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Zhang Y, Chen S, Tian Y, Fu X. Host factors of SARS-CoV-2 in infection, pathogenesis, and long-term effects. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1407261. [PMID: 38846354 PMCID: PMC11155306 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1407261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the causative virus of the devastating COVID-19 pandemic that results in an unparalleled global health and economic crisis. Despite unprecedented scientific efforts and therapeutic interventions, the fight against COVID-19 continues as the rapid emergence of different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and the increasing challenge of long COVID-19, raising a vast demand to understand the pathomechanisms of COVID-19 and its long-term sequelae and develop therapeutic strategies beyond the virus per se. Notably, in addition to the virus itself, the replication cycle of SARS-CoV-2 and clinical severity of COVID-19 is also governed by host factors. In this review, we therefore comprehensively overview the replication cycle and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 from the perspective of host factors and host-virus interactions. We sequentially outline the pathological implications of molecular interactions between host factors and SARS-CoV-2 in multi-organ and multi-system long COVID-19, and summarize current therapeutic strategies and agents targeting host factors for treating these diseases. This knowledge would be key for the identification of new pathophysiological aspects and mechanisms, and the development of actionable therapeutic targets and strategies for tackling COVID-19 and its sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yan Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Medical School, West China Hospital and Cancer Center, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianghui Fu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Medical School, West China Hospital and Cancer Center, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
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Cappelletti P, Gallo G, Marino R, Palaniappan S, Corbo M, Savoia C, Feligioni M. From cardiovascular system to brain, the potential protective role of Mas Receptors in COVID-19 infection. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 959:176061. [PMID: 37775018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared a new pandemic in March 2020. Although most patients are asymptomatic, those with underlying cardiovascular comorbidities may develop a more severe systemic infection which is often associated with fatal pneumonia. Nonetheless, neurological and cardiovascular manifestations could be present even without respiratory symptoms. To date, no COVID-19-specific drugs are able for preventing or treating the infection and generally, the symptoms are relieved with general anti-inflammatory drugs. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 (ACE2) may function as the receptor for virus entry within the cells favoring the progression of infection in the organism. On the other hand, ACE2 is a relevant enzyme in renin angiotensin system (RAS) cascade fostering Ang1-7/Mas receptor activation which promotes protective effects in neurological and cardiovascular systems. It is known that RAS is composed by two functional countervailing axes the ACE/AngII/AT1 receptor and the ACE/AngII/AT2 receptor which counteracts the actions mediated by AngII/AT1 receptor by inducing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-growth functions. Subsequently an "alternative" ACE2/Ang1-7/Mas receptor axis has been described with functions similar to the latter protective arm. Here, we discuss the neurological and cardiovascular effects of COVID-19 highlighting the role of the stimulation of the RAS "alternative" protective arm in attenuating pulmonary, cerebral and cardiovascular damages. In conclusion, only two clinical trials are running for Mas receptor agonists but few other molecules are in preclinical phase and if successful these drugs might represent a successful strategy for the treatment of the acute phase of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Cappelletti
- Department of Neuro-Rehabilitation Sciences, Casa di Cura Igea, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Gallo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachele Marino
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi Montalcini Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Corbo
- Department of Neuro-Rehabilitation Sciences, Casa di Cura Igea, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmine Savoia
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Feligioni
- Department of Neuro-Rehabilitation Sciences, Casa di Cura Igea, Milan, Italy; European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi Montalcini Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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Caputo I, Bertoldi G, Driussi G, Cacciapuoti M, Calò LA. The RAAS Goodfellas in Cardiovascular System. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6873. [PMID: 37959338 PMCID: PMC10649249 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, the study of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has revealed a counterregulatory protective axis. This protective arm is characterized by ACE2/Ang 1-7/MasR and Ang 1-9 that largely counteracts the classic arm of the RAAS mediated by ACE/Ang II/AT1R/aldosterone and plays an important role in the prevention of inflammation, oxidative stress, hypertension, and cardiovascular remodeling. A growing body of evidence suggests that enhancement of this counterregulatory arm of RAAS represents an important therapeutic approach to facing cardiovascular comorbidities. In this review, we provide an overview of the beneficial effects of ACE2, Ang 1-7/MasR, and Ang 1-9 in the context of oxidative stress, vascular dysfunction, and organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lorenzo A. Calò
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padova, Italy; (I.C.); (G.B.); (G.D.); (M.C.)
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Impact of genetic deletion of MrgD or Mas receptors in depressive-like behaviour in mice. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2023; 35:27-34. [PMID: 35979816 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2022.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of genetic deletion of receptors of the counterregulatory arms of the renin-angiotensin system in depressive-like behaviours. METHODS 8-12 weeks-old male mice wild type (WT, C57BL/6J) and mice with genetic deletion of MrgD (MrgD KO) or Mas receptors (Mas KO) were subjected to the Forced Swim Test (FST) and the Tail Suspension Test (TST). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Blockade of Mas was performed by acute intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of its selective antagonist, A779. RESULTS No statistical difference in immobility time was observed between MrgD KO and WT male animals subjected to FST and TST. However, acute icv injection of A779 significantly increased the immobility time of MrgD KO male mice subjected to FST and TST, suggesting the involvement of Mas in preventing depressive-like behaviour. Indeed, Mas KO male animals showed increased immobility time in FST and TST, evidencing a depressive-like behaviour in these animals, in addition to a reduction in BDNF levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. No changes in BDNF levels were observed in MrgD KO male animals. CONCLUSION Our data showed that Mas plays an important role in the neurobiology of depression probably by modulating BDNF expression. On the contrary, lack of MrgD did not alter depressive-like behaviour, which was supported by the lack of alterations in BDNF levels.
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Pontes CNR, Scalzo S, Jesus ICG, Jesus EFD, Nunes ADDC, Mendonça MM, Mendes EP, Colugnati DB, Xavier CH, Pedrino GR, Guatimosim S, Castro CH. Angiotensin-(1-7) attenuates the negative inotropic response to acetylcholine in the heart. Peptides 2022; 158:170862. [PMID: 35998722 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that the Angiotensin-(1-7) [(Ang-(1-7)] can change cardiac function by modulating the autonomic nervous system. However, it is unknown whether the Ang-(1-7) can modulate the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) in ventricular contractility. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether Ang-(1-7) modifies the amplitude of the cardiac cholinergic effects and if these effects are intrinsic to the heart. In anesthetized Wistar rats, Ang-(1-7) attenuated the effect of ACh in decreasing the left ventricular end-systolic pressure (LVESP), dP/dtmax, and dP/dtmin, but did not modify the hypotensive effect of ACh. Similarly, Ang-(1-7) attenuated the reduction of the LVESP, dP/dtmax, and dP/dtmin evoked by ACh in isolated hearts. These effects were blocked by the Mas receptor antagonist, A-779, but not by the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor MDL-12,330 A. Ang-(1-7) also attenuated the reduction in the maximum contraction and relaxation speeds and the shortening promoted by ACh in isolated cardiomyocytes. These data show that Ang-(1-7) acting through Mas receptor counter-regulates the myocardial contractile response to ACh in an arterial pressure and heart rate-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Nobre Ribeiro Pontes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Scalzo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Itamar Couto Guedes Jesus
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Erika Fernandes de Jesus
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Allancer Divino de Carvalho Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Brazil; Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michelle Mendanha Mendonça
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Pereira Mendes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Diego Basile Colugnati
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Xavier
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rodrigues Pedrino
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Silvia Guatimosim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Castro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Brazil.
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Steckelings UM, Widdop RE, Sturrock ED, Lubbe L, Hussain T, Kaschina E, Unger T, Hallberg A, Carey RM, Sumners C. The Angiotensin AT 2 Receptor: From a Binding Site to a Novel Therapeutic Target. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1051-1135. [PMID: 36180112 PMCID: PMC9553111 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered more than 30 years ago, the angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) has evolved from a binding site with unknown function to a firmly established major effector within the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and a target for new drugs in development. The AT2R represents an endogenous protective mechanism that can be manipulated in the majority of preclinical models to alleviate lung, renal, cardiovascular, metabolic, cutaneous, and neural diseases as well as cancer. This article is a comprehensive review summarizing our current knowledge of the AT2R, from its discovery to its position within the RAS and its overall functions. This is followed by an in-depth look at the characteristics of the AT2R, including its structure, intracellular signaling, homo- and heterodimerization, and expression. AT2R-selective ligands, from endogenous peptides to synthetic peptides and nonpeptide molecules that are used as research tools, are discussed. Finally, we summarize the known physiological roles of the AT2R and its abundant protective effects in multiple experimental disease models and expound on AT2R ligands that are undergoing development for clinical use. The present review highlights the controversial aspects and gaps in our knowledge of this receptor and illuminates future perspectives for AT2R research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) is now regarded as a fully functional and important component of the renin-angiotensin system, with the potential of exerting protective actions in a variety of diseases. This review provides an in-depth view of the AT2R, which has progressed from being an enigma to becoming a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Lizelle Lubbe
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Elena Kaschina
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Thomas Unger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert M Carey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Colin Sumners
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
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7
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Lamy GB, Cafarchio EM, do Vale B, Antonio BB, Venancio DP, de Souza JS, Maciel RM, Giannocco G, Silva Neto AF, Oyama LM, Aronsson P, Sato MA. Unveiling the Angiotensin-(1–7) Actions on the Urinary Bladder in Female Rats. Front Physiol 2022; 13:920636. [PMID: 35928558 PMCID: PMC9345415 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.920636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1–7) is a peptide produced by different pathways, and regardless of the route, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) is involved in one of the steps of its synthesis. Angiotensin-(1–7) binds to Mas receptors localized in different cells throughout the body. Whether angiotensin-(1–7) exerts any action in the urinary bladder (UB) is still unknown. We investigated the effects of intravenous and topical (in situ) administration of angiotensin-(1–7) on intravesical pressure (IP) and cardiovascular variables. In addition, the Mas receptors and ACE-2 gene and protein expression were analyzed in the UB. Adult female Wistar rats were anesthetized with 2% isoflurane in 100% O2 and submitted to the catheterization of the femoral artery and vein for mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) recordings, and infusion of drugs, respectively. The renal blood flow was acquired using a Doppler flow probe placed around the left renal artery and the renal conductance (RC) was calculated as a ratio of Doppler shift (kHz) and MAP. The cannulation of the UB was performed for IP recording. We observed that angiotensin-(1–7) either administered intravenously [115.8 ± 28.6% angiotensin-(1–7) vs. −2.9 ± 1.3% saline] or topically [147.4 ± 18.9% angiotensin-(1–7) vs. 3.2 ± 2.8% saline] onto the UB evoked a significant (p < 0.05) increase in IP compared to saline and yielded no changes in MAP, HR, and RC. The marked response of angiotensin-(1–7) on the UB was also investigated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting assay, which demonstrated the mRNA and protein expression of Mas receptors in the bladder, respectively. ACE-2 mRNA and protein expression was also observed in the bladder. Therefore, the findings demonstrate that angiotensin-(1–7) acts in the UB to increase the IP and suggest that this peptide can be also locally synthesized in the UB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo B. Lamy
