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Rathi V, Sagi SSK, Yadav AK, Kumar M, Varshney R. Quercetin prophylaxis protects the kidneys by modulating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis under acute hypobaric hypoxic stress. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7617. [PMID: 38556603 PMCID: PMC10982295 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The study presented here aims at assessing the effects of hypobaric hypoxia on RAAS pathway and its components along with mitigation of anomalies with quercetin prophylaxis. One hour prior to hypobaric hypoxia exposure, male SD rats were orally supplemented with quercetin (50 mg/kg BW) and acetazolamide (50 mg/kg BW) and exposed them to 25,000 ft. (7,620 m) in a simulated environmental chamber for 12 h at 25 ± 2 °C. Different biochemical parameters like renin activity, aldosterone, angiotensin I, ACE 2 were determined in plasma. As a conventional response to low oxygen conditions, oxidative stress parameters (ROS and MDA) were elevated along with suppressed antioxidant system (GPx and catalase) in plasma of rats. Quercetin prophylaxis significantly down regulated the hypoxia induced oxidative stress by reducing plasma ROS & MDA levels with efficient enhancement of antioxidants (GPx and Catalase). Further, hypoxia mediated regulation of renin and ACE 2 proves the outstanding efficacy of quercetin in repudiating altercations in RAAS cascade due to hypobaric hypoxia. Furthermore, differential protein expression of HIF-1α, NFκB, IL-18 and endothelin-1 analyzed by western blotting approves the biochemical outcomes and showed that quercetin significantly aids in the reduction of inflammation under hypoxia. Studies conducted with Surface Plasmon Resonance demonstrated a binding among quercetin and ACE 2 that indicates that this flavonoid might regulate RAAS pathway via ACE 2. Henceforth, the study promotes the prophylaxis of quercetin for the better adaptability under hypobaric hypoxic conditions via modulating the RAAS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Rathi
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, New Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Sarada S K Sagi
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, New Delhi, 110054, India.
| | - Amit Kumar Yadav
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Science, Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Science, Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Varshney
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, New Delhi, 110054, India
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2
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Wolf EJ, Miller MW, Hawn SE, Zhao X, Wallander SE, McCormick B, Govan C, Rasmusson A, Stone A, Schichman SA, Logue MW. Longitudinal study of traumatic-stress related cellular and cognitive aging. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:494-504. [PMID: 37967663 PMCID: PMC10843744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic stress is associated with both accelerated epigenetic age and increased risk for dementia. Accelerated epigenetic age might link symptoms of traumatic stress to dementia-associated biomarkers, such as amyloid-beta (Aβ) proteins, neurofilament light (NFL), and inflammatory molecules. We tested this hypothesis using longitudinal data obtained from 214 trauma-exposed military veterans (85 % male, mean age at baseline: 53 years, 75 % White) who were assessed twice over the course of an average of 5.6 years. Cross-lagged panel mediation models evaluated measures of lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder and internalizing and externalizing comorbidity (assessed at Time 1; T1) in association with T1 epigenetic age (per the GrimAge algorithm) and T1 plasma markers of neuropathology along with bidirectional temporal paths between T1 and T2 epigenetic age and the plasma markers. Results revealed that a measure of externalizing comorbidity was associated with accelerated epigenetic age (β = 0.30, p <.01), which in turn, was associated with subsequent increases in Aβ-40 (β = 0.20, p <.001), Aβ-42 (β = 0.18, p <.001), and interleukin-6 (β = 0.18, p <.01). T1 advanced epigenetic age and the T1 neuropathology biomarkers NFL and glial fibrillary acidic protein predicted worse performance on T2 neurocognitive tasks assessing working memory, executive/attentional control, and/or verbal memory (ps = 0.03 to 0.009). Results suggest that advanced GrimAge is predictive of subsequent increases in neuropathology and inflammatory biomarkers as well as worse cognitive function, highlighting the clinical significance of this biomarker with respect to cognitive aging and brain health over time. The finding that advanced GrimAge mediated the association between psychiatric comorbidity and future neuropathology is important for understanding potential pathways to neurodegeneration and early identification of those at greatest risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika J Wolf
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Mark W Miller
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sage E Hawn
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Old Dominion University, Department of Psychology, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Xiang Zhao
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara E Wallander
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beth McCormick
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine Govan
- MAVERIC Central Biorepository, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann Rasmusson
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Annjanette Stone
- Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Research Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Steven A Schichman
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Mark W Logue
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Biomedical Genetics, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Wu Y, Chen L, Zhong F, Zhou K, Lu C, Cheng X, Wang S. Cognitive impairment in patients with heart failure: molecular mechanism and therapy. Heart Fail Rev 2023:10.1007/s10741-022-10289-9. [PMID: 36593370 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-022-10289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is associated with multiple organ dysfunction and many comorbidities. Its incidence is high among the elderly and is a major health burden worldwide. Cognitive impairment (CI) is highly prevalent in older patients with HF, which is an abnormality in one or more of the items of cognition, attention, memory, language, psychomotor function, and visual spatial acuity. Studies have shown that the incidence of CI in HF patients is between 13 and 54%, and patients with both conditions have poor self-care ability and prognosis, as well as increased mortality rates. However, the mechanisms of CI development in HF patients are still unclear. In this review, we describe the epidemiology and risk factors as well as measures of improving CI in HF patients. We update the latest pathophysiological mechanisms related to the neurocognitive changes in HF patients, expounding on the mechanisms associated with the development of CI in HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwen Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyi Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Ferrario CM, Groban L, Wang H, Sun X, VonCannon JL, Wright KN, Ahmad S. The renin–angiotensin system biomolecular cascade: a 2022 update of newer insights and concepts. Kidney Int Suppl (2011) 2022; 12:36-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kisu.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Current Knowledge about the New Drug Firibastat in Arterial Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031459. [PMID: 35163378 PMCID: PMC8836050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Currently, effective standard pharmacological treatment is available in the form of diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers and calcium channel blockers. These all help to decrease blood pressure in hypertensive patients, each with their own mechanism. Recently, firibastat, a new first-in-class antihypertensive drug has been developed. Firibastat is a prodrug that when crossing the blood-brain barrier, is cleaved into two active EC33 molecules. EC33 is the active molecule that inhibits the enzyme aminopeptidase A. Aminopeptidase A converts angiotensin II to angiotensin III. Angiotensin III usually has three central mechanisms that increase blood pressure, so by inhibiting this enzyme activity, a decrease in blood pressure is seen. Firibastat is an antihypertensive drug that affects the brain renin angiotensin system by inhibiting aminopeptidase A. Clinical trials with firibastat have been performed in animals and humans. No severe adverse effects related to firibastat treatment have been reported. Results from studies show that firibastat is generally well tolerated and safe to use in hypertensive patients. The aim of this review is to investigate the current knowledge about firibastat in the treatment of hypertension.
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Renin-angiotensin System Blocker in COVID-19. A Single Center Study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 79:311-314. [PMID: 34861663 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Early during the Covid-19 pandemic, concerns were raised regarding potential adverse outcomes in patients taking ACEIs/ARBs. These concerns were based on animal studies showing increased ACE-2 expression in mice treated with ACEI/ARB. This is a single-center retrospective cohort study of 289 patients diagnosed with 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) hospitalized between March of 2020 and June of 2020. The study was intended to investigate the impact of ACEIs and/or ARBs on in-hospital mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, post-admission hemodialysis requirement and the need for mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19. This cohort of 289 patients included 139/289 (48%) women with a mean age of 61 ± 19 years. Patients using ACEIs/ARBs were older (69.68 vs 57.9 years; p <0.0001), more likely to have a history of hypertension 97% vs 36% (p <0.0001), diabetes mellitus 48% vs 20.9% (p < 0.0001), chronic heart failure 11.39% vs 4.29% (p < 0.0512), coronary artery disease 20.25% vs 7.14% ( p <0.0025), stroke/TIA 7.59% vs 2.38% (p < 0.0761), chronic kidney disease 11.39% vs 3.33% (p<0.0167), atrial fibrillation/ flutter 18.99% vs 7.14% (p<0.0080), and dementia 22.7% vs 11.4% (p<0.0233) compared to the non-user group. There was significantly higher in-hospital mortality in patients using ACEIs/ARBs than non-users respectively (32.9% vs 15.2%, p<0.0015). However, a multivariate logistics regression analysis performed to adjust for common confounders demonstrated no significant difference in all-cause in-patient mortality (p 0.7141). Admission to ICU, post-admission hemodialysis requirement, and mechanical ventilation showed no significant differences between the two groups (p= NS). This study suggests that the use of ACEIs and ARBs in patients with COVID-19 was not found to significantly increase all-cause in-hospital mortality, ICU admissions, and hemodialysis and mechanical ventilation requirements.
