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Vendrov AE, Lozhkin A, Hayami T, Levin J, Silveira Fernandes Chamon J, Abdel-Latif A, Runge MS, Madamanchi NR. Mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic reprogramming induce macrophage pro-inflammatory phenotype switch and atherosclerosis progression in aging. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1410832. [PMID: 38975335 PMCID: PMC11224442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1410832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aging increases the risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease and its complications. Macrophages are pivotal in the pathogenesis of vascular aging, driving inflammation and atherosclerosis progression. NOX4 (NADPH oxidase 4) expression increases with age, correlating with mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that the NOX4-dependent mitochondrial oxidative stress promotes aging-associated atherosclerosis progression by causing metabolic dysfunction and inflammatory phenotype switch in macrophages. Methods We studied atherosclerotic lesion morphology and macrophage phenotype in young (5-month-old) and aged (16-month-old) Nox4 -/-/Apoe -/- and Apoe -/- mice fed Western diet. Results Young Nox4-/-/Apoe-/- and Apoe-/- mice had comparable aortic and brachiocephalic artery atherosclerotic lesion cross-sectional areas. Aged mice showed significantly increased lesion area compared with young mice. Aged Nox4-/-/Apoe-/- had significantly lower lesion areas than Apoe-/- mice. Compared with Apoe-/- mice, atherosclerotic lesions in aged Nox4-/-/Apoe-/- showed reduced cellular and mitochondrial ROS and oxidative DNA damage, lower necrotic core area, higher collagen content, and decreased inflammatory cytokine expression. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analysis revealed that aged Apoe-/- mice had a higher percentage of classically activated pro-inflammatory macrophages (CD38+CD80+) in the lesions. Aged Nox4-/-/Apoe-/- mice had a significantly higher proportion of alternatively activated pro-resolving macrophages (EGR2+/CD163+CD206+) in the lesions, with an increased CD38+/EGR2+ cell ratio compared with Apoe-/- mice. Mitochondrial respiration assessment revealed impaired oxidative phosphorylation and increased glycolytic ATP production in macrophages from aged Apoe-/- mice. In contrast, macrophages from Nox4-/-/Apoe-/- mice were less glycolytic and more aerobic, with preserved basal and maximal respiration and mitochondrial ATP production. Macrophages from Nox4-/-/Apoe-/- mice also had lower mitochondrial ROS levels and reduced IL1β secretion; flow cytometry analysis showed fewer CD38+ cells after IFNγ+LPS treatment and more EGR2+ cells after IL4 treatment than in Apoe-/- macrophages. In aged Apoe-/- mice, inhibition of NOX4 activity using GKT137831 significantly reduced macrophage mitochondrial ROS and improved mitochondrial function, resulting in decreased CD68+CD80+ and increased CD163+CD206+ lesion macrophage proportion and attenuated atherosclerosis. Discussion Our findings suggest that increased NOX4 in aging drives macrophage mitochondrial dysfunction, glycolytic metabolic switch, and pro-inflammatory phenotype, advancing atherosclerosis. Inhibiting NOX4 or mitochondrial dysfunction could alleviate vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis, preserving plaque integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr E. Vendrov
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrey Lozhkin
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Takayuki Hayami
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Julia Levin
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jamille Silveira Fernandes Chamon
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Latif
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine - Cardiology, Ann Arbor VA Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Marschall S. Runge
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nageswara R. Madamanchi
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Bogan BJ, Williams HC, Holden CM, Patel V, Joseph G, Fierro C, Sepulveda H, Taylor WR, Rezvan A, San Martin A. The Role of Fatty Acid Synthase in the Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell to Foam Cell Transition. Cells 2024; 13:658. [PMID: 38667273 PMCID: PMC11048793 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), in their contractile and differentiated state, are fundamental for maintaining vascular function. Upon exposure to cholesterol (CHO), VSMCs undergo dedifferentiation, adopting characteristics of foam cells-lipid-laden, macrophage-like cells pivotal in atherosclerotic plaque formation. CHO uptake by VSMCs leads to two primary pathways: ABCA1-mediated efflux or storage in lipid droplets as cholesterol esters (CEs). CE formation, involving the condensation of free CHO and fatty acids, is catalyzed by sterol O-acyltransferase 1 (SOAT1). The necessary fatty acids are synthesized by the lipogenic enzyme fatty acid synthase (FASN), which we found to be upregulated in atherosclerotic human coronary arteries. This observation led us to hypothesize that FASN-mediated fatty acid biosynthesis is crucial in the transformation of VSMCs into foam cells. Our study reveals that CHO treatment upregulates FASN in human aortic SMCs, concurrent with increased expression of CD68 and upregulation of KLF4, markers associated with the foam cell transition. Crucially, downregulation of FASN inhibits the CHO-induced upregulation of CD68 and KLF4 in VSMCs. Additionally, FASN-deficient VSMCs exhibit hindered lipid accumulation and an impaired transition to the foam cell phenotype following CHO exposure, while the addition of the fatty acid palmitate, the main FASN product, exacerbates this transition. FASN-deficient cells also show decreased SOAT1 expression and elevated ABCA1. Notably, similar effects are observed in KLF4-deficient cells. Our findings demonstrate that FASN plays an essential role in the CHO-induced upregulation of KLF4 and the VSMC to foam cell transition and suggest that targeting FASN could be a novel therapeutic strategy to regulate VSMC phenotypic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany J. Bogan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.J.B.); (H.C.W.); (C.M.H.); (V.P.); (G.J.); (W.R.T.); (A.R.)
| | - Holly C. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.J.B.); (H.C.W.); (C.M.H.); (V.P.); (G.J.); (W.R.T.); (A.R.)
| | - Claire M. Holden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.J.B.); (H.C.W.); (C.M.H.); (V.P.); (G.J.); (W.R.T.); (A.R.)
| | - Vraj Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.J.B.); (H.C.W.); (C.M.H.); (V.P.); (G.J.); (W.R.T.); (A.R.)
| | - Giji Joseph
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.J.B.); (H.C.W.); (C.M.H.); (V.P.); (G.J.); (W.R.T.); (A.R.)
| | - Christopher Fierro
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile; (C.F.); (H.S.)
| | - Hugo Sepulveda
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile; (C.F.); (H.S.)
| | - W. Robert Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.J.B.); (H.C.W.); (C.M.H.); (V.P.); (G.J.); (W.R.T.); (A.R.)
| | - Amir Rezvan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.J.B.); (H.C.W.); (C.M.H.); (V.P.); (G.J.); (W.R.T.); (A.R.)
| | - Alejandra San Martin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.J.B.); (H.C.W.); (C.M.H.); (V.P.); (G.J.); (W.R.T.); (A.R.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile; (C.F.); (H.S.)
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Zhang L, Wu X, Hong L. Endothelial Reprogramming in Atherosclerosis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:325. [PMID: 38671747 PMCID: PMC11048243 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11040325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a severe vascular disease that results in millions of cases of mortality each year. The development of atherosclerosis is associated with vascular structural lesions, characterized by the accumulation of immune cells, mesenchymal cells, lipids, and an extracellular matrix at the intimal resulting in the formation of an atheromatous plaque. AS involves complex interactions among various cell types, including macrophages, endothelial cells (ECs), and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Endothelial dysfunction plays an essential role in the initiation and progression of AS. Endothelial dysfunction can encompass a constellation of various non-adaptive dynamic alterations of biology and function, termed "endothelial reprogramming". This phenomenon involves transitioning from a quiescent, anti-inflammatory state to a pro-inflammatory and proatherogenic state and alterations in endothelial cell identity, such as endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and endothelial-to-immune cell-like transition (EndIT). Targeting these processes to restore endothelial balance and prevent cell identity shifts, alongside modulating epigenetic factors, can attenuate atherosclerosis progression. In the present review, we discuss the role of endothelial cells in AS and summarize studies in endothelial reprogramming associated with the pathogenesis of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Liang Hong
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Solanki K, Bezsonov E, Orekhov A, Parihar SP, Vaja S, White FA, Obukhov AG, Baig MS. Effect of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species on signaling pathways in atherosclerosis. Vascul Pharmacol 2024; 154:107282. [PMID: 38325566 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2024.107282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which fats, lipids, cholesterol, calcium, proliferating smooth muscle cells, and immune cells accumulate in the intima of the large arteries, forming atherosclerotic plaques. A complex interplay of various vascular and immune cells takes place during the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Multiple reports indicate that tight control of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS) production is critical for maintaining vascular health. Unrestricted ROS and RNS generation may lead to activation of various inflammatory signaling pathways, facilitating atherosclerosis. Given these deleterious consequences, it is important to understand how ROS and RNS affect the signaling processes involved in atherogenesis. Conversely, RSS appears to exhibit an atheroprotective potential and can alleviate the deleterious effects of ROS and RNS. Herein, we review the literature describing the effects of ROS, RNS, and RSS on vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages and focus on how changes in their production affect the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. This review also discusses the contribution of ROS, RNS, and RSS in mediating various post-translational modifications, such as oxidation, nitrosylation, and sulfation, of the molecules involved in inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Solanki
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India
| | - Evgeny Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, Moscow, Russia; Department of Biology and General Genetics, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; The Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory, Turgenev State University of Orel, Orel, Russia
| | - Alexander Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Suraj P Parihar
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Shivani Vaja
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India
| | - Fletcher A White
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Anesthesia, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Alexander G Obukhov
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Mirza S Baig
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India.
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Fu Q, Yang X, Wang M, Zhu K, Wang Y, Song J. Activatable Probes for Ratiometric Imaging of Endogenous Biomarkers In Vivo. ACS NANO 2024; 18:3916-3968. [PMID: 38258800 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic variations in the concentration and abnormal distribution of endogenous biomarkers are strongly associated with multiple physiological and pathological states. Therefore, it is crucial to design imaging systems capable of real-time detection of dynamic changes in biomarkers for the accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of diseases. Recently, ratiometric imaging has emerged as a widely used technique for sensing and imaging of biomarkers due to its advantage of circumventing the limitations inherent to conventional intensity-dependent signal readout methods while also providing built-in self-calibration for signal correction. Here, the recent progress of ratiometric probes and their applications in sensing and imaging of biomarkers are outlined. Ratiometric probes are classified according to their imaging mechanisms, and ratiometric photoacoustic imaging, ratiometric optical imaging including photoluminescence imaging and self-luminescence imaging, ratiometric magnetic resonance imaging, and dual-modal ratiometric imaging are discussed. The applications of ratiometric probes in the sensing and imaging of biomarkers such as pH, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), glutathione (GSH), gas molecules, enzymes, metal ions, and hypoxia are discussed in detail. Additionally, this Review presents an overview of challenges faced in this field along with future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinrui Fu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Mengzhen Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Kang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Jibin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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Sørensen M, Pershagen G, Thacher JD, Lanki T, Wicki B, Röösli M, Vienneau D, Cantuaria ML, Schmidt JH, Aasvang GM, Al-Kindi S, Osborne MT, Wenzel P, Sastre J, Fleming I, Schulz R, Hahad O, Kuntic M, Zielonka J, Sies H, Grune T, Frenis K, Münzel T, Daiber A. Health position paper and redox perspectives - Disease burden by transportation noise. Redox Biol 2024; 69:102995. [PMID: 38142584 PMCID: PMC10788624 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Transportation noise is a ubiquitous urban exposure. In 2018, the World Health Organization concluded that chronic exposure to road traffic noise is a risk factor for ischemic heart disease. In contrast, they concluded that the quality of evidence for a link to other diseases was very low to moderate. Since then, several studies on the impact of noise on various diseases have been published. Also, studies investigating the mechanistic pathways underlying noise-induced health effects are emerging. We review the current evidence regarding effects of noise on health and the related disease-mechanisms. Several high-quality cohort studies consistently found road traffic noise to be associated with a higher risk of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, diabetes, and all-cause mortality. Furthermore, recent studies have indicated that road traffic and railway noise may increase the risk of diseases not commonly investigated in an environmental noise context, including breast cancer, dementia, and tinnitus. The harmful effects of noise are related to activation of a physiological stress response and nighttime sleep disturbance. Oxidative stress and inflammation downstream of stress hormone signaling and dysregulated circadian rhythms are identified as major disease-relevant pathomechanistic drivers. We discuss the role of reactive oxygen species and present results from antioxidant interventions. Lastly, we provide an overview of oxidative stress markers and adverse redox processes reported for noise-exposed animals and humans. This position paper summarizes all available epidemiological, clinical, and preclinical evidence of transportation noise as an important environmental risk factor for public health and discusses its implications on the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Sørensen
- Work, Environment and Cancer, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Natural Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark.
