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Song J, Zhou S, Zou D, Kwan MP, Cai J, Lu J. Non-linear associations between noise level and people's short-term noise annoyance in different activity contexts. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 260:119772. [PMID: 39147186 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Recent research has become increasingly interested in the on-linear associations between noise levels and people's short-term noise annoyance. However, there has been limited investigation into measuring short-term noise annoyance and how different activity contexts may affect these non-linear associations. To address this research gap, this study measured people's short-term noise annoyance using real-time Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) data and the Day Reconstruction Method's (DRM) recalled data. Corresponding noise levels were captured using Global Positioning Systems and portable noise sensors. Employing the Shapley additive explanations method, we examined the non-linear associations between noise level and people's real-time and recalled noise annoyance across different activity contexts. The results indicated that 1) People had greater sensitivity to noise levels in real-time annoyance (non-linear association threshold: 60 dB) compared to recalled annoyance, which had a higher non-linear association threshold of 70 dB. 2) The non-linear associations between noise level and people's real-time/recalled noise annoyance varied between different activity contexts. People tended to be more sensitive to noise in real-time annoyance than recalled annoyance on travel routes and at workplaces. 3) Among the factors examined, the contribution of noise level varied across activity contexts. Noise level contributed more significantly to people's real-time noise annoyance in outdoor recreational sites and on travel routes. These findings enhance our understanding of the non-linear association between noise level and people's short-term noise annoyance, moving beyond the linear paradigm. Policymakers should consider the non-linear relationships and different activity contexts when implementing noise control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyu Song
- Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, Fok Ying Tung Remote Sensing Science Building, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Suhong Zhou
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Public Security and Disaster, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Dan Zou
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Public Security and Disaster, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Mei-Po Kwan
- Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, Fok Ying Tung Remote Sensing Science Building, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Geography and Resource Management, Wong Foo Yuan Building, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Institute of Future Cities, Wong Foo Yuan Building, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jiannan Cai
- Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, Fok Ying Tung Remote Sensing Science Building, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Junwen Lu
- School of Architecture, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Quigley KS, Gianaros PJ, Norman GJ, Jennings JR, Berntson GG, de Geus EJC. Publication guidelines for human heart rate and heart rate variability studies in psychophysiology-Part 1: Physiological underpinnings and foundations of measurement. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14604. [PMID: 38873876 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
This Committee Report provides methodological, interpretive, and reporting guidance for researchers who use measures of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) in psychophysiological research. We provide brief summaries of best practices in measuring HR and HRV via electrocardiographic and photoplethysmographic signals in laboratory, field (ambulatory), and brain-imaging contexts to address research questions incorporating measures of HR and HRV. The Report emphasizes evidence for the strengths and weaknesses of different recording and derivation methods for measures of HR and HRV. Along with this guidance, the Report reviews what is known about the origin of the heartbeat and its neural control, including factors that produce and influence HRV metrics. The Report concludes with checklists to guide authors in study design and analysis considerations, as well as guidance on the reporting of key methodological details and characteristics of the samples under study. It is expected that rigorous and transparent recording and reporting of HR and HRV measures will strengthen inferences across the many applications of these metrics in psychophysiology. The prior Committee Reports on HR and HRV are several decades old. Since their appearance, technologies for human cardiac and vascular monitoring in laboratory and daily life (i.e., ambulatory) contexts have greatly expanded. This Committee Report was prepared for the Society for Psychophysiological Research to provide updated methodological and interpretive guidance, as well as to summarize best practices for reporting HR and HRV studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Quigley
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter J Gianaros
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Greg J Norman
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - J Richard Jennings
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gary G Berntson
- Department of Psychology & Psychiatry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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3
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Feng D, Shi X, Wang J, Zhang L, Xiao Y, Li D, Wu R, Wei W, Miyamoto A, Yoo KH, Ye X, Zhang C, Han P. Telemedicine-medical "snack community"-PHS ecosystem: Insights into the double-edged sword role of telemedicine in clinical practice and medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2024; 4:20230111. [PMID: 39175890 PMCID: PMC11335463 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20230111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Telemedicine has gained tremendous development during the COVID-19 pandemic. With deblocking and opening, telemedicine accelerates the evolvution of the medical "snack community" and undermines the perception of medical students and staff, which promotes the incidence of psychosocial-related disorders. Moreover, the inconsistent telemedicine adaptability between medical workers and patients aggravates the doctor-patient conflict due to the aging population and COVID-19 squeal. Telemedicine is colliding with the national healthcare system, whose synchronization with conventional medical service is crucial to coordinate the relationship among medical payment, patient privacy and qualifications of clinicians. This study puts more emphasis on the double-edged sword role of telemedicine in clinical practice and medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Overall, while telemedicine has demonstrated its utility in health care throughout the COVID pandemic, it is pretty critical to continue evaluating the efficacy and limitations of telemedicine in order to maintain equal access to medical service and high-quality medical education. A new concept as telemedicine-medical "snack community"-PHS ecosystem, where the psychological health education system and partners healthcare system with enough bandwidth, especially 5G technology, could optimize the effect of telemedicine on medical practice and education, is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechao Feng
- Department of Urology, Institute of UrologyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- West China School of medicineWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of RehabilitationThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouP. R. China
| | - Xu Shi
- Department of Urology, Institute of UrologyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- West China School of medicineWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of UrologyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- West China School of medicineWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Liying Zhang
- Department of Urology, Institute of UrologyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- West China School of medicineWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yuhan Xiao
- Department of Urology, Institute of UrologyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- West China School of medicineWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Dengxiong Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of UrologyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- West China School of medicineWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ruicheng Wu
- Department of Urology, Institute of UrologyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- West China School of medicineWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Wuran Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of UrologyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- West China School of medicineWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Akira Miyamoto
- Department of RehabilitationWest Kyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Koo Han Yoo
- Department of UrologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Xing Ye
- Cedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of RehabilitationThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouP. R. China
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Urology, Institute of UrologyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- West China School of medicineWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Seppälä P, Harju L, Virkkala J, Hakanen JJ. Is boredom at work bad for your health? Examining the links between job boredom and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Stress Health 2024; 40:e3326. [PMID: 37837296 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Job boredom refers to an unpleasant state of passiveness at work that has been found to negatively relate to self-reported health. To date, however, the relation between job boredom and physiological indicators of health has not been examined. The present study investigates whether job boredom relates to dysfunction in autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity as indicated by reduced heart rate variability (HRV) during night sleep. The sample of this study consisted of Finnish public sector workers (n = 125). Job boredom was assessed with an electronic questionnaire and HRV with an ambulatory monitoring period of two nights of sleep. The results supported the hypothesis by showing a negative relation between job boredom and HRV, after controlling for demographic and lifestyle factors. The findings extend previous knowledge on the detrimental consequences of job boredom by showing that it is related to dysfunction in ANS activity. Consequently, it is important to acknowledge boredom at work as a threat to occupational health and well-being and pay more attention to how it can be prevented at workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piia Seppälä
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jussi Virkkala
- Department of Neurophysiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari J Hakanen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
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Don BP, Gordon AM, Mendes WB. The Good, the Bad, and the Variable: Examining Stress and Blood Pressure Responses to Close Relationships. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2024; 15:288-298. [PMID: 38883257 PMCID: PMC11178353 DOI: 10.1177/19485506231156018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Social relationships influence physical health, yet questions remain regarding the nature of this association. For instance, when it comes to predicting health-relevant processes in daily life, few studies have examined (a) the relative importance of both positive and negative relational experiences, and (b) variability in relational experiences (in addition to mean levels). To address these gaps, we conducted a daily study (N = 4,005; ~ 30,000 observations) examining relationships, stress, and physiology in daily life. Heart rate and blood pressure were assessed using an optic sensor and integrated with an app-based study. Results demonstrated that higher mean levels of positive and lower mean levels of negative relational experiences predicted lower stress, better coping, and better physiological functioning in daily life, such as lower systolic blood pressure reactivity. Greater variability in negative (but not positive) relational experiences predicted lower stress, better coping, and lower systolic blood pressure reactivity.
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Amirthanayagam A, O'Neill S, Goss C, Moss EL. Physical and psychological impact of surgery on the operating surgeon. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2024; 34:459-467. [PMID: 38438178 DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2023-004594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of surgery on the surgeon's well-being encompasses both physical and psychological aspects. Physically, surgeons are at risk of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms due to the nature of their work, and this risk can be impacted by theater environment, equipment design, and workload. Many symptoms will be self-limiting, but work related musculoskeletal symptoms can lead to the development of an injury, which can have far reaching effects, including the need for medical or surgical treatment, time away from work, or a change in clinical duties. Additionally, surgery can place a significant cognitive workload on the lead operator and this can be exacerbated, or alleviated, by the surgical environment, experience of the assistance, surgical modality, and case complexity. Measuring and quantifying the impact of surgery on the surgeon is a challenging undertaking. Tools such as motion capture, physiological markers, including heart rate variability and salivary cortisol, and questionnaires can provide insights into understanding the overall impact of surgery on the surgeon. A holistic approach that incorporates injury prevention strategies, communication, and support, is vital in assessing and mitigating risk factors. Injury prevention assessment tools and interventions that can be used within the busy surgical environment are needed, alongside increased ergonomic awareness. Addressing the impact of surgery on the surgeon is a multifaceted challenge, and long term positive changes can only be sustained with the support of the whole surgical team and healthcare organizations by developing and maintaining a supportive working environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seth O'Neill
- College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Charles Goss
- Department of Occupational Health, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Esther L Moss
- College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Gynaecological Oncology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
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Chen Q, Liu H, Du S. Effect of mindfulness-based interventions on people with prehypertension or hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2024; 24:104. [PMID: 38350849 PMCID: PMC10865530 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-024-03746-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension and prehypertension have been widely recognized as the main contributors of global mortality. Evidence shows mindfulness-based interventions may reduce blood pressure and improve mental health. However, the effect of mindfulness-based interventions on blood pressure and mental health has not been fully understood. METHODS Potential studies published before May 24th 2023 were identified by searching Embase, Ovid Emcare, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang database, and VIP China Science. Additionally, two grey databases were searched: Mednar, WorldWideScience.org. The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment tool. The random-effects meta-analyses were conducted using Review Man 5.4 software and the key outcomes are presented as mean difference or standard mean difference and the 95% confidential interval. RESULTS Searches returned 802 studies in total, of which 12 were included (N = 715). The duration of interventions was 8 weeks in 10 trials and 6 weeks in one trial. Pooled effect sizes indicated reductions in systolic blood pressure (MD = - 9.12, 95% CI [- 12.18, - 6.05], p < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (MD = - 5.66, 95% CI [- 8.88, - 2.43], p < 0.001), anxiety (SMD = - 4.10; 95% CI [- 6.49, - 1.71], p < 0.001), depression (SMD = - 1.70, 95%CI [- 2.95, - 0.44], p < 0.001) and perceived stress (SMD = - 5.91, 95%CI [- 8.74, - 3.09], p < 0.001) at post-intervention. The findings from subgroup analyses are favorable for mindfulness-based interventions regardless of gender and baseline blood pressure with regard to BP reduction, with a more profound effect observed in participants with higher pre-intervention blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS The results provide evidence for the positive role of mindfulness-based interventions in hypertension management. More large randomized control trials with sufficient statistical power and long-term follow-up are needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION The protocol had been registered with Prospero on October 2nd 2021 (registration NO. CRD42021282504 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongshan Chen
- Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Jinping District, Shantou, Guangdong Province, 515041, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 69 Dongxia Road, Jinping District, Shantou, Guangdong Province, 515041, China.
