. ATF3 (1) downregulated the mRNA and protein levels of CTMP; (2) its temporal expression pattern was reciprocal to that of CTMP; and (3) nuclear localization suggested that ATF3 may regulate CTMP transcription following hypoxic insult. Reporter assays demonstrated that ATF3 suppressed CTMP transcription, whereas ATF3 fusion with VP16, converting ATF3 to transcriptional activator, boosted CTMP transcription. By contrast, NF-κB increased CTMP transcription, and degradation-resistant IκBα decreased CTMP transcription. ChIP assays further confirmed that binding of ATF3 to the ATF/CREB site hindered NF-κB binding to the CTMP promoter, which repressed CTMP expression. Furthermore, CTMP siRNA treatment reduced hypoxic neuronal apoptosis by increasing p-Akt (Ser473) levels and leaving the upstream ATF3 level unchanged. We have identified an endogenous neuroprotective ATF3→CTMP signal cascade that may be a therapeutic target for reducing ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wu JS, Tsai HD, Huang CY, Chen JJ, Lin TN. 15-Deoxy-∆12,14-PGJ 2, by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, suppresses p22phox transcription to protect brain endothelial cells against hypoxia-induced apoptosis. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 50:221-38. [PMID: 24352801 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
15-Deoxy-∆(12,14)-PGJ(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) and thiazolidinedione attenuate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production via a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ)-dependent pathway. Nonetheless, how PPAR-γ mediates ROS production to ameliorate ischemic brain injury is not clear. Recent studies indicated that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is the major source of ROS in the vascular system. In the present study, we used an in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (hypoxia reoxygenation [HR]) paradigm to study whether PPAR-γ interacts with NADPH oxidase, thereby regulating ROS formation in cerebral endothelial cells (CECs). With pharmacological (PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662), loss-of-function (PPAR-γ siRNA), and gain-of-function (Ad-PPAR-γ) approaches, we first demonstrated that 15d-PGJ(2) protected HR-treated CECs against ROS-induced apoptosis in a PPAR-γ-dependent manner. Results of promoter and subcellular localization analyses further revealed that 15d-PGJ(2), by activating PPAR-γ, blocked HR-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation, which led to inhibited transcription of the NADPH oxidase subunit p22phox. In summary, we report a novel transrepression mechanism whereby PPAR-γ downregulates hypoxia-activated p22phox transcription and the subsequent NADPH oxidase activation, ROS formation, and CEC apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Sheng Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Rm 404, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Touitou V, Johnson MA, Guo Y, Miller NR, Bernstein SL. Sustained neuroprotection from a single intravitreal injection of PGJ2 in a rodent model of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:7402-9. [PMID: 24106118 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is the most common cause of sudden optic nerve-related vision loss in persons older than 50 in the United States. There currently is no treatment for this disorder. We previously showed that systemic administration of 15-deoxy, delta (12, 14) prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2) is neuroprotective in our rodent model of AION (rAION). In this study, we determined if a single intravitreal (IVT) injection of PGJ2 is neuroprotective after rAION, and if this method of administration is toxic to the retina, optic nerve, or both. METHODS TOXICITY was assessed after a single IVT injection of PGJ2 in one eye and PBS in the contralateral eye of normal, adult Long-Evans rats. EFFICACY was assessed by inducing rAION in one eye and injecting either PGJ2 or vehicle immediately following induction, with the fellow eye serving as naïve control. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and ERGs were performed before induction and at specific intervals thereafter. Animals were euthanized 30 days after induction, after which immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and quantitative stereology of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) numbers were performed. RESULTS TOXICITY IVT PGJ2 did not alter the VEP or ERG compared with PBS-injected control eyes, and neither IVT PGJ2 nor PBS reduced overall RGC numbers. EFFICACY IVT PGJ2 preserved VEP amplitude, reduced optic nerve edema, and resulted in significant preservation of RGCs and axons in eyes with rAION. CONCLUSIONS A single IVT injection of PGJ2 is nontoxic to the retina and optic nerve and neuroprotective when given immediately after rAION induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Touitou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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Nelson MP, Shacka JJ. Autophagy Modulation in Disease Therapy: Where Do We Stand? CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2013; 1:239-245. [PMID: 24470989 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-013-0032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Since it was first described more than 50 years ago autophagy has been examined in many contexts, from cell survival to pathogen sequestration and removal. In more recent years our understanding of autophagy has developed sufficiently to allow effective targeted therapeutics to be developed against various diseases. The field of autophagy research is expanding rapidly, demonstrated by increases in both numbers of investigators in the field and the breadth of topics being addressed. Some diseases, such as the many cancers, have come to the fore in autophagy therapeutics research as a better understanding of their underlying mechanisms has surfaced. Numerous treatments are being developed and explored, from creative applications of the classic autophagy modulators chloroquine and rapamycin, to repurposing drugs approved for other treatments, such as astemizole, which is currently in use as an antimalarial and chronic rhinitis treatment. The landscape of autophagy modulation in disease therapy is rapidly changing and this review hopes to provide a cross-section of the current state of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Nelson