| | - Göran Pershagen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesse Daniel Thacher
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Timo Lanki
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland; School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Benedikt Wicki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Röösli
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Vienneau
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuella Lech Cantuaria
- Work, Environment and Cancer, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit for ORL - Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Hvass Schmidt
- Research Unit for ORL - Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Gunn Marit Aasvang
- Department of Air Quality and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sadeer Al-Kindi
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals, Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Michael T Osborne
- Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip Wenzel
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany; Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Juan Sastre
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany; German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Gießen, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Omar Hahad
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marin Kuntic
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Helmut Sies
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katie Frenis
- Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany; Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany; Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Ye W, Wang J, Little PJ, Zou J, Zheng Z, Lu J, Yin Y, Liu H, Zhang D, Liu P, Xu S, Ye W, Liu Z. Anti-atherosclerotic effects and molecular targets of ginkgolide B from Ginkgo biloba. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1-19. [PMID: 38239238 PMCID: PMC10792990 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioactive compounds derived from herbal medicinal plants modulate various therapeutic targets and signaling pathways associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the world's primary cause of death. Ginkgo biloba , a well-known traditional Chinese medicine with notable cardiovascular actions, has been used as a cardio- and cerebrovascular therapeutic drug and nutraceutical in Asian countries for centuries. Preclinical studies have shown that ginkgolide B, a bioactive component in Ginkgo biloba , can ameliorate atherosclerosis in cultured vascular cells and disease models. Of clinical relevance, several clinical trials are ongoing or being completed to examine the efficacy and safety of ginkgolide B-related drug preparations in the prevention of cerebrovascular diseases, such as ischemia stroke. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the pharmacological activities, pharmacokinetic characteristics, and mechanisms of action of ginkgolide B in atherosclerosis prevention and therapy. We highlight new molecular targets of ginkgolide B, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NADPH oxidase), lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), platelet-activating factor (PAF), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and others. Finally, we provide an overview and discussion of the therapeutic potential of ginkgolide B and highlight the future perspective of developing ginkgolide B as an effective therapeutic agent for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weile Ye
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Peter J. Little
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba QLD 4102, Australia
- Sunshine Coast Health Institute and School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya QLD 4575, Australia
| | - Jiami Zou
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhihua Zheng
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing Lu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanjun Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wencai Ye
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhiping Liu
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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8
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Roth L, Dogan S, Tuna BG, Aranyi T, Benitez S, Borrell-Pages M, Bozaykut P, De Meyer GRY, Duca L, Durmus N, Fonseca D, Fraenkel E, Gillery P, Giudici A, Jaisson S, Johansson M, Julve J, Lucas-Herald AK, Martinet W, Maurice P, McDonnell BJ, Ozbek EN, Pucci G, Pugh CJA, Rochfort KD, Roks AJM, Rotllan N, Shadiow J, Sohrabi Y, Spronck B, Szeri F, Terentes-Printzios D, Tunc Aydin E, Tura-Ceide O, Ucar E, Yetik-Anacak G. Pharmacological modulation of vascular ageing: A review from VascAgeNet. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 92:102122. [PMID: 37956927 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Vascular ageing, characterized by structural and functional changes in blood vessels of which arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction are key components, is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and other age-related diseases. As the global population continues to age, understanding the underlying mechanisms and developing effective therapeutic interventions to mitigate vascular ageing becomes crucial for improving cardiovascular health outcomes. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the current knowledge on pharmacological modulation of vascular ageing, highlighting key strategies and promising therapeutic targets. Several molecular pathways have been identified as central players in vascular ageing, including oxidative stress and inflammation, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, cellular senescence, macroautophagy, extracellular matrix remodelling, calcification, and gasotransmitter-related signalling. Pharmacological and dietary interventions targeting these pathways have shown potential in ameliorating age-related vascular changes. Nevertheless, the development and application of drugs targeting vascular ageing is complicated by various inherent challenges and limitations, such as certain preclinical methodological considerations, interactions with exercise training and sex/gender-related differences, which should be taken into account. Overall, pharmacological modulation of endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness as hallmarks of vascular ageing, holds great promise for improving cardiovascular health in the ageing population. Nonetheless, further research is needed to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms and optimize the efficacy and safety of these interventions for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Roth
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Soner Dogan
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Bilge Guvenc Tuna
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Tamas Aranyi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sonia Benitez
- CIBER de Diabetes y enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Borrell-Pages
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Perinur Bozaykut
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Guido R Y De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laurent Duca
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Team 2 "Matrix Aging and Vascular Remodelling", Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France
| | - Nergiz Durmus
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Diogo Fonseca
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emil Fraenkel
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University of Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Philippe Gillery
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Team 2 "Matrix Aging and Vascular Remodelling", Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie-Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Reims, Reims, France
| | - Alessandro Giudici
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Stéphane Jaisson
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Team 2 "Matrix Aging and Vascular Remodelling", Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie-Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Reims, Reims, France
| | | | - Josep Julve
- CIBER de Diabetes y enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition group, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pascal Maurice
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Team 2 "Matrix Aging and Vascular Remodelling", Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France
| | - Barry J McDonnell
- Centre for Cardiovascular Health and Ageing, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emine Nur Ozbek
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Giacomo Pucci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Christopher J A Pugh
- Centre for Cardiovascular Health and Ageing, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Keith D Rochfort
- School of Nursing, Psychotherapy, and Community Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anton J M Roks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Disease and Pharmacology, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Noemi Rotllan
- CIBER de Diabetes y enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pathophysiology of lipid-related diseases, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - James Shadiow
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yahya Sohrabi
- Molecular Cardiology, Dept. of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 100 00 Prague, Czechia
| | - Bart Spronck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Flora Szeri
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dimitrios Terentes-Printzios
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elif Tunc Aydin
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital of Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Olga Tura-Ceide
- Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eda Ucar
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Gunay Yetik-Anacak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkiye; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Acıbadem Mehmet Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkiye.
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9
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Hwang HJ, Kim JW, Yun S, Park MJ, Song E, Jang S, Jang A, Choi KM, Baik SH, Yoo HJ. AM1638, a GPR40-Full Agonist, Inhibited Palmitate- Induced ROS Production and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Enhancing HUVEC Viability in an NRF2-Dependent Manner. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2023; 38:760-769. [PMID: 37915121 PMCID: PMC10765001 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2023.1774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGRUOUND G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) is a key molecule in diabetes and fatty liver, but its role in endothelial dysfunction remains unclear. Our objective in this study was to determine whether GPR40 agonists protect endothelial cells against palmitatemediated oxidative stress. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to investigate effects of various GPR40 agonists on vascular endothelium. RESULTS In HUVECs, AM1638, a GPR40-full agonist, enhanced nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) translocation to the nucleus and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, which blocked palmitate-induced superoxide production. Those antioxidant effects were not detected after treatment with LY2922470 or TAK875, GPR40-partial agonists, suggesting that GPR40 regulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) removal in a ligand-dependent manner. We also found that palmitate-induced CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein expression; X-box binding protein-1 splicing, nuclear condensation, and fragmentation; and caspase-3 cleavage were all blocked in an NRF2-dependent manner after AM1638 treatment. Both LY2922470 and TAK875 also improved cell viability independent of the NRF2/ROS pathway by reducing palmitate-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress and nuclear damage. GPR40 agonists thus have beneficial effects against palmitate in HUVECs. In particular, AM1638 reduced palmitate-induced superoxide production and cytotoxicity in an NRF2/HO-1 dependent manner. CONCLUSION GPR40 could be developed as a good therapeutic target to prevent or treat cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Jin Hwang
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Won Kim
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - SukHwan Yun
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Jeong Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eyun Song
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sooyeon Jang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ahreum Jang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Mook Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sei Hyun Baik
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Yoo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Feng Y, Xu D. Short-chain fatty acids are potential goalkeepers of atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1271001. [PMID: 38027009 PMCID: PMC10679725 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1271001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolites produced by gut bacteria and play a crucial role in various inflammatory diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that SCFAs can improve the occurrence and progression of atherosclerosis. However, the molecular mechanisms through which SCFAs regulate the development of atherosclerosis have not been fully elucidated. This review provides an overview of the research progress on SCFAs regarding their impact on the risk factors and pathogenesis associated with atherosclerosis, with a specific focus on their interactions with the endothelium and immune cells. These interactions encompass the inflammation and oxidative stress of endothelial cells, the migration of monocytes/macrophages, the lipid metabolism of macrophages, the proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells, and the proliferation and differentiation of Treg cells. Nevertheless, the current body of research is insufficient to comprehensively understand the full spectrum of SCFAs' mechanisms of action. Therefore, further in-depth investigations are imperative to establish a solid theoretical foundation for the development of clinical therapeutics in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danyan Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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11
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Scott TE, Lewis CV, Zhu M, Wang C, Samuel CS, Drummond GR, Kemp-Harper BK. IL-4 and IL-13 induce equivalent expression of traditional M2 markers and modulation of reactive oxygen species in human macrophages. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19589. [PMID: 37949903 PMCID: PMC10638413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In cardiovascular disease, pathological and protective roles are reported for the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, respectively. We hypothesised that differential effects on macrophage function are responsible. Type I and II receptor subunit (IL-2Rγ, IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα1) and M2 marker (MRC-1, CCL18, CCL22) expression was assessed via RT-qPCR in IL-4- and IL-13-treated human primary macrophages. Downstream signalling was evaluated via STAT1, STAT3 and STAT6 inhibitors, and IL-4- and IL-13-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation assessed. IL-4 and IL-13 exhibited equivalent potency and efficacy for M2 marker induction, which was attenuated by STAT3 inhibition. Both cytokines enhanced PDBu-stimulated superoxide generation however this effect was 17% greater with IL-4 treatment. Type I IL-4 receptor expression was increased on M1-like macrophages but did not lead to a differing ability of these cytokines to modulate M1-like macrophage superoxide production. Overall, this study did not identify major differences in the ability of IL-4 and IL-13 to modulate macrophage function, suggesting that the opposing roles of these cytokines in cardiovascular disease are likely to be via actions on other cell types. Future studies should directly compare IL-4 and IL-13 in vivo to more thoroughly investigate the therapeutic validity of selective targeting of these cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E Scott
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Caitlin V Lewis
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mingyu Zhu
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Chao Wang
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Barbara K Kemp-Harper
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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12
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Lu S, Liang Y, Yang S, Fu M, Shan X, Zhang C, Chen H, Zhao P, Lu R. Stachydrine Hydrochloride Regulates the NOX2-ROS-Signaling Axis in Pressure-Overload-Induced Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14369. [PMID: 37762672 PMCID: PMC10531983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies revealed the protection of stachydrine hydrochloride (STA) against cardiopathological remodeling. One of the underlying mechanisms involves the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Ⅱ (CaMKII). However, the way STA influences CaMKII needs to be further investigated. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2)-coupled reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction putatively induces the oxidative activation of CaMKII, resulting in the occurrence of pathological cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in experimental models of mice. Thus, in this study, we assessed the role of the NOX2-ROS signal axis in STA cardioprotection. The transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced heart failure model of mice, the phenylephrine-induced hypertrophic model of neonatal rat primary cardiomyocytes, and the H2O2-induced oxidative stress models of adult mouse primary cardiomyocytes and H9c2 cells were employed. The echocardiography and histological staining were applied to assess the cardiac effect of STA (6 mg/kg/d or 12 mg/kg/d), which was given by gavage. NOX2, ROS, and excitation-contraction (EC) coupling were detected by Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and calcium transient-contraction synchronous recordings. ROS and ROS-dependent cardiac fibrosis were alleviated in STA-treated TAC mice, demonstrating improved left ventricular ejection fraction and hypertrophy. In the heart failure model of mice and the hypertrophic model of cardiomyocytes, STA depressed NOX2 protein expression and activation, as shown by inhibited translocation of its phosphorylation, p67phox and p47phox, from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane. Furthermore, in cardiomyocytes under oxidative stress, STA suppressed NOX2-related cytosolic Ca2+ overload, enhanced cell contractility, and decreased Ca2+-dependent regulatory protein expression, including CaMKⅡ and Ryanodine receptor calcium release channels. Cardioprotection of STA against pressure overload-induced pathological cardiac remodeling correlates with the NOX2-coupled ROS signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, SHUTCM, Shanghai 201203, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (M.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Yueyang Liang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, SHUTCM, Shanghai 201203, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (M.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Songru Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, SHUTCM, Shanghai 201203, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (M.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Mengwei Fu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, SHUTCM, Shanghai 201203, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (M.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Xiaoli Shan
- Public Experiment Platform, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, SHUTCM, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Intergrative Medicine, SHUTCM, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Huihua Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, SHUTCM, Shanghai 201203, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (M.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Pei Zhao
- Public Experiment Platform, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, SHUTCM, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Rong Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, SHUTCM, Shanghai 201203, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (M.F.); (H.C.)