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Wang T, Xie F, Li YH, Liang B. Downregulation of ACE2 is associated with advanced pathological features and poor prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Future Oncol 2021; 17:5033-5044. [PMID: 34704468 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The aim of this study was to explore the alteration in ACE2 expression and correlation between ACE2 expression and immune infiltration in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Methods: The authors first analyzed the expression profiles and prognostic value of ACE2 in ccRCC patients using The Cancer Genome Atlas public database. The authors used ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithms to analyze the correlation between ACE2 expression and tumor microenvironment in ccRCC samples. Results: ACE2 was correlated with sex, distant metastasis, clinical stage, tumor T stage and histological grade. Moreover, downregulation of ACE2 was correlated with unfavorable prognosis. In addition, ACE2 expression was associated with different immune cell subtypes. Conclusion: The authors' analyses suggest that ACE2 plays an important role in the development and progression of ccRCC and may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Wang
- Bioinformatics Department, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health & Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Fang Xie
- Medical Basic Experimental Teaching Center, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yun-Hui Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, General Hospital of PLA Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bin Liang
- Bioinformatics Department, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health & Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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8
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Hoyer-Kimura C, Konhilas JP, Mansour HM, Polt R, Doyle KP, Billheimer D, Hay M. Neurofilament light: a possible prognostic biomarker for treatment of vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:236. [PMID: 34654436 PMCID: PMC8520282 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Decreased cerebral blood flow and systemic inflammation during heart failure (HF) increase the risk for vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) and Alzheimer disease-related dementias (ADRD). We previously demonstrated that PNA5, a novel glycosylated angiotensin 1–7 (Ang-(1–7)) Mas receptor (MasR) agonist peptide, is an effective therapy to rescue cognitive impairment in our preclinical model of VCID. Neurofilament light (NfL) protein concentration is correlated with cognitive impairment and elevated in neurodegenerative diseases, hypoxic brain injury, and cardiac disease. The goal of the present study was to determine (1) if treatment with Ang-(1–7)/MasR agonists can rescue cognitive impairment and decrease VCID-induced increases in NfL levels as compared to HF-saline treated mice and, (2) if NfL levels correlate with measures of cognitive function and brain cytokines in our VCID model. Methods VCID was induced in C57BL/6 male mice via myocardial infarction (MI). At 5 weeks post-MI, mice were treated with daily subcutaneous injections for 24 days, 5 weeks after MI, with PNA5 or angiotensin 1–7 (500 microg/kg/day or 50 microg/kg/day) or saline (n = 15/group). Following the 24-day treatment protocol, cognitive function was assessed using the Novel Object Recognition (NOR) test. Cardiac function was measured by echocardiography and plasma concentrations of NfL were quantified using a Quanterix Simoa assay. Brain and circulating cytokine levels were determined with a MILLIPLEX MAP Mouse High Sensitivity Multiplex Immunoassay. Treatment groups were compared via ANOVA, significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Treatment with Ang-(1–7)/MasR agonists reversed VCID-induced cognitive impairment and significantly decreased NfL levels in our mouse model of VCID as compared to HF-saline treated mice. Further, NfL levels were significantly negatively correlated with cognitive scores and the concentrations of multiple pleiotropic cytokines in the brain. Conclusions These data show that treatment with Ang-(1–7)/MasR agonists rescues cognitive impairment and decreases plasma NfL relative to HF-saline-treated animals in our VCID mouse model. Further, levels of NfL are significantly negatively correlated with cognitive function and with several brain cytokine concentrations. Based on these preclinical findings, we propose that circulating NfL might be a candidate for a prognostic biomarker for VCID and may also serve as a pharmacodynamic/response biomarker for therapeutic target engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John P Konhilas
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Heidi M Mansour
- Department of Pharmacy, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kristian P Doyle
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Dean Billheimer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Meredith Hay
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Neurology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,ProNeurogen, Inc, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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9
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Angiotensin-(1-7) Peptide Hormone Reduces Inflammation and Pathogen Burden during Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101614. [PMID: 34683907 PMCID: PMC8539524 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone, angiotensin (Ang-(1–7)), produces anti-inflammatory and protective effects by inhibiting production and expression of many cytokines and adhesion molecules that are associated with a cytokine storm. While Ang-(1–7) has been shown to reduce inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in models of asthma, little is known about the effects of Ang-(1–7) during live respiratory infections. Our studies were developed to test if Ang-(1–7) is protective in the lung against overzealous immune responses during an infection with Mycoplasma pneumonia (Mp), a common respiratory pathogen known to provoke exacerbations in asthma and COPD patients. Wild type mice were treated with infectious Mp and a subset of was given either Ang-(1–7) or peptide-free vehicle via oropharyngeal delivery within 2 h of infection. Markers of inflammation in the lung were assessed within 24 h for each set of animals. During Mycoplasma infection, one high dose of Ang-(1–7) delivered to the lungs reduced neutrophilia and Muc5ac, as well as Tnf-α and chemokines (Cxcl1) associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Despite decreased inflammation, Ang-(1-7)-treated mice also had significantly lower Mp burden in their lung tissue, indicating decreased airway colonization. Ang-(1–7) also had an impact on RAW 264.7 cells, a commonly used macrophage cell line, by dose-dependently inhibiting TNF-α production while promoting Mp killing. These new findings provide additional support to the protective role(s) of Ang1-7 in controlling inflammation, which we found to be highly protective against live Mp-induced lung inflammation.
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10
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Chen Y, Zhang YN, Yan R, Wang G, Zhang Y, Zhang ZR, Li Y, Ou J, Chu W, Liang Z, Wang Y, Chen YL, Chen G, Wang Q, Zhou Q, Zhang B, Wang C. ACE2-targeting monoclonal antibody as potent and broad-spectrum coronavirus blocker. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:315. [PMID: 34433803 PMCID: PMC8385704 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00740-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, makes broad-spectrum coronavirus preventional or therapeutical strategies highly sought after. Here we report a human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-targeting monoclonal antibody, 3E8, blocked the S1-subunits and pseudo-typed virus constructs from multiple coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2 mutant variants (SARS-CoV-2-D614G, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.617.1, and P.1), SARS-CoV and HCoV-NL63, without markedly affecting the physiological activities of ACE2 or causing severe toxicity in ACE2 “knock-in” mice. 3E8 also blocked live SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in a prophylactic mouse model of COVID-19. Cryo-EM and “alanine walk” studies revealed the key binding residues on ACE2 interacting with the CDR3 domain of 3E8 heavy chain. Although full evaluation of safety in non-human primates is necessary before clinical development of 3E8, we provided a potentially potent and “broad-spectrum” management strategy against all coronaviruses that utilize ACE2 as entry receptors and disclosed an anti-coronavirus epitope on human ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Chen
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Renhong Yan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, and Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guifeng Wang
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, and Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhe-Rui Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yaning Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxia Ou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wendi Chu
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijuan Liang
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Li Chen
- Dartsbio Pharmaceuticals, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China.,Fudan University, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Ganjun Chen
- Dartsbio Pharmaceuticals, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, and Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China. .,Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Chunhe Wang
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. .,Dartsbio Pharmaceuticals, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China. .,Fudan University, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Robust analysis of angiotensin peptides in human plasma: Column switching-parallel LC/ESI-SRM/MS without adsorption or enzymatic decomposition. Anal Biochem 2021; 630:114327. [PMID: 34364857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang) peptides are the main effectors of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) regulating diverse physiological conditions and are involved in renal and vascular diseases. Currently, quantitative analyses of Ang peptides in human plasma mainly rely on radioimmunoassay-based methods whose reported levels are quite divergent. Analyses are further complicated by the potential of Ang peptides to bind to solid surfaces, to be enzymatically decomposed during sample preparation, and to undergo post-translational modifications. A column switching-parallel LC/ESI-SRM/MS method has been developed for seven Ang peptides (Ang I, Ang II, Ang III, Ang IV, Ang 1-9, Ang 1-7, and Ang A) in human plasma. Aqueous acetonitrile (5%) containing 50 mM arginine (Arg) as a dissolving solution and a combination of protease inhibitors with formic acid were used to prevent adsorption and enzymatic degradation, respectively. Plasma samples were simply deproteinized with acetonitrile followed by clean-up with an on-line trap column via column-switching. Stable isotope dilution with [13C5,15N1-Val]-Ang peptides as internal standards was employed for quantitative analysis. The current methodology has been successfully applied to determine the plasma levels of Ang peptides in healthy participants, suggesting future applicability to studies of various diseases related to RAS.
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Lamy GB, Cafarchio EM, do Vale B, Antonio BB, Venancio DP, de Souza JS, Maciel RM, Giannocco G, Aronsson P, Sato MA. Lateral Preoptic Area Neurons Activated by Angiotensin-(1-7) Increase Intravesical Pressure: A Novel Feature in Central Micturition Control. Front Physiol 2021; 12:682711. [PMID: 34322035 PMCID: PMC8311566 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.682711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Central micturition control and urine storage involve a multisynaptic neuronal circuit for the efferent control of the urinary bladder. Electrical stimulation of the lateral preoptic area (LPA) at the level of the decussation of the anterior commissure in cats evokes relaxation of the bladder, whereas ventral stimulation of LPA evokes vigorous contraction. Endogenous Angiotensin-(1–7) [(Ang-(1–7)] synthesis depends on ACE-2, and its actions on binding to Mas receptors, which were found in LPA neurons. We aimed to investigate the Ang-(1–7) actions into the LPA on intravesical pressure (IP) and cardiovascular parameters. The gene and protein expressions of Mas receptors and ACE-2 were also evaluated in the LPA. Angiotensin-(1–7) (5 nmol/μL) or A-779 (Mas receptor antagonist, 50 nmol/μL) was injected into the LPA in anesthetized female Wistar rats; and the IP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and renal conductance (RC) were recorded for 30 min. Unilateral injection of Ang-(1–7) into the LPA increased IP (187.46 ± 37.23%) with peak response at ∼23–25-min post-injection and yielded no changes in MAP, HR, and RC. Unilateral or bilateral injections of A-779 into the LPA decreased IP (−15.88 ± 2.76 and −27.30 ± 3.40%, respectively) and elicited no changes in MAP, HR, and RC. The genes and the protein expression of Mas receptors and ACE-2 were found in the LPA. Therefore, the LPA is an important part of the circuit involved in the urinary bladder control, in which the Ang-(1–7) synthetized into the LPA activates Mas receptors for increasing the IP independent on changes in RC and cardiovascular parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo B Lamy
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Cafarchio
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
| | - Bárbara do Vale
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
| | - Bruno B Antonio
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
| | - Daniel P Venancio
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
| | - Janaina S de Souza
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui M Maciel
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Giannocco
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Patrik Aronsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Monica A Sato
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