- Department Morphology and Physiology, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M. Cafarchio
- Department Morphology and Physiology, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
| | - Bárbara do Vale
- Department Morphology and Physiology, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
| | - Bruno B. Antonio
- Department Morphology and Physiology, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
| | - Daniel P. Venancio
- Department Morphology and Physiology, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
| | - Janaina S. de Souza
- Department Biological Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Rui M. Maciel
- Department Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Giannocco
- Department Biological Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
- Department Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lila M. Oyama
- Department Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrik Aronsson
- Department Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Monica A. Sato
- Department Morphology and Physiology, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Monica A. Sato,
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8
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Coutinho DCO, Joviano-Santos JV, Santos-Miranda A, Martins-Júnior PA, Da Silva A, Santos RAS, Ferreira AJ. Altered heart cytokine profile and action potential modulation in cardiomyocytes from Mas-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 619:90-96. [PMID: 35749941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key hormonal system. In recent years, the functional analysis of the novel axis of the RAS (ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor) revealed that its activation can become protective against several pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases. Mas knockout mice (Mas-KO) represent an important tool for new investigations. Indeed, extensive biological research has focused on investigating the functional implications of Mas receptor deletion. However, although the Mas receptor was identified in neonatal cardiomyocytes and also in adult ventricular myocytes, only few reports have explored the Ang-(1-7)/Mas signaling directly in cardiomyocytes to date. This study investigated the implication of Mas receptor knockout to the cytokine profile, energy metabolism, and electrical properties of mice-isolated cardiomyocytes. Here, we demonstrated that Mas-KO mice have modulation in some cytokines, such as G-CSF, IL-6, IL-10, and VEGF in the left ventricle. This model also presents increased mitochondrial number in cardiomyocytes and a reduction in the myocyte diameter. Finally, Mas-KO cardiomyocytes have altered action potential modulation after diazoxide challenge. Such electrical finding was different from the data showed for the TGR(A1-7)3292 (TGR) model, which overexpresses Ang-(1-7) in the plasma by 4.5, used by us as a control. Collectively, our findings exemplify the importance of understanding the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas pathway in cardiomyocytes and heart tissue. The Mas-KO mice model can be considered an important tool for new RAS investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Artur Santos-Miranda
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Analina Da Silva
- Center for Biomedical Imaging CIBM, ENT-R, Station 6, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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9
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Gunarathne LS, Rajapaksha IG, Casey S, Qaradakhi T, Zulli A, Rajapaksha H, Trebicka J, Angus PW, Herath CB. Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor type D antagonism improves portal hypertension in cirrhotic rats. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2523-2537. [PMID: 35593203 PMCID: PMC9426402 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Splanchnic vasodilatation contributes to the development and aggravation of portal hypertension (PHT). We previously demonstrated that in cirrhosis, angiotensin‐ mediates splanchnic vasodilatation through the Mas receptor (MasR). In this study, we investigated whether the recently characterized second receptor for angiotensin‐(1–7), Mas‐related G protein‐coupled receptor type D (MrgD), contributes to splanchnic vasodilatation in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic PHT. Splanchnic vascular hemodynamic and portal pressure were determined in two rat models of cirrhotic PHT and a rat model with noncirrhotic PHT, treated with either MrgD blocker D‐Pro7‐Ang‐(1‐7) (D‐Pro) or MasR blocker A779. Gene and protein expression of MrgD and MasR were measured in splanchnic vessels and livers of cirrhotic and healthy rats and in patients with cirrhosis and healthy subjects. Mesenteric resistance vessels isolated from cirrhotic rats were used in myographs to study their vasodilatory properties. MrgD was up‐regulated in cirrhotic splanchnic vessels but not in the liver. In cirrhotic rats, treatment with D‐Pro but not A779 completely restored splanchnic vascular resistance to a healthy level, resulting in a 33% reduction in portal pressure. Mesenteric vessels pretreated with D‐Pro but not with A779 failed to relax in response to acetylcholine. There was no splanchnic vascular MrgD or MasR up‐regulation in noncirrhotic PHT; thus, receptor blockers had no effect on splanchnic hemodynamics. Conclusion: MrgD plays a major role in the development of cirrhotic PHT and is a promising target for the development of novel therapies to treat PHT in cirrhosis. Moreover, neither MrgD nor MasR contributes to noncirrhotic PHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmie S Gunarathne
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Indu G Rajapaksha
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Casey
- Liver Unit, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tawar Qaradakhi
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony Zulli
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Clinic Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter W Angus
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chandana B Herath
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Victoria, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
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10
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Monteiro BL, Santos RAS, Mario EG, Araujo TS, Savergnini SSQ, Santiago AF, Muzzi RAL, Castro IC, Teixeira LG, Botion LM, Marinho BM, Santos SHS, Porto LCJ. Genetic deletion of Mas receptor in FVB/N mice impairs cardiac use of glucose and lipids. Peptides 2022; 151:170764. [PMID: 35151766 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7) is a biologically active product of the renin-angiotensin system cascade and exerts inhibitory effects on inflammation, vascular and cellular growth mechanisms signaling through the G protein-coupled Mas receptor. The major purpose of the present study was to investigate the use of glucose and fatty acids by cardiac tissue in Mas knockout mice models. Serum levels of glucose, lipids, and insulin were measured in Mas-deficient and wild-type FVB/N mice. To investigate the cardiac use of lipids, the lipoprotein lipase, the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha; carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and acyl-CoA oxidase were evaluated. To investigate the cardiac use of glucose, the insulin signaling through Akt/GLUT4 pathway, glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) and fructose-6-phosphate (F-6-P) glycolytic intermediates, in addition to ATP, lactate and the glycogen content were measured. Despite normal body weight, cholesterol and insulin, Mas-Knockout mice presented hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, impaired insulin signaling, through reduced phosphorylation of AKT and decreased translocation of GLUT4 in response to insulin, with subsequent decrease of the cardiac G-6-P and F-6-P. Lactate production and glycogen content were not altered in Mas-KO hearts. Mas-KO presented reduced cardiac lipoprotein lipase activity and decreased translocation of CD36 in response to insulin. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I genes were lower in Mas-KO animals compared to wild-type animals. The ATP content of Mas-KO hearts was smaller than in wild-type. The present results suggest that genetic deletion of Mas produced a devastating effect on cardiac use of glucose and lipids, leading to lower energy efficiency in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda L Monteiro
- Federal University of Lavras, Department of Nutrition, Av. Norte UFLA - Aquenta Sol, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Robson A S Santos
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Erica G Mario
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Thiago S Araujo
- Federal University of Lavras, Department of Nutrition, Av. Norte UFLA - Aquenta Sol, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Silvia S Q Savergnini
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Andrezza F Santiago
- Federal University of Lavras, Department of Nutrition, Av. Norte UFLA - Aquenta Sol, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Ruthnea A L Muzzi
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Food Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Isabela C Castro
- Federal University of Lavras, Department of Nutrition, Av. Norte UFLA - Aquenta Sol, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Lilian G Teixeira
- Federal University of Lavras, Department of Nutrition, Av. Norte UFLA - Aquenta Sol, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Leida M Botion
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Barbhara M Marinho
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Sergio H S Santos
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Food Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Laura C J Porto
- Federal University of Lavras, Department of Nutrition, Av. Norte UFLA - Aquenta Sol, Lavras, MG, Brazil; Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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11
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Sarkar S, Sen R. Insights into Cardiovascular Defects and Cardiac Epigenome in the Context of COVID-19. EPIGENOMES 2022; 6:epigenomes6020013. [PMID: 35645252 PMCID: PMC9150012 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes6020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although few in number, studies on epigenome of the heart of COVID-19 patients show that epigenetic signatures such as DNA methylation are significantly altered, leading to changes in expression of several genes. It contributes to pathogenic cardiac phenotypes of COVID-19, e.g., low heart rate, myocardial edema, and myofibrillar disarray. DNA methylation studies reveal changes which likely contribute to cardiac disease through unknown mechanisms. The incidence of severe COVID-19 disease, including hospitalization, requiring respiratory support, morbidity, and mortality, is disproportionately higher in individuals with co-morbidities. This poses unprecedented strains on the global healthcare system. While their underlying conditions make patients more susceptible to severe COVID-19 disease, strained healthcare systems, lack of adequate support, or sedentary lifestyles from ongoing lockdowns have proved detrimental to their underlying health conditions, thus pushing them to severe risk of congenital heart disease (CHD) itself. Prophylactic vaccines against COVID-19 have ushered new hope for CHD. A common connection between COVID-19 and CHD is SARS-CoV-2’s host receptor ACE2, because ACE2 regulates and protects organs, including the heart, in various ways. ACE2 is a common therapeutic target against cardiovascular disease and COVID-19 which damages organs. Hence, this review explores the above regarding CHDs, cardiovascular damage, and cardiac epigenetics, in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Sarkar
- New Brunswick Heart Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB E2L 4L2, Canada;
| | - Rwik Sen
- Active Motif, Inc., 1914 Palomar Oaks Way, Suite 150, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Onal H, Ergun NU, Arslan B, Topuz S, Semerci SY, Ugurel OM, Topuzogullari M, Kalkan A, Yoldemir SA, Suner N, Kocatas A. Angiotensin (1- 7) peptide replacement therapy with plasma transfusion in COVID-19. Transfus Apher Sci 2022; 61:103418. [PMID: 35305923 PMCID: PMC8917875 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2022.103418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aim To determine whether convalescent angiotensin (1−7) peptide replacement therapy with plasma (peptide plasma) transfusion can be beneficial in the treatment of critically ill patients with severe coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Study design Case series of 9 critically ill patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 who met the following criteria: severe pneumonia with rapid progression and continuously high viral load despite antiviral treatment. Peptide plasma: Plasma with angiotensin (1−7) content 8–10 times higher than healthy plasma donors was obtained from suitable donors. Peptide plasma transfusion was applied to 9 patients whose clinical status and/or laboratory profile deteriorated and who needed intensive care for 2 days. Results In our COVID-19 cases, favipiravir, low molecular weight heparin treatment, which is included in the treatment protocol of the ministry of health, was started. Nine patients with oxygen saturation of 93% and below despite nasal oxygen support, whose clinical and/or laboratory deteriorated, were identified. The youngest of the cases was 36 years old, and the oldest patient was 85 years old. 6 of the 9 cases had male gender. 3 cases had been smoking for more than 10 years. 4 cases had at least one chronic disease. In all of our cases, SARS CoV2 lung involvement was bilateral and peptide plasma therapy was administered in cases when oxygen saturation was 93% and below despite nasal oxygen support of 5 liters/minute and above, and intensive care was required. Although it was not reflected in the laboratory parameters in the early period, 8 patients whose saturations improved with treatment were discharged without the need for intensive care. However, a similar response was not obtained in one case. Oxygen requirement increased gradually and, he died in intensive care process. An increase of the platelet count was observed in all cases following the peptide plasma treatment. Conclusion In this preliminary case series of 9 critically ill patients with COVID-19, administration of plasma containing angiotensin (1−7) was followed by improvement in their clinical status. The limited sample size and study design preclude a definitive statement about the potential effectiveness of this treatment, and these observations require evaluation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Onal
- Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism Clinics, Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey; Chief of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nurcan Ucuncu Ergun
- Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism Clinics, Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics, Postdoctorate Fellow of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Bengu Arslan
- Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism Clinics, Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics, Postdoctorate Fellow of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Seyma Topuz
- Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism Clinics, Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Seda Yilmaz Semerci
- Department of Neonatology, Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Osman Mutluhan Ugurel
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Engineering and Architecture, Altınbas University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Murat Topuzogullari
- Bioengineering Department, Chemistry and Metallurgy Faculty, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ali Kalkan
- Department of Cardiology, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sengul Aydin Yoldemir
- Internal Medicine Department, Bakirkoy Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nurettin Suner
- Division of General Medicine, Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ali Kocatas
- Department of General Surgery, Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Director of Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
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13
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Abdi A, AlOtaiby S, Badarin FA, Khraibi A, Hamdan H, Nader M. Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with cardiomyocytes: Insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of cardiac injury and pharmacotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 146:112518. [PMID: 34906770 PMCID: PMC8654598 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 causes respiratory illness with a spectrum of systemic complications. However, the mechanism for cardiac infection and cardiomyocyte injury in COVID-19 patients remains unclear. The current literature supports the notion that SARS-CoV-2 particles access the heart either by the circulating blood cells or by extracellular vesicles, originating from the inflamed lungs, and encapsulating the virus along with its receptor (ACE2). Both cardiomyocytes and pericytes (coronary arteries) express the necessary accessory proteins for access of SARS-CoV-2 particles (i.e. ACE2, NRP-1, TMPRSS2, CD147, integrin α5β1, and CTSB/L). These proteins facilitate the SARS-CoV-2 interaction and entry into the pericytes and cardiomyocytes thus leading to cardiac manifestations. Subsequently, various signaling pathways are altered in the infected cardiomyocytes (i.e. increased ROS production, reduced contraction, impaired calcium homeostasis), causing cardiac dysfunction. The currently adopted pharmacotherapy in severe COVID-19 subjects exhibited side effects on the heart, often manifested by electrical abnormalities. Nonetheless, cardiovascular adverse repercussions have been associated with the advent of some of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines with no clear mechanisms underlining these complications. We provide herein an overview of the pathways involved with cardiomyocyte in COVID-19 subjects to help promoting pharmacotherapies that can protect against SARS-CoV-2-induced cardiac injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhamid Abdi
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, and Biotechnology Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shahad AlOtaiby
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City, Central Second Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firas Al Badarin
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali Khraibi
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, and Biotechnology Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hamdan Hamdan
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, and Biotechnology Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moni Nader
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, and Biotechnology Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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14
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Pagliaro P, Thairi C, Alloatti G, Penna C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: a key enzyme in key organs. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2022; 23:1-11. [PMID: 34091532 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000001218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
2020 marked the 20th anniversary of the discovery of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This major event that changed the way we see the renin-angiotensin system today could have passed quietly. Instead, the discovery that ACE2 is a major player in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic has blown up the literature regarding this enzyme. ACE2 connects the classical arm renin-angiotensin system, consisting mainly of angiotensin II peptide and its AT1 receptor, with a protective arm, consisting mainly of the angiotensin 1-7 peptide and its Mas receptor. In this brief article, we have reviewed the literature to describe how ACE2 is a key protective arm enzyme in the function of many organs, particularly in the context of brain and cardiovascular function, as well as in renal, pulmonary and digestive homeostasis. We also very briefly review and refer to recent literature to present an insight into the role of ACE2 in determining the course of coronavirus diseases 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin
| | - Cecilia Thairi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin
| | | | - Claudia Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin
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15
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Zaidan I, Tavares LP, Sugimoto MA, Lima KM, Negreiros-Lima GL, Teixeira LC, Miranda TC, Valiate BV, Cramer A, Vago JP, Campolina-Silva GH, Souza JA, Grossi LC, Pinho V, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Santos RAS, Teixeira MM, Galvão I, Sousa LP. Angiotensin-(1-7)/MasR axis promotes migration of monocytes/macrophages with a regulatory phenotype to perform phagocytosis and efferocytosis. JCI Insight 2021; 7:147819. [PMID: 34874920 PMCID: PMC8765051 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.147819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonphlogistic migration of macrophages contributes to the clearance of pathogens and apoptotic cells, a critical step for the resolution of inflammation and return to homeostasis. Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] is a heptapeptide of the renin-angiotensin system that acts through Mas receptor (MasR). Ang-(1-7) has recently emerged as a novel proresolving mediator, yet Ang-(1-7) resolution mechanisms are not fully determined. Herein, Ang-(1-7) stimulated migration of human and murine monocytes/macrophages in a MasR-, CCR2-, and MEK/ERK1/2–dependent manner. Pleural injection of Ang-(1-7) promoted nonphlogistic mononuclear cell influx alongside increased levels of CCL2, IL-10, and macrophage polarization toward a regulatory phenotype. Ang-(1-7) induction of CCL2 and mononuclear cell migration was also dependent on MasR and MEK/ERK. Of note, MasR was upregulated during the resolution phase of inflammation, and its pharmacological inhibition or genetic deficiency impaired mononuclear cell recruitment during self-resolving models of LPS pleurisy and E. coli peritonitis. Inhibition/absence of MasR was associated with reduced CCL2 levels, impaired phagocytosis of bacteria, efferocytosis, and delayed resolution of inflammation. In summary, we have uncovered a potentially novel proresolving feature of Ang-(1-7), namely the recruitment of mononuclear cells favoring efferocytosis, phagocytosis, and resolution of inflammation. Mechanistically, cell migration was dependent on MasR, CCR2, and the MEK/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Zaidan
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Tavares
- Departamento Bioquimica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Michelle A Sugimoto
- Departamento Bioquimica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kátia M Lima
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Graziele L Negreiros-Lima
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lívia Cr Teixeira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thais C Miranda
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruno Vs Valiate
- Departamento Bioquimica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Allysson Cramer
- Departamento Bioquimica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juliana Priscila Vago
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Jéssica Am Souza
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Laís C Grossi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Departamento Bioquimica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Robson A S Santos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Departamento Bioquimica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Izabela Galvão
- Departamento Bioquimica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis from the School of Pharma, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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16
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Sepúlveda-Fragoso V, Alexandre-Santos B, Salles ACP, Proença AB, de Paula Alves AP, Vázquez-Carrera M, Nóbrega ACL, Frantz EDC, Magliano DC. Crosstalk between the renin-angiotensin system and the endoplasmic reticulum stress in the cardiovascular system: Lessons learned so far. Life Sci 2021; 284:119919. [PMID: 34480931 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin (Ang) system (RAS) is a complex hormonal system present locally in several tissues such as cardiovascular organs. RAS deregulation through overactivation of the classical arm [Ang-converting enzyme (ACE)/Ang-II/Ang type 1 receptor (AT1R)] has been linked to the development of cardiovascular diseases and activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways. The ER stress is a condition that, if unresolved, might lead to heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and endothelial dysfunction. Accumulated evidence has shown that the RAS modulates the UPR activation. Several studies reported increased ER stress markers in response to Ang-II treatment, in both in vivo and in vitro models. Evidence has also pointed that targeting the RAS classical arm through RAS blockers, gene silencing or genetic models leads to lower levels of ER stress markers. Few studies demonstrated protective effects of the counter-regulatory arm (ACE-2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor) over ER stress. However, the crosstalk mechanisms between the arms of the RAS and ER stress remain unclear. In this review, we sought to explore the classical arm of the RAS as a key mechanism in UPR activation and to suggest a possible protective role of the counter-regulatory arm in mitigating ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Sepúlveda-Fragoso
- Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Alexandre-Santos
- Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Amanda Conceição Pimenta Salles
- Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Proença
- Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de Paula Alves
- Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Antonio Claudio Lucas Nóbrega
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; National Institute for Science & Technology - INCT (In)activity & Exercise, CNPq, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliete Dalla Corte Frantz
- Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; National Institute for Science & Technology - INCT (In)activity & Exercise, CNPq, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - D'Angelo Carlo Magliano
- Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
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17
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Vasam G, S SJ, Miyat SY, Adam H, Jarajapu YP. Early onset of aging phenotype in vascular repair by Mas receptor deficiency. GeroScience 2021; 44:311-327. [PMID: 34661816 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with impaired vascular repair following ischemic insult, largely due to reparative dysfunctions of progenitor cells. Activation of Mas receptor (MasR) was shown to reverse aging-associated vasoreparative dysfunction. This study tested the impact of MasR-deficiency on mobilization and vasoreparative functions with aging. Wild type (WT) or MasR-deficient mice (MasR-/- or MasR+/-) at 12-14 weeks (young) or middle age (11-12 months) (MA) were used in the study. Mobilization of lineage-negative, Sca-1-positive cKit-positive (LSK) cells in response to G-CSF or plerixafor was determined. Hindlimb ischemia (HLI) was induced by femoral artery ligation. Mobilization and blood flow recovery were monitored post-HLI. Radiation chimeras were made by lethal irradiation of WT or MasR-/- mice followed by administration of bone marrow cells from MasR-/- or WT mice, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) generation by stromal-derived factor-1α (SDF) and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS) levels were determined by flow cytometry. Effect of A779 treatment on mobilization, blood flow recovery, and NO and ROS levels were determined in young WT and MasR+/- mice. Circulating LSK cells in basal or in response to plerixafor or G-CSF or in response to ischemic injury were lower in MasR-/- mice compared to the WT. Responses in MasR+/- mice were similar to the WT at young age but at the middle age, impairments were observed. Impaired mobilization to ischemia or G-CSF was rescued in WT → MasR-/- chimeras. NO levels were lower and mitoROS were higher in MasR-/- LSK cells compared to WT cells. A779 precipitated dysfunctions in young-MasR+/- mice similar to that observed in MA-MasR+/-, and this accompanied decreased NO generation by SDF and enhanced mitoROS levels. This study shows that mice at MA do not exhibit vasoreparative dysfunction. Either partial or total loss of MasR precipitates advanced-aging phenotype likely due to lack of NO and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutham Vasam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Shrinidh Joshi S
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Su Yamin Miyat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Hashim Adam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Yagna P Jarajapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA.