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Clinics Room SC 930B, 1720 7 Ave S., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - John J Shacka
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Sparks Clinics Room SC 930B, 1720 7 Ave S., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Wang JJ, Cui P. Neohesperidin attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibiting the apoptotic pathway and activating the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2013; 15:1023-1037. [PMID: 23952707 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2013.827176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is well known to play a pivotal role in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. On the basis of this fact, antioxidative agents have been demonstrated to be neuroprotective. Neohesperidin (NH) is abundant in citrus flavonoids and possesses reactive oxygen species scavenging activity and neuroprotective effects in vitro. However, little is known about its effects on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we use a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to investigate the neuroprotective effects of NH. NH significantly improved neurological functions and attenuated MCAO-induced infarct volume, pathological changes, and neuronal loss. Moreover, it enhanced antioxidant capacity and suppressed oxidative stress in the brain. NH inhibited the MCAO-induced upregulation of Bax, cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase-9 and -3, as well as the downregulation of Bcl-2. Interestingly, NH treatment upregulated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in a concentration-dependent manner, which was due to the NH-mediated activation of the protein kinase B (Akt)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. NH also abolished the MCAO-induced inhibition of the Akt/Nrf2 pathway. In conclusion, NH attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via the inhibition of neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress through the regulation of the apoptotic pathway and the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. NH might be a promising preventive agent for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Jun Wang
- a Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital , Xi'an , 710068 , China
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Niyaz B, Zhao KL, Liu LM, Chen C, Deng WH, Zuo T, Shi Q, Wang WX. Rosiglitazone attenuates the severity of hyperlipidemic severe acute pancreatitis in rats. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:989-994. [PMID: 24137303 PMCID: PMC3797291 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) ligand regulates adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity, and exerts antihyperlipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the mechanisms by which PPAR-γ ligands affect hyperlipidemia with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) have not been fully elucidated. The present study investigated the effects of rosiglitazone, a PPAR-γ ligand, on hyperlipidemia with SAP in a rat model. The hyperlipidemia was induced with a high-fat diet and SAP was induced by the administration of sodium taurocholate (TCA). The hyperlipidemia was shown to aggravate the severity of the sodium taurocholate-induced SAP. However, rosiglitazone demonstrated significant antihyperlipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects in the rats with high-lipid diet-induced hyperlipidemia and SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batur Niyaz
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060
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Induction of hemeoxygenase-1 expression after inhibition of hemeoxygenase activity promotes inflammation and worsens ischemic brain damage in mice. Neuroscience 2013; 243:22-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wappler EA, Institoris A, Dutta S, Katakam PVG, Busija DW. Mitochondrial dynamics associated with oxygen-glucose deprivation in rat primary neuronal cultures. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63206. [PMID: 23658809 PMCID: PMC3642144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to investigate the mitochondrial dynamics following oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in cultured rat cortical neurons. We documented changes in morphology, protein expression, and DNA levels in mitochondria following OGD and examined the roles of mitochondrial fission [dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), fission protein-1 (Fis1)] and fusion [mitofusin-1 (Mfn1), mitofusin-2 (Mfn2), and optic atrophy-1 protein (OPA1)] proteins on mitochondrial biogenesis and morphogenesis. We tested the effects of two Drp1 blockers [15-deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2) and Mitochondrial Division Inhibitor (Mdivi-1)] on mitochondrial dynamics and cell survival. One hour of OGD had minimal effects on neuronal viability but mitochondria appeared condensed. Three hours of OGD caused a 60% decrease in neuronal viability accompanied by a transition from primarily normal/tubular and lesser number of rounded mitochondria during normoxia to either poorly labeled or small and large rounded mitochondria. The percentage of rounded mitochondria remained the same. The mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel, Complex V, and mitoDNA levels increased after OGD associated with a dramatic reduction in Drp1 expression, less reduction in Mfn2 expression, an increase in Mfn1 expression, with no changes in either OPA1 or Fis1. Although PGJ2 increased polymerization of Drp1, it did not reduce cell death or alter mitochondrial morphology following OGD and Mdivi-1 did not protect neurons against OGD. In summary, mitochondrial biogenesis and maintained fusion occurred in neurons along with mitochondrial fission following OGD; thus Mfn1 but not Drp1 may be a major regulator of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina A Wappler
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America.