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Refaie AA, Shalby AB, Kassem SM, Khalil WKB. DNA Damage and Expression Profile of Genes Associated with Nephrotoxicity Induced by Butralin and Ameliorating Effect of Arabic Gum in Female Rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:3454-3468. [PMID: 34240313 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity induced by exposure to environmental pollution, including herbicides, is becoming a global problem. Natural products are the prime alternative scientific research as they express better medicinal activity and minor side effects compared with a variety of synthetic drugs. This study was performed to evaluate the nephroprotective proficiency of Arabic gum against butralin-induced nephrotoxicity. Adult female rats were supplemented with Arabic gum (4.3 g/kg b.wt) and/or butralin (312 mg/L) in drinking water for 30 days. The results found that markers of serum kidney function, oxidative stress biomarkers, DNA damage, and expression of kidney specific genes (Acsm2, Ace, and Ace2) as well as histopathological examination in treated rats were conducted. Butralin-treated rats showed a rise in serum creatinine (41%), BUN (47.3%), and MDA (140.9%) as well as decrease in activity of the antioxidant markers (CAT (-21%); GPx (-70.7%); and TAC (43.2%)) in comparison with the control group. In addition, butralin treatment increased the DNA damage (221%); altered the expression levels of Acsm2, Ace, and Ace2 (-51.6%, 141.6%, and 143% respectively); and elevated histopathological lesions in the kidney tissues. Pretreatment of Arabic gum prevented butralin-prompted degenerative changes of kidney tissues. The results suggested that the protective effect provided by Arabic gum on renal tissues exposed to the herbicide butralin could be attributed to enhancement of antioxidants and increase the free radical scavenging activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel A Refaie
- Environmental Toxicology Research Unit (ETRU), Pesticide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El Bohouth Street, P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Aziza B Shalby
- Department of Hormones, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El Bohouth Street, P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Salwa M Kassem
- Department of Cell Biology, National Research Centre, 33-Bohouth St., P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Wagdy K B Khalil
- Department of Cell Biology, National Research Centre, 33-Bohouth St., P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Calò LA, Rigato M, Sgarabotto L, Gianesello L, Bertoldi G, Ravarotto V, Davis PA. ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 Infection Risk: Insights From Patients With Two Rare Genetic Tubulopathies, Gitelman's and Bartter's Syndromes. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:647319. [PMID: 34017843 PMCID: PMC8129173 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.647319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is spreading globally with the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-2 serving as the entry point of SARS-CoV-2 virus. This raised concerns how ACE2 and the Renin-Angiotensin (Ang)-System (RAS) are to be dealt with given their roles in hypertension and their involvement in COVID-19's morbidity and mortality. Specifically, increased ACE2 expression in response to treatment with ACE inhibitors (ACEi) and Ang II receptor blockers (ARBs) might theoretically increase COVID-19 risk by increasing SARS-CoV-2 binding sites. However, ACE2 is part of the protective counter-regulatory ACE2-Ang1-7-MasR axis, which opposes the classical ACE-AngII-AT1R regulatory axis. We used Gitelman's and Bartter's syndromes (GS/BS) patients, rare genetic tubulopathies that have endogenously increased levels of ACE2, to explore these issues. Specifically, 128 genetically confirmed GS/BS patients, living in Lombardia, Emilia Romagna and Veneto, the Northern Italy hot spots for COVID-19, were surveyed via telephone survey regarding COVID-19. The survey found no COVID-19 infection and absence of COVID-19 symptoms in any patient. Comparison analysis with the prevalence of COVID-19 in those regions showed statistical significance (p < 0.01). The results of the study strongly suggest that increased ACE2 does not increase risk of COVID-19 and that ACEi and ARBs by blocking excessive AT1R-mediated Ang II activation might favor the increase of ACE2-derived Ang 1-7. GS/BS patients' increased ACE2 and Ang 1-7 levels and their characteristic chronic metabolic alkalosis suggest a mechanism similar to that of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine effect on ACE2 glycosylation alteration with resulting SARS-COV-2 binding inhibition and blockage/inhibition of viral entry. Studies from our laboratory are ongoing to explore GS/BS ACE2 glycosylation and other potential beneficial effects of BS/GS. Importantly, the absence of frank COVID-19 or of COVID-19 symptoms in the BS/GS patients cohort, given no direct ascertainment of COVID-19 status, suggest that elevated ACE2 levels as found in GS/BS patients at a minimum render COVID-19 infection asymptomatic and thus that COVID-19 symptoms are driven by ACE2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo A Calò
- Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, Nephrology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Rigato
- Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, Nephrology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Sgarabotto
- Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, Nephrology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Lisa Gianesello
- Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, Nephrology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bertoldi
- Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, Nephrology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Verdiana Ravarotto
- Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, Nephrology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Paul A Davis
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Suh JS, Kim HS, Kim TJ. Development of a SARS-CoV-2-derived receptor-binding domain-based ACE2 biosensor. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2021; 334:129663. [PMID: 33612970 PMCID: PMC7885701 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.129663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The global outbreak of coronavirus disease and rapid spread of the causative severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) represent a significant threat to human health. A key mechanism of human SARS-CoV-2 infection is initiated by the combination of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2-derived spike glycoprotein. Despite the importance of these protein interactions, there are still insufficient detection methods to observe their activity at the cellular level. Herein, we developed a novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based hACE2 biosensor to monitor the interaction between hACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 RBD. This biosensor facilitated the visualization of hACE2-RBD activity with high spatiotemporal resolutions at the single-cell level. Further studies revealed that the FRET-based hACE2 biosensors were sensitive to both exogenous and endogenous hACE2 expression, suggesting that they might be safely applied to the early stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection without direct virus use. Therefore, our novel biosensor could potentially help develop drugs that target SARS-CoV-2 by inhibiting hACE2-RBD interaction.
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Key Words
- ACE2
- Biosensor
- CQ, chloroquine
- FRET
- HCQ, hydroxychloroquine
- Live-cell imaging
- NA, numerical aperture
- RBD, receptor-binding domain
- RBM, receptor-binding motif
- ROI, region of interest
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- bg, background
- hACE2, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Soo Suh
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Su Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
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16
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The Impact of microRNAs in Renin-Angiotensin-System-Induced Cardiac Remodelling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094762. [PMID: 33946230 PMCID: PMC8124994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) indicates its central role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular remodelling via both hemodynamic alterations and direct growth and the proliferation effects of angiotensin II or aldosterone resulting in the hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes, the proliferation of fibroblasts, and inflammatory immune cell activation. The noncoding regulatory microRNAs has recently emerged as a completely novel approach to the study of the RAS. A growing number of microRNAs serve as mediators and/or regulators of RAS-induced cardiac remodelling by directly targeting RAS enzymes, receptors, signalling molecules, or inhibitors of signalling pathways. Specifically, microRNAs that directly modulate pro-hypertrophic, pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory signalling initiated by angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) stimulation are of particular relevance in mediating the cardiovascular effects of the RAS. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge in the field that is still in the early stage of preclinical investigation with occasionally conflicting reports. Understanding the big picture of microRNAs not only aids in the improved understanding of cardiac response to injury but also leads to better therapeutic strategies utilizing microRNAs as biomarkers, therapeutic agents and pharmacological targets.
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17
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Wang H, Saha AK, Sun X, Kon ND, Ferrario CM, Groban L. Atrial appendage angiotensin-converting enzyme-2, aging and cardiac surgical patients: a platform for understanding aging-related coronavirus disease-2019 vulnerabilities. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2021; 34:187-198. [PMID: 33606395 PMCID: PMC8249166 DOI: 10.1097/aco.0000000000000965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hospitalizations for COVID-19 dramatically increase with age. This is likely because of increases in fragility across biological repair systems and a weakened immune system, including loss of the cardiorenal protective arm of the renin--angiotensin system (RAS), composed of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2)/angiotensin-(1--7) [Ang-(1--7)] and its actions through the Mas receptor. The purpose of this review is to explore how cardiac ACE2 changes with age, cardiac diseases, comorbid conditions and pharmaceutical regimens in order to shed light on a potential hormonal unbalance facilitating SARs-CoV-2 vulnerabilities in older adults. RECENT FINDINGS Increased ACE2 gene expression has been reported in human hearts with myocardial infarction, cardiac remodeling and heart failure. We also found ACE2 mRNA in atrial appendage tissue from cardiac surgical patients to be positively associated with age, elevated by certain comorbid conditions (e.g. COPD and previous stroke) and increased in conjunction with patients' chronic use of antithrombotic agents and thiazide diuretics but not drugs that block the renin--angiotensin system. SUMMARY Cardiac ACE2 may have bifunctional roles in COVID-19 as ACE2 not only mediates cellular susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection but also protects the heart via the ACE2/Ang-(1--7) pathway. Linking tissue ACE2 from cardiac surgery patients to their comorbid conditions and medical regimens provides a unique latform to address the influence that altered expression of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis might have on SARs-CoV-2 vulnerability in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology of Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Internal Medicine-Section of Molecular Medicine of Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Amit K. Saha
- Department of Anesthesiology of Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Xuming Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology of Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Neal D. Kon
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery of Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Carlos M. Ferrario
- Department of General Surgery of Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Leanne Groban
- Department of Anesthesiology of Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Internal Medicine-Section of Molecular Medicine of Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
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18
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ACE2: from protection of liver disease to propagation of COVID-19. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:3137-3158. [PMID: 33284956 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, the discovery of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was an important breakthrough dramatically enhancing our understanding of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The classical RAS is driven by its key enzyme ACE and is pivotal in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. More recently, it has been recognised that the protective RAS regulated by ACE2 counterbalances many of the deleterious effects of the classical RAS. Studies in murine models demonstrated that manipulating the protective RAS can dramatically alter many diseases including liver disease. Liver-specific overexpression of ACE2 in mice with liver fibrosis has proved to be highly effective in antagonising liver injury and fibrosis progression. Importantly, despite its highly protective role in disease pathogenesis, ACE2 is hijacked by SARS-CoV-2 as a cellular receptor to gain entry to alveolar epithelial cells, causing COVID-19, a severe respiratory disease in humans. COVID-19 is frequently life-threatening especially in elderly or people with other medical conditions. As an unprecedented number of COVID-19 patients have been affected globally, there is an urgent need to discover novel therapeutics targeting the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and ACE2. Understanding the role of ACE2 in physiology, pathobiology and as a cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection provides insight into potential new therapeutic strategies aiming to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection related tissue injury. This review outlines the role of the RAS with a strong focus on ACE2-driven protective RAS in liver disease and provides therapeutic approaches to develop strategies to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans.
