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Chia ZJ, Cao YN, Little PJ, Kamato D. Transforming growth factor-β receptors: versatile mechanisms of ligand activation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:1337-1348. [PMID: 38351317 PMCID: PMC11192764 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is initiated by activation of transmembrane TGF-β receptors (TGFBR), which deploys Smad2/3 transcription factors to control cellular responses. Failure or dysregulation in the TGF-β signaling pathways leads to pathological conditions. TGF-β signaling is regulated at different levels along the pathways and begins with the liberation of TGF-β ligand from its latent form. The mechanisms of TGFBR activation display selectivity to cell types, agonists, and TGF-β isoforms, enabling precise control of TGF-β signals. In addition, the cell surface compartments used to release active TGF-β are surprisingly vibrant, using thrombospondins, integrins, matrix metalloproteinases and reactive oxygen species. The scope of TGFBR activation is further unfolded with the discovery of TGFBR activation initiated by other signaling pathways. The unique combination of mechanisms works in series to trigger TGFBR activation, which can be explored as therapeutic targets. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the diverse mechanisms underpinning TGFBR activation, shedding light on potential avenues for therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Jie Chia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Discovery Biology, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Ying-Nan Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia.
- Discovery Biology, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia.
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia.
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2
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Mansour MA, Hassan GS, Serya RAT, Jaballah MY, Abouzid KAM. Advances in the discovery of activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2024; 147:107332. [PMID: 38581966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Activin receptor‑like kinase-5 (ALK5) is an outstanding member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family. (TGF-β) signaling pathway integrates pleiotropic proteins that regulate various cellular processes such as growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Dysregulation within the signaling pathway can cause variety of diseases, such as fibrosis, cardiovascular disease, and especially cancer, rendering ALK5 a potential drug target. Hence, various small molecules have been designed and synthesized as potent ALK5 inhibitors. In this review, we shed light on the current ATP-competitive inhibitors of ALK5 through diverse heterocyclic based scaffolds that are in clinical or pre-clinical phases of development. Moreover, we focused on the binding interactions of the compounds to the ATP binding site and the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of each scaffold, revealing new scopes for designing novel candidates with enhanced selectivity and metabolic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai A Mansour
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ghaneya S Hassan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Rabah A T Serya
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | - Maiy Y Jaballah
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | - Khaled A M Abouzid
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Egypt.
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3
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Deng Z, Fan T, Xiao C, Tian H, Zheng Y, Li C, He J. TGF-β signaling in health, disease, and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:61. [PMID: 38514615 PMCID: PMC10958066 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01764-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multifunctional cytokine expressed by almost every tissue and cell type. The signal transduction of TGF-β can stimulate diverse cellular responses and is particularly critical to embryonic development, wound healing, tissue homeostasis, and immune homeostasis in health. The dysfunction of TGF-β can play key roles in many diseases, and numerous targeted therapies have been developed to rectify its pathogenic activity. In the past decades, a large number of studies on TGF-β signaling have been carried out, covering a broad spectrum of topics in health, disease, and therapeutics. Thus, a comprehensive overview of TGF-β signaling is required for a general picture of the studies in this field. In this review, we retrace the research history of TGF-β and introduce the molecular mechanisms regarding its biosynthesis, activation, and signal transduction. We also provide deep insights into the functions of TGF-β signaling in physiological conditions as well as in pathological processes. TGF-β-targeting therapies which have brought fresh hope to the treatment of relevant diseases are highlighted. Through the summary of previous knowledge and recent updates, this review aims to provide a systematic understanding of TGF-β signaling and to attract more attention and interest to this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqin Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Tao Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chu Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yujia Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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4