| | - Shizheng Du
- School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
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Karelius S, Pentti J, Juhanoja E, Jula A, Koskinen S, Niiranen TJ, Stenholm S. Association of work-related psychosocial factors and day-to-day home blood pressure variation: the Finn-Home study. J Hypertens 2024; 42:337-343. [PMID: 37965725 PMCID: PMC10763707 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Stress, and particularly job strain, has been found to associate with ambulatory blood pressure (BP). Moreover, BP is known to vary between days. One potential over-looked factor underlying this day-to-day BP variation could be work-related psychosocial factors. Thus, we aimed to study the association between job strain, job demands, job control and day-to-day BP variation. METHODS The home BP of 754 regularly working participants (mean age 50.9 ± 4.8, women 51%) of the Finn-Home Study was measured twice in the morning and twice in the evening over seven days. Average SBP and DBP were calculated for each day. Work-related psychosocial factors were measured with survey. Multivariable-adjusted generalized linear models were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS We found a greater SBP/DBP decrease between weekdays and weekend among participants with high job strain (-1.8 [95% confidence interval, 95% CI, -2.7 to -0.8]/-1.7 [95% CI, -2.3 to -1.1] mmHg) compared to participants with low job strain (-0.7 [95% CI, -1.1 to -0.2]/-0.7 [95% CI, -1.0 to -0.4] mmHg). The participants with high job demands showed a higher BP decrease between weekdays and weekend (-1.4 [95% CI, -2.0 to -0.8]/-1.3 [95% CI, -1.6 to -0.9] mmHg) than the participants with low job demands (-0.5 [95% CI, -1.1 to 0.0]/-0.6 [95% CI, -1.0 to -0.3] mmHg). We did not find BP differences regarding job control. CONCLUSION High job strain and high job demands were associated with a greater BP reduction from weekdays to the weekend. Work-related psychosocial factors should be considered when assessing day-to-day BP variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saana Karelius
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turku
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital
| | - Jaana Pentti
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku
- Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva Juhanoja
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turku
- Oncology Ward, Operational Division of Surgery and Cancer Diseases, Turku University Hospital, Turku
| | - Antti Jula
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki
| | - Teemu J. Niiranen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turku
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki
| | - Sari Stenholm
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku
- Research Services, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Meehan ZM, Hubbard JA, Moore CC, Mlawer F. Susceptibility to peer influence in adolescents: Associations between psychophysiology and behavior. Dev Psychopathol 2024; 36:69-81. [PMID: 36148857 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated in-the-moment links between adolescents' autonomic nervous system activity and susceptibility to three types of peer influence (indirect, direct, continuing) on two types of behavior (antisocial, prosocial). The sample included 144 racially ethnically diverse adolescents (46% male, 53% female, 1% other; M age = 16.02 years). We assessed susceptibility to peer influence behaviorally using the Public Goods Game (PGG) while measuring adolescents' mean heart rate (MHR) and pre-ejection period (PEP). Three key findings emerged from bivariate dual latent change score modeling: (1) adolescents whose MHR increased more as they transitioned from playing the PGG alone (pre-influence) to playing while simply observed by peers (indirect influence) displayed more prosocial behavior; (2) adolescents whose PEP activity increased more (greater PEP activity = shorter PEP latency) as they transitioned from indirect influence to being encouraged by peers to engage in antisocial behavior (direct influence) engaged in more antisocial behavior; and (3) adolescents whose PEP activity decreased less as they transitioned from direct influence on prosocial behavior to playing the PGG alone again (continuing influence) displayed more continuing prosocial behavior (marginal effect). The discussion focuses on the role of psychophysiology in understanding adolescents' susceptibility to peer influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Meehan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Delaware, 105 The Green, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE19716, USA
| | - Julie A Hubbard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Delaware, 105 The Green, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE19716, USA
| | - Christina C Moore
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Delaware, 105 The Green, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE19716, USA
| | - Fanny Mlawer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Delaware, 105 The Green, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE19716, USA
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10
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Säynäjäkangas P, Mänttäri S, Selander K, Laitinen J. Home Care Workers' Objective and Subjective Recovery From Work. J Occup Environ Med 2024; 66:161-165. [PMID: 37964621 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000003013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the recovery from work in Finnish home care nurses with objective and subjective recovery measures. METHODS Heart rate and heart rate variability recordings were performed in home care nurses over a period of one work shift and the following night. Following the measurements, the participants ( N = 91) answered a questionnaire including questions about their self-rated recovery from work and sleep disturbances. RESULTS The objectively measured recovery was within the recommended heart rate variability range, yet the self-rated recovery from work was only mediocre. Subjective recovery was not associated with objectively measured recovery. CONCLUSIONS There is a discrepancy between objectively and subjectively measured recovery from work. Therefore, an additional objective method in occupational field studies, along with questionnaires, is recommended to measure physiological recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pihla Säynäjäkangas
- From the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland (P.S., S.M., J.L.); and Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Kuopio, Finland (K.S.)
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11
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Sun J, Zhang N, Carter J, Vanhoutte B, Wang J, Chandola T. Bedtime negative affect, sleep quality and subjective health in rural China. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:280. [PMID: 38263032 PMCID: PMC10807101 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17779-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overall level of negative affect (NeA) has been linked to impaired health. However, whether the diurnal timing of NeA matters and whether the NeA-health relationship is mediated by sleep quality remain unclear. METHODS Using a longitudinal dataset (2006, 2009 and 2014 waves) consisting of 1959 participants, we examined the within-person impact of both bedtime NeA and non-bedtime NeA measured by Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) on subjective health measured by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and the mediating effect of sleep quality on the NeA-health relationships by fixed effect models. RESULTS Bedtime NeA predicted poorer health, while non-bedtime NeA was unrelated to health. The deleterious impact of bedtime NeA reduced and became non-significant after sleep quality was controlled for. Bedtime NeA also significantly predicted impaired sleep quality. CONCLUSIONS Bedtime NeA is a stronger predictor of poorer health than non-bedtime NeA, and the deleterious influence of bedtime NeA on health seems to operate through poor sleep quality. Therefore, interventions to reduce bedtime NeA could potentially improve subsequent sleep quality, thereby protecting people to some extent from impaired health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyao Sun
- Social Statistics, Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research On Ageing (MICRA), The University of Manchester, HBS Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research (CMI), The University of Manchester, HBS Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Center for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University), Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Social Statistics, Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research On Ageing (MICRA), The University of Manchester, HBS Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research (CMI), The University of Manchester, HBS Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jackie Carter
- Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research (CMI), The University of Manchester, HBS Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Bram Vanhoutte
- Social Statistics, Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research On Ageing (MICRA), The University of Manchester, HBS Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research (CMI), The University of Manchester, HBS Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- École de Santé Publique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808 - CP591, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jian Wang
- Center for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University), Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Tarani Chandola
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
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Rynne PJ, Derella CC, McMorrow C, Dickinson RL, Donahue S, Almeida AA, Carty M, Feairheller DL. Blood pressure responses are dependent on call type and related to hypertension status in firefighters. Blood Press 2023; 32:2161997. [PMID: 36597210 PMCID: PMC11062321 DOI: 10.1080/08037051.2022.2161997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired cardiovascular health is a concern for firefighters, with over 50% of line-of-duty deaths having cardiac causes. Many firefighters have hypertension and <25% have their blood pressure (BP) controlled. The alarm response could be an unidentified cardiac risk, but interestingly, the BP response to different calls and on-the-job activity is unknown. PURPOSE We aimed to measure the physiological stress resulting from different call types (fire, medical) and job activity (riding apparatus, pre-alert alarms) through ambulatory BP (ABP) monitoring in a population of firefighters. MATERIALS AND METHODS During 111 12-h work shifts firefighters wore an ABP monitor. BP was measured at 30-min intervals and manual measurements were prompted when the pager went off or whenever they felt stress. RESULTS Firefighters were hypertensive (124.3 ± 9.9/78.1 ± 6.7 mmHg), overweight (30.2 ± 4.6 kg/m2), middle-aged (40.5 ± 12.6 years) and experienced (17.3 ± 11.7 years). We calculated an average 11% increase in systolic and 10.5% increase in diastolic BP with alarm. Systolic BP (141.9 ± 13.2 mmHg) and diastolic BP (84.9 ± 11.1 mmHg) and the BP surges were higher while firefighters were responding to medical calls compared to fire calls. Between BP groups we found that medical call systolic BP (p = .001, d = 1.2), diastolic BP (p = .017, d = 0.87), and fire call systolic BP (p = .03, d = 0.51) levels were higher in the hypertensive firefighters. CONCLUSION This is the first report of BP surge responses to alarms and to occupational activities in firefighters, and medical calls elicited the largest overall responses.PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARYCardiovascular disease and impaired cardiovascular health are substantially more prevalent in firefighters, with over 50% of line-of-duty deaths being cardiac related.Many firefighters are diagnosed with high blood pressure (hypertension), which is known to increase the risk of heart attacks, strokes, heart disease, and other serious health complications.Upon stress, our body enacts the 'fight or flight' response where sympathetic nervous system activity triggers an immediate increase in heart rate and blood pressure. This response can be dangerous when surges reach extreme levels due to underlying impaired cardiovascular function. It is known that alarm sounds trigger a stress response.Firefighters respond to different alarms while on the job, each indicating different call types, such as a house fire or a medical emergency. Due to the prevalence of impaired cardiovascular health in firefighters, the physical stress resulting from these alerts is cause for concern.The blood pressure surge response to different call types and job activities in healthy and hypertensive firefighters had not been measured before this study.Through the ambulatory blood pressure monitoring of 111 on-duty firefighters, this study discovered that medical calls caused the greatest blood pressure and heart rate surge.Also, firefighters with hypertension experienced a greater blood pressure surge in response to alarms than their non-hypertensive co-workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige J. Rynne
- Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | | | - Carly McMorrow
- Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | | | - Stephanie Donahue
- Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew A. Almeida
- Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Megan Carty
- Jefferson College of Population Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Baumann O, Brooks-Cederqvist B. Multimodal assessment of effects of urban environments on psychological wellbeing. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16433. [PMID: 37251474 PMCID: PMC10220363 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The built environment is a ubiquitous factor of modern human life, which fundamentally affects human wellbeing. Most existing research on the psychological effects of urban environments is predominantly based on subjective self-report measures, which provide valuable insights into subjective experiences, but are also affected by conscious and subconscious bias. In the current study, we evaluate a multimodal approach to capturing wellbeing by employing objective mobile physiological and neurophysiological measurement technologies alongside self-reports to capture the impact of two different urban environments. Moreover, we endeavoured to comprehensively measure and, when possible, control the physical aspects of the environment. Our study specifically aimed to discover differences between psychological wellbeing indicators in adults across low-density vs. moderate-density urban environments. Data collection took place in two urban outdoor locations in Australia. Statistical comparison of the two locations indicated that low urban density led to comparatively higher levels of psychological wellbeing compared to moderate urban density. Self-reports indicated that the low-density environment led to higher levels of subjective feelings of comfort and safety and reduced levels of negative mood. In line with the subjective reports, in the low-density environment compared to the moderate-density environment, individuals showed higher levels of EEG theta activity, while EEG beta and heart rate measures were lower. The research outcome provides insights into how urban density affects people's wellbeing and showcases the benefits of employing ecologically-valid multimodal psychological-environmental measurement approaches to effectively evaluate the psychological impacts of built environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Baumann
- Corresponding author. School of Psychology, Bond University, 14 University Drive, 4226 Robina, Qld, Australia.