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13
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Falco L, Tessitore V, Ciccarelli G, Malvezzi M, D'Andrea A, Imbalzano E, Golino P, Russo V. Antioxidant Properties of Oral Antithrombotic Therapies in Atherosclerotic Disease and Atrial Fibrillation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1185. [PMID: 37371915 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The thrombosis-related diseases are one of the leading causes of illness and death in the general population, and despite significant improvements in long-term survival due to remarkable advances in pharmacologic therapy, they continue to pose a tremendous burden on healthcare systems. The oxidative stress plays a role of pivotal importance in thrombosis pathophysiology. The anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs commonly used in the management of thrombosis-related diseases show several pleiotropic effects, beyond the antithrombotic effects. The present review aims to describe the current evidence about the antioxidant effects of the oral antithrombotic therapies in patients with atherosclerotic disease and atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Falco
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"-Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Viviana Tessitore
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"-Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ciccarelli
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"-Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Malvezzi
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"-Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Egidio Imbalzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Paolo Golino
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"-Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Russo
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"-Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, Italy
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14
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Cardoso MA, Gonçalves HMR, Davis F. Reactive oxygen species in biological media are they friend or foe? Major In vivo and In vitro sensing challenges. Talanta 2023; 260:124648. [PMID: 37167678 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) on biological media has been shifting over the years, as the knowledge on the complex mechanism that lies in underneath their production and overall results has been growing. It has been known for some time that these species are associated with a number of health conditions. However, they also participate in the immunoactivation cascade process, and can have an active role in theranostics. Macrophages, for example, react to the presence of pathogens through ROS production, potentially allowing the development of new therapeutic strategies. However, their short lifetime and limited spatial distribution of ROS have been limiting factors to the development and understanding of this phenomenon. Even though, ROS have shown successful theranostic applications, e.g., photodynamic therapy, their wide applicability has been hampered by the lack of effective tools for monitoring these processes in real time. Thus the development of innovative sensing strategies for in vivo monitoring of the balance between ROS concentration and the resultant immune response is of the utmost relevance. Such knowledge could lead to major breakthroughs towards the development of more effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. Within this review we will present the current understanding on the interaction mechanisms of ROS with biological systems and their overall effect. Additionally, the most promising sensing tools developed so far, for both in vivo and in vitro tracking will be presented along with their main limitations and advantages. This review focuses on the four main ROS that have been studied these are: singlet oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita A Cardoso
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia Do Porto, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena M R Gonçalves
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia Do Porto, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal; Biosensor NTech - Nanotechnology Services, Lda, Avenida da Liberdade, 249, 1° Andar, 1250-143, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Frank Davis
- Department of Engineering and Applied Design University of Chichester, Bognor Regis, West Sussex, PO21 1HR, UK
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15
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Ganguly R, Ngoruh A, Ingty P, Yadav SK, Bhattacharjee A. Identification of an inhibitor for atherosclerotic enzyme NOX-1 to inhibit ROS production. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-023-00474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
NOX-1 overexpression has been observed in various studies, persons with diabetes or cardiovascular conditions. NOX-1 orchestrates the disease pathogenesis of various cardiovascular conditions such as atherosclerotic plaque development and is a very crucial biomarker. Therefore, this study was carried out to deduce the three-dimensional modelled structure of NOX-1 using DeepMind AlphaFold-2 to find meaningful insight into the structural biology. Extensive in silico approaches have been used to determine the active pocket, virtually screen large chemical space to identify potential inhibitors. The role of the key amino acid residues was also deduced using alanine scanning mutagenesis contributing to the catalytic process and to the overall stability of NOX-1.
Results
The modelled structure of NOX-1 protein was validated using ERRAT. The ERRAT statistics with 9 amino acids sliding window have shown a confidence score of 96.937%. According to the Ramachandran statistics, 96.60% of the residues lie within the most favoured region, and 2.80% of residues lie in the additionally allowed region, which gives an overall of 99.4% residues in the three quadrants in the plot. GKT-831 which is a referral drug in this study has shown a GOLD interaction score of 62.12 with respect to the lead molecule zinc000059139266 which has shown a higher GOLD score of 78.07. Alanine scanning mutagenesis studies has shown that Phe201, Leu98 and Leu76 are found to be the key interacting residues in hydrophobic interactions. Similarly, Tyr324, Arg287 and Cys73 are major amino acid residues in the hydrogen bond interactions.
Conclusions
NOX-1 overexpression leads to heightened ROS production resulting in catastrophic outcomes. The modelled structure of NOX-1 has a good stereochemistry with respect to Ramachandran plot. The lead molecule zinc000059139266 has shown to have a very high interaction score of 78.07 compared to the referral drug GKT-831 with a score of 62.12. There is an excellent scope for the lead molecule to progress further into in vitro and in vivo studies.
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16
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Janaszak-Jasiecka A, Płoska A, Wierońska JM, Dobrucki LW, Kalinowski L. Endothelial dysfunction due to eNOS uncoupling: molecular mechanisms as potential therapeutic targets. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:21. [PMID: 36890458 PMCID: PMC9996905 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most important molecules released by endothelial cells, and its antiatherogenic properties support cardiovascular homeostasis. Diminished NO bioavailability is a common hallmark of endothelial dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular disease. Vascular NO is synthesized by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) from the substrate L-arginine (L-Arg), with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as an essential cofactor. Cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, aging, or smoking increase vascular oxidative stress that strongly affects eNOS activity and leads to eNOS uncoupling. Uncoupled eNOS produces superoxide anion (O2-) instead of NO, thus becoming a source of harmful free radicals exacerbating the oxidative stress further. eNOS uncoupling is thought to be one of the major underlying causes of endothelial dysfunction observed in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Here, we discuss the main mechanisms of eNOS uncoupling, including oxidative depletion of the critical eNOS cofactor BH4, deficiency of eNOS substrate L-Arg, or accumulation of its analog asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA), and eNOS S-glutathionylation. Moreover, potential therapeutic approaches that prevent eNOS uncoupling by improving cofactor availability, restoration of L-Arg/ADMA ratio, or modulation of eNOS S-glutathionylation are briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Janaszak-Jasiecka
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.Pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Płoska
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.Pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna M Wierońska
- Department of Neurobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lawrence W Dobrucki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.Pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, MC-251, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.Pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland. .,BioTechMed Centre, Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland.