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Wang AP, Li X, Zheng Y, Liu BL, Huang G, Yan X, Liu Z, Zhou Z. Thiazolidinediones protect mouse pancreatic β-cells directly from cytokine-induced cytotoxicity through PPARγ-dependent mechanisms. Acta Diabetol 2013; 50:163-73. [PMID: 21153483 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-010-0239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Since most of the current studies of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are only focused on improving glycemic control, increasing insulin sensitivity, and regulating inflammatory states in Type 2 Diabetes, it is still controversial whether TZDs have direct, protective effects on pancreatic β-cells in autoimmune diabetes. Here, we show the protective effects of TZDs on mouse pancreatic β-cell line cells (NIT-1) impaired by exposure to inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IFN-γ) and explore the potential mechanisms for this. The apoptosis rate and caspase-3 activity were remarkably increased, and insulin secretion response to glucose was impaired severely by exposure to IL-1β/IFN-γ for 48 h compared to control cells, whereas apoptosis rate and caspase-3 activity were significantly decreased in cells with treatment of rosiglitazone (RGZ) or pioglitazone (PIG), and the capacity for insulin secretion response to glucose was recovered. TZDs protect pancreatic β-cells from cytokine-induced cytotoxicity through PPARγ activation. The protective effects of the TZDs on NIT-1 cells disappeared when PPARγ was blocked with PPARγ-siRNA interference or treatment with GW9662, the PPARγ antagonist. Additionally, the enhancement of PPARγ expression by treatment with TZDs inhibited the expression of caspase 3 in IL-1β/IFN-γ-induced NIT-cells. Also, the inhibition of caspase 3 expression by TZDs was blocked by co-treatment with GW9662 or infection with PPARγ-siRNA. Taken together, our data suggest that TZDs might serve to protect pancreatic β-cells directly from cytokine-induced cytotoxicity through a PPARγ-dependent pathway, and caspase-3 may play an important role in the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-ping Wang
- Diabetes Center, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Yu YL, Chou RH, Shyu WC, Hsieh SC, Wu CS, Chiang SY, Chang WJ, Chen JN, Tseng YJ, Lin YH, Lee W, Yeh SP, Hsu JL, Yang CC, Hung SC, Hung MC. Smurf2-mediated degradation of EZH2 enhances neuron differentiation and improves functional recovery after ischaemic stroke. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:531-47. [PMID: 23526793 PMCID: PMC3628108 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
EZH2 plays an important role in stem cell renewal and maintenance by inducing gene silencing via its histone methyltransferase activity. Previously, we showed that EZH2 downregulation enhances neuron differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs); however, the underlying mechanisms of EZH2-regulated neuron differentiation are still unclear. Here, we identify Smurf2 as the E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for the polyubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of EZH2, which is required for neuron differentiation. A ChIP-on-chip screen combined with gene microarray analysis revealed that PPARγ was the only gene involved in neuron differentiation with significant changes in both its modification and expression status during differentiation. Moreover, knocking down PPARγ prevented cells from undergoing efficient neuron differentiation. In animal model, rats implanted with intracerebral EZH2-knocked-down hMSCs or hMSCs plus treatment with PPARγ agonist (rosiglitazone) showed better improvement than those without EZH2 knockdown or rosiglitazone treatment after a stroke. Together, our results support Smurf2 as a regulator of EZH2 turnover to facilitate PPARγ expression, which is specifically required for neuron differentiation, providing a molecular mechanism for clinical applications in the neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Luen Yu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Liu H, Li W, Ahmad M, Rose ME, Miller TM, Yu M, Chen J, Pascoe JL, Poloyac SM, Hickey RW, Graham SH. Increased generation of cyclopentenone prostaglandins after brain ischemia and their role in aggregation of ubiquitinated proteins in neurons. Neurotox Res 2013; 24:191-204. [PMID: 23355003 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cyclopentenone prostaglandin (CyPG) J₂ series, including prostaglandin J₂ (PGJ₂), Δ¹²-PGJ₂, and 15-deoxy-∆¹²,¹⁴-prostaglandin J₂ (15d-PGJ₂), are active metabolites of PGD₂, exerting multiple effects on neuronal function. However, the physiologic relevance of these effects remains uncertain as brain concentrations of CyPGs have not been precisely determined. In this study, we found that free PGD₂ and the J₂ series CyPGs (PGJ₂, Δ¹²-PGJ₂, and 15d-PGJ₂) were increased in post-ischemic rat brain as