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14
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Shah RM, Doshi S, Shah S, Patel S, Li A, Diamond JA. Impacts of Anxiety and Depression on Clinical Hypertension in Low-Income US Adults. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2023:10.1007/s40292-023-00584-3. [PMID: 37261618 PMCID: PMC10233551 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-023-00584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depression and anxiety are common leading causes of disability and are associated with systemic effects including cardiovascular comorbidities. Low-income populations may experience higher frequencies of depressive or anxiety-related symptoms, and be at greater risk for developing hypertension. AIM We performed a cross-sectional study of low-income participants who completed hypertension and disability questionnaires as part of the 2017-2018 cycle of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to identify associations between depressive/anxiety-related symptoms and hypertension status. METHODS Multivariable logistic regressions were performed to identify whether (1) frequency of depressive symptoms, (2) frequency of anxiety-related symptoms, (3) self-reported depression medication use, or (4) self-reported anxiety medication use predicted previous hypertension diagnosis. RESULTS A total of 74,285,160 individuals were represented in our cohort. Participants that reported taking depression (OR 2.72; 95% CI 1.41-5.24; P = 0.009) and anxiety (OR 2.50; 95% CI 1.42-4.41; P = 0.006) medications had greater odds of hypertension. Individuals with depressive feelings daily, monthly, and few times per year were more likely to have hypertension. Respondents with daily (OR 2.28; 95% CI 1.22-4.24; P = 0.021) and weekly (OR 1.88; 95% CI 1.05-3.38; P = 0.040) anxiety symptoms were more likely to have hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Low-income adults in the United States with symptoms of anxiety or depression have higher likelihood of hypertension than those with no symptoms. Respondents who indicated taking medication for anxiety disorders or depression were more likely to have been diagnosed with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan M Shah
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Sahil Doshi
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sareena Shah
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas-City, MO, USA
| | - Shiv Patel
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Angela Li
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
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15
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Vanhollebeke G, Kappen M, De Raedt R, Baeken C, van Mierlo P, Vanderhasselt MA. Effects of acute psychosocial stress on source level EEG power and functional connectivity measures. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8807. [PMID: 37258794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35808-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The usage of EEG to uncover the influence of psychosocial stressors (PSSs) on neural activity has gained significant attention throughout recent years, but the results are often troubled by confounding stressor types. To investigate the effect of PSSs alone on neural activity, we employed a paradigm where participants are exposed to negative peer comparison as PSS, while other possible stressors are kept constant, and compared this with a condition where participants received neutral feedback. We analyzed commonly used sensor level EEG indices (frontal theta, alpha, and beta power) and further investigated whether source level power and functional connectivity (i.e., the temporal dependence between spatially seperated brain regions) measures, which have to our knowledge not yet been used, are more sensitive to PSSs than sensor level-derived EEG measures. Our results show that on sensor level, no significant frontal power changes are present (all p's > 0.16), indicating that sensor level frontal power measures are not sensitive enough to be affected by only PSSs. On source level, we find increased alpha power (indicative of decreased cortical activity) in the left- and right precuneus and right posterior cingulate cortex (all p's < 0.03) and increased functional connectivity between the left- and right precuneus (p < 0.001), indicating that acute, trial based PSSs lead to decreased precuneus/PCC activity, and possibly indicates a temporary disruption in the self-referential neural processes of an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Vanhollebeke
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, Entrance 12 - Floor 13, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
- Medical Image and Signal Processing Group (MEDISIP), Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Mitchel Kappen
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, Entrance 12 - Floor 13, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi De Raedt
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, Entrance 12 - Floor 13, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris Baeken
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, Entrance 12 - Floor 13, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital (UZBrussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter van Mierlo
- Medical Image and Signal Processing Group (MEDISIP), Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, Entrance 12 - Floor 13, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Yawata Y, Shikano Y, Ogasawara J, Makino K, Kashima T, Ihara K, Yoshimoto A, Morikawa S, Yagishita S, Tanaka KF, Ikegaya Y. Mesolimbic dopamine release precedes actively sought aversive stimuli in mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2433. [PMID: 37106002 PMCID: PMC10140067 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In some models, animals approach aversive stimuli more than those housed in an enriched environment. Here, we found that male mice in an impoverished and unstimulating (i.e., boring) chamber without toys sought aversive air puffs more often than those in an enriched chamber. Using this animal model, we identified the insular cortex as a regulator of aversion-seeking behavior. Activation and inhibition of the insular cortex increased and decreased the frequencies of air-puff self-stimulation, respectively, and the firing patterns of insular neuron ensembles predicted the self-stimulation timing. Dopamine levels in the ventrolateral striatum decreased with passive air puffs but increased with actively sought puffs. Around 20% of mice developed intense self-stimulation despite being offered toys, which was prevented by administering opioid receptor antagonists. This study establishes a basis for comprehending the neural underpinnings of usually avoided stimulus-seeking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Yawata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yu Shikano
- Division of Brain Science, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenichi Makino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiko Kashima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keiko Ihara
- Division of Brain Science, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Airi Yoshimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shota Morikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sho Yagishita
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Division of Brain Science, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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17
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van der Mee DJ, Gevonden MJ, Westerink JHDM, de Geus EJC. Cardiorespiratory fitness, regular physical activity, and autonomic nervous system reactivity to laboratory and daily life stress. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14212. [PMID: 36379911 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cross-stressor adaptation hypothesis-which posits that adjustment to physical stress as a result of regular physical activity and its effects on fitness crosses over to psychological stress reactivity-has been around for over four decades. However, the literature has been plagued by heterogeneities preventing definitive conclusions. We address these heterogeneity issues in a combined laboratory and daily life study of 116 young adults (M = 22.48 SD = 3.56, 57.76% female). The exposure, i.e., the potential driver of adaptation, was defined in three ways. First, a submaximal test was performed to obtain aerobic fitness measured as the VO2 max (kg/ml/min). Second, leisure time exercise behavior, and third, overall moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), were obtained from a structured interview. Outcomes were autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity and affective responsiveness to stressors. ANS activity was measured continuously and expressed as inter-beat-interval (IBI), pre-ejection-period (PEP), respiratory sinus arrythmia (RSA), and non-specific Skin Conductance Responses (ns.SCR). Negative and positive affect were recorded after each experimental condition in the laboratory and hourly in daily life with a nine-item digital questionnaire. Linear regressions were performed between the three exposure measures as predictors and the various laboratory and daily life stress measurements as outcomes. Our results support the resting heart rate reducing effect of aerobic fitness and total MVPA in both the laboratory and daily life. We did not find evidence for the cross-stressor adaptation hypothesis, irrespective of ANS or affective outcome measure or whether the exposure was defined as exercise/MVPA or aerobic fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin J Gevonden
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce H D M Westerink
- Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Candia-Rivera D, Norouzi K, Ramsøy TZ, Valenza G. Dynamic fluctuations in ascending heart-to-brain communication under mental stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 324:R513-R525. [PMID: 36802949 PMCID: PMC10026986 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00251.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Dynamical information exchange between central and autonomic nervous systems, as referred to functional brain-heart interplay, occurs during emotional and physical arousal. It is well documented that physical and mental stress lead to sympathetic activation. Nevertheless, the role of autonomic inputs in nervous system-wise communication under mental stress is yet unknown. In this study, we estimated the causal and bidirectional neural modulations between electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillations and peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic activities using a recently proposed computational framework for a functional brain-heart interplay assessment, namely the sympathovagal synthetic data generation model. Mental stress was elicited in 37 healthy volunteers by increasing their cognitive demands throughout three tasks associated with increased stress levels. Stress elicitation induced an increased variability in sympathovagal markers, as well as increased variability in the directional brain-heart interplay. The observed heart-to-brain interplay was primarily from sympathetic activity targeting a wide range of EEG oscillations, whereas variability in the efferent direction seemed mainly related to EEG oscillations in the γ band. These findings extend current knowledge on stress physiology, which mainly referred to top-down neural dynamics. Our results suggest that mental stress may not cause an increase in sympathetic activity exclusively as it initiates a dynamic fluctuation within brain-body networks including bidirectional interactions at a brain-heart level. We conclude that directional brain-heart interplay measurements may provide suitable biomarkers for a quantitative stress assessment and bodily feedback may modulate the perceived stress caused by increased cognitive demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Candia-Rivera
- Department of Information Engineering & Bioengineering and Robotics Research Center E. Piaggio, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Kian Norouzi
- Department of Applied Neuroscience, Neurons, Inc., Taastrup, Denmark
- Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thomas Zoëga Ramsøy
- Department of Applied Neuroscience, Neurons, Inc., Taastrup, Denmark
- Faculty of Neuroscience, Singularity University, Santa Clara, California, United States
| | - Gaetano Valenza
- Department of Information Engineering & Bioengineering and Robotics Research Center E. Piaggio, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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19
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Qi C. Interaction and psychological characteristics of art teaching based on Openpose and Long Short-Term Memory network. PeerJ Comput Sci 2023; 9:e1285. [PMID: 37346712 PMCID: PMC10280430 DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
As living standards improve, people's demand for appreciation and learning of art is growing gradually. Unlike the traditional learning model, art teaching requires a specific understanding of learners' psychology and controlling what they have learned so that they can create new ideas. This article combines the current deep learning technology with heart rate to complete the action recognition of art dance teaching. The video data processing and recognition are conducted through the Openpose network and graph convolution network. The heart rate data recognition is completed through the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network. The optimal recognition model is established through the data fusion of the two decision levels through the adaptive weight analysis method. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the classification fusion model is better than that of the single-mode recognition method, which is improved from 85.0% to 97.5%. The proposed method can evaluate the heart rate while ensuring high accuracy recognition. The proposed research can help analyze dance teaching and provide a new idea for future combined research on teaching interaction.