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17
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Kim Y, Yu N, Jang YE, Lee E, Jung Y, Lee DJ, Taylor WR, Jo H, Kim J, Lee S, Kang SW. Conserved miR-370-3p/BMP-7 axis regulates the phenotypic change of human vascular smooth muscle cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2404. [PMID: 36765143 PMCID: PMC9918535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory immune response trigger dedifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from contractile to synthetic phenotype and initiate arterial occlusion. However, the complex vascular remodeling process playing roles in arterial occlusion initiation is largely unknown. We performed bulk sequencing of small and messenger RNAs in a rodent arterial injury model. Bioinformatic data analyses reveal that six miRNAs are overexpressed in injured rat carotids as well as synthetic-type human vascular SMCs. In vitro cell-based assays show that four miRNAs (miR-130b-5p, miR-132-3p, miR-370-3p, and miR-410-3p) distinctly regulate the proliferation of and monocyte adhesion to the vascular SMCs. Individual inhibition of the four selected miRNAs strongly prevents the neointimal hyperplasia in the injured rat carotid arteries. Mechanistically, miR-132-3p and miR-370-3p direct the cell cycle progression, triggering SMC proliferation. Gene ontology analysis of mRNA sequencing data consistently reveal that the miRNA targets include gene clusters that direct proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. Notably, bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-7 is a prominent target gene of miR-370-3p, and it regulates vascular SMC proliferation in cellular and animal models. Overall, this study first reports that the miR-370-3p/BMP-7 axis determines the vascular SMC phenotype in both rodent and human systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerin Kim
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Namhee Yu
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Eun Jang
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunkyung Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjoo Jung
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - W Robert Taylor
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jaesang Kim
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyuk Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Won Kang
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Shi X, Tian Y, Zhai S, Liu Y, Chu S, Xiong Z. The progress of research on the application of redox nanomaterials in disease therapy. Front Chem 2023; 11:1115440. [PMID: 36814542 PMCID: PMC9939781 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1115440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox imbalance can trigger cell dysfunction and damage and plays a vital role in the origin and progression of many diseases. Maintaining the balance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo is a complicated and arduous task, leading to ongoing research into the construction of redox nanomaterials. Nanodrug platforms with redox characteristics can not only reduce the adverse effects of oxidative stress on tissues by removing excess oxidants from the body but also have multienzyme-like activity, which can play a cytotoxic role in tumor tissues through the catalytic oxidation of their substrates to produce harmful reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals. In this review, various redox nanomaterials currently used in disease therapy are discussed, emphasizing the treatment methods and their applications in tumors and other human tissues. Finally, the limitations of the current clinical application of redox nanomaterials are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Shi
- Department of Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaobo Zhai
- Department of Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shunli Chu
- Department of Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Shunli Chu, ; Zhengrong Xiong,
| | - Zhengrong Xiong
- Polymer Composites Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Changchun, China,Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China,*Correspondence: Shunli Chu, ; Zhengrong Xiong,
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19
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Dauth A, Bręborowicz A, Ruan Y, Tang Q, Zadeh JK, Böhm EW, Pfeiffer N, Khedkar PH, Patzak A, Vujacic-Mirski K, Daiber A, Gericke A. Sulodexide Prevents Hyperglycemia-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Porcine Retinal Arterioles. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020388. [PMID: 36829947 PMCID: PMC9952154 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus may cause severe damage to retinal blood vessels. The central aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that sulodexide, a mixture of glycosaminoglycans, has a protective effect against hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction in the retina. Functional studies were performed in isolated porcine retinal arterioles. Vessels were cannulated and incubated with highly concentrated glucose solution (HG, 25 mM D-glucose) +/- sulodexide (50/5/0.5 μg/mL) or normally concentrated glucose solution (NG, 5.5 mM D-glucose) +/- sulodexide for two hours. Endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilatation were measured by videomicroscopy. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were quantified by dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescence. Using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), the intrinsic antioxidant properties of sulodexide were investigated. Quantitative PCR was used to determine mRNA expression of regulatory, inflammatory, and redox genes in retinal arterioles, some of which were subsequently quantified at the protein level by immunofluorescence microscopy. Incubation of retinal arterioles with HG caused significant impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation, whereas endothelium-independent responses were not affected. In the HG group, ROS formation was markedly increased in the vascular wall. Strikingly, sulodexide had a protective effect against hyperglycemia-induced ROS formation in the vascular wall and had a concentration-dependent protective effect against endothelial dysfunction. Although sulodexide itself had only negligible antioxidant properties, it prevented hyperglycemia-induced overexpression of the pro-oxidant redox enzymes, NOX4 and NOX5. The data of the present study provide evidence that sulodexide has a protective effect against hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in porcine retinal arterioles, possibly by modulation of redox enzyme expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Dauth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrzej Bręborowicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-512 Poznań, Poland
| | - Yue Ruan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Qi Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jenia K. Zadeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- AbbVie Germany GmbH & Co. KG, 65189 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Elsa W. Böhm
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pratik H. Khedkar
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Patzak
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ksenija Vujacic-Mirski
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology 1, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology 1, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Adrian Gericke
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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20
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Kwon OS, Noh SG, Park SH, Andtbacka RHI, Hyngstrom JR, Richardson RS. Ageing and endothelium-mediated vascular dysfunction: the role of the NADPH oxidases. J Physiol 2023; 601:451-467. [PMID: 36416565 PMCID: PMC9898184 DOI: 10.1113/jp283208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the isoform-specific role of the NADPH oxidases (NOX) in the endothelium-mediated vascular dysfunction associated with ageing. Endothelium-dependent [intraluminal flow- and acetylcholine (ACh)-induced] vasodilatation in human skeletal muscle feed arteries (SMFAs) of young (24 ± 1 years, n = 16), middle aged (45 ± 1 years, n = 18) and old (76 ± 2 years, n = 21) subjects was assessed in vitro with and without the inhibition of NOX1 (ML090), NOX2 (gp91) and NOX4 (plumbagin). To identify the role of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in these responses, NO synthase blockade (l-NG -monomethyl arginine citrate) was utilized. SMFA NOX1, NOX2 and NOX4 protein expression was determined by western blotting. Age related endothelium-dependent vasodilatory dysfunction was evident in response to flow (young: 69 ± 3; middle aged: 51 ± 3; old: 27 ± 3%, P < 0.05) and ACh (young: 89 ± 2; middle aged: 72 ± 3; old: 45 ± 4%, P < 0.05). NOX1 inhibition had no effect on SMFA vasodilatation, whereas NOX2 inhibition restored flow- and ACh-induced vasodilatation in the middle aged and the old SMFAs (middle aged + gp91: 69 ± 3; 86 ± 3, old + gp91: 65 ± 5; 83 ± 2%, P < 0.05) and NOX4 inhibition tended to restore these vasodilatory responses in these two groups, but neither achieved statistical significance (P ≈ 0.06). l-NG -monomethyl arginine citrate negated the restorative effects of NOX2 and NOX4 blockade. Only NOX2 and NOX4 protein expression was significantly greater in the two older groups and inversely related to vascular function (r = 0.48 to 0.93, P < 0.05). NOX2 and, to a lesser extent, NOX4 appear to play an important, probably NO-mediated, role in age-related endothelial dysfunction. KEY POINTS: The present study aimed to determine the isoform-specific role of the NADPH oxidases (NOX) in the endothelium-mediated vascular dysfunction associated with ageing. Age related endothelium-dependent vasodilatory dysfunction was evident in skeletal muscle feed arteries in response to both flow and acetylcholine. NOX2 inhibition (gp91) restored endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in the middle aged and the old skeletal muscle feed arteries, and NOX4 inhibition (plumbagin) tended to restore these vasodilatory responses in these two groups. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition negated the restorative effects of NOX2 and NOX4 blockade. NOX2 and NOX4 protein expression was significantly greater in the two older groups and inversely related to vascular function. NOX2 and, to a lesser extent, NOX4 appear to play an important, probably nitric oxide-mediated, role in age-related endothelial dysfunction and could be important therapeutic targets to maintain vascular health with ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Sung Kwon
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sung Gi Noh
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Soung Hun Park
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert H. I. Andtbacka
- Formerly at Department of Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Hospital, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, US
| | - John R. Hyngstrom
- Formerly at Department of Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Hospital, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Russell S. Richardson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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21
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Visnagri A, Oexner RR, Kmiotek-Wasylewska K, Zhang M, Zoccarato A, Shah AM. Nicotinamide Adenosine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase-Mediated Signaling in Cardiac Remodeling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:371-387. [PMID: 36656669 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiac remodeling and the subsequent progression to heart failure (HF). Nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs) are one of the major sources of ROS and are expressed in different heart cell types, including cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and inflammatory cells. Recent Advances: NOX-derived ROS are usually produced in a regulated and spatially confined fashion and typically linked to specific signaling. The two main cardiac isoforms, namely nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase isoform 2 (NOX2) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase isoform 4 (NOX4), possess different biochemical and (patho)physiological properties and exert distinct effects on the cardiac phenotype in many settings. Recent work has defined important cell-specific effects of NOX2 that contribute to pathological cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. NOX4, on the other hand, may exert protective effects by stimulating adaptive stress responses, with recent data showing that NOX4-mediated signaling regulates transcription and metabolism in the heart. Critical Issues: The inhibition of NOX2 appears to be a very promising therapeutic target to ameliorate pathological cardiac remodeling. If the beneficial effects of NOX4 can be enhanced, this might be a unique approach to boosting adaptive responses and thereby impact cell survival, activation, contractility, and growth. Future Directions: Increasing knowledge regarding the intricacies of NOX-mediated signaling may yield tractable therapeutic targets, in contrast to the non-specific targeting of oxidative stress. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 371-387.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asjad Visnagri
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael R Oexner
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Kmiotek-Wasylewska
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Min Zhang
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Zoccarato
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ajay M Shah
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Piccoli M, Cirillo F, Ghiroldi A, Rota P, Coviello S, Tarantino A, La Rocca P, Lavota I, Creo P, Signorelli P, Pappone C, Anastasia L. Sphingolipids and Atherosclerosis: The Dual Role of Ceramide and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010143. [PMID: 36671005 PMCID: PMC9855164 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are bioactive molecules that play either pro- and anti-atherogenic roles in the formation and maturation of atherosclerotic plaques. Among SLs, ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate showed antithetic properties in regulating various molecular mechanisms and have emerged as novel potential targets for regulating the development of atherosclerosis. In particular, maintaining the balance of the so-called ceramide/S1P rheostat is important to prevent the occurrence of endothelial dysfunction, which is the trigger for the entire atherosclerotic process and is strongly associated with increased oxidative stress. In addition, these two sphingolipids, together with many other sphingolipid mediators, are directly involved in the progression of atherogenesis and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques by promoting the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and influencing the vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. The modulation of ceramide and S1P levels may therefore allow the development of new antioxidant therapies that can prevent or at least impair the onset of atherogenesis, which would ultimately improve the quality of life of patients with coronary artery disease and significantly reduce their mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Piccoli
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Cirillo
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Ghiroldi
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Rota
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Coviello
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Tarantino
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo La Rocca
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ivana Lavota
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Creo
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Signorelli
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Aldo Ravelli Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Pappone
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Arrhythmology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Anastasia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0226437765
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23
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Batty M, Bennett MR, Yu E. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Atherosclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:3843. [PMID: 36497101 PMCID: PMC9735601 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the vascular system and is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to a state of oxidative stress which is a major risk factor for the development and progression of atherosclerosis. ROS are important for maintaining vascular health through their potent signalling properties. However, ROS also activate pro-atherogenic processes such as inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and altered lipid metabolism. As such, considerable efforts have been made to identify and characterise sources of oxidative stress in blood vessels. Major enzymatic sources of vascular ROS include NADPH oxidases, xanthine oxidase, nitric oxide synthases and mitochondrial electron transport chains. The production of ROS is balanced by ROS-scavenging antioxidant systems which may become dysfunctional in disease, contributing to oxidative stress. Changes in the expression and function of ROS sources and antioxidants have been observed in human atherosclerosis while in vitro and in vivo animal models have provided mechanistic insight into their functions. There is considerable interest in utilising antioxidant molecules to balance vascular oxidative stress, yet clinical trials are yet to demonstrate any atheroprotective effects of these molecules. Here we will review the contribution of ROS and oxidative stress to atherosclerosis and will discuss potential strategies to ameliorate these aspects of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Yu