detected by UPLC-MS/MS with 15d-PGJ₂ being the most abundant CyPG. These increases were attenuated by pre-treating with the cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor piroxicam. Next, effects of chronic exposure to 15d-PGJ₂ were examined by treating primary neurons with 15d-PGJ₂, CAY10410 (a 15d-PGJ₂ analog lacking the cyclopentenone ring structure), or vehicle for 24 to 96 h. Because we found that the concentration of free 15d-PGJ₂ decreased rapidly in cell culture medium, freshly prepared medium containing 15d-PGJ₂, CAY10410, or vehicle was changed twice daily to maintain steady extracellular concentrations. Incubation with 2.5 μM 15d-PGJ₂, but not CAY10410, increased the neuronal cell death without the induction of caspase-3 or PARP cleavage, consistent with a primarily necrotic mechanism for 15d-PGJ₂-induced cell death which was further supported by TUNEL assay results. Ubiquitinated protein accumulation and aggregation was observed after 96 h 15d-PGJ₂ incubation, accompanied by compromised 20S proteasome activity. Unlike another proteasome inhibitor, MG132, 15d-PGJ₂ treatment did not activate autophagy or induce aggresome formation. Therefore, the cumulative cytotoxic effects of increased generation of CyPGs after stroke may contribute to delayed post-ischemic neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center 00-GR-H, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare, 7180 Highland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
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Xu F, Li J, Ni W, Shen YW, Zhang XP. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist 15d-prostaglandin J2 mediates neuronal autophagy after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55080. [PMID: 23372817 PMCID: PMC3555818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) has recently emerged as potential therapeutic agents for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury because of anti-neuronal apoptotic actions. However, whether PPAR-γ activation mediates neuronal autophagy in such conditions remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the role of PPAR-γ agonist 15-PGJ(2) on neuronal autophagy induced by I/R. The expression of autophagic-related protein in ischemic cortex such as LC3-II, Beclin 1, cathepsin-B and LAMP1 increased significantly after cerebral I/R injury. Furthermore, increased punctate LC3 labeling and cathepsin-B staining occurred in neurons. Treatment with PPAR-γ agonist 15d-PGJ(2) decreased not only autophagic-related protein expression in ischemic cortex, but also immunoreactivity of LC3 and cathepsin-B in neurons. Autophagic inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) decreased LC3-II levels, reduced the infarct volume, and mimicked some protective effect of 15d-PGJ(2) against cerebral I/R injury. These results indicate that PPAR-γ agonist 15d-PGJ(2) exerts neuroprotection by inhibiting neuronal autophagy after cerebral I/R injury. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying PPAR-γ agonist in mediating neuronal autophagy remain to be determined, neuronal autophagy may be a new target for PPAR-γ agonist treatment in cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Prevention of JNK phosphorylation as a mechanism for rosiglitazone in neuroprotection after transient cerebral ischemia: activation of dual specificity phosphatase. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:106-14. [PMID: 23032483 PMCID: PMC3597369 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone, a synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonist, prevents cell death after cerebral ischemia in animal models, but the underlying mechanism has not been clarified. In this study, we examined how rosiglitazone protects neurons against ischemia. Mice treated with rosiglitazone were subjected to 60 minutes of focal ischemia followed by reperfusion. Rosiglitazone reduced infarct volume after ischemia and reperfusion. We show that this neuroprotective effect was reversed with a PPARγ antagonist. Western blot analysis showed a significant increase in expression of phosphorylated stress-activated protein kinases (c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38) in ischemic brain tissue. Rosiglitazone blocked this increase. Furthermore, we observed that rosiglitazone increased expression of the dual-specificity phosphatase 8 (DUSP8) protein and messenger RNA in ischemic brain tissue. Dual-specificity phosphatase 8 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase that can dephosphorylate JNK and p38. Another key finding of the present study was that knockdown of DUSP8 in primary cultured cortical neurons that were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation diminished rosiglitazone's effect on downregulation of JNK phosphorylation. Thus, rosiglitazone's neuroprotective effect after ischemia is mediated by blocking JNK phosphorylation induced by ischemia via DUSP8 upregulation.