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20
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Suwannakul B, Sangkarit N, Manoy P, Amput P, Tapanya W. Association between Stress and Physical Fitness of University Students Post-COVID-19 Pandemic. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8010033. [PMID: 36976130 PMCID: PMC10052582 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-COVID-19 pandemic, most universities changed their educational model from online courses to onsite learning, allowing students to attend regular face-to-face classes. These changes can cause stress in students, which affects physical fitness. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between stress levels and physical fitness in female university students. The participants were 101 female university students, 18-23 years of age. All participants completed the Suan Prung Stress Test-60 (SPST-60). The physical fitness test included body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, as well as musculoskeletal fitness. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the associations between SPST-60 scores and physical fitness. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. We found a negative correlation between the sources of stress scores, here environment, and maximal oxygen consumption (β = -0.291; 95% CI, -0.551, -0.031). We also found that symptoms of stress scores in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems were positively associated with waist-hip circumference ratio (WHR) (β = 0.010; 95% CI, 0.002, 0.017 and β = 0.006; 95% CI, 0.000, 0.012, respectively). Moreover, the symptoms of stress, here emotion, were positively associated with the WHR (β = 0.005; 95 %CI, 0.001, 0.009) and negatively associated with upper extremity muscle strength (β = -0.005; 95% CI, -0.009, 0.000). The results of this study confirmed the associations between stress levels in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era and WHR, maximal oxygen consumption, and upper extremity muscle strength. As a result, stress reduction or prevention alternatives should be considered in order to maintain physical fitness and prevent stress disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boonsita Suwannakul
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Science, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Noppharath Sangkarit
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Science, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence of Human Performance and Rehabilitations, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Pacharee Manoy
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Science, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Patchareeya Amput
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Science, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence of Human Performance and Rehabilitations, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Weerasak Tapanya
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Science, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence of Human Performance and Rehabilitations, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
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21
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Lu Y, Zhong S. Contactless Real-Time Heart Rate Predicts the Performance of Elite Athletes: Evidence From Tokyo 2020 Olympic Archery Competition. Psychol Sci 2023; 34:384-393. [PMID: 36608215 DOI: 10.1177/09567976221143127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that psychological stress impairs performance for elite athletes, yet direct evidence is scarce when it comes to high-stakes competition because measuring real-time psychological stress without interference is often challenging. Contactless real-time heart rate-a technology-enabled biomarker of stress-was measured and broadcast on TV during the 2020 Tokyo Olympics archery competition for the first time in sports. Here we examined whether the real-time heart rate of 122 adult archers predicted their performance in this unique setting. We found that higher heart rate-which indicates an increase in psychological stress-is associated with lower scores, correlation coefficient r(2096) = -.076, p < .001, and the observation is robust after we controlled for fixed effects at the individual and match level. Our results provide the first direct evidence in support of the detrimental effect of psychological stress measured by a real-time biomarker in a high-stakes competitive setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Songfa Zhong
- Department of Economics, National University of Singapore.,Division of Social Science and Center for Behavioral Institutional Design, New York University Abu Dhabi
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22
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Baumann H, Heuel L, Bischoff LL, Wollesen B. Efficacy of Individualized Sensory-Based mHealth Interventions to Improve Distress Coping in Healthcare Professionals: A Multi-Arm Parallel-Group Randomized Controlled Trial. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2322. [PMID: 36850920 PMCID: PMC9963645 DOI: 10.3390/s23042322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Detrimental effects of chronic stress on healthcare professionals have been well-established, but the implementation and evaluation of effective interventions aimed at improving distress coping remains inadequate. Individualized mHealth interventions incorporating sensor feedback have been proposed as a promising approach. This study aimed to investigate the impact of individualized, sensor-based mHealth interventions focusing on stress and physical activity on distress coping in healthcare professionals. The study utilized a multi-arm, parallel group randomized controlled trial design, comparing five intervention groups (three variations of web-based training and two variations of an app training) that represented varying levels of individualization to a control group. Both self-reported questionnaire data (collected using Limesurvey) as well as electrocardiography and accelerometry-based sensory data (collected using Mesana Sensor) were assessed at baseline and post-intervention (after eight weeks). Of the 995 eligible participants, 170 (26%) completed the post-intervention measurement (Group 1: N = 21; Group 2: N = 23; Group 3: N = 7; Group 4: N = 34; Group 5: N = 16; Control Group: N = 69). MANOVA results indicated small to moderate time-by-group interaction effects for physical activity-related outcomes, including moderate to vigorous physical activity (F(1,5) = 5.8, p = ≤0.001, η2p = 0.057) and inactivity disruption (F(1,5) = 11.2, p = <0.001, η2p = 0.100), in the app-based intervention groups, but not for step counts and inactivity. No changes were observed in stress-related heart rate variability parameters over time. Despite a high dropout rate and a complex study design, the individualized interventions showed initial positive effects on physical activity. However, no significant changes in stress-related outcomes were observed, suggesting that the intervention duration was insufficient to induce physiological adaptations that would result in improved distress coping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Baumann
- Department of Biopsychology and Neuroergonomics, Technical University Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Medical School Hamburg, Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luis Heuel
- Department of Biopsychology and Neuroergonomics, Technical University Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Bettina Wollesen
- Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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23
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Mänttäri S, Säynäjäkangas P, Selander K, Laitinen J. Increased physical workload in home care service is associated with reduced recovery from work. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2023; 96:651-660. [PMID: 36808567 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-023-01960-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the physical workload of home care service workers and determined whether the different intensities of physical work strain experienced by home care nurses have different impacts on their recovery from work. METHODS Physical workload and recovery were measured among 95 home care nurses based on heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) recordings during one work shift and the following night. Differences in the physical work strain were compared between younger (≤ 44-year-old) and older (≥ 45-year-old) employees and between morning and evening shifts. To determine the effects of occupational physical activity on recovery, HRV at all time points (during the workday, when awake and asleep, and whole measurement) in relation to the amount of occupational physical activity was examined. RESULTS The average physiological strain during the work shift, measured as metabolic equivalent (MET), was 1.8 ± 0.5. Moreover, the occupational physical demands in relation to maximal capacity were higher for the older employees. The results of the study showed that a higher occupational physical workload reduced the HRV of home care workers during the workday, leisure time, and sleep. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that increased occupational physical workload is associated with reduced recovery among home care workers. Therefore, decreasing occupational strain and ensuring sufficient recovery is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Mänttäri
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland.