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19
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Hu J, Jolkkonen J, Zhao C. Neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 and its neuropathological alterations: Similarities with other coronaviruses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:184-193. [PMID: 33091416 PMCID: PMC7571477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged from Wuhan, China, and spread quickly around the world. In addition to fever, cough and shortness of breath, it was confirmed that the patients also have manifestations towards the central nervous system (CNS), especially those critically ill ones. In this review, we will discuss how SARS-CoV-2 gain access to the CNS and the possible consequences. Both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 in 2002 share the same receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which can be found in the brain and mediate the disease process. Both direct attack of SARS-CoV-2 and the abnormal immune response in the CNS would contribute to the disease. Also, there is a relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and the occurrence of acute cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingman Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, No. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C (PO Box 1627), 70211, Kuopio, Finland; A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C (PO Box 1627), 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Chuansheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, No. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, PR China; Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, No. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, PR China.
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20
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Cohall D, Ojeh N, Ferrario CM, Adams OP, Nunez-Smith M. Is hypertension in African-descent populations contributed to by an imbalance in the activities of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas and the ACE/Ang II/AT 1 axes? J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2020; 21:1470320320908186. [PMID: 32089050 PMCID: PMC7036504 DOI: 10.1177/1470320320908186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Low plasma renin activity hypertension is prevalent in Afro-Caribbean
persons. Reduced angiotensin converting enzyme 2 activity from the counter
angiotensin converting enzyme 2 /angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis of the
renin angiotensin aldosterone system has been reported in people with
pre-hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic renal disease. This
study investigates whether an imbalance in the regulatory mechanisms between
the pressor arm of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (angiotensin
converting enzyme/angiotensin II/AT1 receptor) and the depressor axis
(angiotensin converting enzyme 2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor) predisposes
persons of African descent to hypertension. Methods: In total, 30 normotensives and 30 recently diagnosed hypertensives aged 18–55
of Afro-Caribbean origin who are naïve to antihypertensive treatment will be
recruited from public sector polyclinics in Barbados. Demographic and
anthropometric data, clinical blood pressure readings, 24-hour urine
collections and venous blood samples will be collected. Biological samples
will be analysed for renin angiotensin aldosterone system peptide markers
using radioimmunoassay. Conclusion: We describe the design, methods and rationale for the characterization of
renin angiotensin aldosterone system mechanisms that may contribute to
hypertension predisposition in persons of African descent. Our findings will
characterize any imbalance in the counter axes of the renin angiotensin
aldosterone system in hypertensive Afro-Caribbeans with a potential view of
identifying novel approaches with the use of renin angiotensin aldosterone
system and mineralocorticoid blockers to manage the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Cohall
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, West Indies
| | - Nkemcho Ojeh
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, West Indies
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest University, USA
| | - O Peter Adams
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, West Indies
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Muhanna D, Arnipalli SR, Kumar SB, Ziouzenkova O. Osmotic Adaptation by Na +-Dependent Transporters and ACE2: Correlation with Hemostatic Crisis in COVID-19. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E460. [PMID: 33142989 PMCID: PMC7693583 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 symptoms, including hypokalemia, hypoalbuminemia, ageusia, neurological dysfunctions, D-dimer production, and multi-organ microthrombosis reach beyond effects attributed to impaired angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) signaling and elevated concentrations of angiotensin II (Ang II). Although both SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) and SARS-CoV-2 utilize ACE2 for host entry, distinct COVID-19 pathogenesis coincides with the acquisition of a new sequence, which is homologous to the furin cleavage site of the human epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). This review provides a comprehensive summary of the role of ACE2 in the assembly of Na+-dependent transporters of glucose, imino and neutral amino acids, as well as the functions of ENaC. Data support an osmotic adaptation mechanism in which osmotic and hemostatic instability induced by Ang II-activated ENaC is counterbalanced by an influx of organic osmolytes and Na+ through the ACE2 complex. We propose a paradigm for the two-site attack of SARS-CoV-2 leading to ENaC hyperactivation and inactivation of the ACE2 complex, which collapses cell osmolality and leads to rupture and/or necrotic death of swollen pulmonary, endothelial, and cardiac cells, thrombosis in infected and non-infected tissues, and aberrant sensory and neurological perception in COVID-19 patients. This dual mechanism employed by SARS-CoV-2 calls for combinatorial treatment strategies to address and prevent severe complications of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ouliana Ziouzenkova
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (D.M.); (S.R.A.); (S.B.K.)
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22
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Ferrario CM, Ahmad S, Groban L. Twenty years of progress in angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and its link to SARS-CoV-2 disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:2645-2664. [PMID: 33063823 PMCID: PMC9055624 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The virulence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the aggressive nature of the disease has transformed the universal pace of research in the desperate attempt to seek effective therapies to halt the morbidity and mortality of this pandemic. The rapid sequencing of the SARS-CoV-2 virus facilitated identification of the receptor for angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the high affinity binding site that allows virus endocytosis. Parallel evidence that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease evolution shows greater lethality in patients with antecedent cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or even obesity questioned the potential unfavorable contribution of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor blockers as facilitators of adverse outcomes due to the ability of these therapies to augment the transcription of Ace2 with consequent increase in protein formation and enzymatic activity. We review, here, the specific studies that support a role of these agents in altering the expression and activity of ACE2 and underscore that the robustness of the experimental data is associated with weak clinical long-term studies of the existence of a similar regulation of tissue or plasma ACE2 in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Ferrario
- Departments of Surgery and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
| | - Leanne Groban
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
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23
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Nardo AE, Suárez S, Quiroga AV, Añón MC. Amaranth as a Source of Antihypertensive Peptides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:578631. [PMID: 33101347 PMCID: PMC7546275 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.578631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Amaranth is an ancestral crop used by pre-Columbian cultures for 6000 to 8000 years. Its grains have a relevant chemical composition not only from a nutritional point of view but also due to the contribution of components with good techno-functional properties and important potential as bioactive compounds. Numerous studies have shown that amaranth storage proteins possess encrypted sequences that, once released, exhibit different physiological activities. One of the most studied is antihypertensive activity. This review summarizes the progress made over the last years (2008-2020) related to this topic. Studies related to inhibition of different enzymes of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system, in particular Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) and Renin, as well as those referring to potential modulation mechanisms of tissue or local Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system, are analyzed, including in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo assays. Furthermore, the potential use of these bioactive peptides or products containing them, in the elaboration of functional food matrices is discussed. Finally, the most relevant conclusions and future requirements in research and development of food products are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - María Cristina Añón
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC-PBA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET- CCT La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
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24
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Hay M, Barnes C, Huentelman M, Brinton R, Ryan L. Hypertension and Age-Related Cognitive Impairment: Common Risk Factors and a Role for Precision Aging. Curr Hypertens Rep 2020; 22:80. [PMID: 32880739 PMCID: PMC7467861 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-020-01090-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Precision Aging® is a novel concept that we have recently employed to describe how the model of precision medicine can be used to understand and define the multivariate risks that drive age-related cognitive impairment (ARCI). Hypertension and cardiovascular disease are key risk factors for both brain function and cognitive aging. In this review, we will discuss the common mechanisms underlying the risk factors for both hypertension and ARCI and how the convergence of these mechanisms may be amplified in an individual to drive changes in brain health and accelerate cognitive decline. Recent Findings Currently, our cognitive health span does not match our life span. Age-related cognitive impairment and preventing and treating ARCI will require an in-depth understanding of the interrelated risk factors, including individual genetic profiles, that affect brain health and brain aging. Hypertension and cardiovascular disease are important risk factors for ARCI. And, many of the risk factors for developing hypertension, such as diabetes, smoking, stress, viral infection, and age, are shared with the development of ARCI. We must first understand the mechanisms common to the converging risk factors in hypertension and ARCI and then design person-specific therapies to optimize individual brain health. Summary The understanding of the convergence of shared risk factors between hypertension and ARCI is required to develop individualized interventions to optimize brain health across the life span. We will conclude with a discussion of possible steps that may be taken to decrease ARCI and optimize an individual’s cognitive life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Hay
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Rd, Room 4103, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
- Psychology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Carol Barnes
- Psychology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Matt Huentelman
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Neurogenomics Division, TGen, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Roberta Brinton
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Center for Innovative Brain Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lee Ryan
- Psychology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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25
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Apostol CR, Hay M, Polt R. Glycopeptide drugs: A pharmacological dimension between "Small Molecules" and "Biologics". Peptides 2020; 131:170369. [PMID: 32673700 PMCID: PMC7448947 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptides are an important class of molecules with diverse biological activities. Many endogenous peptides, especially neuropeptides and peptide hormones, play critical roles in development and regulating homeostasis. Furthermore, as drug candidates their high receptor selectivity and potent binding leads to reduced off-target interactions and potential negative side effects. However, the therapeutic potential of peptides is severely hampered by their poor stability in vivo and low permeability across biological membranes. Several strategies have been successfully employed over the decades to address these concerns, and one of the most promising strategies is glycosylation. It has been demonstrated in numerous cases that glycosylation is an effective synthetic approach to improve the pharmacokinetic profiles and membrane permeability of peptides. The effects of glycosylation on peptide stability and peptide-membrane interactions in the context of blood-brain barrier penetration will be explored. Numerous examples of glycosylated analogues of endogenous peptides targeting class A and B G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with an emphasis on O-linked glycopeptides will be reviewed. Notable examples of N-, S-, and C-linked glycopeptides will also be discussed. A small section is devoted to synthetic methods for the preparation of glycopeptides and requisite amino acid glycoside building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Apostol
- Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Meredith Hay
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Dept. of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Robin Polt
- Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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26