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Mi X, Song Y, Deng C, Yan J, Li Z, Li Y, Zheng J, Yang W, Gong L, Shi J. Stimulation of Liver Fibrosis by N2 Neutrophils in Wilson's Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:657-684. [PMID: 37406734 PMCID: PMC10514429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Wilson's disease is an inherited hepatoneurologic disorder caused by mutations in the copper transporter ATP7B. Liver disease from Wilson's disease is one leading cause of cirrhosis in adolescents. Current copper chelators and zinc salt treatments improve hepatic presentations but frequently worsen neurologic symptoms. In this study, we showed the function and machinery of neutrophil heterogeneity using a zebrafish/murine/cellular model of Wilson's disease. METHODS We investigated the neutrophil response in atp7b-/- zebrafish by live imaging, movement tracking, and transcriptional analysis in sorted cells. Experiments were conducted to validate liver neutrophil heterogeneity in Atp7b-/- mice. In vitro experiments were performed in ATP7B-knockout human hepatocellular carcinomas G2 cells and isolated bone marrow neutrophils to reveal the mechanism of neutrophil heterogeneity. RESULTS Recruitment of neutrophils into the liver is observed in atp7b-/- zebrafish. Pharmacologic stimulation of neutrophils aggravates liver and behavior defects in atp7b-/- zebrafish. Transcriptional analysis in sorted liver neutrophils from atp7b-/- zebrafish reveals a distinct transcriptional profile characteristic of N2 neutrophils. Furthermore, liver N2 neutrophils also were observed in ATP7B-knockout mice, and pharmacologically targeted transforming growth factor β1, DNA methyltransferase, or signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 reduces liver N2 neutrophils and improves liver function and alleviates liver inflammation and fibrosis in ATP7B-knockout mice. Epigenetic silencing of Socs3 expression by transforming growth factor β1 contributes to N2-neutrophil polarization in isolated bone marrow neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a novel prospect that pharmacologic modulation of N2-neutrophil activity should be explored as an alternative therapeutic to improve liver function in Wilson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Mi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Xinhua Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chaohua Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Yan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingniang Li
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junping Shi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China.
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5
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Safaroghli-Azar A, Emadi F, Lenjisa J, Mekonnen L, Wang S. Kinase inhibitors: Opportunities for small molecule anticancer immunotherapies. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103525. [PMID: 36907320 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
As the fifth pillar of cancer treatment, immunotherapy has dramatically changed the paradigm of therapeutic strategies by focusing on the host's immune system. In the long road of immunotherapy development, the identification of immune-modulatory effects for kinase inhibitors opened a new chapter in this therapeutic approach. These small molecule inhibitors not only directly eradicate tumors by targeting essential proteins of cell survival and proliferation but can also drive immune responses against malignant cells. This review summarizes the current standings and challenges of kinase inhibitors in immunotherapy, either as a single agent or in a combined modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Safaroghli-Azar
- Drug Discovery and Development, University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Emadi
- Drug Discovery and Development, University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Jimma Lenjisa
- Drug Discovery and Development, University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Laychiluh Mekonnen
- Drug Discovery and Development, University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Shudong Wang
- Drug Discovery and Development, University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia.
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6