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24
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Greaney JL, Darling AM, Saunders EF, Almeida DM. Daily Stress and Microvascular Dysfunction: The Buffering Effect of Physical Activity. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2023; 51:19-26. [PMID: 36301576 PMCID: PMC9772136 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although often short-lived, emotional responsiveness to daily stressors ( i.e. , routine and sometimes unexpected everyday hassles) is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD), morbidity, and mortality. Here, we present the novel hypothesis that a disruption of microvascular homeostasis is a key antecedent. In addition, we postulate that physical activity may mitigate the psychobiological consequences of daily stress, thereby limiting pathophysiological CVD-related sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody L. Greaney
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX
| | - Ashley M. Darling
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX
| | | | - David M. Almeida
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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25
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Joshi K, Das M, Sarma A, Arora MK, SInghal M, Kumar B. Insight on Cardiac Chronobiology and Latest Developments of Chronotherapeutic Antihypertensive Interventions for Better Clinical Outcomes. Curr Hypertens Rev 2023; 19:106-122. [PMID: 36624649 DOI: 10.2174/1573402119666230109142156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac circadian rhythms are an important regulator of body functions, including cardiac activities and blood pressure. Disturbance of circadian rhythm is known to trigger and aggravate various cardiovascular diseases. Thus, modulating the circadian rhythm can be used as a therapeutic approach to cardiovascular diseases. Through this work, we intend to discuss the current understanding of cardiac circadian rhythms, in terms of quantifiable parameters like BP and HR. We also elaborate on the molecular regulators and the molecular cascades along with their specific genetic aspects involved in modulating circadian rhythms, with specific reference to cardiovascular health and cardiovascular diseases. Along with this, we also presented the latest pharmacogenomic and metabolomics markers involved in chronobiological control of the cardiovascular system along with their possible utility in cardiovascular disease diagnosis and therapeutics. Finally, we reviewed the current expert opinions on chronotherapeutic approaches for utilizing the conventional as well as the new pharmacological molecules for antihypertensive chronotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumud Joshi
- Department of Pharmacy, Lloyd Institute of Management and Technology, Greater Noida, India
| | - Madhubanti Das
- Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Anupam Sarma
- Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, GIPS, Girijananda Chowdhury University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Mandeep K Arora
- School of Pharmacy and population health informatics, DIT University, Dehradun, India
| | - Manmohan SInghal
- School of Pharmacy and population health informatics, DIT University, Dehradun, India
| | - Bhavna Kumar
- School of Pharmacy and population health informatics, DIT University, Dehradun, India
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Beuchel P, Cramer C. Heart Rate Variability and Perceived Stress in Teacher Training: Facing the Reality Shock With Mindfulness? GLOBAL ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE AND HEALTH 2023; 12:27536130231176538. [PMID: 37216037 PMCID: PMC10196549 DOI: 10.1177/27536130231176538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Background The beginning of the career of teachers is a demanding phase. In the combined roles of teacher and trainee, and in the shift from academic to practical learning, trainee teachers have to acquire competencies in teaching as well as coping with stress. In this phase, the phenomenon of "reality shock" is widely observed. Objective A mindfulness training was developed to support teacher trainees during their first year. This intervention study investigated perceived and physiological stress at teachers' career start and the stress reducing effects of the mindfulness training in this phase. Methods In a quasi-experimental design, 19 out of 42 participants from this sample underwent mindfulness-based stress reduction training and a wait-list control group (N = 23) underwent a compact course after post measurements. We measured physiological stress parameters and perceived stress at 3 different time points. Heart rate signals were acquired in ambulatory assessment sequences, including teaching, rest periods, and cognitive tasks. The data were analyzed in linear mixed-effects models. Results We found high physiological stress in the very beginning of teacher training, which attenuated over time. The mindfulness intervention only led to a greater reduction in heart rate (d = .53 to .74) in situations where the intervention group had shown higher heart rate levels initially, but not in heart rate variability. However, the mindfulness group significantly reduced (d = .63) their perceived stress and maintained (d = .55) this improvement, while the control group maintained a highly elevated perceived stress level throughout. Conclusion The mindfulness training could reduce subjective stress, which otherwise seems to be a long-lasting aspect of beginning teachers' "reality shock". Indications of a superior reduction of physiological stress in demanding situations were weak, while generally, undue physiological stress seems to be a temporary phenomenon in the initial phase of teacher induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Beuchel
- Department of Clinical Psychology
and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of School Education, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Colin Cramer
- Department of School Education, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Kappen M, van der Donckt J, Vanhollebeke G, Allaert J, Degraeve V, Madhu N, Van Hoecke S, Vanderhasselt MA. Acoustic speech features in social comparison: how stress impacts the way you sound. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22022. [PMID: 36539505 PMCID: PMC9767914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of speech as a digital biomarker to detect stress levels is increasingly gaining attention. Yet, heterogeneous effects of stress on specific acoustic speech features have been observed, possibly due to previous studies' use of different stress labels/categories and the lack of solid stress induction paradigms or validation of experienced stress. Here, we deployed a controlled, within-subject psychosocial stress induction experiment in which participants received both neutral (control condition) and negative (negative condition) comparative feedback after solving a challenging cognitive task. This study is the first to use a (non-actor) within-participant design that verifies a successful stress induction using both self-report (i.e., decreased reported valence) and physiological measures (i.e., increased heart rate acceleration using event-related cardiac responses during feedback exposure). Analyses of acoustic speech features showed a significant increase in Fundamental Frequency (F0) and Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio (HNR), and a significant decrease in shimmer during the negative feedback condition. Our results using read-out-loud speech comply with earlier research, yet we are the first to validate these results in a well-controlled but ecologically-valid setting to guarantee the generalization of our findings to real-life settings. Further research should aim to replicate these results in a free speech setting to test the robustness of our findings for real-world settings and should include semantics to also take into account what you say and not only how you say it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchel Kappen
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Head and Skin, Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent (UZ Ghent), Corneel Heymanslaan 10-13K12, 9000 Ghent, Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Gert Vanhollebeke
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Head and Skin, Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent (UZ Ghent), Corneel Heymanslaan 10-13K12, 9000 Ghent, Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jens Allaert
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Head and Skin, Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent (UZ Ghent), Corneel Heymanslaan 10-13K12, 9000 Ghent, Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vic Degraeve
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798IDLab, Ghent University-Imec, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nilesh Madhu
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798IDLab, Ghent University-Imec, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Van Hoecke
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798IDLab, Ghent University-Imec, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Head and Skin, Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent (UZ Ghent), Corneel Heymanslaan 10-13K12, 9000 Ghent, Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Ponzo S, Wickham A, Bamford R, Radovic T, Zhaunova L, Peven K, Klepchukova A, Payne JL. Menstrual cycle-associated symptoms and workplace productivity in US employees: A cross-sectional survey of users of the Flo mobile phone app. Digit Health 2022; 8:20552076221145852. [PMID: 36544535 PMCID: PMC9761221 DOI: 10.1177/20552076221145852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Mood and physical symptoms related to the menstrual cycle affect women's productivity at work, often leading to absenteeism. However, employer-led initiatives to tackle these issues are lacking. Digital health interventions focused on women's health (such as the Flo app) could help fill this gap. Methods 1867 users of the Flo app participated in a survey exploring the impact of their menstrual cycle on their workplace productivity and the role of Flo in mitigating some of the identified issues. Results The majority reported a moderate to severe impact of their cycle on workplace productivity, with 45.2% reporting absenteeism (5.8 days on average in the previous 12 months). 48.4% reported not receiving any support from their manager and 94.6% said they were not provided with any specific benefit for issues related to their menstrual cycle, with 75.6% declaring wanting them. Users stated that the Flo app helped them with the management of menstrual cycle symptoms (68.7%), preparedness and bodily awareness (88.7%), openness with others (52.5%), and feeling supported (77.6%). Users who reported the most positive impact of the Flo app were 18-25% less likely to report an impact of their menstrual cycle on their productivity and 12-18% less likely to take days off work for issues related to their cycle. Conclusions Apps such as Flo could equip individuals with tools to better cope with issues related to their menstrual cycle and facilitate discussions around menstrual health in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ponzo
- Flo Health
Inc., London, UK,Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London,
UK,Sonia Ponzo, Flo Health Inc., 27 Old
Gloucester Street, London, WC1N 3AX, UK.
| | | | | | - Tara Radovic
- Flo Health
Inc., London, UK,Department of Psychology and Ergonomics,
Technische
Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kimberly Peven
- Flo Health
Inc., London, UK,London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Maternal,
Adolescent, Reproductive & Child Health (MARCH) Centre, London, UK
| | | | - Jennifer L Payne
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences,
University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Mainhard T, Donker MH, van Gog T. When closeness is effortful: Teachers' physiological activation undermines positive effects of their closeness on student emotions. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 92:1384-1402. [PMID: 35524399 PMCID: PMC9790478 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Student perceptions of teachers' interpersonal closeness positively affect their emotions. If closeness is, however, effortful for the teacher (i.e., emotional labour, signalling less genuine closeness), this may undermine these positive effects. We tested this assumption by using student reports and external observations of teacher closeness and ambulant measures of teacher heart rate, to gauge teachers' physiological effort connected to being close during class. AIMS We investigated the association between teachers' physiological effort connected to closeness and students' lesson-focused emotions. SAMPLE 75 teachers and their students (N = 1645) participated during one real-life lesson. METHODS Teacher interpersonal closeness was continuously coded based on a video recording and teachers' heart rate was measured continuously as an indicator of physiological effort. Students reported their emotions and perception of teacher closeness at the end of the lesson. RESULTS Multilevel models with student emotions as DVs and students' perceptions of teacher warmth (L1 predictor) and teachers' physiological effort when being close (i.e., an intra-individual cross-correlation, L2 predictor) were tested. As expected, students reported more positive and less negative emotions when they perceived more teacher closeness. The physiological effort connected to being close was not directly associated with student emotions; however, such effort moderated the effect of perceived closeness, especially with regard to negative student emotions (i.e., cross-level interactions). The more effortful teacher closeness was, the less closeness protected students from negative emotions. CONCLUSIONS In line with extant research on faking enjoyment and emotional labour, students seemed to be affected when teacher closeness was physiologically effortful, and overall positive effects of teacher closeness were undermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Mainhard
- Department of EducationLeiden UniversityLeidenthe Netherlands,Department of EducationUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Monika H. Donker
- Department of Youth and FamilyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Tamara van Gog
- Department of EducationUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
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30
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Myllylä M, Kyröläinen H, Ojanen T, Ruohola JP, Heinonen OJ, Simola P, Vahlberg T, Parkkola KI. The Effects of Individual Characteristics of the Naval Personnel on Sleepiness and Stress during Two Different Watchkeeping Schedules. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13451. [PMID: 36294028 PMCID: PMC9603121 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naval service can have a significant impact on the wellbeing of seafarers, and the operation of warships is highly dependent on the personnel on board. Nevertheless, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the impact of seafarers' individual characteristics on their wellbeing in a naval environment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate individual characteristics of the naval personnel that may be associated with the amount of sleepiness, fatigue and stress responses experienced during shift work and irregular working hours in a naval environment. METHODS The study took place on a Finnish Defence Forces' Navy missile patrol boat on which 18 crewmembers served as study participants. The measurement periods lasted two separate weeks (seven days and six nights) during shift work with two different watchkeeping systems (4:4, 4:4/6:6). The onboard measurements consisted of the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, salivary stress hormones, cognitive tests (Sustained Attention to Response Task and N-back Task) and heart rate variability. RESULTS Participants of older ages or with a longer history in naval service were associated with a greater amount of sleepiness, fatigue and stress responses on board. On the contrary, increased physical activity and a higher level of physical fitness, especially standing long jump, were associated with a lower amount of sleepiness, fatigue and fewer stress responses. In addition, an athletic body composition together with a healthy lifestyle may be beneficial, considering the stress responses on board. CONCLUSION The present results are well in line with the previous literature regarding shift work and irregular working hours. The results highlight the importance of regular physical activity and good physical fitness during service in the naval environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Myllylä
- Centre for Military Medicine, The Finnish Defence Forces, 20241 Turku, Finland
- Doctoral Programme in Clinical Research, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, 00861 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Ojanen
- Human Performance Division, Finnish Defence Research Agency, The Finnish Defence Forces, 04310 Tuusula, Finland
| | - Juha-Petri Ruohola
- The Navy Command Finland, The Finnish Defence Forces, 20811 Turku, Finland
| | - Olli J. Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit of Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Petteri Simola
- Human Performance Division, Finnish Defence Research Agency, The Finnish Defence Forces, 04310 Tuusula, Finland
| | - Tero Vahlberg
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Kai I. Parkkola
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, 00861 Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland
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Bamert M, Inauen J. Physiological stress reactivity and recovery: Some laboratory results transfer to daily life. Front Psychol 2022; 13:943065. [PMID: 36046406 PMCID: PMC9421134 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.943065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is a prevalent theme in our daily lives and is related to numerous negative health outcomes. Laboratory research has studied the physiological stress response extensively with objective measures such as vagally-mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV). Recently, the vagal tank theory emerged as a promising approach to predicting adaptive vmHRV levels around stressful events. This study aimed to investigate whether the predictions of the vagal tank theory about vmHRV during stress reactivity and recovery translate into naturalistic stressful events in daily life. Sixty-seven students wore an EcgMove 4 sensor for 4 days to measure vmHRV. Through a combination of device-based and self-report assessment, vmHRV data were segmented into before, during, and after stressful events. VmHRV segments were analyzed with multilevel modeling, accounting for physiological and psychological covariates. VmHRV before stressful events predicted more adaptive vmHRV during the event but not vmHRV recovery afterwards. The results therefore partially support the vagal tank theory's predictions with data from daily life and allow recommendations for future studies of real-world stress reactivity and recovery. The value of intraindividual variations in vmHRV as predictors of adaptive stress response is underscored by these findings and could inform future interventions that seek to increase momentary vmHRV.