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18
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Marins FR, Oliveira AC, Qadri F, Motta-Santos D, Alenina N, Bader M, Fontes MAP, Santos RAS. Alamandine but not angiotensin-(1-7) produces cardiovascular effects at the rostral insular cortex. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R513-R521. [PMID: 34346721 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00308.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Experiments aimed to evaluate the tissue distribution of Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor D (MrgD) revealed the presence of immunoreactivity for the MrgD protein in the rostral insular cortex (rIC), an important area for autonomic and cardiovascular control. To investigate the relevance of this finding, we evaluated the cardiovascular effects produced by the endogenous ligand of MrgD, alamandine, in this brain region. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were recorded in urethane anesthetized rats. Unilateral microinjection of equimolar doses of alamandine (40 pmol/100 nL), angiotensin-(1-7), angiotensin II, angiotensin A, and Mas/MrgD antagonist d-Pro7-Ang-1-7 (50 pmol/100 nL), Mas antagonist A779 (100 pmol/100 nL), or vehicle (0.9% NaCl) were made in different rats (n = 4-6/group) into rIC. To verify the specificity of the region, a microinjection of alamandine was also performed into intermediate insular cortex (iIC). Microinjection of alamandine in rIC produced an increase in MAP (Δ = 15 ± 2 mmHg), HR (Δ = 36 ± 4 beats/min), and RSNA (Δ = 31 ± 4%), but was without effects at iIC. Strikingly, an equimolar dose of angiotensin-(1-7) at rIC did not produce any change in MAP, HR, and RSNA. Angiotensin II and angiotensin A produced only minor effects. Alamandine effects were not altered by A-779, a Mas antagonist, but were completely blocked by the Mas/MrgD antagonist d-Pro7-Ang-(1-7). Therefore, we have identified a brain region in which alamandine/MrgD receptor but not angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas could be involved in the modulation of cardiovascular-related neuronal activity. This observation also suggests that alamandine might possess unique effects unrelated to angiotensin-(1-7) in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Ribeiro Marins
- Laboratório de Hipertensão, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Aline Cristina Oliveira
- Laboratório de Hipertensão, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- Laboratório de Hipertensão, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Antonio Peliky Fontes
- Laboratório de Hipertensão, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- Laboratório de Hipertensão, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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19
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Lamy GB, Cafarchio EM, do Vale B, Antonio BB, Venancio DP, de Souza JS, Maciel RM, Giannocco G, Aronsson P, Sato MA. Lateral Preoptic Area Neurons Activated by Angiotensin-(1-7) Increase Intravesical Pressure: A Novel Feature in Central Micturition Control. Front Physiol 2021; 12:682711. [PMID: 34322035 PMCID: PMC8311566 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.682711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Central micturition control and urine storage involve a multisynaptic neuronal circuit for the efferent control of the urinary bladder. Electrical stimulation of the lateral preoptic area (LPA) at the level of the decussation of the anterior commissure in cats evokes relaxation of the bladder, whereas ventral stimulation of LPA evokes vigorous contraction. Endogenous Angiotensin-(1–7) [(Ang-(1–7)] synthesis depends on ACE-2, and its actions on binding to Mas receptors, which were found in LPA neurons. We aimed to investigate the Ang-(1–7) actions into the LPA on intravesical pressure (IP) and cardiovascular parameters. The gene and protein expressions of Mas receptors and ACE-2 were also evaluated in the LPA. Angiotensin-(1–7) (5 nmol/μL) or A-779 (Mas receptor antagonist, 50 nmol/μL) was injected into the LPA in anesthetized female Wistar rats; and the IP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and renal conductance (RC) were recorded for 30 min. Unilateral injection of Ang-(1–7) into the LPA increased IP (187.46 ± 37.23%) with peak response at ∼23–25-min post-injection and yielded no changes in MAP, HR, and RC. Unilateral or bilateral injections of A-779 into the LPA decreased IP (−15.88 ± 2.76 and −27.30 ± 3.40%, respectively) and elicited no changes in MAP, HR, and RC. The genes and the protein expression of Mas receptors and ACE-2 were found in the LPA. Therefore, the LPA is an important part of the circuit involved in the urinary bladder control, in which the Ang-(1–7) synthetized into the LPA activates Mas receptors for increasing the IP independent on changes in RC and cardiovascular parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo B Lamy
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Cafarchio
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
| | - Bárbara do Vale
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
| | - Bruno B Antonio
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
| | - Daniel P Venancio
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
| | - Janaina S de Souza
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui M Maciel
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Giannocco
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Patrik Aronsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Monica A Sato
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
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20
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Tyrankiewicz U, Olkowicz M, Berkowicz P, Jablonska M, Smolenski RT, Zoladz JA, Chlopicki S. Physical Activity and Inhibition of ACE Additively Modulate ACE/ACE-2 Balance in Heart Failure in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:682432. [PMID: 34163362 PMCID: PMC8215444 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.682432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACE-I) and physical activity favorably modulate the ACE/ACE-2 balance. However, it is not clear whether physical activity and ACE-I could synergistically modulate ACE/ACE-2 balance in the course of heart failure (HF). Here, we studied the effects of combined spontaneous physical activity and ACE-I–based treatment on angiotensin (Ang) pattern and cardiac function in a mouse model of HF (Tgαq*44). Tgαq*44 mice with advanced HF (at the age of 12 months) were running spontaneously in a running wheel (exercise training group, ExT) and/or were treated with ACE inhibitor (ACE-I, perindopril, 10 mg/kg) for 2 months. Angiotensin profile was characterized by an LC-MS/MS-based method. The cardiac performance was assessed in vivo by MRI. Ang-(1–7)/Ang II ratio in both plasma and the aorta was significantly higher in the combined treatment group than the ACE-I group or ExT alone, suggesting the additive favorable effects on ACE-2/Ang-(1–7) and ACE/Ang II axes’ balance induced by a combination of ACE-I with ExT. The basal cardiac performance did not differ among the experimental groups of Tgαq*44 mice. We demonstrated additive changes in ACE/ACE-2 balance in both plasma and the aorta by spontaneous physical activity and ACE-I treatment in Tgαq*44 mice. However, these changes did not result in an improvement of failing heart function most likely because the disease was at the end-stage. Ang-(1–7)/Ang II balance represents a valuable biochemical end point for monitoring therapeutic intervention outcome in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Tyrankiewicz
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariola Olkowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Berkowicz
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jablonska
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Jerzy A Zoladz
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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21
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Tripathi R, Sullivan RD, Fan THM, Mehta RM, Gladysheva IP, Reed GL. A Low-Sodium Diet Boosts Ang (1-7) Production and NO-cGMP Bioavailability to Reduce Edema and Enhance Survival in Experimental Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4035. [PMID: 33919841 PMCID: PMC8070795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium restriction is often recommended in heart failure (HF) to block symptomatic edema, despite limited evidence for benefit. However, a low-sodium diet (LSD) activates the classical renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which may adversely affect HF progression and mortality in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). We performed a randomized, blinded pre-clinical trial to compare the effects of a normal (human-equivalent) sodium diet and a LSD on HF progression in a normotensive model of DCM in mice that has translational relevance to human HF. The LSD reduced HF progression by suppressing the development of pleural effusions (p < 0.01), blocking pathological increases in systemic extracellular water (p < 0.001) and prolonging median survival (15%, p < 0.01). The LSD activated the classical RAAS by increasing plasma renin activity, angiotensin II and aldosterone levels. However, the LSD also significantly up-elevated the counter-regulatory RAAS by boosting plasma angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and angiotensin (1-7) levels, promoting nitric oxide bioavailability and stimulating 3'-5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production. Plasma HF biomarkers associated with poor outcomes, such as B-type natriuretic peptide and neprilysin were decreased by a LSD. Cardiac systolic function, blood pressure and renal function were not affected. Although a LSD activates the classical RAAS system, we conclude that the LSD delayed HF progression and mortality in experimental DCM, in part through protective stimulation of the counter-regulatory RAAS to increase plasma ACE2 and angiotensin (1-7) levels, nitric oxide bioavailability and cGMP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Tripathi
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Ryan D Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Tai-Hwang M Fan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Radhika M Mehta
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Inna P Gladysheva
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Guy L Reed
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
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22
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Vieira C, Nery L, Martins L, Jabour L, Dias R, Simões E Silva AC. Downregulation of Membrane-bound Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Receptor has a Pivotal Role in COVID-19 Immunopathology. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:254-281. [PMID: 33081670 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666201020154033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is becoming the major health issue in recent human history with thousands of deaths and millions of cases worldwide. Newer research and old experience with other coronaviruses highlighted a probable underlying mechanism of disturbance of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that is associated with the intrinsic effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. OBJECTIVE In this review, we aimed to describe the intimate connections between the RAS components, the immune system and COVID-19 pathophysiology. METHODS This non-systematic review article summarizes recent evidence on the relationship between COVID-19 and the RAS. RESULTS Several studies have indicated that the downregulation of membrane-bound ACE2 may exert a key role for the impairment of immune functions and for COVID-19 patients' outcomes. The downregulation may occur by distinct mechanisms, particularly: (1) the shedding process induced by the SARS-CoV-2 fusion pathway, which reduces the amount of membrane-bound ACE2, stimulating more shedding by the high levels of Angiotensin II; (2) the endocytosis of ACE2 receptor with the virus itself and (3) by the interferon inhibition caused by SARS-CoV-2 effects on the immune system, which leads to a reduction of ACE2 receptor expression. CONCLUSION Recent research provides evidence of a reduction of the components of the alternative RAS axis, including ACE2 and Angiotensin-(1-7). In contrast, increased levels of Angiotensin II can activate the AT1 receptor in several organs. Consequently, increased inflammation, thrombosis and angiogenesis occur in patients infected with SARS-COV-2. Attention should be paid to the interactions of the RAS and COVID-19, mainly in the context of novel vaccines and proposed medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vieira
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas Nery
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ludimila Martins
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Jabour
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Raphael Dias
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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23
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Suh SH, Ma SK, Kim SW, Bae EH. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and kidney diseases in the era of coronavirus disease 2019. Korean J Intern Med 2021; 36:247-262. [PMID: 33617712 PMCID: PMC7969072 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2020.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the decades since the discovery of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), its protective role in terms of antagonizing activation of the classical renin-angiotensin system (RAS) axis has been recognized in clinical and experimental studies on kidney and cardiovascular diseases. The effects of ACE inhibitor/angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers (ACEi/ARBs) on ACE2-angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang- (1-7))-Mas receptor (MasR) axis activation has encouraged the use of such blockers in patients with kidney and cardiovascular diseases, until the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The previously unchallenged functions of the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-MasR axis and ACEi/ARBs are being re-evaluated in the era of COVID-19; the hypothesis is that ACEi/ARBs may increase the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection by upregulating the human ACE2 receptor expression level. In this review, we examine ACE2 molecular structure, function (as an enzyme of the RAS), and distribution. We explore the roles played by ACE2 in kidney, cardiovascular, and pulmonary diseases, highlighting studies that defined the benefits imparted when ACEi/ARBs activated the local ACE2- Ang-(1-7)-MasR axis. Finally, the question of whether ACEi/ARBs therapies should be stopped in COVID-19-infected patients will be reviewed by reference to the available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Heon Suh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seong Kwon Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Soo Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Eun Hui Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Correspondence to Eun Hui Bae, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea Tel: +82-62-220-6503 Fax: +82-62-225-8578 E-mail:
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24
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Kuriakose J, Montezano A, Touyz R. ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 axis and the vascular system: vasoprotection to COVID-19-associated vascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:387-407. [PMID: 33511992 PMCID: PMC7846970 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The two axes of the renin-angiotensin system include the classical ACE/Ang II/AT1 axis and the counter-regulatory ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 axis. ACE2 is a multifunctional monocarboxypeptidase responsible for generating Ang-(1-7) from Ang II. ACE2 is important in the vascular system where it is found in arterial and venous endothelial cells and arterial smooth muscle cells in many vascular beds. Among the best characterized functions of ACE2 is its role in regulating vascular tone. ACE2 through its effector peptide Ang-(1-7) and receptor Mas1 induces vasodilation and attenuates Ang II-induced vasoconstriction. In endothelial cells activation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 axis increases production of the vasodilator's nitric oxide and prostacyclin's and in vascular smooth muscle cells it inhibits pro-contractile and pro-inflammatory signaling. Endothelial ACE2 is cleaved by proteases, shed into the circulation and measured as soluble ACE2. Plasma ACE2 activity is increased in cardiovascular disease and may have prognostic significance in disease severity. In addition to its enzymatic function, ACE2 is the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV) and SARS-Cov-2, which cause SARS and coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) respectively. ACE-2 is thus a double-edged sword: it promotes cardiovascular health while also facilitating the devastations caused by coronaviruses. COVID-19 is associated with cardiovascular disease as a risk factor and as a complication. Mechanisms linking COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease are unclear, but vascular ACE2 may be important. This review focuses on the vascular biology and (patho)physiology of ACE2 in cardiovascular health and disease and briefly discusses the role of vascular ACE2 as a potential mediator of vascular injury in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jithin Kuriakose
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Augusto C. Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rhian M. Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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25
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Luo J, Zhu X, Jian J, Chen XU, Yin K. Cardiovascular disease in patients with COVID-19: evidence from cardiovascular pathology to treatment. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:273-282. [PMID: 33428706 PMCID: PMC7929476 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly developed into a global pneumonia pandemic. Cardiovascular disease is the major comorbidity of COVID-19 patients and is closely related to the severity of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 infection can directly or indirectly cause a series of cardiac complications, including acute myocardial injury and myocarditis, heart failure and cardiac arrest, arrhythmia, acute myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, and coagulation abnormalities. Intensive research on the SARS-CoV-2-associated cardiovascular complications is urgently needed to elucidate its exact mechanism and to identify potential drug targets, which will help to formulate effective prevention and treatment strategies. Hence, this review will summarize recent progress regarding the effects of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system and describe the underlying mechanism of cardiovascular injury caused by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jie Jian
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - X u Chen
- *Correspondence address. Tel: +86-13907736890; E-mail: (X.C.) / Tel: +86-773-5369253; E-mail: (K.Y.)
| | - Kai Yin
- *Correspondence address. Tel: +86-13907736890; E-mail: (X.C.) / Tel: +86-773-5369253; E-mail: (K.Y.)