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Van Loy T, De Jonghe S, Castermans K, Dheedene W, Stoop R, Verschuren L, Versele M, Chaltin P, Luttun A, Schols D. Stimulation of the atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) by a small-molecule agonist attenuates fibrosis in a preclinical liver but not lung injury model. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:293. [PMID: 35562519 PMCID: PMC9106635 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3, formerly CXC chemokine receptor 7) is a G protein-coupled receptor that recruits β-arrestins, but is devoid of functional G protein signaling after receptor stimulation. In preclinical models of liver and lung fibrosis, ACKR3 was previously shown to be upregulated after acute injury in liver sinusoidal and pulmonary capillary endothelial cells, respectively. This upregulation was linked with a pro-regenerative and anti-fibrotic role for ACKR3. A recently described ACKR3-targeting small molecule agonist protected mice from isoproterenol-induced cardiac fibrosis. Here, we aimed to evaluate its protective role in preclinical models of liver and lung fibrosis. After confirming its in vitro pharmacological activity (i.e., ACKR3-mediated β-arrestin recruitment and receptor binding), in vivo administration of this ACKR3 agonist led to increased mouse CXCL12 plasma levels, indicating in vivo interaction of the agonist with ACKR3. Whereas twice daily in vivo administration of the ACKR3 agonist lacked inhibitory effect on bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, it had a modest, but significant anti-fibrotic effect in the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis model. In the latter model, ACKR3 stimulation affected the expression of several fibrosis-related genes and led to reduced collagen content as determined by picro-sirius red staining and hydroxyproline quantification. These data confirm that ACKR3 agonism, at least to some extent, attenuates fibrosis, although this effect is rather modest and heterogeneous across various tissue types. Stimulating ACKR3 alone without intervening in other signaling pathways involved in the multicellular crosstalk leading to fibrosis will, therefore, most likely not be sufficient to deliver a satisfactory clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Van Loy
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Wouter Dheedene
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Reinout Stoop
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Patrick Chaltin
- CISTIM, Gaston Geenslaan 2, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Drug Design and Discovery (CD3), KU Leuven, Gaston Geenslaan 2, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aernout Luttun
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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7
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A Tight Control of Non-Canonical TGF-β Pathways and MicroRNAs Downregulates Nephronectin in Podocytes. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010149. [PMID: 35011710 PMCID: PMC8750045 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephronectin (NPNT) is an extracellular matrix protein in the glomerular basement membrane that is produced by podocytes and is important for the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier. Upregulated transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and altered NPNT are seen in different glomerular diseases. TGF-β downregulates NPNT and upregulates NPNT-targeting microRNAs (miRs). However, the pathways involved were previously unknown. By using selective inhibitors of the canonical, SMAD-dependent, and non-canonical TGF-β pathways, we investigated NPNT transcription, translation, secretion, and regulation through miRs in podocytes. TGF-β decreased NPNT mRNA and protein in cultured human podocytes. TGF-β-dependent regulation of NPNT was meditated through intracellular signaling pathways. Under baseline conditions, non-canonical pathways predominantly regulated NPNT post-transcriptionally. Podocyte NPNT secretion, however, was not dependent on canonical or non-canonical TGF-β pathways. The canonical TGF-β pathway was also dispensable for NPNT regulation after TGF-β stimulation, as TGF-β was still able to downregulate NPNT in the presence of SMAD inhibitors. In contrast, in the presence of different non-canonical pathway inhibitors, TGF-β stimulation did not further decrease NPNT expression. Moreover, distinct non-canonical TGF-β pathways mediated TGF-β-induced upregulation of NPNT-targeting miR-378a-3p. Thus, we conclude that post-transcriptional fine-tuning of NPNT expression in podocytes is mediated predominantly through non-canonical TGF-β pathways.
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8
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New perspectives of the cardiac cellular landscape: mapping cellular mediators of cardiac fibrosis using single-cell transcriptomics. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2483-2493. [PMID: 33259583 DOI: 10.1042/bst20191255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell transcriptomics enables inference of context-dependent phenotypes of individual cells and determination of cellular diversity of complex tissues. Cardiac fibrosis is a leading factor in the development of heart failure and a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide with no effective treatment. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) offers a promising new platform to identify new cellular and molecular protagonists that may drive cardiac fibrosis and development of heart failure. This review will summarize the application scRNA-seq for understanding cardiac fibrosis and development of heart failure. We will also discuss some key considerations in interpreting scRNA-seq data and some of its limitations.