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Jensen MA, Hansen ÅM, Nabe-Nielsen K, Garde AH, Kristiansen J. Heart rate variability during sleep after two, four and seven consecutive night shifts and recovery days: a cross-over intervention study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2022; 95:1443-1451. [PMID: 35916933 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-022-01873-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recovery after shift work is an important part reducing the health problems related to shift work. Heart rate variability (HRV) is an indicator of the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in the autonomic nervous system and can be used as a measure of recovery after night shifts. The aim of the study is to investigate autonomic recovery during sleep in response to night work in a crossover intervention study. METHODS Seventeen male police officers working in call centres in five different police district participated in the HRV measurements. The participants were exposed to three interventions: 2 + 2: two consecutive night shifts followed by two consecutive day recovery days; 4 + 4: four consecutive night shifts followed by four consecutive recovery days; 7 + 7: seven consecutive night shifts followed by seven consecutive recovery days. On the last day with night shift and the last recovery day in each intervention the participants underwent 24 h HRV recordings. We analysed HRV during sleep. The five 5-min intervals with the lowest heart rate during each sleep period were chosen for spectral analysis of the heart interbeat interval time series. The five 5-min intervals could occur at any time during sleep. RESULTS There were overall differences in HRV during sleep between days with night shifts and recovery days, primarily in parasympathetic activity. There was no difference in the lowest heart rate obtained, but the timing was different for the three interventions. The lowest heart rate after night shifts occurred 112 (SD 79) min, 174 (SD 115) min and 135 (SD 94) min after sleep onset for the 2 + 2 night shift, the 4 + 4 night shift and the 7 + 7 night shift, respectively. CONCLUSION Overall sleep-related autonomic recovery had higher parasympathetic modulation of cardiac rhythm on the 2 + 2 shift system compared to the 4 + 4 and 7 + 7 shift system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Åse Marie Hansen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anne Helene Garde
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Kristiansen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Shibuya K, Tsujikawa M. Interactive Effects of Productivity and Work Engagement on Mediation Analysis using Chronic Stress as Explanatory variable. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:350-354. [PMID: 36086456 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Productivity, stress, and work engagement play important roles in corporate health. In this study, we have investigated, on the basis of survey data, interactive-effect relationships among productivity, stress, and work engagement. Survey results obtained from 301 samples self-report questionnaires (including the WHO Health and Work Performance Questionnaire: HPQ; the Perceived Stress Scale: PSS; and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale: UWES) were analyzed using mediation analysis. Results suggest that the interactive positive effects of productivity and work engagement were roughly equal, and that stress decreased both productivity and work engagement. Revealing the relationships among productivity, stress, and work engagement contributes to the efforts of occupational health physicians and of workers in human resource departments trying to plan effective and preferential interventions in order to improve employee working conditions.
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Shin I, Kong SY, Park GJ, Shin DM, Chai HS, Kim YM, Lee JH, Kim SC. Effects of Occupational Stress and Health Behaviors on Heart Rate Variability in Live-Fire Instructors. J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64:e374-e377. [PMID: 35761425 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify the association between the healthrelated characteristics and the subscales of occupational stress of live fire instructors and heart rate variability (HRV). METHODS We conducted questionnaire survey on a general health checkup for 15 live fire instructors. Occupational stress and HRV parameters were measured to determine the association between health behavior, including smoking, drinking, exercise, and sleep-related disorders, and occupational stress of live fire instructors and HRV parameters using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. RESULTS Smoking, insomnia, and job insecurity, a subscale of occupational stress measurement, showed negative Spearman rank correlations with HRV. CONCLUSIONS Insomnia, smoking, and job insecurity (due to occupational stress) among live fire instructors were associated with decreased HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inchan Shin
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea (Shin, Dr Park, Dr Chai, Dr Kim, Dr Lee, and Dr Kim); Strategic Research, Laerdal Medical, Stavanger, Norway (Dr Kong); Department of Paramedic Science, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea (Shin); Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Seowongu, Cheongjusi, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea (Dr Kim, Dr Lee, and Dr Kim)
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Perez-Pozuelo I, Posa M, Spathis D, Westgate K, Wareham N, Mascolo C, Brage S, Palotti J. Detecting sleep outside the clinic using wearable heart rate devices. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7956. [PMID: 35562527 PMCID: PMC9106748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The adoption of multisensor wearables presents the opportunity of longitudinal monitoring of sleep in large populations. Personalized yet device-agnostic algorithms can sidestep laborious human annotations and objectify cross-cohort comparisons. We developed and tested a heart rate-based algorithm that captures inter- and intra-individual sleep differences in free-living conditions and does not require human input. We evaluated it on four study cohorts using different research- and consumer-grade devices for over 2000 nights. Recording periods included both 24 h free-living and conventional lab-based night-only data. We compared our optimized method against polysomnography, sleep diaries and sleep periods produced through a state-of-the-art acceleration based method. Against sleep diaries, the algorithm yielded a mean squared error of 0.04-0.06 and a total sleep time (TST) deviation of [Formula: see text]2.70 (± 5.74) and 12.80 (± 3.89) minutes, respectively. When evaluated with PSG lab studies, the MSE ranged between 0.06 and 0.11 yielding a time deviation between [Formula: see text]29.07 and [Formula: see text]55.04 minutes. These results showcase the value of this open-source, device-agnostic algorithm for the reliable inference of sleep in free-living conditions and in the absence of annotations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Perez-Pozuelo
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK.