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Sousa-Lopes A, de Freitas RA, Carneiro FS, Nunes KP, Allahdadi KJ, Webb RC, Tostes RDC, Giachini FR, Lima VV. Angiotensin (1-7) Inhibits Ang II-mediated ERK1/2 Activation by Stimulating MKP-1 Activation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2020; 9:50-61. [PMID: 32832484 PMCID: PMC7422848 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.9.1.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) exerts profound physiological effects on blood pressure regulation and fluid homeostasis, mainly by modulating renal, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7), an end-product of RAS, is recognized by its cardiovascular protective properties through stimulation of the Mas receptor, including vasodilation, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive actions, and consequently, counter-regulating the well-known Ang II-elicited actions. The overall hypothesis of this study is that Ang-(1-7) inhibits Ang II-induced ERK1/2 activation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), via regulation of mitogen-activated protein phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) activity. Aortas from male Wistar rats were incubated with Ang-(1-7) or vehicle. Concentration-response curves to Ang II were performed in endothelium-denuded aortas, in the presence or absence of ERK1/2 (PD98059) inhibitor or Mas receptor (A-779) antagonist. Expression of proteins was assessed by western blot, and immunohistochemistry was conducted in VSMCs. Ang-(1-7) incubation decreased Ang II-induced contractile response in aortas, and this effect was not observed in the presence of PD98059 or A-779. Stimulation of VSMCs with Ang-(1-7) prevented Ang II-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, but not C-Raf-activation. Furthermore, Ang II decreased MKP-1 phosphorylation in VSMCs. Interestingly, simultaneous incubation of Ang-(1-7) with Ang II favored MKP-1 phosphorylation, negatively modulating ERK1/2 activation in VSMCs. The results suggest that Ang-(1-7) counter-regulates actions evoked by Ang II overproduction, as observed in cardiovascular diseases, mainly by modulating MKP-1 activity. This evidence suggests that the role of Ang-(1-7) in MKP-1-regulation represents a target for new therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Sousa-Lopes
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Raiany Alves de Freitas
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Fernando Silva Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Kenia Pedrosa Nunes
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, United States
| | | | | | - Rita de Cassia Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Regina Giachini
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Victor Vitorino Lima
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
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27
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Calò LA, Davis PA, Rigato M, Sgarabotto L. ACE2 and prognosis of COVID-19: Insights from Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes patients. J Med Virol 2020; 92:2308-2309. [PMID: 32374416 PMCID: PMC7267417 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo A Calò
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Paul A Davis
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Matteo Rigato
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Sgarabotto
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Padova, Italy
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28
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Rothan HA, Acharya A, Reid SP, Kumar M, Byrareddy SN. Molecular Aspects of COVID-19 Differential Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2020; 9:E538. [PMID: 32640525 PMCID: PMC7400297 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the absence of therapeutic interventions, and a possible vaccine candidate, the spread of COVID-19 disease and associated fatalities are on the rise. The high mutation frequency in the genomic material of these viruses supports their ability to adapt to new environments, resulting in an efficient alteration in tissue tropism and host range. Therefore, the coronavirus' health threats could be relevant for the long-term. The epidemiological data indicate that age, sex, and cardio-metabolic disease have a significant impact on the spread and severity of COVID-19. In this review, we highlight recent updates on the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 among men and women, including children. We also discuss the role of the cellular receptors and coreceptors used by the virus to enter host cells on differential infection among men, women, and cardio-metabolic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussin A. Rothan
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - St Patrick Reid
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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29
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Singal CMS, Jaiswal P, Seth P. SARS-CoV-2, More than a Respiratory Virus: Its Potential Role in Neuropathogenesis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1887-1899. [PMID: 32491829 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has emerged as one of the major outbreaks to be mentioned in history in coming times. Like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a respiratory virus infecting the lungs with fever, dry cough, and acute pneumonia being the major symptoms. It infects epithelial cells expressing angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which is crucial for viral entry. Based on evolving clinical evidence, it is now unfitting to label SARS-CoV-2 as just a respiratory virus, as lately there are various reports that substantiate its pathogenicity in other organs of the body, including brain. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to SARS and MERS along with possibilities of viral entry into central nervous system (CNS) tissues. The review provides detailed information about the virulence, epidemiology, and insights into molecular pathways involved in the infectivity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, along with an in-depth view of current concepts about the neurological significance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its neuropathological competence. The review also touches upon our current understanding of placental transmission of SARS-CoV-2, an important aspect of vertical transmission. Furthermore, the review provides a current update on strategies that have been used, are being used, or are under trial for treating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paritosh Jaiswal
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122052, India
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30
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers and risk of COVID 19: information from Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes patients. J Hypertens 2020; 38:1386. [PMID: 32502097 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Lin CW, Huang YY. Does the direct renin inhibitor have a role to play in attenuating severity of the outbreak coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2020; 11:2042018820916430. [PMID: 32328234 PMCID: PMC7163230 DOI: 10.1177/2042018820916430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Lin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chang
Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fusing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333
| | - Yu-Yao Huang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chang
Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University,
Taoyuan City
- Department of Medical Nutrition Therapy, Chang
Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City
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32
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Fan H, Tang X, Song Y, Liu P, Chen Y. Influence of COVID-19 on Cerebrovascular Disease and its Possible Mechanism. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:1359-1367. [PMID: 32547039 PMCID: PMC7266513 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s251173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of COVID-19 has caused a substantial societal burden and become a major global public health issue. The COVID-19 elderly population with hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular diseases are at risk. Mortality rates are highest in these individuals if infected with COVID-19. Although the lungs are the main organs involved in acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by COVID-19 infection, COVID-19 triggers inflammatory and immune mechanisms, inducing a "cytokine storm" that aggravates disease progression and may lead to death. Presently, effective drugs are lacking, although current studies have confirmed that drugs with therapeutic potential include redaciclovir, lopinavir/ritonavir combined with interferon-β, convalescent plasma, and monoclonal antibodies. Currently, the most reasonable and effective way to prevent COVID-19 is to control the source of infection, terminate routes of transmission, and protect susceptible populations. With the rise of COVID-19 in China and worldwide, further prevention, diagnosis, and treatment measures are a critical unmet need. Cerebrovascular disease has high incidence, disability rate, and fatality rate. COVID-19 patient outcomes may also be complicated with acute stroke. This paper summarizes the influence of COVID-19 on cerebrovascular disease and discusses possible pathophysiological mechanisms to provide new angles for the prevention and diagnosis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Fan
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu Province Hospital, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojia Tang
- Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu Province Hospital, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou, Dalian Medical University, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxia Song
- Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu Province Hospital, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou, Dalian Medical University, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Liu
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu Province Hospital, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingzhu Chen
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu Province Hospital, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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33
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Ramchand J, Patel SK, Kearney LG, Matalanis G, Farouque O, Srivastava PM, Burrell LM. Plasma ACE2 Activity Predicts Mortality in Aortic Stenosis and Is Associated With Severe Myocardial Fibrosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 13:655-664. [PMID: 31607667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the relationship between plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activity levels and the severity of stenosis and myocardial remodeling in patients with aortic stenosis (AS) and determined if plasma ACE2 levels offered incremental prognostic usefulness to predict all-cause mortality. BACKGROUND ACE2 is an integral membrane protein that degrades angiotensin II and has an emerging role as a circulating biomarker of cardiovascular disease. METHODS Plasma ACE2 activity was measured in 127 patients with AS; a subgroup had myocardial tissue collected at the time of aortic valve replacement. RESULTS The median plasma ACE2 activity was 34.0 pmol/ml/min, and levels correlated with increased valvular calcification (p = 0.023) and the left ventricular (LV) mass index (r = 0.34; p < 0.001). Patients with above-median plasma ACE2 had higher LV end-diastolic volume (57 ml/m2 vs. 48 ml/m2; p = 0.021). Over a median follow-up of 5 years, elevated plasma ACE2 activity was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality after adjustment for relevant clinical, imaging, and biochemical parameters (HR: 2.28; 95% CI: 1.03 to 5.06; p = 0.042), including brain natriuretic peptide activation (integrated discrimination improvement: 0.08; p < 0.001). In 22 patients with plasma and tissue, increased circulating ACE2 was associated with reduced myocardial ACE2 gene expression (0.7-fold; p = 0.033) and severe myocardial fibrosis (p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS In patients with AS, elevated plasma ACE2 was a marker of myocardial structural abnormalities and an independent predictor of mortality with incremental value over traditional prognostic markers. Loss of ACE2 from the myocardium was associated with increased fibrosis and higher circulating ACE2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Ramchand
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia. https://twitter.com/DrJRamchand
| | - Sheila K Patel
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leighton G Kearney
- Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Matalanis
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Omar Farouque
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Piyush M Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise M Burrell
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
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34
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Liu J, Li X, Lu Q, Ren D, Sun X, Rousselle T, Li J, Leng J. AMPK: a balancer of the renin-angiotensin system. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181994. [PMID: 31413168 PMCID: PMC6722492 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is undisputedly well-studied as one of the oldest and most critical regulators for arterial blood pressure, fluid volume, as well as renal function. In recent studies, RAS has also been implicated in the development of obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and other diseases, and also involved in the regulation of several signaling pathways such as proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy, and insulin resistance. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an essential cellular energy sensor, has also been discovered to be involved in these diseases and cellular pathways. This would imply a connection between the RAS and AMPK. Therefore, this review serves to draw attention to the cross-talk between RAS and AMPK, then summering the most recent literature which highlights AMPK as a point of balance between physiological and pathological functions of the RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, U.S.A
| | - Xuan Li
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A
| | - Qingguo Lu
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A
| | - Di Ren
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, U.S.A
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A
| | - Thomas Rousselle
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, U.S.A
| | - Jiyan Leng
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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35