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9
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Miao Q, Shi Z, Hu L, Liu S, Gao J, Zhao S, Chen H, Huang Z, Han Y, Ji Y, Xie L. Inhibition of HSP90 S-nitrosylation Alleviates Cardiac Fibrosis via TGFβ/SMAD3 Signaling Pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4608-4625. [PMID: 34265086 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Effective anti-fibrotic therapeutic solutions are unavailable so far. The heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) exerts deleterious effects in some fibrotic diseases. S-nitrosylation (SNO) of HSP90 affects its own function, however, little is known about its role in pathological stress. Here, we investigated the effect of SNO-HSP90 on cardiac fibrosis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH SNO-HSP90 level was measured by biotin-switch. SNO sites were identified through mass spectrometry. S-nitrosylation site-mutated plasmids or adeno-associated virus, gene deletion and pharmacological antagonists were used to identify the contribution of SNO-HSP90 in myocardial fibrosis. KEY RESULTS SNO-HSP90 level was positively correlated with fibrosis marker expression in hearts from patients and significantly higher in fibrotic hearts from spontaneously hypertensive rats and mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction, as well as in angiotensin II- or isoproterenol-treated neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts. S-nitrosylated site of HSP90 at cysteine 589 was identified. Inhibition of SNO-HSP90 by Cys589 mutation reduced fibrosis in angiotensin II- or isoproterenol-treated cardiac fibroblasts. Administration of recombinant adeno-associated virus of Cys589 mutation improved heart function and alleviated fibrosis in transverse aortic constriction mice. Mechanismly, SNO-HSP90 stimulated transforming growth factor-β type II receptor (TGFβ RII) binding to HSP90 in response to fibrotic stimuli, subsequently increased phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of SMAD3. Additionally, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) deficiency or iNOS inhibitor, 1400W, reduced SNO-HSP90 level and the activation of TGFβ/SMAD3 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We demonstrate that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of SNO-HSP90 mitigates fibrosis through blocking TGFβ/SMAD3 signaling pathway, providing a potential therapy for cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Miao
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiguang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lulu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shangmin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengrong Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Budi EH, Schaub JR, Decaris M, Turner S, Derynck R. TGF-β as a driver of fibrosis: physiological roles and therapeutic opportunities. J Pathol 2021; 254:358-373. [PMID: 33834494 DOI: 10.1002/path.5680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many chronic diseases are marked by fibrosis, which is defined by an abundance of activated fibroblasts and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, resulting in loss of normal function of the affected organs. The initiation and progression of fibrosis are elaborated by pro-fibrotic cytokines, the most critical of which is transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). This review focuses on the fibrogenic roles of increased TGF-β activities and underlying signaling mechanisms in the activated fibroblast population and other cell types that contribute to progression of fibrosis. Insight into these roles and mechanisms of TGF-β as a universal driver of fibrosis has stimulated the development of therapeutic interventions to attenuate fibrosis progression, based on interference with TGF-β signaling. Their promise in preclinical and clinical settings will be discussed. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erine H Budi
- Pliant Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Scott Turner
- Pliant Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rik Derynck
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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11
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Miwa S, Yokota M, Ueyama Y, Maeda K, Ogoshi Y, Seki N, Ogawa N, Nishihata J, Nomura A, Adachi T, Kitao Y, Nozawa K, Ishikawa T, Ukaji Y, Shiozaki M. Discovery of Selective Transforming Growth Factor β Type II Receptor Inhibitors as Antifibrosis Agents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:745-751. [PMID: 34055221 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, modulation of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling has been deemed a rational strategy to treat many disorders, though few successful examples have been reported to date. This difficulty could be partially attributed to the challenges of achieving good specificity over many closely related enzymes that are implicated in distinct phenotypes in organ development and in tissue homeostasis. Recently, fresolimumab and disitertide, two peptidic TGF-β blockers, demonstrated significant therapeutic effects toward human skin fibrosis. Therefore, the selective blockage of TGF-β signaling assures a viable treatment option for fibrotic skin disorders such as systemic sclerosis (SSc). In this report, we disclose selective TGF-β type II receptor (TGF-βRII) inhibitors that exhibited high functional selectivity in cell-based assays. The representative compound 29 attenuated collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1) expression in a mouse fibrosis model, which suggests that selective inhibition of TGF-βRII-dependent signaling could be a new treatment for fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Miwa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
- Division of Material Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yokota
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Ueyama
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Katsuya Maeda
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ogoshi
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Seki
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Naoki Ogawa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Jun Nishihata
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nomura
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Adachi