| | - Marius Posa
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dimitris Spathis
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kate Westgate
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cecilia Mascolo
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Søren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joao Palotti
- Qatar Computing Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
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Lee H, Ko H, Chung H, Nam Y, Hong S, Lee J. Real-time realizable mobile imaging photoplethysmography. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7141. [PMID: 35504945 PMCID: PMC9065061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoplethysmography imaging (PPGI) sensors have attracted a significant amount of attention as they enable the remote monitoring of heart rates (HRs) and thus do not require any additional devices to be worn on fingers or wrists. In this study, we mounted PPGI sensors on a robot for active and autonomous HR (R-AAH) estimation. We proposed an algorithm that provides accurate HR estimation, which can be performed in real time using vision and robot manipulation algorithms. By simplifying the extraction of facial skin images using saturation (S) values in the HSV color space, and selecting pixels based on the most frequent S value within the face image, we achieved a reliable HR assessment. The results of the proposed algorithm using the R-AAH method were evaluated by rigorous comparison with the results of existing algorithms on the UBFC-RPPG dataset (n = 42). The proposed algorithm yielded an average absolute error (AAE) of 0.71 beats per minute (bpm). The developed algorithm is simple, with a processing time of less than 1 s (275 ms for an 8-s window). The algorithm was further validated on our own dataset (BAMI-RPPG dataset [n = 14]) with an AAE of 0.82 bpm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooseok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Ko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Heewon Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunyoung Nam
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjin Hong
- Department of Electrical Engineering, SUNY-Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jinseok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
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Pilcher JJ, Morris DM, Limyansky SE, Bryant SA. The effect of using activity workstations on heart rate variability during complex cognitive tasks. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:948-955. [PMID: 32672519 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1782919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ObjectivesThe purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of using an activity workstation on the physiological stress response as measured by heart rate variability while completing cognitively demanding tasks. Participants: Eleven college students (6 females; age: 19.4 ± 0.9 years) participated in the study. Methods: The participants completed three psychologically stressful cognitive tasks while seated at a traditional desk and while using an activity workstation. Heart rate variability was recorded and analyzed with power spectrum density and time-domain analysis. Results: Using activity workstations while completing stressful cognitive tasks did not negatively affect task performance. There was; however, a reduction in low frequency heart rate variability but no change in cardiac sympathovagal balance. Conclusion: The results indicate that using activity workstations while completing difficult tasks reduces sympathetic reactivity to stress in college students. This suggests that using activity workstations could provide a coping mechanism for stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- June J Pilcher
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Drew M Morris
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah E Limyansky
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Stewart A Bryant
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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Huskey A, Taylor DJ, Friedman BH. “Generalized unsafety” as fear inhibition to safety signals in adults with and without childhood trauma. Dev Psychobiol 2022; 64:e22242. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.22242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Huskey
- Department of Psychology Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
- Department of Psychology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Daniel J. Taylor
- Department of Psychology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
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Beke M, Burns AM, Weir S, Solch RJ, Judkins TC, Nieves C, Langkamp-Henken B. Validation of a novel quality of life questionnaire: the Digestion-associated Quality of Life Questionnaire (DQLQ). Health Qual Life Outcomes 2022; 20:53. [PMID: 35346230 PMCID: PMC8962596 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-022-01956-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few health-related quality of life (QOL) questionnaires are designed specifically for healthy populations and are specific to gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms even though healthy individuals may frequently experience gas, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a tool that could assess the impact of GI symptoms on digestion-associated QOL in otherwise healthy individuals. Methods After a review of current literature and with input from experienced GI researchers, a 24-item questionnaire was created. The questionnaire was reduced to 9 items with input from focus groups comprised of healthy adults experiencing GI-related symptoms and through variability analysis. The Digestion-associated QOL Questionnaire (DQLQ) was designed to be sensitive to the physical and mental well-being changes that may occur due to GI symptoms. The DQLQ was assessed for internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha; McDonald’s omega), test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC), and construct validity (Pearson correlations) in a study with healthy, academically stressed, undergraduate students. Convergent validity was evaluated by correlating the DQLQ with gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS) scores. Divergent validity was assessed by correlating DQLQ scores with stress scores, and bowel satisfaction scores. Results A total of 594 students (age 18–30 years) completed the DQLQ. Internal consistency reliability was favorable (n = 594; α = 0.84, ω = 0.84). A high level of agreement and correlation between DQLQ scores was found with the test–retest reliability analysis (n = 273; ICC = 0.89). The questionnaire was shown to have good convergent validity through correlation with the GSRS (n = 594; r = 0.54). Divergent validity was also shown to be appropriate by correlating DQLQ scores with stress (n = 592; r = 0.13, p < 0.005), and bowel satisfaction (n = 592; r = 0.18, p < 0.001) scores. Conclusion The DQLQ is a reliable and valid questionnaire for assessing digestion-associated QOL in healthy individuals.
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Lawrence DW. Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) response to inhaled N, N-dimethyltryptamine (N, N-DMT): A case report. JOURNAL OF PSYCHEDELIC STUDIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1556/2054.2022.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (N, N-DMT) is a naturally occurring tryptamine-based alkaloid and classic psychedelic. The potent psychoactive properties of N, N-DMT are mediated by serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor agonism. There are limited investigations into the physiologic effects of inhaled N, N-DMT, despite this being one of the most common routes of administration. Heart rate variability (HRV) is an emergent non-invasive marker of cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulation and reductions in HRV have been negatively associated with multiple health outcomes.
Methods
A case is described with a brief review of supportive findings.
Results
Heart rate (HR) and HRV responses following three naturalistic inhaled N, N-DMT experiences were documented in a healthy 31-year-old male. Acute transient elevations in HR immediately following N, N-DMT administration and a pronounced elevation in the average daily HRV one-day following the experiences were observed. The duration of experience shortened across the three experiences despite similar N, N-DMT doses.
Conclusion
These findings offer preliminary evidence into the effect of inhaled N, N-DMT on HR and HRV. Given the emergent understanding of reductions in HRV as a hazardous marker of stress, psychiatric conditions, and mental health outcomes, further research into the effects of psychedelics on HRV is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wyndham Lawrence
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Blood Pressure Estimation by Photoplethysmogram Decomposition into Hyperbolic Secant Waves. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12041798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photoplethysmographic (PPG) pulses contain information about cardiovascular parameters. In particular, blood pressure can be estimated using PPG pulse decomposition analysis, which assumes that a PPG pulse is composed of the original heart ejection blood wave and its reflections in arterial branchings. Among pulse decomposition wave functions that have been studied in the literature, Gaussian waves are the most successful ones. However, a more adequate pulse decomposition function could be found to improve blood pressure estimates. In this paper, we propose pulse decomposition analysis using hyperbolic secant (sech) waves and compare results with corresponding Gaussian wave decomposition. We analyze how the parameters of each of the two types of decomposition waves correlate with blood pressure. For this analysis, continuous blood pressure data and PPG data were acquired from ten healthy volunteers. The blood pressure of volunteers was varied by asking them to hold their breath for up to 60 s. The results suggested sech wave decomposition had higher accuracy in estimating blood pressure than the Gaussian function. Thus, sech wave decomposition should be considered as a more robust alternative to Gaussian wave pulse decomposition for blood pressure estimation models.
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Gender moderates the association between chronic academic stress with top-down and bottom-up attention. Atten Percept Psychophys 2022; 84:383-395. [PMID: 35178679 PMCID: PMC8888365 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research on the relationship between chronic stress and cognition is limited by a lack of concurrent measurement of state-anxiety, physiological arousal, and gender. For the first time, we assessed the impact of these factors on top-down/conscious (simple and choice reaction time) and bottom-up/reflexive (saccadic reaction time) measures of attention using CONVIRT virtual-reality cognitive tests. Participants (N = 163) completed measures of academic stress (effort-reward imbalance; ERI) and state-anxiety while heart-rate variability was recorded continuously throughout the experiment. Gender moderated the association between academic stress with the top-down measures (b = -0.002, t = -2.023, p = .045; b = -0.063, t = -3.080, p = .002) and higher academic stress was associated with poorer/slower reaction times only for male participants. For bottom-up attention, heart rate variability moderated the relationship between academic stress and saccadic reaction time (b = 0.092, t = 1.991, p = .048), and only female participants who were more stressed (i.e., ERI ≥ 1) and displayed stronger sympathetic dominance had slower reaction times. Our findings align with emerging evidence that chronic stress is related to hyperarousal in women and cognitive decrements in men. Our findings suggest that higher ERI and sympathetic dominance during cognitive testing was associated with poorer bottom-up attention in women, whereas for men, academic stress was related with poorer top-down attention irrespective of sympathovagal balance.
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Matias I, Daza EJ, Wac K. What possibly affects nighttime heart rate? Conclusions from N-of-1 observational data. Digit Health 2022; 8:20552076221120725. [PMID: 36046637 PMCID: PMC9421014 DOI: 10.1177/20552076221120725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heart rate (HR), especially at nighttime, is an important biomarker for cardiovascular health. It is known to be influenced by overall physical fitness, as well as daily life physical or psychological stressors like exercise, insufficient sleep, excess alcohol, certain foods, socialization, or air travel causing physiological arousal of the body. However, the exact mechanisms by which these stressors affect nighttime HR are unclear and may be highly idiographic (i.e. individual-specific). A single-case or “ n-of-1” observational study (N1OS) is useful in exploring such suggested effects by examining each subject's exposure to both stressors and baseline conditions, thereby characterizing suggested effects specific to that individual. Objective Our objective was to test and generate individual-specific N1OS hypotheses of the suggested effects of daily life stressors on nighttime HR. As an N1OS, this study provides conclusions for each participant, thus not requiring a representative population. Methods We studied three healthy, nonathlete individuals, collecting the data for up to four years. Additionally, we evaluated model-twin randomization (MoTR), a novel Monte Carlo method facilitating the discovery of personalized interventions on stressors in daily life. Results We found that physical activity can increase the nighttime heart rate amplitude, whereas there were no strong conclusions about its suggested effect on total sleep time. Self-reported states such as exercise, yoga, and stress were associated with increased (for the first two) and decreased (last one) average nighttime heart rate. Conclusions This study implemented the MoTR method evaluating the suggested effects of daily stressors on nighttime heart rate, sleep time, and physical activity in an individualized way: via the N-of-1 approach. A Python implementation of MoTR is freely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Matias
- Quality of Life Technologies Lab, Center for Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Katarzyna Wac
- Quality of Life Technologies Lab, Center for Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Lutin E, Schiweck C, Cornelis J, De Raedt W, Reif A, Vrieze E, Claes S, Van Hoof C. The cumulative effect of chronic stress and depressive symptoms affects heart rate in a working population. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1022298. [PMID: 36311512 PMCID: PMC9606467 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1022298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic stress and depressive symptoms have both been linked to increased heart rate (HR) and reduced HR variability. However, up to date, it is not clear whether chronic stress, the mechanisms intrinsic to depression or a combination of both cause these alterations. Subclinical cases may help to answer these questions. In a healthy working population, we aimed to investigate whether the effect of chronic stress on HR circadian rhythm depends on the presence of depressive symptoms and whether chronic stress and depressive symptoms have differential effects on HR reactivity to an acute stressor. METHODS 1,002 individuals of the SWEET study completed baseline questionnaires, including psychological information, and 5 days of electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements. Complete datasets were available for 516 individuals. In addition, a subset (n = 194) of these participants completed a stress task on a mobile device. Participants were grouped according to their scores for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). We explored the resulting groups for differences in HR circadian rhythm and stress reactivity using linear mixed effect models. Additionally, we explored the effect of stress and depressive symptoms on night-time HR variability [root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD)]. RESULTS High and extreme stress alone did not alter HR circadian rhythm, apart from a limited increase in basal HR. Yet, if depressive symptoms were present, extreme chronic stress levels did lead to a blunted circadian rhythm and a lower basal HR. Furthermore, blunted stress reactivity was associated with depressive symptoms, but not chronic stress. Night-time RMSSD data was not influenced by chronic stress, depressive symptoms or their interaction. CONCLUSION The combination of stress and depressive symptoms, but not chronic stress by itself leads to a blunted HR circadian rhythm. Furthermore, blunted HR reactivity is associated with depressive symptoms and not chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Lutin
- Electrical Engineering-ESAT, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Imec, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmen Schiweck
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elske Vrieze
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan Claes
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Hoof
- Electrical Engineering-ESAT, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Imec, Leuven, Belgium.,OnePlanet Research Center, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Stress Watch: The Use of Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability to Detect Stress: A Pilot Study Using Smart Watch Wearables. SENSORS 2021; 22:s22010151. [PMID: 35009696 PMCID: PMC8749560 DOI: 10.3390/s22010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stress is an inherent part of the normal human experience. Although, for the most part, this stress response is advantageous, chronic, heightened, or inappropriate stress responses can have deleterious effects on the human body. It has been suggested that individuals who experience repeated or prolonged stress exhibit blunted biological stress responses when compared to the general population. Thus, when assessing whether a ubiquitous stress response exists, it is important to stratify based on resting levels in the absence of stress. Research has shown that stress that causes symptomatic responses requires early intervention in order to mitigate possible associated mental health decline and personal risks. Given this, real-time monitoring of stress may provide immediate biofeedback to the individual and allow for early self-intervention. This study aimed to determine if the change in heart rate variability could predict, in two different cohorts, the quality of response to acute stress when exposed to an acute stressor and, in turn, contribute to the development of a physiological algorithm for stress which could be utilized in future smartwatch technologies. This study also aimed to assess whether baseline stress levels may affect the changes seen in heart rate variability at baseline and following stress tasks. A total of 30 student doctor participants and 30 participants from the general population were recruited for the study. The Trier Stress Test was utilized to induce stress, with resting and stress phase ECGs recorded, as well as inter-second heart rate (recorded using a FitBit). Although the present study failed to identify ubiquitous patterns of HRV and HR changes during stress, it did identify novel changes in these parameters between resting and stress states. This study has shown that the utilization of HRV as a measure of stress should be calculated with consideration of resting (baseline) anxiety and stress states in order to ensure an accurate measure of the effects of additive acute stress.