- Section of Cardiorespiratory Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0BB, UK
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24
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Hofmann A, Frank F, Wolk S, Busch A, Klimova A, Sabarstinski P, Gerlach M, Egorov D, Kopaliani I, Weinert S, Hamann B, Poitz DM, Brunssen C, Morawietz H, Schröder K, Reeps C. NOX4 mRNA correlates with plaque stability in patients with carotid artery stenosis. Redox Biol 2022; 57:102473. [PMID: 36182808 PMCID: PMC9526188 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotid artery stenosis (CAS) develops from atherosclerotic lesions and plaques. Plaque rupture or stenosis may result in occlusion of the carotid artery. Accordingly, the asymptomatic disease becomes symptomatic, characterized by ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attacks, indicating an urgent need for better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms and eventually prevent symptomatic CAS. NOX4, a member of the NADPH oxidase family, has anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory properties in animal models of early atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that NOX4 mRNA expression is linked to protective mechanisms in CAS patients with advanced atherosclerotic lesions as well. Indeed, NOX4 mRNA expression is lower in patients with symptomatic CAS. A low NOX4 mRNA expression is associated with an increased risk of the development of clinical symptoms. In fact, NOX4 appears to be linked to plaque stability, apoptosis and plaque hemorrhage. This is supported by cleaved caspase-3 and glycophorin C and correlates inversely with plaque NOX4 mRNA expression. Even healing of a ruptured plaque appears to be connected to NOX4, as NOX4 mRNA expression correlates to fibrous cap collagen and is reciprocally related to MMP9 activity. In conclusion, low intra-plaque NOX4 mRNA expression is associated with an increased risk for symptomatic outcome and with reduced plaque stabilizing mechanisms suggesting protective effects of NOX4 in human advanced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hofmann
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
| | - Frieda Frank
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Steffen Wolk
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Albert Busch
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Klimova
- Core Unit Data Management and Analytics, National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden, Partner Site Dresden, University Cancer Center (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany
| | - Pamela Sabarstinski
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Gerlach
- Core Facility Cellular Imaging (CFCI), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dmitry Egorov
- Institute for Physiology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Irakli Kopaliani
- Institute for Physiology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sönke Weinert
- Internal Medicine, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Magdeburg University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bianca Hamann
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - David M Poitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Coy Brunssen
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany and German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Reeps
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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25
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Lycopene Ameliorates Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension via Suppression of Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9179427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) is a progressive cardiopulmonary system disease characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling. Its occurrence and progression are closely related to oxidative stress. Lycopene, extracted from red vegetables and fruits, exhibits a particularly high antioxidant capacity that is beneficial for cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, the role and mechanism of lycopene in HPH remain unknown. Here, we found that lycopene reversed the elevated right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary vascular remodeling induced by hypoxia in rats. In vitro, lycopene caused lower proliferation and migration of PASMCs, with higher apoptosis. Consistent with the antiproliferative result of lycopene on hypoxic PASMCs, the hippo signaling pathway associated with cell growth was activated. Furthermore, lycopene reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the lungs and serum of rats under hypoxia conditions. The expression of NOX4 in the lungs was also significantly decreased. Hypoxic PASMCs subjected to lycopene showed decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and NOX4 expression. Importantly, lycopene repressed HIF-1α expression both in the lungs and PASMCs in response to hypoxia in the absence of a significant change of HIF-1α mRNA. Compared with 2ME2 (a HIF-1α inhibitor) alone treatment, lycopene treatment did not significantly change PASMC proliferation, NOX4 expression, and ROS production after 2ME2 blocked HIF-1α, suggesting the inhibitory effect of lycopene on HIF-1α-NOX4-ROS axis and the targeted effect on HIF-1α. After CHX blocked protein synthesis, lycopene promoted the protein degradation of HIF-1α. MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor, notably reversed the decrease in HIF-1α protein level induced by lycopene in response to hypoxia. Therefore, lycopene suppressed hypoxia-induced oxidative stress through HIF-1α-NOX4-ROS axis, thereby alleviating HPH. Our findings will provide a new research direction for clinical HPH therapies.
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NADPH Oxidases in Aortic Aneurysms. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091830. [PMID: 36139902 PMCID: PMC9495752 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are a progressive dilation of the infrarenal aorta and are characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration, smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, and degradation of the extracellular matrix. Oxidative stress and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to play roles in inflammatory cell infiltration, and smooth muscle cell migration and apoptosis in AAAs. In this review, we discuss the principles of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase/NOX) signaling and activation. We also discuss the effects of some of the major mediators of NOX signaling in AAAs. Separately, we also discuss the influence of genetic or pharmacologic inhibitors of NADPH oxidases on experimental pre-clinical AAAs. Experimental evidence suggests that NADPH oxidases may be a promising future therapeutic target for developing pharmacologic treatment strategies for halting AAA progression or rupture prevention in the management of clinical AAAs.
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Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Atherothrombotic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071408. [PMID: 35883899 PMCID: PMC9312358 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is generated by the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and antioxidant scavenger system’s activity. Increased ROS, such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite, likely contribute to the development and complications of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). In genetically modified mouse models of atherosclerosis, the overexpression of ROS-generating enzymes and uncontrolled ROS formation appear to be associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. Conversely, the overexpression of ROS scavenger systems reduces or stabilizes atherosclerotic lesions, depending on the genetic background of the mouse model. In humans, higher levels of circulating biomarkers derived from the oxidation of lipids (8-epi-prostaglandin F2α, and malondialdehyde), as well as proteins (oxidized low-density lipoprotein, nitrotyrosine, protein carbonyls, advanced glycation end-products), are increased in conditions of high cardiovascular risk or overt ASCVD, and some oxidation biomarkers have been reported as independent predictors of ASCVD in large observational cohorts. In animal models, antioxidant supplementation with melatonin, resveratrol, Vitamin E, stevioside, acacetin and n-polyunsaturated fatty acids reduced ROS and attenuated atherosclerotic lesions. However, in humans, evidence from large, placebo-controlled, randomized trials or prospective studies failed to show any athero-protective effect of antioxidant supplementation with different compounds in different CV settings. However, the chronic consumption of diets known to be rich in antioxidant compounds (e.g., Mediterranean and high-fish diet), has shown to reduce ASCVD over decades. Future studies are needed to fill the gap between the data and targets derived from studies in animals and their pathogenetic and therapeutic significance in human ASCVD.
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Yin and Yang of NADPH Oxidases in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061069. [PMID: 35739967 PMCID: PMC9220061 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is critically involved in the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemic-reperfusion (I/R) injury. NADPH oxidase (Nox) 2 and 4, major sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiomyocytes, are upregulated in response to I/R. Suppression of Nox-derived ROS prevents mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, leading to attenuation of myocardial I/R injury. However, minimal levels of ROS by either Nox2 or Nox4 are required for energy metabolism during I/R in the heart, preserving hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) levels. Furthermore, extreme suppression of Nox activity induces reductive stress, leading to paradoxical increases in ROS levels. Nox4 has distinct roles in organelles such as mitochondria, ER, and ER-mitochondria contact sites (MAMs). Mitochondrial Nox4 exerts a detrimental effect, causing ROS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction during I/R, whereas Nox4 in the ER and MAMs is potentially protective against I/R injury through regulation of autophagy and MAM function, respectively. Although Nox isoforms are potential therapeutic targets for I/R injury, to maximize the effect of intervention, it is likely important to optimize the ROS level and selectively inhibit Nox4 in mitochondria. Here, we discuss the ‘Yin and Yang’ functions of Nox isoforms during myocardial I/R.
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Huynh DTN, Jin Y, Van Nguyen D, Myung CS, Heo KS. Ginsenoside Rh1 Inhibits Angiotensin II-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration and Proliferation through Suppression of the ROS-Mediated ERK1/2/p90RSK/KLF4 Signaling Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040643. [PMID: 35453328 PMCID: PMC9030830 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration play key roles in the progression of atherosclerosis and restenosis. A variety of ginsenosides exert various cardiovascular benefits. However, whether and how ginsenoside Rh1 (Rh1) inhibits VSMC dysfunction remain unclear. Here, we investigated the inhibitory effects of Rh1 on rat aortic smooth muscle cell (RASMC) migration and proliferation induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) and the underlying mechanisms. Cell proliferation and migration were evaluated using sulforhodamine B and wound-healing assay. The molecular mechanisms were investigated using Western blotting, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and luciferase assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured using dihydroethidium and MitoSOX staining. We found that Rh1 dose-dependently suppressed Ang II-induced cell proliferation and migration. Concomitantly, Ang II increased protein levels of osteopontin, vimentin, MMP2, MMP9, PCNA, and cyclin D1, while these were reduced by Rh1 pretreatment. Notably, Ang II enhanced both the protein expression and promoter activity of KLF4, a key regulator of phenotypic switching, whereas pretreatment with Rh1 reversed these effects. Mechanistically, the effects of Rh1 on VSMC proliferation and migration were found to be associated with inhibition of ERK1/2/p90RSK signaling. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of Rh1 were accompanied by inhibition of ROS production. In conclusion, Rh1 inhibited the Ang II-induced migration and proliferation of RASMCs by suppressing the ROS-mediated ERK1/2/p90RSK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diem Thi Ngoc Huynh
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (D.T.N.H.); (Y.J.); (D.V.N.); (C.-S.M.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Da Nang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Yujin Jin
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (D.T.N.H.); (Y.J.); (D.V.N.); (C.-S.M.)
| | - Dung Van Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (D.T.N.H.); (Y.J.); (D.V.N.); (C.-S.M.)
| | - Chang-Seon Myung
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (D.T.N.H.); (Y.J.); (D.V.N.); (C.-S.M.)
| | - Kyung-Sun Heo
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (D.T.N.H.); (Y.J.); (D.V.N.); (C.-S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-821-5927
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30
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Manna S, Ruano CSM, Hegenbarth JC, Vaiman D, Gupta S, McCarthy FP, Méhats C, McCarthy C, Apicella C, Scheel J. Computational Models on Pathological Redox Signalling Driven by Pregnancy: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030585. [PMID: 35326235 PMCID: PMC8945226 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is associated with a myriad of diseases including pregnancy pathologies with long-term cardiovascular repercussions for both the mother and baby. Aberrant redox signalling coupled with deficient antioxidant defence leads to chronic molecular impairment. Abnormal placentation has been considered the primary source for reactive species; however, placental dysfunction has been deemed secondary to maternal cardiovascular maladaptation in pregnancy. While various therapeutic interventions, aimed at combating deregulated oxidative stress during pregnancy have shown promise in experimental models, they often result as inconclusive or detrimental in clinical trials, warranting the need for further research to identify candidates. The strengths and limitations of current experimental methods in redox research are discussed. Assessment of redox status and oxidative stress in experimental models and in clinical practice remains challenging; the state-of-the-art of computational models in this field is presented in this review, comparing static and dynamic models which provide functional information such as protein-protein interactions, as well as the impact of changes in molecular species on the redox-status of the system, respectively. Enhanced knowledge of redox biology in during pregnancy through computational modelling such as generation of Systems Biology Markup Language model which integrates existing models to a larger network in the context of placenta physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samprikta Manna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, University College Cork, T12 YE02 Cork, Ireland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Camino S. M. Ruano
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, UMR8104 CNRS, Université de Paris, 75014 Paris, France; (C.S.M.R.); (D.V.); (C.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Jana-Charlotte Hegenbarth
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6211 KH Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Vaiman
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, UMR8104 CNRS, Université de Paris, 75014 Paris, France; (C.S.M.R.); (D.V.); (C.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Shailendra Gupta
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Rostock University, 18051 Rostock, Germany; (S.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Fergus P. McCarthy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, University College Cork, T12 YE02 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Céline Méhats
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, UMR8104 CNRS, Université de Paris, 75014 Paris, France; (C.S.M.R.); (D.V.); (C.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Cathal McCarthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland;
| | - Clara Apicella
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, UMR8104 CNRS, Université de Paris, 75014 Paris, France; (C.S.M.R.); (D.V.); (C.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Julia Scheel
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Rostock University, 18051 Rostock, Germany; (S.G.); (J.S.)