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Hay M, Polt R, Heien ML, Vanderah TW, Largent-Milnes TM, Rodgers K, Falk T, Bartlett MJ, Doyle KP, Konhilas JP. A Novel Angiotensin-(1-7) Glycosylated Mas Receptor Agonist for Treating Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Inflammation-Related Memory Dysfunction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:9-25. [PMID: 30709867 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.254854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that decreased brain blood flow, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and proinflammatory mechanisms accelerate neurodegenerative disease progression such as that seen in vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. There is a critical clinical need for safe and effective therapies for the treatment and prevention of cognitive impairment known to occur in patients with VCID and chronic inflammatory diseases such as heart failure (HF), hypertension, and diabetes. This study used our mouse model of VCID/HF to test our novel glycosylated angiotensin-(1-7) peptide Ang-1-6-O-Ser-Glc-NH2 (PNA5) as a therapy to treat VCID and to investigate circulating inflammatory biomarkers that may be involved. We demonstrate that PNA5 has greater brain penetration compared with the native angiotensin-(1-7) peptide. Moreover, after treatment with 1.0/mg/kg, s.c., for 21 days, PNA5 exhibits up to 10 days of sustained cognitive protective effects in our VCID/HF mice that last beyond the peptide half-life. PNA5 reversed object recognition impairment in VCID/HF mice and rescued spatial memory impairment. PNA5 activation of the Mas receptor results in a dose-dependent inhibition of ROS in human endothelial cells. Last, PNA5 treatment decreased VCID/HF-induced activation of brain microglia/macrophages and inhibited circulating tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-7, and granulocyte cell-stimulating factor serum levels while increasing that of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. These results suggest that PNA5 is an excellent candidate and "first-in-class" therapy for treating VCID and other inflammation-related brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Hay
- Departments of Physiology (M.H., J.P.K.), Chemistry and Biochemistry (R.P., M.L.H.), Pharmacology (T.W.V., T.M.L.-M., K.R., T.F., M.J.B.), Neurology (T.F., M.J.B.), and Immunobiology (K.P.D.), Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute (M.H.), Sarver Heart Center (M.H., J.P.K.), and Center for Innovation in Brain Science (M.H., T.W.V., K.R.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Robin Polt
- Departments of Physiology (M.H., J.P.K.), Chemistry and Biochemistry (R.P., M.L.H.), Pharmacology (T.W.V., T.M.L.-M., K.R., T.F., M.J.B.), Neurology (T.F., M.J.B.), and Immunobiology (K.P.D.), Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute (M.H.), Sarver Heart Center (M.H., J.P.K.), and Center for Innovation in Brain Science (M.H., T.W.V., K.R.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Michael L Heien
- Departments of Physiology (M.H., J.P.K.), Chemistry and Biochemistry (R.P., M.L.H.), Pharmacology (T.W.V., T.M.L.-M., K.R., T.F., M.J.B.), Neurology (T.F., M.J.B.), and Immunobiology (K.P.D.), Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute (M.H.), Sarver Heart Center (M.H., J.P.K.), and Center for Innovation in Brain Science (M.H., T.W.V., K.R.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Todd W Vanderah
- Departments of Physiology (M.H., J.P.K.), Chemistry and Biochemistry (R.P., M.L.H.), Pharmacology (T.W.V., T.M.L.-M., K.R., T.F., M.J.B.), Neurology (T.F., M.J.B.), and Immunobiology (K.P.D.), Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute (M.H.), Sarver Heart Center (M.H., J.P.K.), and Center for Innovation in Brain Science (M.H., T.W.V., K.R.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Tally M Largent-Milnes
- Departments of Physiology (M.H., J.P.K.), Chemistry and Biochemistry (R.P., M.L.H.), Pharmacology (T.W.V., T.M.L.-M., K.R., T.F., M.J.B.), Neurology (T.F., M.J.B.), and Immunobiology (K.P.D.), Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute (M.H.), Sarver Heart Center (M.H., J.P.K.), and Center for Innovation in Brain Science (M.H., T.W.V., K.R.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kathleen Rodgers
- Departments of Physiology (M.H., J.P.K.), Chemistry and Biochemistry (R.P., M.L.H.), Pharmacology (T.W.V., T.M.L.-M., K.R., T.F., M.J.B.), Neurology (T.F., M.J.B.), and Immunobiology (K.P.D.), Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute (M.H.), Sarver Heart Center (M.H., J.P.K.), and Center for Innovation in Brain Science (M.H., T.W.V., K.R.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Torsten Falk
- Departments of Physiology (M.H., J.P.K.), Chemistry and Biochemistry (R.P., M.L.H.), Pharmacology (T.W.V., T.M.L.-M., K.R., T.F., M.J.B.), Neurology (T.F., M.J.B.), and Immunobiology (K.P.D.), Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute (M.H.), Sarver Heart Center (M.H., J.P.K.), and Center for Innovation in Brain Science (M.H., T.W.V., K.R.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Mitchell J Bartlett
- Departments of Physiology (M.H., J.P.K.), Chemistry and Biochemistry (R.P., M.L.H.), Pharmacology (T.W.V., T.M.L.-M., K.R., T.F., M.J.B.), Neurology (T.F., M.J.B.), and Immunobiology (K.P.D.), Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute (M.H.), Sarver Heart Center (M.H., J.P.K.), and Center for Innovation in Brain Science (M.H., T.W.V., K.R.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kristian P Doyle
- Departments of Physiology (M.H., J.P.K.), Chemistry and Biochemistry (R.P., M.L.H.), Pharmacology (T.W.V., T.M.L.-M., K.R., T.F., M.J.B.), Neurology (T.F., M.J.B.), and Immunobiology (K.P.D.), Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute (M.H.), Sarver Heart Center (M.H., J.P.K.), and Center for Innovation in Brain Science (M.H., T.W.V., K.R.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - John P Konhilas
- Departments of Physiology (M.H., J.P.K.), Chemistry and Biochemistry (R.P., M.L.H.), Pharmacology (T.W.V., T.M.L.-M., K.R., T.F., M.J.B.), Neurology (T.F., M.J.B.), and Immunobiology (K.P.D.), Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute (M.H.), Sarver Heart Center (M.H., J.P.K.), and Center for Innovation in Brain Science (M.H., T.W.V., K.R.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Contribution of acid sphingomyelinase to angiotensin II-induced vascular adventitial remodeling via membrane rafts/Nox2 signal pathway. Life Sci 2019; 219:303-310. [PMID: 30677425 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Vascular adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) in the vascular remodeling during atherosclerosis are increasing arousing attention. Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is a soluble glycoprotein which is involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. However, it remains unknown if ASM is expressed in vascular AFs and regulates vascular adventitial remodeling and underlying mechanisms. MAIN METHODS AND KEY FINDINGS ASM downregulation with gene silencing was used in the rat AFs treated with angiotensin (Ang) II, which is universally demonstrated to induce vascular adventitia remodeling. It was showed that ASM was indeed expressed in vascular AFs and ASM downregulation resulted in a significant decrease in the protein level of PCNA and collagen I and cell migration under Ang II stimulation. Such improvement of adventitial remodeling was not further augmented by Ang-(1-7), which is deemed as an endogenous Ang II blocker. We further found that ASM downregulation blocked the Nox2-dependent superoxide (O2-) generation, which regulated vascular remodeling in AFs under Ang II. ASM siRNA decreased the aggregation of membrane rafts (MRs) and the consequent recruiting of ceramide and Nox2 in MRs. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, these results suggested that ASM downregulation could improve vascular adventitial remodeling which was attributed to inhibiting MRs/Nox2 redox signaling pathway in AFs. Thus, these data supported the idea that ASM is a potential therapeutic target for diabetic vascular complication.
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Wang X, Li G. Irbesartan prevents sodium channel remodeling in a canine model of atrial fibrillation. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2018; 19:1470320318755269. [PMID: 29378480 PMCID: PMC5843850 DOI: 10.1177/1470320318755269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in atrial electrical remodeling (AER). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of irbesartan on cardiac sodium current (INa) in a canine model of atrial fibrillation. Materials and methods: Eighteen dogs were randomized into sham, pacing or pacing+irbesartan groups (n = 6 in each group). The dogs in the pacing and irbesartan group were paced at 500 bpm for two weeks. Irbesartan (60 mg·kg−1·d−1) was administered orally in the pacing+irbesartan groups. INa was recorded using the whole-cell patch clamp technique from canine atrial myocytes. The expressions of cardiac Na+ channels (Nav1.5) mRNA were semi-quantified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results: Our results showed that INa density and Nav1.5 mRNA expression in the pacing group decreased significantly (p < 0.05 vs. sham). However, rapid atrial pacing had no effects on the half-activation voltage (V1/2act) and half-inactivation voltage (V1/2inact) of INa (p > 0.05 vs. sham). Irbesartan significantly increased INa densities and gene expression and hyperpolarized V1/2act without concomitant changes in V1/2inact. Conclusions: Irbesartan significantly increased INa densities, which contributed to improving intra-atrial conduction and prevented the induction and promotion of AF in atrial pacing dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Guangping Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China
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Yang CW, Lu LC, Chang CC, Cho CC, Hsieh WY, Tsai CH, Lin YC, Lin CS. Imbalanced plasma ACE and ACE2 level in the uremic patients with cardiovascular diseases and its change during a single hemodialysis session. Ren Fail 2018; 39:719-728. [PMID: 29157100 PMCID: PMC6446170 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2017.1398665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has significant influences on heart and renal disease progression. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) are major peptidases of RAS components and play counteracting functions through angiotensin II (Ang II)/ATIR and angiotensin-(1–7) (Ang-(1–7))/Mas axis, respectively. Methods: There were 360 uremic patients on regular hemodialysis (HD) treatment (inclusive of 119 HD patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and 241 HD patients without CVD and 50 healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Plasma ACE, ACE2, Ang II and Ang-(1–7) levels of the HD patients were determined. Results: We compared pre-HD levels of plasma ACE, ACE2, Ang II and Ang-(1–7) in the HD patients with and without CVD to those of the controls. The HD patients, particularly those with CVD, showed a significant increase in the levels of ACE and Ang II, whereas ACE2 and Ang-(1–7) levels were lower than those in the healthy controls. Therefore, imbalanced ACE/ACE2 was observed in the HD patients with CVD. In the course of a single HD session, the plasma ACE, ACE/ACE2 and Ang II levels in the HD patients with CVD were increased from pre-HD to post-HD. On the contrary, ACE2 levels were decreased after the HD session. These changes were not detected in the HD patients without CVD. Conclusions: Pathogenically imbalanced circulating ACE/ACE2 was detected in the HD patients, particularly those with CVD. HD session could increase ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis and decrease ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/Mas axis activity in the circulation of HD patients with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Wei Yang
- a Department of Biological Science and Technology , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu , Taiwan.,b Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine , National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch , Hsinchu , Taiwan
| | - Li-Che Lu
- c Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine , Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chu Chang
- d Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine , Changhua Christian Hospital , Changhua , Taiwan.,e School of Medicine , Chung-Shan Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chang Cho
- a Department of Biological Science and Technology , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu , Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yeh Hsieh
- f Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital , Hsinchu , Taiwan.,g Department of Senior Citizen Service Management , Minghsin University of Science and Technology , Hsinchu , Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hung Tsai
- a Department of Biological Science and Technology , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chang Lin
- a Department of Biological Science and Technology , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- a Department of Biological Science and Technology , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu , Taiwan
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Intratubular and intracellular renin-angiotensin system in the kidney: a unifying perspective in blood pressure control. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1383-1401. [PMID: 29986878 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is widely recognized as one of the most important vasoactive hormonal systems in the physiological regulation of blood pressure and the development of hypertension. This recognition is derived from, and supported by, extensive molecular, cellular, genetic, and pharmacological studies on the circulating (tissue-to-tissue), paracrine (cell-to-cell), and intracrine (intracellular, mitochondrial, nuclear) RAS during last several decades. Now, it is widely accepted that circulating and local RAS may act independently or interactively, to regulate sympathetic activity, systemic and renal hemodynamics, body salt and fluid balance, and blood pressure homeostasis. However, there remains continuous debate with respect to the specific sources of intratubular and intracellular RAS in the kidney and other tissues, the relative contributions of the circulating RAS to intratubular and intracellular RAS, and the roles of intratubular compared with intracellular RAS to the normal control of blood pressure or the development of angiotensin II (ANG II)-dependent hypertension. Based on a lecture given at the recent XI International Symposium on Vasoactive Peptides held in Horizonte, Brazil, this article reviews recent studies using mouse models with global, kidney- or proximal tubule-specific overexpression (knockin) or deletion (knockout) of components of the RAS or its receptors. Although much knowledge has been gained from cell- and tissue-specific transgenic or knockout models, a unifying and integrative approach is now required to better understand how the circulating and local intratubular/intracellular RAS act independently, or with other vasoactive systems, to regulate blood pressure, cardiovascular and kidney function.