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26
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ACE2 in the renin-angiotensin system. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:3063-3078. [PMID: 33264412 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In 2020 we are celebrating the 20th anniversary of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) discovery. This event was a landmark that shaped the way that we see the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) today. ACE2 is an important molecular hub that connects the RAS classical arm, formed mainly by the octapeptide angiotensin II (Ang II) and its receptor AT1, with the RAS alternative or protective arm, formed mainly by the heptapeptides Ang-(1-7) and alamandine, and their receptors, Mas and MrgD, respectively. In this work we reviewed classical and modern literature to describe how ACE2 is a critical component of the protective arm, particularly in the context of the cardiac function, coagulation homeostasis and immune system. We also review recent literature to present a critical view of the role of ACE2 and RAS in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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27
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Sharma N, Gaikwad AB. Ameliorative effect of AT2R and ACE2 activation on ischemic renal injury associated cardiac and hepatic dysfunction. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103501. [PMID: 32979558 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the role of the depressor arm of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) on ischemic renal injury (IRI)-associated cardio-hepatic sequalae under non-diabetic (ND) and diabetes mellitus (DM) conditions. Firstly, rats were injected with Streptozotocin (55 mg/kg i.p.) to develop DM. ND and DM rats underwent Bilateral IRI followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Further, ND and DM rats were subjected to AT2R agonist-Compound 21 (C21) (0.3 mg/kg/day, i.p.) or ACE2 activator- Diminazene Aceturate (Dize), (5 mg/kg/day, p.o.) per se or its combination therapy. As results, IRI caused cardio-hepatic injuries via altered oxidant/anti-oxidant levels, elevated inflammatory events, and altered protein expressions of ACE, ACE2, Ang II, Ang-(1-7) and urinary AGT. However, concomitant therapy of AT2R agonist and ACE2 activator exerts a protective effect in IRI-associated cardio-hepatic dysfunction as evidenced by inhibited oxidative stress, downregulated inflammation, and enhanced cardio-hepatic depressor arm of RAS under ND and DM conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India.
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Gunarathne LS, Rajapaksha H, Shackel N, Angus PW, Herath CB. Cirrhotic portal hypertension: From pathophysiology to novel therapeutics. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:6111-6140. [PMID: 33177789 PMCID: PMC7596642 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i40.6111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Portal hypertension and bleeding from gastroesophageal varices is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Portal hypertension is initiated by increased intrahepatic vascular resistance and a hyperdynamic circulatory state. The latter is characterized by a high cardiac output, increased total blood volume and splanchnic vasodilatation, resulting in increased mesenteric blood flow. Pharmacological manipulation of cirrhotic portal hypertension targets both the splanchnic and hepatic vascular beds. Drugs such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type receptor 1 blockers, which target the components of the classical renin angiotensin system (RAS), are expected to reduce intrahepatic vascular tone by reducing extracellular matrix deposition and vasoactivity of contractile cells and thereby improve portal hypertension. However, these drugs have been shown to produce significant off-target effects such as systemic hypotension and renal failure. Therefore, the current pharmacological mainstay in clinical practice to prevent variceal bleeding and improving patient survival by reducing portal pressure is non-selective -blockers (NSBBs). These NSBBs work by reducing cardiac output and splanchnic vasodilatation but most patients do not achieve an optimal therapeutic response and a significant proportion of patients are unable to tolerate these drugs. Although statins, used alone or in combination with NSBBs, have been shown to improve portal pressure and overall mortality in cirrhotic patients, further randomized clinical trials are warranted involving larger patient populations with clear clinical end points. On the other hand, recent findings from studies that have investigated the potential use of the blockers of the components of the alternate RAS provided compelling evidence that could lead to the development of drugs targeting the splanchnic vascular bed to inhibit splanchnic vasodilatation in portal hypertension. This review outlines the mechanisms related to the pathogenesis of portal hypertension and attempts to provide an update on currently available therapeutic approaches in the management of portal hypertension with special emphasis on how the alternate RAS could be manipulated in our search for development of safe, specific and effective novel therapies to treat portal hypertension in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmie S Gunarathne
- Department of Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Harinda Rajapaksha
- School of Molecular Science, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | | | - Peter W Angus
- Department of Gastroenterology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Chandana B Herath
- Department of Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell Street, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
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29
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Alexandre-Santos B, Alves R, Matsuura C, Sepúlveda-Fragoso V, Velasco LL, Machado MV, Vieira AB, Fernandes T, Oliveira EM, Tibiriçá E, Nóbrega ACLD, Magliano DC, Frantz EDC. Modulation of cardiac renin-angiotensin system, redox status and inflammatory profile by different volumes of aerobic exercise training in obese rats. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 156:125-136. [PMID: 32580045 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Overactivation of the classical arm of the renin-angiotensin (Ang) system (RAS) occurs during inflammation, oxidative stress and obesity-induced cardiomyopathy. The activation of the protective arm of RAS may act to counterbalance the deleterious effects of the classical RAS. Although aerobic exercise training (AET) shifts the balance of the RAS towards the protective arm, little is known about the molecular adaptations to different volumes of AET. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of AET volume on the modulation of RAS, as well as on cardiac biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, in a diet-induced obesity model. Male Wistar rats were fed either control (CON) or high fat (HF) diet for 32 weeks. At week 20, HF group was subdivided into sedentary, low (LEV, 150 min/week) or high (HEV, 300 min/week) exercise volume. After 12 weeks of exercise, body mass gain, systolic blood pressure and heart rate were evaluated, as well as RAS, oxidative stress and inflammation in the heart. Body mass gain, systolic blood pressure and heart rate were higher in HF group when compared with SC group. Both trained groups restored systolic blood pressure and heart rate, but only HEV reduced body mass gain. Regarding the cardiac RAS, the HF group exhibited favoring of the classical arm and both trained groups shifted the balance towards the counterregulatory protective arm. The HF group had higher B1R expression and lower B2R expression than the control group, and B2R expression was reverted in both trained groups. The HF group also presented oxidative stress. The LEV and HEV groups improved the cardiac redox status by reducing Nox 2 and nitrotyrosine expression, but only the LEV group was able to increase the antioxidant defense by increasing Nrf2 signaling. While the HF group presented higher TNF-α, IL-6 and NFκB expression, and lower IL-10 expression, than the SC group, both training protocols improved the inflammatory profile. Although both trained groups improved the deleterious changes related to obesity cardiomyopathy, it is clear that the molecular mechanisms differ between them. Our results suggest that different exercise volumes might reach different molecular targets, and this could be a relevant factor when using exercise to manage obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Alexandre-Santos
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Morphological and Metabolic Analyses, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata Alves
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Matsuura
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychobiology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Sepúlveda-Fragoso
- Laboratory of Morphological and Metabolic Analyses, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Marcus Vinícius Machado
- Biomedical Science Department, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis; National Institute for Science & Technology - INCT Physical (In)activity & Exercise, CNPq - Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline Bomfim Vieira
- Biomedical Science Department, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Tiago Fernandes
- National Institute for Science & Technology - INCT Physical (In)activity & Exercise, CNPq - Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edilamar Menezes Oliveira
- National Institute for Science & Technology - INCT Physical (In)activity & Exercise, CNPq - Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Tibiriçá
- National Institute for Science & Technology - INCT Physical (In)activity & Exercise, CNPq - Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; National Institute of Cardiology, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio Claudio Lucas da Nóbrega
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; National Institute for Science & Technology - INCT Physical (In)activity & Exercise, CNPq - Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - D'Angelo Carlo Magliano
- Laboratory of Morphological and Metabolic Analyses, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliete Dalla Corte Frantz
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Morphological and Metabolic Analyses, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; National Institute for Science & Technology - INCT Physical (In)activity & Exercise, CNPq - Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
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30
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Gheblawi M, Wang K, Viveiros A, Nguyen Q, Zhong JC, Turner AJ, Raizada MK, Grant MB, Oudit GY. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 Receptor and Regulator of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Celebrating the 20th Anniversary of the Discovery of ACE2. Circ Res 2020; 126:1456-1474. [PMID: 32264791 PMCID: PMC7188049 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.317015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1274] [Impact Index Per Article: 318.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) has a multiplicity of physiological roles that revolve around its trivalent function: a negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system, facilitator of amino acid transport, and the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2 receptor. ACE2 is widely expressed, including, in the lungs, cardiovascular system, gut, kidneys, central nervous system, and adipose tissue. ACE2 has recently been identified as the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, the infective agent responsible for coronavirus disease 2019, providing a critical link between immunity, inflammation, ACE2, and cardiovascular disease. Although sharing a close evolutionary relationship with SARS-CoV, the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 differs in several key amino acid residues, allowing for stronger binding affinity with the human ACE2 receptor, which may account for the greater pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. The loss of ACE2 function following binding by SARS-CoV-2 is driven by endocytosis and activation of proteolytic cleavage and processing. The ACE2 system is a critical protective pathway against heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction including, myocardial infarction and hypertension, and against lung disease and diabetes mellitus. The control of gut dysbiosis and vascular permeability by ACE2 has emerged as an essential mechanism of pulmonary hypertension and diabetic cardiovascular complications. Recombinant ACE2, gene-delivery of Ace2, Ang 1-7 analogs, and Mas receptor agonists enhance ACE2 action and serve as potential therapies for disease conditions associated with an activated renin-angiotensin system. rhACE2 (recombinant human ACE2) has completed clinical trials and efficiently lowered or increased plasma angiotensin II and angiotensin 1-7 levels, respectively. Our review summarizes the progress over the past 20 years, highlighting the critical role of ACE2 as the novel SARS-CoV-2 receptor and as the negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system, together with implications for the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Gheblawi
- From the Department of Physiology (M.G., A.V., G.Y.O.)
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (M.G., K.W., A.V., Q.N., G.Y.O.)
| | - Kaiming Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (K.W., Q.N., G.Y.O.)
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (M.G., K.W., A.V., Q.N., G.Y.O.)
| | - Anissa Viveiros
- From the Department of Physiology (M.G., A.V., G.Y.O.)
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (M.G., K.W., A.V., Q.N., G.Y.O.)
| | - Quynh Nguyen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (K.W., Q.N., G.Y.O.)
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (M.G., K.W., A.V., Q.N., G.Y.O.)
| | - Jiu-Chang Zhong
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (J.-C.Z.)
| | - Anthony J. Turner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (A.J.T.)
| | - Mohan K. Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (M.K.R.)
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.B.G.)
| | - Gavin Y. Oudit
- From the Department of Physiology (M.G., A.V., G.Y.O.)
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (K.W., Q.N., G.Y.O.)
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (M.G., K.W., A.V., Q.N., G.Y.O.)