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31
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Histone Methylation and Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6023710. [PMID: 35340204 PMCID: PMC8942669 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6023710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs when ROS overproduction overwhelms the elimination ability of antioxidants. Accumulated studies have found that oxidative stress is regulated by histone methylation and plays a critical role in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Targeting the underlying molecular mechanism to alter the interplay of oxidative stress and histone methylation may enable creative and effective therapeutic strategies to be developed against a variety of cardiovascular disorders. Recently, some drugs targeting epigenetic modifiers have been used to treat specific types of cancers. However, the comprehensive signaling pathways bridging oxidative stress and histone methylation need to be deeply explored in the contexts of cardiovascular physiology and pathology before clinical therapies be developed. In the present review, we summarize and update information on the interplay between histone methylation and oxidative stress during the development of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, pulmonary hypertension, and diabetic macro- and microvascular pathologies.
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32
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Özbiçer S, Yüksel G, Urgun ÖD, Neşelioğlu S, Erel Ö. Thiols and disulfide levels are correlated with TIMI thrombus grade in non-ST elevation myocardial infarction patients. Biomark Med 2022; 16:233-240. [PMID: 35176898 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2021-0659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We investigated the relationship between thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) thrombus grade and thiol/disulfide levels. Materials & methods: 182 non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients were divided into two groups; TIMI grade 0 patients who do not have any visible thrombus in their culprit vessels, and TIMI thrombus grade 1-5 patients. Results: Native and total thiol levels and disulfide to thiol ratio were higher in the low thrombus group. In addition, thrombus grade was positively correlated with disulfide to native and total thiol ratio and negatively with native and total thiol levels in NSTEMI patients. Conclusion: We can assert that thiol levels tend to decrease, and the disulfide to thiol ratio increase with increasing thrombus burden in NSTEMI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süleyman Özbiçer
- Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences Adana City Training & Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Gülhan Yüksel
- Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences Adana City Training & Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Örsan D Urgun
- Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences Adana City Training & Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Salim Neşelioğlu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Medicine Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özcan Erel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Medicine Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
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33
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Frenis K, Kuntic M, Hahad O, Bayo Jimenez MT, Oelze M, Daub S, Steven S, Münzel T, Daiber A. Redox Switches in Noise-Induced Cardiovascular and Neuronal Dysregulation. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:784910. [PMID: 34869603 PMCID: PMC8637611 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.784910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental exposures represent a significant health hazard, which cumulatively may be responsible for up to 2/3 of all chronic non-communicable disease and associated mortality (Global Burden of Disease Study and The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health), which has given rise to a new concept of the exposome: the sum of environmental factors in every individual’s experience. Noise is part of the exposome and is increasingly being investigated as a health risk factor impacting neurological, cardiometabolic, endocrine, and immune health. Beyond the well-characterized effects of high-intensity noise on cochlear damage, noise is relatively well-studied in the cardiovascular field, where evidence is emerging from both human and translational experiments that noise from traffic-related sources could represent a risk factor for hypertension, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. In the present review, we comprehensively discuss the current state of knowledge in the field of noise research. We give a brief survey of the literature documenting experiments in noise exposure in both humans and animals with a focus on cardiovascular disease. We also discuss the mechanisms that have been uncovered in recent years that describe how exposure to noise affects physiological homeostasis, leading to aberrant redox signaling resulting in metabolic and immune consequences, both of which have considerable impact on cardiovascular health. Additionally, we discuss the molecular pathways of redox involvement in the stress responses to noise and how they manifest in disruptions of the circadian rhythm, inflammatory signaling, gut microbiome composition, epigenetic landscape and vessel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Frenis
- Department of Cardiology, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marin Kuntic
- Department of Cardiology, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Omar Hahad
- Department of Cardiology, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Oelze
- Department of Cardiology, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffen Daub
- Department of Cardiology, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Steven
- Department of Cardiology, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
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34
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Calcium Dobesilate Modulates PKCδ-NADPH Oxidase- MAPK-NF-κB Signaling Pathway to Reduce CD14, TLR4, and MMP9 Expression during Monocyte-to-Macrophage Differentiation: Potential Therapeutic Implications for Atherosclerosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111798. [PMID: 34829669 PMCID: PMC8615002 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation results in the secretion of various inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress molecules necessary for atherosclerosis pathogenesis. Consequently, this differentiation represents a potential clinical target in atherosclerosis. Calcium dobesilate (CaD), an established vasoactive and angioprotective drug in experimental models of diabetic microvascular complications reduces oxidative stress and inhibits inflammation via diverse molecular targets; however, its effect on monocytes/macrophages is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanism of CaD during phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation in in vitro models of sepsis (LPS) and hyperglycemia, using THP-1 monocytic cell line. CaD significantly suppressed CD14, TLR4, and MMP9 expression and activity, lowering pro-inflammatory mediators, such as IL1β, TNFα, and MCP-1. The effects of CaD translated through to studies on primary human macrophages. CaD inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, PKCδ, MAPK (ERK1/2 and p38) phosphorylation, NOX2/p47phox expression, and membrane translocation. We used hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to mimic oxidative stress, demonstrating that CaD suppressed PKCδ activation via its ROS-scavenging properties. Taken together, we demonstrate for the first time that CaD suppresses CD14, TLR4, MMP9, and signature pro-inflammatory cytokines, in human macrophages, via the downregulation of PKCδ/NADPH oxidase/ROS/MAPK/NF-κB-dependent signaling pathways. Our data present novel mechanisms of how CaD alleviates metabolic and infectious inflammation.
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35
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Schiffers C, Reynaert NL, Wouters EFM, van der Vliet A. Redox Dysregulation in Aging and COPD: Role of NOX Enzymes and Implications for Antioxidant Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111799. [PMID: 34829671 PMCID: PMC8615131 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With a rapidly growing elderly human population, the incidence of age-related lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) continues to rise. It is widely believed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in ageing and in age-related disease, and approaches of antioxidant supplementation have been touted as useful strategies to mitigate age-related disease progression, although success of such strategies has been very limited to date. Involvement of ROS in ageing is largely attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired adaptive antioxidant responses. NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes represent an important enzyme family that generates ROS in a regulated fashion for purposes of oxidative host defense and redox-based signalling, however, the associations of NOX enzymes with lung ageing or age-related lung disease have to date only been minimally addressed. The present review will focus on our current understanding of the impact of ageing on NOX biology and its consequences for age-related lung disease, particularly COPD, and will also discuss the implications of altered NOX biology for current and future antioxidant-based strategies aimed at treating these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar Schiffers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (C.S.); (E.F.M.W.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Health, 1140 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Niki L. Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Emiel F. M. Wouters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (C.S.); (E.F.M.W.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Health, 1140 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (C.S.); (E.F.M.W.)
- Correspondence:
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36
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Zhao T, Wu W, Sui L, Huang Q, Nan Y, Liu J, Ai K. Reactive oxygen species-based nanomaterials for the treatment of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injuries. Bioact Mater 2021; 7:47-72. [PMID: 34466716 PMCID: PMC8377441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interventional coronary reperfusion strategies are widely adopted to treat acute myocardial infarction, but morbidity and mortality of acute myocardial infarction are still high. Reperfusion injuries are inevitable due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis of cardiac muscle cells. However, many antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs are largely limited by pharmacokinetics and route of administration, such as short half-life, low stability, low bioavailability, and side effects for treatment myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Therefore, it is necessary to develop effective drugs and technologies to address this issue. Fortunately, nanotherapies have demonstrated great opportunities for treating myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Compared with traditional drugs, nanodrugs can effectively increase the therapeutic effect and reduces side effects by improving pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties due to nanodrugs’ size, shape, and material characteristics. In this review, the biology of ROS and molecular mechanisms of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury are discussed. Furthermore, we summarized the applications of ROS-based nanoparticles, highlighting the latest achievements of nanotechnology researches for the treatment of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Researches of the myocardial infarction pathology and development of new treatments have very important scientific significance in the biomedical field. Many nanomaterials have shown amazing therapeutic effects to reduce myocardial damage by eliminating ROS. Nanomaterials effectively reduced myocardial damage through eliminating ROS from NOXs, M-ETC, M-Ca2+, M-mPTP, and RIRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410087, China.,Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410087, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410087, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410087, China
| | - Lihua Sui
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Qiong Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410087, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410087, China
| | - Yayun Nan
- Geriatric Medical Center, Ningxia People's Hospital, Yinchuan, 750003, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Kelong Ai
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
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Coremans C, Delporte C, Cotton F, Van De Borne P, Boudjeltia KZ, Van Antwerpen P. Mass Spectrometry for the Monitoring of Lipoprotein Oxidations by Myeloperoxidase in Cardiovascular Diseases. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175264. [PMID: 34500696 PMCID: PMC8434463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative modifications of HDLs and LDLs by myeloperoxidase (MPO) are regularly mentioned in the context of atherosclerosis. The enzyme adsorbs on protein moieties and locally produces oxidizing agents to modify specific residues on apolipoproteins A-1 and B-100. Oxidation of lipoproteins by MPO (Mox) leads to dysfunctional Mox-HDLs associated with cholesterol-efflux deficiency, and Mox-LDLs that are no more recognized by the LDL receptor and become proinflammatory. Several modification sites on apoA-1 and B-100 that are specific to MPO activity are described in the literature, which seem relevant in patients with cardiovascular risk. The most appropriate analytical method to assess these modifications is based on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). It enables the oxidized forms of apoA-1and apoB-100 to be quantified in serum, in parallel to a quantification of these apolipoproteins. Current standard methods to quantify apolipoproteins are based on immunoassays that are well standardized with good analytical performances despite the cost and the heterogeneity of the commercialized kits. Mass spectrometry can provide simultaneous measurements of quantity and quality of apolipoproteins, while being antibody-independent and directly detecting peptides carrying modifications for Mox-HDLs and Mox-LDLs. Therefore, mass spectrometry is a potential and reliable alternative for apolipoprotein quantitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Coremans
- RD3-Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (C.D.); (P.V.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-650-5331
| | - Cédric Delporte
- RD3-Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (C.D.); (P.V.A.)
| | - Frédéric Cotton
- Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Phillipe Van De Borne
- Department of Cardiology Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222 Unit), CHU-Charleroi, ISPPC Hôpital Vésale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6110 Montigny-Le-Tilleul, Belgium;
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- RD3-Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (C.D.); (P.V.A.)