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Nicholson JD, Puche AC, Guo Y, Weinreich D, Slater BJ, Bernstein SL. PGJ(2) provides prolonged CNS stroke protection by reducing white matter edema. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50021. [PMID: 23284631 PMCID: PMC3527449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Few clinically effective approaches reduce CNS-white matter injury. After early in-vivo white matter infarct, NFκB-driven pro-inflammatory signals can amplify a relatively small amount of vascular damage, resulting in progressive endothelial dysfunction to create a severe ischemic lesion. This process can be minimized by 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (PGJ(2)), an analog of the metabolically active PGD(2) metabolite. We evaluated PGJ(2)'s effects and mechanisms using rodent anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rAION); an in vivo white matter ischemia model. PGJ(2) administration systemically administered either acutely or 5 hours post-insult results in significant neuroprotection, with stereologic evaluation showing improved neuronal survival 30 days post-infarct. Quantitative capillary vascular analysis reveals that PGJ(2) improves perfusion at 1 day post-infarct by reducing tissue edema. Our results suggest that PGJ(2) acts by reducing NFκB signaling through preventing p65 nuclear localization and inhibiting inflammatory gene expression. Importantly, PGJ(2) showed no in vivo toxicity structurally as measured by optic nerve (ON) myelin thickness, functionally by ON-compound action potentials, on a cellular basis by oligodendrocyte precursor survival or changes in ON-myelin gene expression. PGJ(2) may be a clinically useful neuroprotective agent for ON and other CNS infarcts involving white matter, with mechanisms of action enabling effective treatment beyond the currently considered maximal time for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Nicholson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adam C. Puche
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland-Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel Weinreich
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland-Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bernard J. Slater
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland-Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Davidson J, Rotondo D, Rizzo MT, Leaver HA. Therapeutic implications of disorders of cell death signalling: membranes, micro-environment, and eicosanoid and docosanoid metabolism. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:1193-210. [PMID: 22364602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions of cell death signalling occur in pathological processes, such as cancer and degenerative disease. Increased knowledge of cell death signalling has opened new areas of therapeutic research, and identifying key mediators of cell death has become increasingly important. Early triggering events in cell death may provide potential therapeutic targets, whereas agents affecting later signals may be more palliative in nature. A group of primary mediators are derivatives of the highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs), particularly oxygenated metabolites such as prostaglandins. HUFAs, esterified in cell membranes, act as critical signalling molecules in many pathological processes. Currently, agents affecting HUFA metabolism are widely prescribed in diseases involving disordered cell death signalling. However, partly due to rapid metabolism, their role in cell death signalling pathways is poorly characterized. Recently, HUFA-derived mediators, the resolvins/protectins and endocannabinoids, have added opportunities to target selective signals and pathways. This review will focus on the control of cell death by HUFA, eicosanoid (C20 fatty acid metabolites) and docosanoid (C22 metabolites), HUFA-derived lipid mediators, signalling elements in the micro-environment and their potential therapeutic applications. Further therapeutic approaches will involve cell and molecular biology, the multiple hit theory of disease progression and analysis of system plasticity. Advances in the cell biology of eicosanoid and docosanoid metabolism, together with structure/function analysis of HUFA-derived mediators, will be useful in developing therapeutic agents in pathologies characterized by alterations in cell death signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Davidson
- SIPBS, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, UK