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Cavallo IK, Dela Cruz C, Oliveira ML, Del Puerto HL, Dias JA, Lobach VN, Casalechi M, Camargos MG, Reis AM, Santos RA, Reis FM. Angiotensin-(1-7) in human follicular fluid correlates with oocyte maturation. Hum Reprod 2018; 32:1318-1324. [PMID: 28402544 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) levels in human ovarian follicular fluid (FF) correlate with the number and proportion of mature oocytes obtained for IVF? SUMMARY ANSWER The present study shows for the first time that Ang-(1-7) levels in human FF correlate with the proportion of mature oocytes collected upon ovarian stimulation for IVF. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Ang-(1-7) is an active peptide of the renin-angiotensin system that stimulates oocyte maturation in isolated rabbit and rat ovaries. However, its role in human ovulation remains unexplored. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This was a prospective cohort study including 64 participants from a single IVF center. Sample size was calculated to achieve a statistical power of 80% in detecting 20% differences in the proportion of mature oocytes between groups. The participants were enrolled in the study during six consecutive months. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Plasma samples were obtained from all subjects at Day 21 of the last menstrual cycle before starting pituitary blockade and controlled ovarian stimulation (COS). Plasma and FF samples were quickly mixed with a protease inhibitor cocktail and stored at -80°C. Ang-(1-7) was quantified in plasma and FF samples by a highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay, which was preceded by solid phase extraction, speed vacuum concentration and sample reconstitution in assay buffer. FF Ang-(1-7) levels were stratified into tertiles and the patients of each tertile were compared for COS/IVF outcomes using Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA. Multiple regression analysis was used to adjust correlations for potential confounders. The mRNA encoding for Mas, a receptor for Ang-(1-7), was investigated by real-time PCR in luteinized granulosa cells purified from the FF. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE There was a four-fold increase in plasma Ang-(1-7) after ovulation induction (median 160.9 vs 41.4 pg/ml, P < 0.0001). FF Ang-(1-7) levels were similar to (169.9 pg/ml) but did not correlate with plasma Ang-(1-7) levels (r = -0.05, P = 0.665). Patients at the highest FF Ang-(1-7) tertile had a higher proportion of mature oocytes compared to patients at the lower FF Ang-(1-7) tertile (median 100% vs 70%, P < 0.01). There was a linear correlation between FF Ang-(1-7) and the proportion of mature oocytes (r = 0.380, P < 0.01), which remained significant after adjustment for age and duration of infertility (r = 0.447, P < 0.001). The luteinized granulosa cells expressed Mas receptor mRNA, which was positively correlated to the number of mature oocytes in women with more than three mature oocytes retrieved (r = 0.42, P < 0.01). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This is an observational study, therefore, no causal relationship can be established between Ang-(1-7) and human oocyte maturation. Mas protein expression was not quantified due to limited availability of granulosa cells. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Since this peptide promotes oocyte maturation in other species, it deserves further investigation as a potential maturation factor to human oocytes. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTEREST(S) Research supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG). The authors have nothing to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines K Cavallo
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena 110-9o andar, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Dela Cruz
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena 110-9o andar, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Marilene L Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Helen L Del Puerto
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena 110-9o andar, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Júlia A Dias
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena 110-9o andar, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Veronica N Lobach
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena 110-9o andar, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Maíra Casalechi
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena 110-9o andar, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Maria G Camargos
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena 110-9o andar, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Adelina M Reis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Robson A Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Reis
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena 110-9o andar, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil
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Patney V, Chaudhary K, Whaley-Connell A. Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease With Hypertension Control and Renin Angiotensin System Inhibition. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2018; 25:158-165. [PMID: 29580580 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The global incidence and prevalence of diabetes continues to expand due primarily to the influences of obesity and the contribution of obesity to the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes has driven an increase in rates of CKD in the past 3 decades in the United States. In turn, so have the rates for complications related to type 2 diabetes including CKD, eg, diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Although incident rates for DKD have stabilized in the recent years, diabetes continues to be the leading cause of ESRD in the United States. The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study data and other population-level studies support that lowering blood pressure reduces kidney disease and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, strategies targeting renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system interruption have shown to improve DKD outcomes to a greater extent than other classes of antihypertensive regimens.
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Neves MF, Cunha AR, Cunha MR, Gismondi RA, Oigman W. The Role of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Its New Components in Arterial Stiffness and Vascular Aging. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2018; 25:137-145. [PMID: 29476451 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-018-0252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cardiovascular diseases present renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) hyperactivity as an important pathophysiological mechanism to be target in the therapeutic approaches. Moreover, arterial stiffness is currently considered as a new independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in different clinical conditions, including hypertension and chronic kidney disease. In fact, excessive stimulation of angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptors, as well as mineralocorticoid receptors, results in cellular growth, oxidative stress and vascular inflammation, which may lead to arterial stiffness and accelerate the process of vascular aging. In the last decades, a vasoprotective axis of the RAAS has been discovered, and now it is well established that new components with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties play important roles promoting vasodilation, natriuresis and reducing collagen deposition, thus attenuating arterial stiffness and improving endothelial function. In this review, we will focus on these pathophysiological mechanisms and the relevance of RAAS inhibition by different strategies to increase arterial compliance and to decelerate vascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fritsch Neves
- Departamento de Clinica Medica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Ave. 28 de Setembro, 77 sala 329, Rio De Janeiro, 20551-030, Brazil.
| | - Ana Rosa Cunha
- Departamento de Clinica Medica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Ave. 28 de Setembro, 77 sala 329, Rio De Janeiro, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Michelle Rabello Cunha
- Departamento de Clinica Medica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Ave. 28 de Setembro, 77 sala 329, Rio De Janeiro, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Altenburg Gismondi
- Centro de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Niterói, RJ, 24033-900, Brazil
| | - Wille Oigman
- Departamento de Clinica Medica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Ave. 28 de Setembro, 77 sala 329, Rio De Janeiro, 20551-030, Brazil
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Ferrario CM, Mullick AE. Renin angiotensin aldosterone inhibition in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:57-71. [PMID: 28571891 PMCID: PMC5648016 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A collective century of discoveries establishes the importance of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system in maintaining blood pressure, fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis via autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signaling. While research continues to yield new functions of angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7), the gap between basic research and clinical application of these new findings is widening. As data accumulates on the efficacy of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers as drugs of fundamental importance in the treatment of cardiovascular and renal disorders, it is becoming apparent that the achieved clinical benefits is suboptimal and surprisingly no different than what can be achieved with other therapeutic interventions. We discuss this issue and summarize new pathways and mechanisms effecting the synthesis and actions of angiotensin II. The presence of renin-independent non-canonical pathways for angiotensin II production are largely unaffected by agents inhibiting renin angiotensin system activity. Hence, new efforts should be directed to develop drugs that can effectively block the synthesis and/or action of intracellular angiotensin II. Improved drug penetration into cardiac or renal sites of disease, inhibiting chymase the primary angiotensin II forming enzyme in the human heart, and/or inhibiting angiotensinogen synthesis would all be more effective strategies to inhibit the system. Additionally, given the role of angiotensin II in the maintenance of renal homeostatic mechanisms, any new inhibitor should possess greater selectivity of targeting pathogenic angiotensin II signaling processes and thereby limit inappropriate inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ferrario
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest University Health Science, Medical Center Blvd., Winston Salem, NC 27157, United States.
| | - Adam E Mullick
- Cardiovascular Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
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Soares ER, Barbosa CM, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Santos RAS, Alzamora AC. Hypotensive effect induced by microinjection of Alamandine, a derivative of angiotensin-(1-7), into caudal ventrolateral medulla of 2K1C hypertensive rats. Peptides 2017; 96:67-75. [PMID: 28889964 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we evaluated the cardiovascular effects produced by microinjection of the new component of the renin-angiotensin system, alamandine, into caudal ventrolateral medulla of urethane-anesthetized normotensive and hypertensive 2K1C rats. The participation of different angiotensin receptors in the effects of alamandine was also evaluated. Microinjection of angiotensin-(1-7) was used for comparison. The microinjection of 4, 40 and 140pmol of alamandine or angiotensin-(1-7) into caudal ventrolateral medulla induced similar hypotensive effects in Sham-operated rats. However, contrasting with angiotensin-(1-7), in 2K1C rats the MAP response to the highest dose of alamandine was similar to that observed with saline. The microinjection of A-779, a selective Mas receptor antagonist, blunted the angiotensin-(1-7) effects but did not block the hypotensive effect of alamandine in Sham or in 2K1C rats. However, microinjection of D-Pro7-angiotensin-(1-7), a Mas/MrgD receptor antagonist, blocked the hypotensive effect induced by both peptides. Furthermore, microinjection of PD123319, a putative AT2 receptor antagonist blocked the hypotensive effect of alamandine, but not of angiotensin-(1-7), in Sham and 2K1C rats. Microinjection of the AT1 receptor antagonist, losartan, did not alter the hypotensive effect of angiotensin-(1-7) or alamandine in both groups. These results provide new insights about the differential mechanisms participating in the central cardiovascular effects of alamandine and angiotensin-(1-7) in normotensive and 2K1C hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Soares
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Inovação Nanobiofarmacêutica, Brazil
| | - C M Barbosa
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Inovação Nanobiofarmacêutica, Brazil
| | - M J Campagnole-Santos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Inovação Nanobiofarmacêutica, Brazil
| | - R A S Santos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Inovação Nanobiofarmacêutica, Brazil.
| | - A C Alzamora
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Inovação Nanobiofarmacêutica, Brazil.