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yuki Kitao
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nozawa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishikawa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ukaji
- Division of Material Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Makoto Shiozaki
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
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12
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Stefanovic B, Michaels HA, Nefzi A. Discovery of a Lead Compound for Specific Inhibition of Type I Collagen Production in Fibrosis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:477-484. [PMID: 33738075 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a major medical problem caused by excessive synthesis of the extracellular matrix, composed predominantly of type I collagen, in various tissues. There are no approved antifibrotic drugs, and the major obstacle in finding clinically relevant compounds is the lack of specificity of current experimental drugs for type I collagen. Here we describe the discovery of a lead compound that specifically inhibited secretion of type I collagen by fibroblasts in culture at IC50 = 4.5 μM. The inhibition was specific for type I collagen, because secretion of fibronectin was not affected. In vitro, the compound inhibited binding of LARP6, the master regulator of translation of type I collagen mRNAs, to the 5' stem-loop sequence element which regulates their translation. Because binding of LARP6 to collagen mRNAs is crucial for the development of fibrosis, this inhibitor represents a promising lead for optimization into specific antifibrotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branko Stefanovic
- Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | | | - Adel Nefzi
- Florida International University, Port Saint Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
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13
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Abstract
Revascularization surgeries such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are sometimes necessary to manage coronary heart disease (CHD). However, more than half of these surgeries fail within 10 years due to the development of intimal hyperplasia (IH) among others. The cytokine transforming growth factor-beta (TGFß) and its signaling components have been found to be upregulated in diseased or injured vessels, and to promote IH after grafting. Interventions that globally inhibit TGFß in CABG have yielded contrasting outcomes in in vitro and in vivo studies including clinical trials. With advances in molecular biology, it becomes clear that TGFß exhibits both protective and damaging roles, and only specific components such as some Smad-dependent TGFß signaling mediate vascular IH. The activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)-mediated Smad-dependent TGFß signaling pathways have been found to be activated in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) following injury and in hyperplastic preimplantation vein grafts. It appears that focused targeting of TGFß pathway constitutes a promising therapeutic target to improve the outcome of CABG. This study dissects the role of TGFß pathway in CABG failure, with particular emphasis on the therapeutic potentials of specific targeting of Smad-dependent and ALK-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzuq A Ungogo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, 58989Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.,Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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14
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Derynck R, Turley SJ, Akhurst RJ. TGFβ biology in cancer progression and immunotherapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020; 18:9-34. [DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-0403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Frangogiannis N. Transforming growth factor-β in tissue fibrosis. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20190103. [PMID: 32997468 PMCID: PMC7062524 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β is extensively implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. In fibrotic lesions, spatially restricted generation of bioactive TGF-β from latent stores requires the cooperation of proteases, integrins, and specialized extracellular matrix molecules. Although fibroblasts are major targets of TGF-β, some fibrogenic actions may reflect activation of other cell types, including macrophages, epithelial cells, and vascular cells. TGF-β–driven fibrosis is mediated through Smad-dependent or non-Smad pathways and is modulated by coreceptors and by interacting networks. This review discusses the role of TGF-β in fibrosis, highlighting mechanisms of TGF-β activation and signaling, the cellular targets of TGF-β actions, and the challenges of therapeutic translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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16
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Giles BM, Underwood TT, Benhadji KA, Nelson DKS, Grobeck LM, Lin B, Wang S, Fill JA, Man M, Pitts KR, Bamberg A. Analytical Characterization of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Measurement of Transforming Growth Factor β1 in Human Plasma. J Appl Lab Med 2019; 3:200-212. [DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2017.025619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)–signaling pathway has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for many disease states including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Because of the pleiotropic effects of this pathway, patient selection and monitoring may be important. TGF-β1 is the most prevalent isoform, and an assay to measure plasma levels of TGF-β1 would provide a rational biomarker to assist with patient selection. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analytically validate a colorimetric ELISA for the quantification of TGF-β1 in human plasma.
Methods
A colorimetric sandwich ELISA for TGF-β1 was analytically validated per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocols by assessment of precision, linearity, interfering substances, and stability. A reference range for plasma TGF-β1 was established for apparently healthy individuals and potential applicability was demonstrated in HCC patients.