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Culman J, Nguyen-Ngoc M, Glatz T, Gohlke P, Herdegen T, Zhao Y. Treatment of rats with pioglitazone in the reperfusion phase of focal cerebral ischemia: a preclinical stroke trial. Exp Neurol 2012; 238:243-53. [PMID: 22995601 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), pioglitazone, rosiglitazone and troglitazone, the synthetic agonists for the PPARγ, administered prior or during ischemic insult improve stroke outcome in rodents, post-occlusion treatments yielded inconsistent results. In the present experiments carried out according to the Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) guidelines, we studied the effects of post-ischemic pioglitazone treatment on the outcome of focal cerebral ischemia, inflammatory and apoptotic processes, neuronal degeneration and regeneration, blood pressure, heart rate and physiological variables in blood. Male Wistar rats were subjected to a 90 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Subcutaneous (SC) treatment with vehicle or pioglitazone was initiated 90 min after MCAO, i.e. in the post-ischemic, reperfusion phase and continued on 2 (2 day-experiment, protocol 1) or 5 (5-day experiment, protocol 2) consecutive days. In the 2-day experiment, pioglitazone at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight (bw) reduced infarct volume by 31% and oedema by 43% on day 2 after MCAO and attenuated the infiltration of ischemic cortical tissue with activated microglia and macrophages. The slight reduction in infarct volume by approximately 18%, detected in rats treated with 10 mg/kg bw pioglitazone did not reach statistical significance. The neurological scores of sham-operated rats treated with vehicle or 10 mg/kg bw pioglitazone were not significantly different. In rats subjected to cerebral ischemia, post-ischemic treatment with either dose of pioglitazone alleviated particular motor deficits and sensory impairments on day 2 after MCAO. A single injection of 10 mg/kg bw pioglitazone in the reperfusion phase (90 min after the onset of reperfusion) did not modify systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and physiological variables compared to vehicle-treated rats at any time point after MCAO. In the 5-day experiment, continuous post-occlusion treatment with 2.5 mg/kg body weight pioglitazone significantly reduced cerebral infarction by 29% and improved the partial paralysis of the forelimb and alleviated sensory deficits. In the peri-infarct cortex, pioglitazone effectively suppressed the accumulation of activated microglia/macrophages, inhibited neuronal degeneration and promoted neuroregeneration and formation of neuronal networks. The current results provide evidence that pioglitazone treatment in the post-ischemic, reperfusion phase improves the recovery from ischemic stroke. Neuroprotective effects of pioglitazone are mediated by inhibition of post-ischemic inflammation and neuronal degeneration, protection of neurones against ischemic injury and by promoting of neuronal regeneration. Our data together with previous findings favour the view that pioglitazone is a promising candidate for clinical stroke trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Culman
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Chuang YC, Lin TK, Huang HY, Chang WN, Liou CW, Chen SD, Chang AYW, Chan SHH. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ/mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 signaling protects against seizure-induced neuronal cell death in the hippocampus following experimental status epilepticus. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:184. [PMID: 22849356 PMCID: PMC3444895 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Status epilepticus induces subcellular changes that may lead to neuronal cell death in the hippocampus. However, the mechanism of seizure-induced neuronal cell death remains unclear. The mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is expressed in selected regions of the brain and is emerged as an endogenous neuroprotective molecule in many neurological disorders. We evaluated the neuroprotective role of UCP2 against seizure-induced hippocampal neuronal cell death under experimental status epilepticus. Methods In Sprague–Dawley rats, kainic acid (KA) was microinjected unilaterally into the hippocampal CA3 subfield to induce prolonged bilateral seizure activity. Oxidized protein level, translocation of Bcl-2, Bax and cytochrome c between cytosol and mitochondria, and expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ (PPARγ) and UCP2 were examined in the hippocampal CA3 subfield following KA-induced status epilepticus. The effects of microinjection bilaterally into CA3 area of a PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone or a PPARγ antagonist, GW9662 on UCP2 expression, induced superoxide anion (O2· -) production, oxidized protein level, mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activities, translocation of Bcl-2, Bax and cytochrome c, and DNA fragmentation in bilateral CA3 subfields were examined. Results Increased oxidized proteins and mitochondrial or cytosol translocation of Bax or cytochrome c in