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31
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Rahimi O, Kirby J, Varagic J, Westwood B, Tallant EA, Gallagher PE. Angiotensin-(1–7) reduces doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats through antioxidant mechanisms. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H883-H894. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00224.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (Dox) is an effective chemotherapeutic for a variety of pediatric malignancies. Unfortunately, Dox administration often results in a cumulative dose-dependent cardiotoxicity that manifests with marked oxidative stress, leading to heart failure. Adjunct therapies are needed to mitigate Dox cardiotoxicity and enhance quality of life in pediatric patients with cancer. Angiotensin-(1–7) [Ang-(1–7)] is an endogenous hormone with cardioprotective properties. This study investigated whether adjunct Ang-(1–7) attenuates cardiotoxicity resulting from exposure to Dox in male and female juvenile rats. Dox significantly reduced body mass, and the addition of Ang-(1–7) had no effect. However, adjunct Ang-(1–7) prevented Dox-mediated diastolic dysfunction, including markers of decreased passive filling as measured by reduced early diastole mitral valve flow velocity peak ( E) ( P < 0.05) and early diastole mitral valve annulus peak velocity ( e′; P < 0.001) and increased E/e′ ( P < 0.001), an echocardiographic measure of diastolic dysfunction. Since Dox treatment increases reactive oxygen species (ROS), the effect of Ang-(1–7) on oxidative by-products and enzymes that generate or reduce ROS was investigated. In hearts of male and female juvenile rats, Dox increased NADPH oxidase 4 ( P < 0.05), a major cardiovascular NADPH oxidase isozyme that generates ROS, as well as 4-hydroxynonenal ( P < 0.001) and malondialdehyde ( P < 0.001), markers of lipid peroxidation; Ang-(1–7) prevented these effects of Dox. Cotreatment with Dox and Ang-(1–7) increased the antioxidant enzymes SOD1 (male: P < 0.05; female: P < 0.01) and catalase ( P < 0.05), which likely contributed to reduced ROS. These results demonstrate that Ang-(1–7) prevents diastolic dysfunction in association with a reduction in ROS, suggesting that the heptapeptide hormone may serve as an effective adjuvant to improve Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ang-(1–7) is a clinically safe peptide hormone with cardioprotective and antineoplastic properties that could be used as an adjuvant therapy to improve cancer treatment and mitigate the long-term cardiotoxicity associated with doxorubicin in pediatric patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omeed Rahimi
- Hypertension and Vascular Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jay Kirby
- Hypertension and Vascular Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jasmina Varagic
- Hypertension and Vascular Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Brian Westwood
- Hypertension and Vascular Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - E. Ann Tallant
- Hypertension and Vascular Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Patricia E. Gallagher
- Hypertension and Vascular Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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32
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Järve A, Qadri F, Todiras M, Schmolke S, Alenina N, Bader M. Angiotensin-(1-7) Receptor Mas Deficiency Does Not Exacerbate Cardiac Atrophy Following High-Level Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. Front Physiol 2020; 11:203. [PMID: 32226394 PMCID: PMC7080696 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental spinal cord injury (SCI) causes a morphological and functional deterioration of the heart, in which the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) might play a role. The recently discovered non-canonical axis of RAS with angiotensin-(1–7) and its receptor Mas, which is associated with cardioprotection could be essential to prevent damage to the heart following SCI. We investigated the cardiac consequences of SCI and the role of Mas in female wild-type (WT, n = 22) and mice deficient of Mas (Mas–/–, n = 25) which underwent spinal cord transection at thoracic level T4 (T4-Tx) or sham-operation by echocardiography (0, 7, 21, and 28 days post-SCI), histology and gene expression analysis at 1 or 2 months post-SCI. We found left ventricular mass reduction with preserved ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening in WT as well as Mas–/– mice. Cardiac output was reduced in Mas–/– mice, whereas stroke volume (SV) was reduced in WT T4-Tx mice. Echocardiographic indices did not differ between the genotypes. Smaller heart weight (HW) and smaller cardiomyocyte diameter at 1 month post-SCI compared to sham mice was independent of genotype. The muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases Atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF1 were upregulated or showed a trend for upregulation in WT mice at 2 months post-SCI, respectively. Angiotensinogen gene expression was upregulated at 1 month post-SCI and angiotensin II receptor type 2 downregulated at 2 month post-SCI in Mas–/– mice. Mas was downregulated post-SCI. Cardiac atrophy following SCI, not exacerbated by lack of Mas, is a physiological reaction as there were no signs of cardiac pathology and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Järve
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers, Berlin, Germany.,Partner Site Berlin, German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fatimunnisa Qadri
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mihail Todiras
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers, Berlin, Germany.,Nicolae Testemiţanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chişinãu, Moldova
| | - Shirley Schmolke
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers, Berlin, Germany.,Partner Site Berlin, German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers, Berlin, Germany.,Partner Site Berlin, German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany.,Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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33
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Gunarathne LS, Angus PW, Herath CB. Blockade of Mas Receptor or Mas-Related G-Protein Coupled Receptor Type D Reduces Portal Pressure in Cirrhotic but Not in Non-cirrhotic Portal Hypertensive Rats. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1169. [PMID: 31607942 PMCID: PMC6761391 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Portal hypertension (PHT) resulting from splanchnic vasodilatation is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in splanchnic vasodilatation in cirrhosis. This study investigated whether acute blockade of the vasodilatory receptors of the alternate RAS, Mas (MasR), Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor type D (MrgD), and angiotensin II type-2 receptor (AT2R) improves PHT in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertensive rats and counteracts systemic hypotension associated with angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockade. Cirrhotic bile duct ligated (BDL) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injected and non-cirrhotic partial portal vein ligated (PPVL) rats were used for measurement of portal pressure (PP) and mean arterial pressure before and after an intravenous bolus injection of the MasR, MrgD, and AT2R blockers, A779, D-Pro7-Ang-(1-7) (D-Pro) and PD123319, respectively. Separate groups of rats received a combined treatment with A779 or D-Pro given 20 min after AT1R blocker losartan. Mesenteric expression of MasR, MrgD, and AT2R and circulating levels of peptide blockers were also measured. Treatment with A779 and D-Pro significantly reduced PP in cirrhotic rat models. Despite rapid degradation of A779 and D-Pro in the rat circulation, the PP lowering effect of the blockers lasted for up to 25 min. We also found that PD123319 reduced PP in CCl4 rats, possibly by blocking the MasR and/or MrgD since AT2R expression in cirrhotic mesenteric vessels was undetectable, whereas the expression of MasR and MrgD was markedly elevated. While losartan resulted in a marked reduction in PP, its profound systemic hypotensive effect was not counteracted by the combination therapy with A779 or D-Pro. In marked contrast, none of the receptor blockers had any effect on PP in non-cirrhotic PPVL rats whose mesenteric expression of MasR and MrgD was unchanged. We conclude that in addition to MasR, MrgD, a newly discovered receptor for Angiotensin-(1-7), plays a key role in splanchnic vasodilatation in cirrhosis. This implies that both MasR and MrgD are potential therapeutic targets to treat PHT in cirrhotic patients. We also conclude that the alternate RAS may not contribute to the development of splanchnic vasodilatation in non-cirrhotic PHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmie S Gunarathne
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter W Angus
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chandana B Herath
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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34
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Soares DDS, Pinto GH, Lopes A, Caetano DSL, Nascimento TG, Andrades ME, Clausell N, Rohde LEP, Leitão SAT, Biolo A. Cardiac hypertrophy in mice submitted to a swimming protocol: influence of training volume and intensity on myocardial renin-angiotensin system. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R776-R782. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00205.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Exercise promotes physiological cardiac hypertrophy and activates the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which plays an important role in cardiac physiology, both through the classical axis [angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) activated by angiotensin II (ANG II)] and the alternative axis [proto-oncogene Mas receptor (MASR) activated by angiotensin-(1–7)]. However, very intense exercise could have deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system. We aimed to analyze the cardiac hypertrophy phenotype and the classical and alternative RAS axes in the myocardium of mice submitted to swimming exercises of varying volume and intensity for the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Male Balb/c mice were divided into three groups, sedentary, swimming twice a day without overload (T2), and swimming three times a day with a 2% body weight overload (T3), totaling 6 wk of training. Both training groups developed similar cardiac hypertrophy, but only T3 mice improved their oxidative capacity. We observed that T2 had increased levels of MASR, which was followed by the activation of its main downstream protein AKT; meanwhile, AT1R and its main downstream protein ERK remained unchanged. Furthermore, no change was observed regarding the levels of angiotensin peptides, in either group. In addition, we observed no change in the ratio of expression of the myosin heavy chain β-isoform to that of the α-isoform. Fibrosis was not observed in any of the groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that increasing exercise volume and intensity did not induce a pathological hypertrophy phenotype, but instead improved the oxidative capacity, and this process might have the participation of the RAS alternative axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas dos Santos Soares
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Graziela Hünning Pinto
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Amanda Lopes
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniel Sturza Lucas Caetano
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thaiane Gomes Nascimento
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Michael E. Andrades
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nadine Clausell
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luis E. Paim Rohde
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Santiago Alonso Tobar Leitão
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andreia Biolo
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Junior MDF, Cavalcante KVN, Ferreira LA, Lopes PR, Pontes CNR, Bessa ADSMD, Neves ÂR, Francisco FA, Pedrino GR, Xavier CH, Mathias PCDF, Castro CHD, Gomes RM. Postnatal early overfeeding induces cardiovascular dysfunction by oxidative stress in adult male Wistar rats. Life Sci 2019; 226:173-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhao Y, Ma R, Yu X, Li N, Zhao X, Yu J. AHU377+Valsartan (LCZ696) Modulates Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) in the Cardiac of Female Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Compared With Valsartan. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2019; 24:450-459. [PMID: 31023080 DOI: 10.1177/1074248419838503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a major cause of death and morbidity worldwide and is increasing in prevalence. The Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is the most common mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension. Understanding the mechanism of the pathophysiologic processes will help direct potential therapeutic strategies to treat hypertension and improve cardiac function. Recently, a novel drug LCZ696 containing both an angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan and a neprilysin inhibitor (AHU377) has shown a promising effect on the treatment of hypertension. However, the effects of LCZ696 on the expression of main components of RAS, namely, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 R), angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2 R), and angiotensin (1-7) receptor/Mas receptor (MasR) remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of LCZ696 on the protective arms of RAS in the cardiac tissue when compared with valsartan under the equal inhibition of AT1 R. We hypothesized that the superior effects of LCZ696 may contribute to its greater effect on the RAS than valsartan. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen-week-old female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were used in this study. Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were used as controls. All rats were randomly divided into LCZ696 (n = 10), valsartan (n = 10), SHR (n = 10), and WKY (n = 10) groups under a 12-hour dark and 12-hour light cycle and provided with regular chow diet and water. The tail-cuff method was performed to measure blood pressure. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography. RESULTS The blood pressure value was lower in LCZ696 than valsartan in SHR after 12 weeks of treatment. Further, LCZ696 inhibits the ACE and AT1 R protein expression in the cardiac of SHR and significantly upregulate the protective axis of RAS components, including ACE2, MasR, and AT2 R. Left ventricular AT2 R messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was higher in the LCZ696+SHR group compared with valsartan. In addition, real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that LCZ696 enhanced the mRNA expression of antihypertensive components AT2 R, ACE2, and MasR and decreased the expression of AT1 R. However, only AT2 R and ACE2 mRNA expressions have a statistical difference between the LCZ696 and valsartan groups. No difference was observed in the mRNA expression of ACE and MasR. The stronger positive signal of transforming growth factor β in the left ventricle was inhibited in each administrated group compared with SHR groups. CONCLUSIONS LCZ696 ameliorates the vasoconstrictor axis of the RAS AT1 R and stimulate the protective arm effectors, ACE2 and AT2 R, as well as reverses the compensatory upregulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in SHR. These findings suggest the mechanistic insight of the cardiac-protective and greater hypotensive effects of LCZ696.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- 1 Department of Hypertension, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ruixin Ma