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Wang X, Shangguan W, Li G. Angiotensin-(1-7) prevents atrial tachycardia induced-heat shock protein 27 expression. J Electrocardiol 2017; 51:117-120. [PMID: 29056233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effects of angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] on heat-shock protein 27 (HSP27) in a canine model of induced tachycardia. METHODS Eighteen dogs were randomized into three equal treatment groups: sham, pacing and pacing+Ang-(1-7) group. The dogs in the last two groups were subjected to 2weeks of rapid atrial pacing (500bpm). The effects of Ang-(1-7) on HSP27 were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. RESULTS The expression levels of atrial HSP27 mRNA and protein were significantly (P<0.05) higher for the pacing group than the sham group and significantly (P<0.05) lower for the pacing+Ang-(1-7) group than the pacing group. There was no significant difference between the HSP27 expression levels in the right and left atria among all three groups. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the overexpression of HSP27 may possibly be occurring as an adaptive response that allows atrial tissues to cope with rapid atrial pacing, and an inhibiting effect of Ang-(1-7) on atrial remodeling may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the attenuation of HSP27 up-regulation induced by rapid pacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenfeng Shangguan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangping Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Li XC, Zhang J, Zhuo JL. The vasoprotective axes of the renin-angiotensin system: Physiological relevance and therapeutic implications in cardiovascular, hypertensive and kidney diseases. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:21-38. [PMID: 28619367 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is undisputedly one of the most prominent endocrine (tissue-to-tissue), paracrine (cell-to-cell) and intracrine (intracellular/nuclear) vasoactive systems in the physiological regulation of neural, cardiovascular, blood pressure, and kidney function. The importance of the RAS in the development and pathogenesis of cardiovascular, hypertensive and kidney diseases has now been firmly established in clinical trials and practice using renin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, type 1 (AT1) angiotensin II (ANG II) receptor blockers (ARBs), or aldosterone receptor antagonists as major therapeutic drugs. The major mechanisms of actions for these RAS inhibitors or receptor blockers are mediated primarily by blocking the detrimental effects of the classic angiotensinogen/renin/ACE/ANG II/AT1/aldosterone axis. However, the RAS has expanded from this classic axis to include several other complex biochemical and physiological axes, which are derived from the metabolism of this classic axis. Currently, at least five axes of the RAS have been described, with each having its key substrate, enzyme, effector peptide, receptor, and/or downstream signaling pathways. These include the classic angiotensinogen/renin/ACE/ANG II/AT1 receptor, the ANG II/APA/ANG III/AT2/NO/cGMP, the ANG I/ANG II/ACE2/ANG (1-7)/Mas receptor, the prorenin/renin/prorenin receptor (PRR or Atp6ap2)/MAP kinases ERK1/2/V-ATPase, and the ANG III/APN/ANG IV/IRAP/AT4 receptor axes. Since the roles and therapeutic implications of the classic angiotensinogen/renin/ACE/ANG II/AT1 receptor axis have been extensively reviewed, this article will focus primarily on reviewing the roles and therapeutic implications of the vasoprotective axes of the RAS in cardiovascular, hypertensive and kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao C Li
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jia L Zhuo
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA.
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Tamargo M, Tamargo J. Future drug discovery in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system intervention. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:827-848. [PMID: 28541811 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1335301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASIs), including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin AT1 receptor blockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), are the cornerstone for the treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Areas covered: The authors searched MEDLINE, PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov to identify eligible full-text English language papers. Herein, the authors discuss AT2-receptor agonists and ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas-receptor axis modulators, direct renin inhibitors, brain aminopeptidase A inhibitors, biased AT1R blockers, chymase inhibitors, multitargeted drugs, vaccines and aldosterone receptor antagonists as well as aldosterone synthase inhibitors. Expert opinion: Preclinical studies have demonstrated that activation of the protective axis of the RAAS represents a novel therapeutic strategy for treating cardiovascular and renal diseases, but there are no clinical trials supporting our expectations. Non-steroidal MRAs might become the third-generation of MRAs for the treatment of heart failure, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. The main challenge for these new drugs is that conventional RAASIs are safe, effective and cheap generics. Thus, the future of new RAASIs will be directed by economical/strategic reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tamargo
- a Department of Cardiology , Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, CIBERCV , Madrid , Spain
| | - Juan Tamargo
- b Department of Pharmacology , School of Medicine, University Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, CIBERCV , Madrid , Spain
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Hay M, Vanderah TW, Samareh-Jahani F, Constantopoulos E, Uprety AR, Barnes CA, Konhilas J. Cognitive impairment in heart failure: A protective role for angiotensin-(1-7). Behav Neurosci 2017; 131:99-114. [PMID: 28054808 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) have increased hospital readmission rates and mortality if they are concomitantly diagnosed with cognitive decline and memory loss. Accordingly, we developed a preclinical model of CHF-induced cognitive impairment with the goal of developing novel protective therapies against CHF related cognitive decline. CHF was induced by ligation of the left coronary artery to instigate a myocardial infarction (MI). By 4- and 8-weeks post-MI, CHF mice had approximately a 50% and 70% decline in ejection fraction as measured by echocardiography. At both 4- and 8-weeks post-MI, spatial memory performance in CHF mice as tested using the Morris water task was significantly impaired as compared with sham. In addition, CHF mice had significantly worse performance on object recognition when compared with shams as measured by discrimination ratios during the novel object recognition NOR task. At 8-weeks post-MI, a subgroup of CHF mice were given Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) (50mcg/kg/hr) subcutaneously for 4 weeks. Following 3 weeks treatment with systemic Ang-(1-7), the CHF mice NOR discrimination ratios were similar to shams and significantly better than the performance of CHF mice treated with saline. Ang-(1-7) also improved spatial memory in CHF mice as compared with shams. Ang-(1-7) had no effect on cardiac function. Inflammatory biomarker studies from plasma revealed a pattern of neuroprotection that may underlie the observed improvements in cognition. These results demonstrate a preclinical mouse model of CHF that exhibits both spatial memory and object recognition dysfunction. Furthermore, this CHF-induced cognitive impairment is attenuated by treatment with systemic Ang-(1-7). (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ajay R Uprety
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona
| | - Carol A Barnes
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona
| | - John Konhilas
- Department of Physiology and Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona
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Manikkam V, Vasiljevic T, Donkor ON, Mathai ML. A Review of Potential Marine-derived Hypotensive and Anti-obesity Peptides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 56:92-112. [PMID: 25569557 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.753866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive peptides are food derived components, usually consisting of 3-20 amino acids, which are inactive when incorporated within their parent protein. Once liberated by enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis, during food processing and gastrointestinal transit, they can potentially provide an array of health benefits to the human body. Owing to an unprecedented increase in the worldwide incidence of obesity and hypertension, medical researchers are focusing on the hypotensive and anti-obesity properties of nutritionally derived bioactive peptides. The role of the renin-angiotensin system has long been established in the aetiology of metabolic diseases and hypertension. Targeting the renin-angiotensin system by inhibiting the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and preventing the formation of angiotensin II can be a potential therapeutic approach to the treatment of hypertension and obesity. Fish-derived proteins and peptides can potentially be excellent sources of bioactive components, mainly as a source of ACE inhibitors. However, increased use of marine sources, poses an unsustainable burden on particular fish stocks, so, the underutilized fish species and by-products can be exploited for this purpose. This paper provides an overview of the techniques involved in the production, isolation, purification, and characterization of bioactive peptides from marine sources, as well as the evaluation of the ACE inhibitory (ACE-I) activity and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Manikkam
- a Centre of Chronic Disease Prevention, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - T Vasiljevic
- a Centre of Chronic Disease Prevention, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - O N Donkor
- a Centre of Chronic Disease Prevention, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
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Weber GJ, Pushpakumar S, Tyagi SC, Sen U. Homocysteine and hydrogen sulfide in epigenetic, metabolic and microbiota related renovascular hypertension. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:300-312. [PMID: 27602985 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several years, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to be an important player in a variety of physiological functions, including neuromodulation, vasodilation, oxidant regulation, inflammation, and angiogenesis. H2S is synthesized primarily through metabolic processes from the amino acid cysteine and homocysteine in various organ systems including neuronal, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and kidney. Derangement of cysteine and homocysteine metabolism and clearance, particularly in the renal vasculature, leads to H2S biosynthesis deregulation causing or contributing to existing high blood pressure. While a variety of environmental influences, such as diet can have an effect on H2S regulation and function, genetic factors, and more recently epigenetics, also have a vital role in H2S regulation and function, and therefore disease initiation and progression. In addition, new research into the role of gut microbiota in the development of hypertension has highlighted the need to further explore these microorganisms and how they influence the levels of H2S throughout the body and possibly exploiting microbiota for use of hypertension treatment. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the field of hypertension research emphasizing renal contribution and how H2S physiology can be exploited as a possible therapeutic strategy to ameliorate kidney dysfunction as well as to control blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Weber
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Sathnur Pushpakumar
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
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