the hippocampal CA3 subfield was observed 3–48 h after experimental status epilepticus. Expression of PPARγ and UCP2 increased 12–48 h after KA-induced status epilepticus. Pretreatment with rosiglitazone increased UCP2 expression, reduced protein oxidation, O2· - overproduction and dysfunction of mitochondrial Complex I, hindered the translocation of Bax and cytochrome c, and reduced DNA fragmentation in the CA3 subfield. Pretreatment with GW9662 produced opposite effects. Conclusions Activation of PPARγ upregulated mitochondrial UCP2 expression, which decreased overproduction of reactive oxygen species, improved mitochondrial Complex I dysfunction, inhibited mitochondrial translocation of Bax and prevented cytosolic release of cytochrome c by stabilizing the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, leading to amelioration of apoptotic neuronal cell death in the hippocampus following status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Chung Chuang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
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Emerging PPARγ-Independent Role of PPARγ Ligands in Lung Diseases. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:705352. [PMID: 22778711 PMCID: PMC3385049 DOI: 10.1155/2012/705352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-γ is a nuclear hormone receptor that is activated by multiple agonists including thiazolidinediones, prostaglandins, and synthetic oleanolic acids. Many PPARγ ligands are under investigation as potential therapies for human diseases. These ligands modulate multiple cellular pathways via both PPARγ-dependent and PPARγ-independent mechanisms. Here, we review the role of PPARγ and PPARγ ligands in lung disease, with emphasis on PPARγ-independent effects. PPARγ ligands show great promise in moderating lung inflammation, as antiproliferative agents in combination to enhance standard chemotherapy in lung cancer and as treatments for pulmonary fibrosis, a progressive fatal disease with no effective therapy. Some of these effects occur when PPARγ is pharmaceutically antagonized or genetically PPARγ and are thus independent of classical PPARγ-dependent transcriptional control. Many PPARγ ligands demonstrate direct binding to transcription factors and other proteins, altering their function and contributing to PPARγ-independent inhibition of disease phenotypes. These PPARγ-independent mechanisms are of significant interest because they suggest new therapeutic uses for currently approved drugs and because they can be used as probes to identify novel proteins and pathways involved in the pathogenesis or treatment of disease, which can then be targeted for further investigation and drug development.
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Torres RC, Batista MM, Pons AH, Silva AR, Cordeiro RSB, Martins MA, E Silva PMR, Carvalho VF. Activation of PPARγ by restores mast cell numbers and reactivity in alloxan-diabetic rats by reducing the systemic glucocorticoid levels. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 691:261-7. [PMID: 22713549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mast cell function and survival have been shown to be down-regulated under diabetic conditions. This study investigates the role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ in reducing mast cell number and reactivity in diabetic rats. The effect of rosiglitazone on mast cell apoptosis was also evaluated. Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of alloxan into fasted rats and PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone and/or specific antagonist 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide (GW9662) were administered 3 day after diabetes induction, once daily for 18 consecutive days. Mast cell apoptosis and plasma corticosterone levels were evaluated by TUNEL and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Treatment with rosiglitazone restored mast cell numbers in the pleural cavity and mesenteric tissue of diabetic rats. Rosiglitazone also significantly reversed the diabetes-induced reduction of histamine release by mast cells, as measured by fluorescence, following activation with the antigen in vitro. Increased apoptosis in mast cells from diabetic rats were inhibited by rosiglitazone. Moreover, we noted that the increase in plasma corticosterone levels in diabetic rats was inhibited by rosiglitazone. In addition, GW9662 blocked the ability of rosiglitazone to restore baseline numbers of mast cells and plasma corticosterone in diabetic rats. In conclusion, our findings showed that rosiglitazone restored the number and reactivity of mast cells in diabetic rats, accompanied with a suppression of apoptosis, in parallel with impairment of diabetes hypercorticolism, indicating that PPARγ has an important role in these phenomena.
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