- 1 Department of Hypertension, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaorong Yu
- 1 Department of Hypertension, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ningyin Li
- 1 Department of Hypertension, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- 1 Department of Hypertension, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Yu
- 1 Department of Hypertension, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Burghi V, Echeverría EB, Sosa MH, Quiroga DT, Muñoz MC, Davio C, Monczor F, Fernández NC, Dominici FP. Participation of Gα i-Adenylate Cyclase and ERK1/2 in Mas Receptor Signaling Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:146. [PMID: 30853914 PMCID: PMC6395383 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The MasR receptor (MasR) is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor proposed as a candidate for mediating the angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme 2-Ang-(1–7) protective axis of renin-angiotensin system. This receptor has been suggested to participate in several physiological processes including cardio- and reno-protection and regulation of the central nervous system function. Although the knowledge of the signaling mechanisms associated with MasR is essential for therapeutic purposes, these are still poorly understood. Accordingly, in the current study we aimed to characterize the signaling pathways triggered by the MasR. To do that, we measured cAMP and Ca2+ levels in both naïve and MasR transfected cells in basal conditions and upon incubation with putative MasR ligands. Besides, we evaluated activation of ERK1/2 by Ang-(1–7) in MasR transfected cells. Results indicated the existence of a high degree of MasR constitutive activity toward cAMP modulation. This effect was not mediated by the PDZ-binding motif of the MasR but by receptor coupling to Gαi-adenylyl cyclase signaling pathway. Incubation of MasR transfected cells with Ang-(1–7) or the synthetic ligand AVE 0991 amplified MasR negative modulation of cAMP levels. On the other hand, we provided evidence for lack of MasR-associated modulation of Ca2+ levels by Ang-(1–7). Finally, it was determined that the MasR attenuated Ang-(1–7)-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation mediated by AT1R. We provided further characterization of MasR signaling mechanisms regarding its constitutive activity and response to putative ligands. This information could prove useful to better describe MasR physiological role and development of therapeutic agents that could modulate its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Burghi
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emiliana B Echeverría
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Máximo H Sosa
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego T Quiroga
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina C Muñoz
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Davio
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Monczor
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia C Fernández
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando P Dominici
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Santos RAS, Oudit GY, Verano-Braga T, Canta G, Steckelings UM, Bader M. The renin-angiotensin system: going beyond the classical paradigms. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H958-H970. [PMID: 30707614 PMCID: PMC7191626 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00723.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thirty years ago, a novel axis of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was unveiled by the discovery of angiotensin-(1−7) [ANG-(1−7)] generation in vivo. Later, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was shown to be the main mediator of this reaction, and Mas was found to be the receptor for the heptapeptide. The functional analysis of this novel axis of the RAS that followed its discovery revealed numerous protective actions in particular for cardiovascular diseases. In parallel, similar protective actions were also described for one of the two receptors of ANG II, the ANG II type 2 receptor (AT2R), in contrast to the other, the ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R), which mediates deleterious actions of this peptide, e.g., in the setting of cardiovascular disease. Very recently, another branch of the RAS was discovered, based on angiotensin peptides in which the amino-terminal aspartate was replaced by alanine, the alatensins. Ala-ANG-(1−7) or alamandine was shown to interact with Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor D, and the first functional data indicated that this peptide also exerts protective effects in the cardiovascular system. This review summarizes the presentations given at the International Union of Physiological Sciences Congress in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2017, during the symposium entitled “The Renin-Angiotensin System: Going Beyond the Classical Paradigms,” in which the signaling and physiological actions of ANG-(1−7), ACE2, AT2R, and alatensins were reported (with a focus on noncentral nervous system-related tissues) and the therapeutic opportunities based on these findings were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Thiago Verano-Braga
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Giovanni Canta
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Ulrike Muscha Steckelings
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular & Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael Bader
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine , Berlin , Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung, Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin , Germany.,Charité-University Medicine, Berlin , Germany.,Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
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Kuipers A, Moll GN, Wagner E, Franklin R. Efficacy of lanthionine-stabilized angiotensin-(1-7) in type I and type II diabetes mouse models. Peptides 2019; 112:78-84. [PMID: 30529303 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Native angiotensin-(1-7) exerts many therapeutic effects. However, it is rapidly degraded by ACE and other peptidases. This drawback is largely eliminated for lanthionine-stabilized angiotensin-(1-7), termed cAng-(1-7), which is fully resistant to ACE and has strongly increased resistance to other peptidases. Goal of the present study was to test whether cAng-(1-7) has therapeutic activity in diabetes mouse models: in a multiple low dose streptozotocin-induced model of type I diabetes and / or in a db/db model of type II diabetes. In the type I diabetes model cAng-(1-7) caused in an increase in the insulin level of 133% in week 4 (p < 0.001) compared to vehicle, and in the type II diabetes model an increase of 55% of the insulin level in week 8 (p < 0.05) compared to vehicle. cAng-(1-7) reduced blood glucose levels in the type I model by 37% at day 22 (p < 0.001) and in the type II diabetes model by 17% at day 63 of treatment (p < 0.001) and in an oral glucose tolerance test in a type II diabetes model, by 17% at week 4 (p < 0.01). cAng-(1-7) also caused a reduction of glycated hemoglobin levels in the type II diabetes model of 21% in week 6 (p < 0,001). These data are consistent with therapeutic potential of cAng-(1-7) in type I and II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Kuipers
- Lanthio Pharma, a MorphoSys AG company, 9727 DL, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gert N Moll
- Lanthio Pharma, a MorphoSys AG company, 9727 DL, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Elizabeth Wagner
- Constant Pharmaceuticals LLC, 398 Columbus Ave, PMB 507, Boston, MA, 02116, USA
| | - Rick Franklin
- Constant Pharmaceuticals LLC, 398 Columbus Ave, PMB 507, Boston, MA, 02116, USA
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Oliveira AC, Melo MB, Motta-Santos D, Peluso AA, Souza-Neto F, da Silva RF, Almeida JFQ, Canta G, Reis AM, Goncalves G, Cerri G, Coutinho D, Guedes de Jesus IC, Guatimosim S, Linhares ND, Alenina N, Bader M, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Santos RAS. Genetic deletion of the alamandine receptor MRGD leads to dilated cardiomyopathy in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H123-H133. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00075.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have recently described a new peptide of the renin-angiotensin system, alamandine, a derivative of angiotensin-(1–7). Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor member D (MrgD) was identified as its receptor. Although similar cardioprotective effects of alamandine to those of angiotensin-(1–7) have been described, the significance of this peptide in heart function is still elusive. We aimed to evaluate the functional role of the alamandine receptor MrgD in the heart using MrgD-deficient mice. MrgD was localized in cardiomyocytes by immunofluorescence using confocal microscopy. High-resolution echocardiography was performed in wild-type and MrgD-deficient mice (2 and 12 wk old) under isoflurane anesthesia. Standard B-mode images were obtained in the right and left parasternal long and short axes for morphological and functional assessment and evaluation of cardiac deformation. Additional heart function evaluation was performed using Langendorff isolated heart preparations and inotropic measurements of isolated cardiomyocytes. Immunofluorescence indicated that the MrgD receptor is expressed in cardiomyocytes, mainly in the membrane and perinuclear and nuclear regions. Echocardiography showed left ventricular remodeling and severe dysfunction in MrgD-deficient mice. Strikingly, MrgD-deficient mice presented a pronounced dilated cardiomyopathy with a marked decrease in systolic function. Echocardiographic changes were supported by the data obtained in isolated hearts and inotropic measurements in cardiomyocytes. Our data add new evidence for a major role for alamandine/MrgD in the heart. Furthermore, our results indicate that we have identified a new gene implicated in dilated cardiomyopathy, unveiling a new target for translational approaches aimed to treat heart diseases. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The renin-angiotensin system is a key target for cardiovascular therapy. We have recently identified a new vasodepressor/cardioprotective angiotensin, alamandine. Here, we unmasked a key role for its receptor, Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor member D (MrgD), in heart function. The severe dilated cardiomyopathy observed in MrgD-deficient mice warrants clinical and preclinical studies to unveil its potential use in cardiovascular therapy. Listen to this article’s corresponding podcast at https://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/mrgd-deficiency-leads-to-dilated-cardiomyopathy/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Cristina Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute in Science and Technology NanoBioFar, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Barrouin Melo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute in Science and Technology NanoBioFar, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute in Science and Technology NanoBioFar, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A. Augusto Peluso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute in Science and Technology NanoBioFar, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Souza-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute in Science and Technology NanoBioFar, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafaela F. da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute in Science and Technology NanoBioFar, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jonathas F. Q. Almeida
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute in Science and Technology NanoBioFar, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Canta
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute in Science and Technology NanoBioFar, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adelina M. Reis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute in Science and Technology NanoBioFar, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gleisy Goncalves
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute in Science and Technology NanoBioFar, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Cerri
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute in Science and Technology NanoBioFar, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danielle Coutinho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute in Science and Technology NanoBioFar, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Itamar Couto Guedes de Jesus
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute in Science and Technology NanoBioFar, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Silvia Guatimosim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute in Science and Technology NanoBioFar, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Natalia D. Linhares
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
- Charite-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria José Campagnole-Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute in Science and Technology NanoBioFar, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Robson A. Souza Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute in Science and Technology NanoBioFar, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Santos RAS. Genetic Models. ANGIOTENSIN-(1-7) 2019. [PMCID: PMC7120897 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22696-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetically altered rat and mouse models have been instrumental in the functional analysis of genes in a physiological context. In particular, studies on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) have profited from this technology in the past. In this review, we summarize the existing animal models for the protective axis of the RAS consisting of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin-(1-7)(Ang-(1-7), and its receptor Mas. With the help of models with altered expression of the components of this axis in the brain and cardiovascular organs, its physiological and pathophysiological functions have been elucidated. Thus, novel opportunities for therapeutic interventions in cardiovascular diseases were revealed targeting ACE2 or Mas.