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Ho KJ, Chen TH, Yang CC, Chuang YC, Chuang HY. Interaction of Smoking and Lead Exposure among Carriers of Genetic Variants Associated with a Higher Level of Oxidative Stress Indicators. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168325. [PMID: 34444074 PMCID: PMC8393757 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Smoking and lead (Pb) exposure increased oxidative stress in human body, and people with some gene variants may be susceptible to Pb and smoking via oxidative stress. The aim of this study is to evaluate oxidative stress by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and the relationship of lipid peroxidation markers in Pb workers with different gene polymorphisms (rs4673 and rs1050450) in both smokers and nonsmokers. Blood samples were collected from 267 Pb workers who received their annual health examination in the Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital. Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx-1) rs1050450 and cytochrome B-245 Alpha Chain (CYBA) rs4673 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were analyzed by specific primer-probes using Real-Time PCR methods. The interaction between blood Pb and smoking increased serum levels of TBARS and the ratio of oxidative low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL/LDL). Analysis of workers with rs1050450 SNPs showed higher blood Pb levels in the workers with CC genotype than those with CT genotype. Smokers had significantly higher blood Pb, alanine transaminase (ALT), TBARS, and OxLDL levels than nonsmokers. TBARS increased 0.009 nmol/mL when blood Pb increased one µg/dL in smokers compared to nonsmokers. The ratio of OxLDL/LDL increased 0.223 when blood Pb increased one µg/dL in smokers compared to nonsmokers. TBARS levels and the ratio of OxLDL/LDL were positively correlated and interacted between blood Pb and smoking after the adjustment of confounders, suggesting that smoking cessation is an important issue in the Pb-exposed working environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Jung Ho
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan;
| | - Tzu-Hua Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan;
| | - Chen-Cheng Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan;
| | - Yao-Chung Chuang
- Institute for Translation Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Yi Chuang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7312-1101
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Jeong SJ, Park JG, Oh GT. Peroxiredoxins as Potential Targets for Cardiovascular Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081244. [PMID: 34439492 PMCID: PMC8389283 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress (OS) is considered a common etiology in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, the precise regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiovascular cells is essential to maintain normal physiological functions. Numerous regulators of cellular homeostasis are reportedly influenced by ROS. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as an endogenous ROS in aerobic cells, is a toxic substance that can induce OS. However, many studies conducted over the past two decades have provided substantial evidence that H2O2 acts as a diffusible intracellular signaling messenger. Antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, and peroxiredoxins (Prdxs), maintain the balance of ROS levels against augmentation of ROS production during the pathogenesis of CVD. Especially, Prdxs are regulatory sensors of transduced intracellular signals. The intracellular abundance of Prdxs that specifically react with H2O2 act as regulatory proteins. In this review, we focus on the role of Prdxs in the regulation of ROS-induced pathological changes in the development of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jin Jeong
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Jong-Gil Park
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-G.P.); (G.T.O.); Tel.: +82-42-860-4122 (J.-G.P.); +82-2-3277-4128 (G.T.O.); Fax: +82-42-860-4149 (J.-G.P.); +82-2-3277-3760 (G.T.O.)
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Heart-Immune-Brain Network Research Center, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-G.P.); (G.T.O.); Tel.: +82-42-860-4122 (J.-G.P.); +82-2-3277-4128 (G.T.O.); Fax: +82-42-860-4149 (J.-G.P.); +82-2-3277-3760 (G.T.O.)
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40
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Lei Y, Cui Q, Yang G, Piao L, Inoue A, Wu H, Li X, Kuzuya M, Cheng XW. Statins Mitigate Stress-Related Vascular Aging and Atherosclerosis in apoE-Deficient Mice Fed High Fat-Diet: The Role of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1/Adiponectin Axis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:687868. [PMID: 34368136 PMCID: PMC8335539 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.687868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Exposure to chronic psychosocial stress is a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Given that the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme reductase inhibitor statins prevent atherogenesis, we evaluated whether pitavastatin prevents chronic stress- and high fat diet-induced vascular senescence and atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE–/–) mice, with a special focus on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)/adiponectin (APN) axis. Methods and Results 6-week-old ApoE–/– mice loaded a high-fat diet were randomly assigned into non-stress (n = 12) and stress (n = 13) groups for 12 weeks. Non-stress control mice were left undisturbed. Chronic stress accelerated high fat diet-induce arterial senescence and atherosclerotic plaque growth. The chronic stress lowered the levels of circulating GLP-1 as well as adipose and plasma APN. As compared with the stress alone mice, the pitavastatin-treated mice had reduced macrophage infiltration, elastin fragments, and increased plaque collagen volume, and lowered levels of osteopontin, toll-like receptor-2/-4, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, C-X-C chemokine receptor-4, p47phox, p47phox, gp91phox, cathepsins S, p16, and p21, mRNAs and/or proteins. Pitavastatin increased plasma GLP-1 and APN levels and suppressed matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 gene expressions and activities in the aortas. Finally, the protective effect of pitavastatin was abrogated by APN blocking. Conclusion These findings suggested that the pitavastatin-mediated pleiotropic vasculoprotective effects are likely attributable, at least in part, to the elevation of GLP-1 and APN levels and the inhibition of diet-induced plaque inflammation, oxidative stress, and proteolysis in ApoE–/– mice received chronic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Lei
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanjin, China
| | - Qingsong Cui
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanjin, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanjin, China
| | - Limei Piao
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanjin, China
| | - Aiko Inoue
- Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hongxian Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanjin, China
| | - Masafumi Kuzuya
- Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Xian Wu Cheng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanjin, China.,Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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41
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Wang Q, Lou R, Yin Q, Yang R, Li S, Zhou J. A nano-detection system based on a chemical probe for early diagnosis of atherosclerosis in situ. Analyst 2021; 146:4674-4682. [PMID: 34190228 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00484k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the existing medical diagnostic technology, the diagnosis of atherosclerosis (AS) is mainly focused on the later stage of AS development rather than plaque imaging in the period before plaque formation. It is impractical to apply the existing theoretical methods for the purpose of early detection of AS. Herein, this study uses a naphthalimide-based fluorescent probe for recognition of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). A platelet membrane (Mp) with foam cell targeting was wrapped around the probes to prepare two vesicle structures TBNG@Mp and GNTB@Mp. The animal experiment results show that the screened nano-detection system TBNG@Mp could accumulate in the thoracic aorta of early AS rats. Under the effect of intracellular ROS, fluorescence signals can be observed. In addition, acute biological toxicity was not observed in pathological sections. Therefore, the foam cell targeting system TBNG@Mp with acceptable biocompatibility can realize the detection of AS one to two decades in advance as well as has a good application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaolei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Rui Lou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Qianwen Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Ruhe Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Shengnan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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42
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Roos CM, Zhang B, Hagler MA, Arghami A, Miller JD. MnSOD protects against vascular calcification independent of changes in vascular function in hypercholesterolemic mice. Atherosclerosis 2021; 331:31-37. [PMID: 34147244 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The overall goal of this study was to determine the effects of MnSOD-deficiency on vascular structure and function in hypercholesterolemic mice. Previous work suggested that increases in mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) can exacerbate vascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis. It remains unknown, however, how MnSOD-deficiency and local compensatory mechanisms impact atherosclerotic plaque composition. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a hypercholesterolemic mouse model (ldlr-/-/ApoB100/100; LA), either wild-type for MnSOD (LA-MnSOD+/+) or MnSOD-haploinsufficient (LA-MnSOD+/-), that was fed a western diet for either 3 or 6 months. Consistent with previous reports, reductions of MnSOD did not significantly worsen hypercholesterolemia-induced endothelial dysfunction in the aorta. Critically, dramatic impairment of vascular function with Nox2 inhibition or catalase pretreatment suggested the presence of a significant NO-independent vasodilatory mechanism in LA-MnSOD+/- mice (e.g. H2O2). Despite remarkably well-preserved overall vascular relaxation, loss of mitochondrial antioxidant capacity in LA-MnSOD+/- mice significantly increased osteogenic signalling and vascular calcification compared to the LA-MnSOD+/+ littermates. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data are the first to suggest that loss of mitochondrial antioxidant capacity in hypercholesterolemic mice results in dramatic upregulation of NADPH oxidase-derived H2O2. While this appears to be adaptive in the context of preserving overall endothelium-dependent relaxation and vascular function, these increases in ROS appear to be remarkably maladaptive and deleterious in the context of vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bin Zhang
- Departments of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Arman Arghami
- Departments of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jordan D Miller
- Departments of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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43
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Ma Y, Xu L, Yin B, Shang J, Chen F, Xu J, Song ZL, Nan B, Song G, Zhang XB. Ratiometric Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticle for Reliable Photoacoustic Imaging of Pneumonia-Induced Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque in Vivo. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4484-4493. [PMID: 33978427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acute pneumonia can greatly increase the vulnerable risk of atherosclerotic plaque and contribute to the mortality of cardiovascular disease. To accurately assess the rupture risk caused by acute pneumonia, we developed a novel kind of ratiometric semiconducting polymer nanoparticle (RSPN) for photoacoustic imaging of vulnerable plaque in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice complicated with pneumonia. Specifically, RSPN can react with O2•- and exhibit the enhanced photoacoustic signals at about 690 nm, while 800 nm is regarded as an internal photoacoustic reference. As a result, RSPN can provide reliable determination of O2•- within aortic atherosclerosis by analyzing the ratios of photoacoustic signals, which can successfully reflect the oxidative stress level in vulnerable plaque. Therefore, RSPN enable to specifically distinguish plaque-bearing mice and plaque-bearing mice complicated with pneumonia from healthy mice, which provides a promising tool to predict the vulnerability of plaque for reducing the mortality of atherosclerotic-induced cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Baoli Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jinhui Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Juntao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Song
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science MOE Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Bin Nan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guosheng Song
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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44
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Marino A, Hausenloy DJ, Andreadou I, Horman S, Bertrand L, Beauloye C. AMP-activated protein kinase: A remarkable contributor to preserve a healthy heart against ROS injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 166:238-254. [PMID: 33675956 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Left ventricle remodeling, fibrosis, and ischemia/reperfusion injury all contribute to the deterioration of cardiac function and predispose to the onset of heart failure. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the universally recognized energy sensor which responds to low ATP levels and restores cellular metabolism. AMPK activation controls numerous cellular processes and, in the heart, it plays a pivotal role in preventing onset and progression of disease. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, known as oxidative stress, can activate AMPK, conferring an additional role of AMPK as a redox-sensor. In this review, we discuss recent insights into the crosstalk between ROS and AMPK. We describe the molecular mechanisms by which ROS activate AMPK and how AMPK signaling can further prevent heart failure progression. Ultimately, we review the potential therapeutic approaches to target AMPK for the treatment of cardiovascular disease and prevention of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Marino
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore; National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore; The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK; Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taiwan
| | - Ioanna Andreadou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sandrine Horman
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Bertrand
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe Beauloye
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Cardiology, Cliniques universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium.