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Costa JA, Brito J, Nakamura FY, Dores H, Rebelo A. Associations between 24-h heart rate variability and aerobic fitness in high-level female soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32 Suppl 1:140-149. [PMID: 34923673 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in 24-h heart rate variability and aerobic fitness, and their associations, in female soccer players during the preseason period. METHODS Sixteen players were assessed (24-h HRV and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, level 1 [YYIR1]) before and after 4 weeks of preseason. The relationship between R-R24h length and high-frequency oscillations (HF24h) was analyzed by a quadratic regression model (revealing or not saturation of vagal activity) assessed 48-h before (PRE-preseason) and 48-h after (POST-preseason) the preseason period. Additionally, the mean HF24h was calculated from the linear portion of the R-R interval versus the HF24h regression curve (HF index). The average of the corresponding R-R24h values was defined as the R-R index. RESULTS In PRE-preseason, seven players had a saturated HF24h, while in POST-preseason, five new cases of saturated HF24h were observed. The mean R-R24h, HF24h, R-R index, and HF index lengths significantly increased after preseason (p < 0.001). Significant differences were found in YYIR1 PRE- compared with POST-preseason (930 ± 286 m [individual range: 400-1240 m] versus 1265 ± 252 m [640-1640 m], respectively; p < 0.001). Additionally, the relative changes in HF24h and HF index were largely correlated with improvements in the distance covered during the YYIR1 (r = 0.68 and r = 0.56; respectively). CONCLUSION Enhanced vagal activity after 4-week preseason period of soccer training increased the occurrence of vagal saturation in high-level female soccer players. Additionally, the increases in HF24h and HF index were significantly correlated with aerobic fitness change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio A Costa
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, CIFI2D, Porto, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, FPF, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, FPF, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fábio Y Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
| | | | - António Rebelo
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, CIFI2D, Porto, Portugal
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Puranik A, Kanthi M, Nayak AV. Wearable Device for Yogic Breathing with Real-Time Heart Rate and Posture Monitoring. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SIGNALS & SENSORS 2021; 11:253-261. [PMID: 34820297 PMCID: PMC8588879 DOI: 10.4103/jmss.jmss_54_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Yogic breathing also called as “Pranayama” is practiced with inhalation (Pooraka), holding the breath for some time (Kumbhaka) and then exhalation (Rechaka). The effective methods of yogic breathing keep oneself healthy and also improves immunity power. The yogic breathing can be practiced irrespective of one's age and gender and even in the office which helps to reduce the stress. To get the best results through yoga, a person has to follow certain timings and sit in a correct posture. Although many devices are existing in the market to monitor heart rate, posture and breathing during physical activity, there is a need of a device which is simple, cheap, and easy to use without an additional requirement of a smartphone. Moreover, the proposed device is able to evaluate the breathing data by transmitting it to a webpage through a Wi-Fi hotspot of the Microcontroller. Methods: The developed device has two subsystems: (i) A wrist subsystem to measure the heart rate, visual aid of breathing and vibration feedback for kapalabhati. (ii) A waist subsystem to monitor the posture with help of flex sensor and the results are displayed on the display of the wrist device. It also provides vibration feedback. The inertial measurement unit is used for breath detection. The subsystems are communicated through SPI communication. The breathing data are transmitted to a webpage through a Wi-Fi hotspot of the microcontroller. Results: The various yogic breathing and normal breathing exercises are tested on different normal subjects using the developed device and analyzed. The heart rate and beats per minute are evaluated. The heart rate sensor is validated using a standard medical device and it is observed that there was a 97.4% accuracy. Conclusion: The results show that the device is able to accurately monitor different kinds of breathing and additionally provide heart rate and posture information while performing the breathing exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Puranik
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, MIT, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - M Kanthi
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, MIT, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anupama V Nayak
- Centre for Integrated Medicine and Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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van Nieuwenhuizen BP, Sekercan A, Tan HL, Blom MT, Lok A, van den Born BJH, Kunst AE, van Valkengoed IGM. Is the Association Between Education and Sympathovagal Balance Mediated by Chronic Stressors? Int J Behav Med 2021; 29:426-437. [PMID: 34580830 PMCID: PMC9338002 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-021-10027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background This study investigated whether raised chronic stress in low education groups contributes to education differences in cardiovascular disease by altering sympathovagal balance. Methods This study included cross-sectional data of 10,202 participants from the multi-ethnic, population-based HELIUS-study. Sympathovagal balance was measured by baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), the standard deviation of the inter-beat interval (SDNN) and the root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSSD). The associations between chronic stressors (work, home, psychiatric, financial, negative life events, lack of job control and perceived discrimination) in a variety of domains and BRS, SDNN and RMSSD were assessed using linear regression, adjusted for age, ethnicity, waist-to-hip ratio and pack-years smoked. Mediation analysis was used to assess the contribution of chronic stress to the association between education and sympathovagal balance. Results Modest but significant associations were observed between financial stress and BRS and SDNN in women, but not in RMSSD nor for any outcome measure in men. Women with the highest category of financial stress had 0.55% lower BRS (ms/mmHg; β = -0.055; CI = -0.098, -0.011) and 0.61% lower SDNN (ms; β = -0.061; CI = -0.099, -0.024) than those in the lowest category. Financial stress in women contributed 7.1% to the association between education and BRS, and 13.8% to the association between education and SDNN. Conclusion No evidence was found for the hypothesized pathway in which sympathovagal balance is altered by chronic stress, except for a small contribution of financial stress in women. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12529-021-10027-9.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aydin Sekercan
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanno L Tan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke T Blom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Lok
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bert-Jan H van den Born
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton E Kunst
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chronic Stress, Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease: Placing the Benefits and Risks of Physical Activity into Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189922. [PMID: 34574843 PMCID: PMC8471640 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress, which has been exacerbated worldwide by the lingering COVID pandemic, has been strongly linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD). In addition, autonomic dysregulation via sustained sympathetic activity has been shown to increase the risk of arrhythmias, platelet aggregation, acute coronary syndromes and heart failure. Fortunately, effective coping strategies have been shown to attenuate the magnitude of hyperarousal associated with the stress response, including moderate-to-vigorous lifestyle activity and/or structured exercise. A good-to-excellent level of cardiorespiratory fitness also appears to be highly cardioprotective. These beneficial effects have been substantiated by numerous studies that have evaluated the levels of stress reactivity and stress recovery in physically active individuals versus matched sedentary controls, as well as before and after exercise interventions. On the other hand, unaccustomed strenuous exercise in habitually sedentary persons with underlying CVD is associated with a disproportionate incidence of acute cardiac events. Moreover, extreme exercise regimens appear to increase coronary calcification and the likelihood of developing atrial fibrillation. This review summarizes these relations and more, with specific reference to placing the benefits and risks of physical activity into perspective.
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Constable M, Wundersitz D, Bini R, Kingsley M. Quantification of the demands of cricket bowling and the relationship to injury risk: a systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:109. [PMID: 34507613 PMCID: PMC8431903 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bowling in cricket is a complex sporting movement which, despite being well characterised, still produces a significant number of injuries each year. Fast bowlers are more likely to be injured than any other playing role. Frequency, duration, intensity and volume of bowling, which have been generalised as measurements of workload, are thought to be risk factors for injuries. Injury rates of fast bowlers have not reduced in recent years despite the implementation of various workload monitoring practices. OBJECTIVE To identify the variables used to quantify frequency, intensity, time and volume of bowling; and evaluate relationships between these variables and injury risk. METHODS Six online databases were systematically searched for studies on fast bowling that included terms related to workload. Population characteristics, variables relating to demand and their relationship to standardised definitions of physical activity were extracted from all included studies. RESULTS Bowling workload is typically quantified through measures of frequency, duration, or indirect intensity, with few studies reporting on bowling volume. CONCLUSIONS When reported on, volume was often described using imprecise or insufficient measures of intensity. There is a need to develop more appropriate measures of intensity during bowling and improve the quality of evidence to inform on bowling programme management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Constable
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Wundersitz
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Bini
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Kingsley
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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