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Forrester SJ, Booz GW, Sigmund CD, Coffman TM, Kawai T, Rizzo V, Scalia R, Eguchi S. Angiotensin II Signal Transduction: An Update on Mechanisms of Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1627-1738. [PMID: 29873596 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is believed to mediate most functions of ANG II in the system. AT1R utilizes various signal transduction cascades causing hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, and end organ damage. Moreover, functional cross-talk between AT1R signaling pathways and other signaling pathways have been recognized. Accumulating evidence reveals the complexity of ANG II signal transduction in pathophysiology of the vasculature, heart, kidney, and brain, as well as several pathophysiological features, including inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and aging. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the ANG II receptor signaling events and their functional significances for potential translation into therapeutic strategies. AT1R remains central to the system in mediating physiological and pathophysiological functions of ANG II, and participation of specific signaling pathways becomes much clearer. There are still certain limitations and many controversies, and several noteworthy new concepts require further support. However, it is expected that rigorous translational research of the ANG II signaling pathways including those in large animals and humans will contribute to establishing effective new therapies against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Forrester
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - George W Booz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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Santos RAS, Sampaio WO, Alzamora AC, Motta-Santos D, Alenina N, Bader M, Campagnole-Santos MJ. The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS Axis of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Focus on Angiotensin-(1-7). Physiol Rev 2018; 98:505-553. [PMID: 29351514 PMCID: PMC7203574 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 681] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key player in the control of the cardiovascular system and hydroelectrolyte balance, with an influence on organs and functions throughout the body. The classical view of this system saw it as a sequence of many enzymatic steps that culminate in the production of a single biologically active metabolite, the octapeptide angiotensin (ANG) II, by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The past two decades have revealed new functions for some of the intermediate products, beyond their roles as substrates along the classical route. They may be processed in alternative ways by enzymes such as the ACE homolog ACE2. One effect is to establish a second axis through ACE2/ANG-(1-7)/MAS, whose end point is the metabolite ANG-(1-7). ACE2 and other enzymes can form ANG-(1-7) directly or indirectly from either the decapeptide ANG I or from ANG II. In many cases, this second axis appears to counteract or modulate the effects of the classical axis. ANG-(1-7) itself acts on the receptor MAS to influence a range of mechanisms in the heart, kidney, brain, and other tissues. This review highlights the current knowledge about the roles of ANG-(1-7) in physiology and disease, with particular emphasis on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Walkyria Oliveira Sampaio
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Andreia C Alzamora
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Maria Jose Campagnole-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
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Shangguan W, Shi W, Li G, Wang Y, Li J, Wang X. Angiotensin-(1-7) attenuates atrial tachycardia-induced sympathetic nerve remodeling. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2018; 18:1470320317729281. [PMID: 28877652 PMCID: PMC5843893 DOI: 10.1177/1470320317729281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The effect of Angiotensin-(1–7) (Ang-(1–7)) on atrial autonomic remodeling is still unknown. We hypothesized that Ang-(1–7) could inhibit sympathetic nerve remodeling in a canine model of chronic atrial tachycardia. Materials and methods: Eighteen dogs were randomly assigned to sham group, pacing group and Ang-(1–7) group. Rapid atrial pacing was maintained for 14 days in the pacing and Ang-(1–7) groups. Ang-(1–7) was administered intravenously in the Ang-(1–7) group. The atrial effective refractory period and atrial fibrillation inducibility level were measured at baseline and under sympathetic nerve stimulation after 14 days of measurement. The atrial sympathetic nerves labeled with tyrosine hydroxylase were detected using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, and tyrosine hydroxylase and nerve growth factor mRNA levels were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: Pacing shortened the atrial effective refractory period and increased the atrial fibrillation inducibility level at baseline and under sympathetic nerve stimulation. Ang-(1–7) treatment attenuated the shortening of the atrial effective refractory period and the increase in the atrial fibrillation inducibility level. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting showed sympathetic nerve hyperinnervation in the pacing group, while Ang-(1–7) attenuated sympathetic nerve proliferation. Ang-(1–7) alleviated the pacing-induced increases in tyrosine hydroxylase and nerve growth factor mRNA expression levels. Conclusion: Ang-(1–7) can attenuate pacing-induced atrial sympathetic hyperinnervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Shangguan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Wen Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Guangping Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Jian Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China
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Angiotensin (1-7) does not interact directly with MAS1, but can potently antagonize signaling from the AT1 receptor. Cell Signal 2018; 50:9-24. [PMID: 29928987 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin (1-7) has been reported to be a ligand for the GPCR MAS1. Small molecule MAS1 modulators have also been recently characterized. Aside from convincing evidence for MAS1 activation of Gq signaling, little is known about MAS1 mediated signaling pathways initiated by these ligands, especially Ang (1-7). We performed a comprehensive characterization of recombinant MAS1 signaling induced by Ang (1-7) and small molecule ligands through numerous G protein-dependent and independent pathways, and in a signaling pathway agnostic approach. We find that small molecule ligands modulate numerous G protein-dependent and independent pathways through MAS1, including Gq and Gi pathways, GTPγS binding, β-arrestin recruitment, Erk1/2 and Akt phosphorylation, arachidonic acid release, and receptor internalization. Moreover, in dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) assays that provide a pathway-agnostic readout of cellular responses, small molecule agonists produced robust responses. In contrast, Ang (1-7) failed to induce or block signaling in any of these assay platforms. We detected specific binding of radiolabeled Ang (1-7) to rat aortic endothelial cell (RAEC) membranes, but not to recombinant MAS1. Biphasic, concentration-dependent biased signaling responses to Ang II were detected in RAEC. These phases were associated with vastly different DMR characteristics and this likely provides a molecular basis for previously observed concentration-dependent divergent physiological actions of Ang II. Both phases of Ang II signaling in RAECs were potently inhibited by Ang (1-7), providing a plausible molecular mechanism for Ang (1-7) as counter regulator of the Ang II- AT1 axis, responsible at least in part for Ang (1-7) physiological activities.
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Lu YY, Wu WS, Lin YK, Cheng CC, Chen YC, Chen SA, Chen YJ. Angiotensin 1-7 modulates electrophysiological characteristics and calcium homoeostasis in pulmonary veins cardiomyocytes via MAS/PI3K/eNOS signalling pathway. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48. [PMID: 29130489 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia, and pulmonary veins (PVs) play a critical role in triggering AF. Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) regulates calcium (Ca2+ ) homoeostasis and also plays a critical role in cardiovascular pathophysiology. However, the role of Ang-(1-7) in PV arrhythmogenesis remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Conventional microelectrodes, whole-cell patch-clamp and the fluo-3 fluorimetric ratio technique were used to record ionic currents and intracellular Ca2+ in isolated rabbit PV preparations and in single isolated PV cardiomyocytes, before and after administration of Ang-(1-7). RESULTS Ang (1-7) concentration dependently (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 nmol/L) decreased PV spontaneous electrical activity. Ang-(1-7) (100 nmol/L) decreased the late sodium (Na+ ), L-type Ca2+ and Na+ -Ca2+ exchanger currents, but did not affect the voltage-dependent Na+ current in PV cardiomyocytes. In addition, Ang-(1-7) decreased intracellular Ca2+ transient and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ content in PV cardiomyocytes. A779 (a Mas receptor blocker, 3 μmol/L), L-NAME (a NO synthesis inhibitor, 100 μmol/L) or wortmannin (a specific PI3K inhibitor, 10 nmol/L) attenuated the effects of Ang-(1-7) (100 nmol/L) on PV spontaneous electric activity. CONCLUSION Ang-(1-7) regulates PV electrophysiological characteristics and Ca2+ homoeostasis via Mas/PI3K/eNOS signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Yu Lu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shiann Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kuo Lin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chuan Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ann Chen
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kittana N. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-Angiotensin 1-7/1-9 system: novel promising targets for heart failure treatment. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2017; 32:14-25. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naim Kittana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; An-Najah National University; New Campus, Pharmacy Building, 2nd Floor, Akademia Street, PO Box: 7 Nablus West-Bank Palestine
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Hussain M, Awan FR. Hypertension regulating angiotensin peptides in the pathobiology of cardiovascular disease. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 40:344-352. [PMID: 29190205 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2017.1377218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Renin angiotensin system (RAS) is an endogenous hormone system involved in the control of blood pressure and fluid volume. Dysregulation of RAS has a pathological role in causing cardiovascular diseases through hypertension. Among several key components of RAS, angiotensin peptides, varying in amino acid length and biological function, have important roles in preventing or promoting hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, vascular remodeling etc. These peptides are generated by the metabolism of inactive angiotensinogen or its derived peptides by hydrolyzing action of certain enzymes. Angiotensin II, angiotensin (1-12), angiotensin A and angiotensin III bind primarily to angiotensin II type 1 receptor and cause vasoconstriction, accumulation of inflammatory markers to sub-endothelial region of blood vessels and activate smooth muscle cell proliferation. Moreover, when bound to angiotensin II type 2 receptor, angiotensin II works as cardio-protective peptide and halt pathological cell signals. Other peptides like angiotensin (1-9), angiotensin (1-7), alamandine and angiotensin IV also help in protecting from cardiovascular diseases by binding to their respective receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misbah Hussain
- a Diabetes and Cardio-Metabolic disorders Lab, Health Biotechnology Division , National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) , Faisalabad , Pakistan.,b Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS) , Nilore , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Fazli Rabbi Awan
- a Diabetes and Cardio-Metabolic disorders Lab, Health Biotechnology Division , National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) , Faisalabad , Pakistan.,b Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS) , Nilore , Islamabad , Pakistan
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Chang RL, Chang CF, Ju DT, Ho TJ, Chang TT, Lin JW, Li JC, Cheng SM, Day CH, Viswanadha VP, Huang CY. Short-term hypoxia upregulated Mas receptor expression to repress the AT 1 R signaling pathway and attenuate Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2742-2749. [PMID: 29052864 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension-stimulated cardiac hypertrophy and apoptosis play critical roles in the progression of heart failure. Our previous study suggested that hypertensive angiotensin II (Ang II) enhanced insulin-like growth factor receptor II (IGF-IIR) expression and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which are involved JNK activation, sirtuin1 (SIRT1) degradation, and heat-shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) acetylation. Moreover, previous studies have implied that short-term hypoxia (STH) might exert cardioprotective effects. However, the effects of STH on Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis remain unknown. In this study, we found that STH reduced myocardial apoptosis caused by Ang II via upregulation of the Mas receptor (MasR) to inhibit the AT1 R signaling pathway. STH activates MasR to counteract the Ang II pro-apoptotic signaling cascade by inhibiting IGF-IIR expression via downregulation of JNK activation and reduction of SIRT1 degradation. Hence, HSF could remain deacetylated, and repress IGF-IIR expression. These effects decrease the activation of downstream pro-apoptotic and hypertrophic cascades and protect cardiomyocytes from Ang II-induced injury. In addition, we also found that silencing MasR expression enhanced Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy and the apoptosis signaling pathway. These findings suggest a critical role for MasR in cardiomyocyte survival. Altogether, our findings indicate that STH protects cardiomyocytes from Ang II-stimulated apoptosis. The protective effects of STH are associated with the upregulation of MasR to inhibit AT1 R signaling. STH could be a potential therapeutic strategy for cardiac diseases in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey-Lin Chang
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Fen Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Armed Force Taichung General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Da-Tong Ju
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Department, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Beigang, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Ti Chang
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Wei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Chun Li
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Min Cheng
- Department of Psychology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Ang-(1-7) is an endogenous β-arrestin-biased agonist of the AT 1 receptor with protective action in cardiac hypertrophy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11903. [PMID: 28928410 PMCID: PMC5605686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a key role in the control of vasoconstriction as well as sodium and fluid retention mediated mainly by angiotensin (Ang) II acting at the AT1 receptor (AT1R). Ang-(1-7) is another RAS peptide, identified as the endogenous ligand of the Mas receptor and known to counterbalance many of the deleterious effects of AngII. AT1R signaling triggered by β-arrestin-biased agonists has been associated to cardioprotection. Because position 8 in AngII is important for G protein activation, we hypothesized that Ang-(1-7) could be an endogenous β-arrestin-biased agonist of the AT1R. Here we show that Ang-(1-7) binds to the AT1R without activating Gq, but triggering β-arrestins 1 and 2 recruitment and activation. Using an in vivo model of cardiac hypertrophy, we show that Ang-(1-7) significantly attenuates heart hypertrophy by reducing both heart weight and ventricular wall thickness and the increased end-diastolic pressure. Whereas neither the single blockade of AT1 or Mas receptors with their respective antagonists prevented the cardioprotective action of Ang1-7, combination of the two antagonists partially impaired the effect of Ang-(1-7). Taken together, these data indicate that Ang-(1-7) mediates at least part of its cardioprotective effects by acting as an endogenous β-arrestin-biased agonist at the AT1R.
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