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45
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Moghadam ZM, Henneke P, Kolter J. From Flies to Men: ROS and the NADPH Oxidase in Phagocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:628991. [PMID: 33842458 PMCID: PMC8033005 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.628991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) represents an evolutionary ancient antimicrobial defense system against microorganisms. The NADPH oxidases (NOX), which are predominantly localized to endosomes, and the electron transport chain in mitochondria are the major sources of ROS. Like any powerful immunological process, ROS formation has costs, in particular collateral tissue damage of the host. Moreover, microorganisms have developed defense mechanisms against ROS, an example for an arms race between species. Thus, although NOX orthologs have been identified in organisms as diverse as plants, fruit flies, rodents, and humans, ROS functions have developed and diversified to affect a multitude of cellular properties, i.e., far beyond direct antimicrobial activity. Here, we focus on the development of NOX in phagocytic cells, where the so-called respiratory burst in phagolysosomes contributes to the elimination of ingested microorganisms. Yet, NOX participates in cellular signaling in a cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic manner, e.g., via the release of ROS into the extracellular space. Accordingly, in humans, the inherited deficiency of NOX components is characterized by infections with bacteria and fungi and a seemingly independently dysregulated inflammatory response. Since ROS have both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, their tight regulation in space and time is required for an efficient and well-balanced immune response, which allows for the reestablishment of tissue homeostasis. In addition, distinct NOX homologs expressed by non-phagocytic cells and mitochondrial ROS are interlinked with phagocytic NOX functions and thus affect the overall redox state of the tissue and the cellular activity in a complex fashion. Overall, the systematic and comparative analysis of cellular ROS functions in organisms of lower complexity provides clues for understanding the contribution of ROS and ROS deficiency to human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Mansoori Moghadam
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Kolter
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Ouerd S, Idris-Khodja N, Trindade M, Ferreira NS, Berillo O, Coelho SC, Neves MF, Jandeleit-Dahm KA, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL. Endothelium-restricted endothelin-1 overexpression in type 1 diabetes worsens atherosclerosis and immune cell infiltration via NOX1. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:1144-1153. [PMID: 32533834 PMCID: PMC7983005 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS NADPH oxidase (NOX) 1 but not NOX4-dependent oxidative stress plays a role in diabetic vascular disease, including atherosclerosis. Endothelin (ET)-1 has been implicated in diabetes-induced vascular complications. We showed that crossing mice overexpressing human ET-1 selectively in endothelium (eET-1) with apolipoprotein E knockout (Apoe-/-) mice enhanced high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in part by increasing oxidative stress. We tested the hypothesis that ET-1 overexpression in the endothelium would worsen atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes through a mechanism involving NOX1 but not NOX4. METHODS AND RESULTS Six-week-old male Apoe-/- and eET-1/Apoe-/- mice with or without Nox1 (Nox1-/y) or Nox4 knockout (Nox4-/-) were injected intraperitoneally with either vehicle or streptozotocin (55 mg/kg/day) for 5 days to induce type 1 diabetes and were studied 14 weeks later. ET-1 overexpression increased 2.5-fold and five-fold the atherosclerotic lesion area in the aortic sinus and arch of diabetic Apoe-/- mice, respectively. Deletion of Nox1 reduced aortic arch plaque size by 60%; in contrast, Nox4 knockout increased lesion size by 1.5-fold. ET-1 overexpression decreased aortic sinus and arch plaque alpha smooth muscle cell content by ∼35% and ∼50%, respectively, which was blunted by Nox1 but not Nox4 knockout. Reactive oxygen species production was increased two-fold in aortic arch perivascular fat of diabetic eET-1/Apoe-/- and eET-1/Apoe-/-/Nox4-/- mice but not eET-1/Apoe-/-/Nox1y/- mice. ET-1 overexpression enhanced monocyte/macrophage and CD3+ T-cell infiltration ∼2.7-fold in the aortic arch perivascular fat of diabetic Apoe-/- mice. Both Nox1 and Nox4 knockout blunted CD3+ T-cell infiltration whereas only Nox1 knockout prevented the monocyte/macrophage infiltration in diabetic eET-1/Apoe-/- mice. CONCLUSION Endothelium ET-1 overexpression enhances the progression of atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes, perivascular oxidative stress, and inflammation through NOX1.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/enzymology
- Aorta/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/enzymology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Endothelin-1/genetics
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Fibrosis
- Humans
- Macrophages/enzymology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Monocytes/enzymology
- Monocytes/immunology
- NADPH Oxidase 1/genetics
- NADPH Oxidase 1/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Up-Regulation
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiane Ouerd
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Noureddine Idris-Khodja
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michelle Trindade
- Department of Clinical Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathanne S Ferreira
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Olga Berillo
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Suellen C Coelho
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mario F Neves
- Department of Clinical Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Pierre Paradis
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ernesto L Schiffrin
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, #B-127 3755 Cote Ste-Catherine Road, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
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47
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Detection of Vascular Reactive Oxygen Species in Experimental Atherosclerosis by High-Resolution Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging Using VCAM-1-Targeted Liposomes Entrapping a Fluorogenic Redox-Sensitive Probe. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6685612. [PMID: 33763173 PMCID: PMC7963910 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6685612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ensuing oxidative stress are instrumental in all phases of atherosclerosis. Despite the major achievements in understanding the regulatory pathways and molecular sources of ROS in the vasculature, the specific detection and quantification of ROS in experimental models of disease remain a challenge. We aimed to develop a reliable and straightforward imaging procedure to interrogate the ROS overproduction in the vasculature and in various organs/tissues in atherosclerosis. To this purpose, the cell-impermeant ROS Brite™ 700 (RB700) probe that produces bright near-infrared fluorescence upon ROS oxidation was encapsulated into VCAM-1-targeted, sterically stabilized liposomes (VLp). Cultured human endothelial cells (EC) and macrophages (Mac) were used for in vitro experiments. C57BL6/J and ApoE-/- mice were randomized to receive normal or high-fat, cholesterol-rich diet for 10 or 32 weeks. The mice received a retroorbital injection with fluorescent tagged VLp incorporating RB700 (VLp-RB700). After two hours, the specific signals of the oxidized RB700 and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl) (NBD-DSPE), inserted into liposome bilayers, were measured ex vivo in the mouse aorta and various organs by high-resolution fluorescent imaging. VLp-RB700 was efficiently taken up by cultured human EC and Mac, as confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and spectrofluorimetry. After systemic administration in atherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice, VLp-RB700 were efficiently concentrated at the sites of aortic lesions, as indicated by the augmented NBD fluorescence. Significant increases in oxidized RB700 signal were detected in the aorta and in the liver and kidney of atherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice. RB700 encapsulation into sterically stabilized VCAM-1-sensitive Lp could be a novel strategy for the qualitative and quantitative detection of ROS in the vasculature and various organs and tissues in animal models of disease. The accurate and precise detection of ROS in experimental models of disease could ease the translation of the results to human pathologies.
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48
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Maietta V, Reyes-García J, Yadav VR, Zheng YM, Peng X, Wang YX. Cellular and Molecular Processes in Pulmonary Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1304:21-38. [PMID: 34019261 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68748-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive lung disease characterized by persistent pulmonary vasoconstriction. Another well-recognized characteristic of PH is the muscularization of peripheral pulmonary arteries. This pulmonary vasoremodeling manifests in medial hypertrophy/hyperplasia of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) with possible neointimal formation. The underlying molecular processes for these two major vascular responses remain not fully understood. On the other hand, a series of very recent studies have shown that the increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) seems to be an important player in mediating pulmonary vasoconstriction and vasoremodeling, thereby leading to PH. Mitochondria are a primary site for ROS production in pulmonary artery (PA) SMCs, which subsequently activate NADPH oxidase to induce further ROS generation, i.e., ROS-induced ROS generation. ROS control the activity of multiple ion channels to induce intracellular Ca2+ release and extracellular Ca2+ influx (ROS-induced Ca2+ release and influx) to cause PH. ROS and Ca2+ signaling may synergistically trigger an inflammatory cascade to implicate in PH. Accordingly, this paper explores the important roles of ROS, Ca2+, and inflammatory signaling in the development of PH, including their reciprocal interactions, key molecules, and possible therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vic Maietta
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Jorge Reyes-García
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.,Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Vishal R Yadav
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Yun-Min Zheng
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Xu Peng
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Yong-Xiao Wang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
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49
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Gianazza E, Brioschi M, Martinez Fernandez A, Casalnuovo F, Altomare A, Aldini G, Banfi C. Lipid Peroxidation in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:49-98. [PMID: 32640910 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ACVDs) continue to be a primary cause of mortality worldwide in adults aged 35-70 years, occurring more often in countries with lower economic development, and they constitute an ever-growing global burden that has a considerable socioeconomic impact on society. The ACVDs encompass diverse pathologies such as coronary artery disease and heart failure (HF), among others. Recent Advances: It is known that oxidative stress plays a relevant role in ACVDs and some of its effects are mediated by lipid oxidation. In particular, lipid peroxidation (LPO) is a process under which oxidants such as reactive oxygen species attack unsaturated lipids, generating a wide array of oxidation products. These molecules can interact with circulating lipoproteins, to diffuse inside the cell and even to cross biological membranes, modifying target nucleophilic sites within biomolecules such as DNA, lipids, and proteins, and resulting in a plethora of biological effects. Critical Issues: This review summarizes the evidence of the effect of LPO in the development and progression of atherosclerosis-based diseases, HF, and other cardiovascular diseases, highlighting the role of protein adduct formation. Moreover, potential therapeutic strategies targeted at lipoxidation in ACVDs are also discussed. Future Directions: The identification of valid biomarkers for the detection of lipoxidation products and adducts may provide insights into the improvement of the cardiovascular risk stratification of patients and the development of therapeutic strategies against the oxidative effects that can then be applied within a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Gianazza
- Proteomics Unit, Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maura Brioschi
- Proteomics Unit, Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Proteomics Unit, Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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50
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Barman SA, Bordan Z, Batori R, Haigh S, Fulton DJR. Galectin-3 Promotes ROS, Inflammation, and Vascular Fibrosis in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1303:13-32. [PMID: 33788185 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63046-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a progressive vascular disease arising from the narrowing of pulmonary arteries (PA) resulting in high pulmonary arterial blood pressure and ultimately right ventricular (RV) failure. A defining characteristic of PAH is the excessive remodeling of PA that includes increased proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis. There is no cure for PAH nor interventions that effectively impede or reverse PA remodeling, and research over the past several decades has sought to identify novel molecular mechanisms of therapeutic benefit. Galectin-3 (Gal-3; Mac-2) is a carbohydrate-binding lectin that is remarkable for its chimeric structure, comprised of an N-terminal oligomerization domain and a C-terminal carbohydrate-recognition domain. Gal-3 is a regulator of changes in cell behavior that contribute to aberrant PA remodeling including cell proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis, but its role in PAH is poorly understood. Herein, we summarize the recent literature on the role of Gal-3 in the development of PAH and provide experimental evidence supporting the ability of Gal-3 to influence reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, NOX enzyme expression, inflammation, and fibrosis, which contributes to PA remodeling. Finally, we address the clinical significance of Gal-3 as a target in the development of therapeutic agents as a treatment for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Barman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.
| | - Zsuzsanna Bordan
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Robert Batori
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Stephen Haigh
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - David J R Fulton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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