Results
Precision was assessed for samples ranging from 633 to 10822 pg/mL, with total variance ranging from 28.4% to 7.2%. The assay was linear across the entire measuring range, and no interference of common blood components or similar molecules was observed. For apparently healthy individuals, the average TGF-β1 level was 1985 ± 1488 pg/mL compared to 4243 ± 2003 pg/mL for HCC patients. Additionally, the TGF-β1 level in plasma samples was demonstrated to be stable across all conditions tested, including multiple freeze–thaw cycles.
Conclusions
The ELISA described in this report is suitable for the quantification of TGF-β1 in human plasma and for investigational use in an approved clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Boris Lin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | - Michael Man
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN
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17
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Zessner-Spitzenberg J, Thomas AL, Krett NL, Jung B. TGFβ and activin A in the tumor microenvironment in colorectal cancer. GENE REPORTS 2019; 17. [PMID: 32154442 DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although overall survival in colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing steadily due to progress in screening, therapeutic options and precise diagnostic tools remain scarce. As the understanding of CRC as a complex and multifactorial condition moves forward, the tumor microenvironment has come into focus as a source of diagnostic markers and potential therapeutic targets. The role of TGFβ in shifting the epithelial cancer compartment towards invasiveness and a pro-migratory phenotype via stromal signaling has been widely investigated. Accordingly, recent studies have proposed that CRC patients could be stratified into distinct subtypes and have identified one poor prognosis subset of CRC that is characterized by high stromal activity and elevated levels of TGFβ. The TGFβ superfamily member activin A is crucial for the pro-metastatic properties of the TGFβ pathway, yet it has been under-researched in CRC carcinogenesis. In this review, we will elucidate the signaling network and interdependency of both ligands in the context of the tumor microenvironment in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Zessner-Spitzenberg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Alexandra L Thomas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Nancy L Krett
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Barbara Jung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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18
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Polanczyk MJ, Walker E, Haley D, Guerrouahen BS, Akporiaye ET. Blockade of TGF-β signaling to enhance the antitumor response is accompanied by dysregulation of the functional activity of CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 + and CD4 +CD25 -Foxp3 + T cells. J Transl Med 2019; 17:219. [PMID: 31288845 PMCID: PMC6617864 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pleiotropic cytokine, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in actively suppressing antitumor immune responses. Evidence shows that TGF-β produced by tumor cells promotes tolerance via expansion of Tregs. Our group previously demonstrated that blockade of TGF-β signaling with a small molecule TGF-β receptor I antagonist (SM16) inhibited primary and metastatic tumor growth in a T cell dependent fashion. In the current study, we evaluated the effect of SM16 on Treg generation and function. Methods Using BALB/c, FoxP3eGFP and Rag−/− mice, we performed FACS analysis to determine if SM16 blocked de novo TGF-β-induced Treg generation in vitro and in vivo. CD4+ T cells from lymph node and spleen were isolated from control mice or mice maintained on SM16 diet, and flow cytometry analysis was used to detect the frequency of CD4+CD25−FoxP3+ and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells. In vitro suppression assays were used to determine the ability to suppress naive T cell proliferation in vitro of both CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ and CD4+CD25−FoxP3+ T cell sub-populations. We then examined whether SM16 diet exerted an inhibitory effect on primary tumor growth and correlated with changes in FoxP3+expression. ELISA analysis was used to measure IFN-γ levels after 72 h co-culture of CD4+CD25+ T cells from tumor-bearing mice on control or SM16 diet with CD4+CD25− T cells from naive donors. Results SM16 abrogates TGF-β-induced Treg generation in vitro but does not prevent global homeostatic expansion of CD4+ T cell sub-populations in vivo. Instead, SM16 treatment causes expansion of a population of CD4+CD25−Foxp3+ Treg-like cells without significantly altering the overall frequency of Treg in lymphoreplete naive and tumor-bearing mice. Importantly, both the CD4+CD25−Foxp3+ T cells and the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in mice receiving SM16 diet exhibited diminished ability to suppress naive T cell proliferation in vitro compared to Treg from mice on control diet. Conclusions These findings suggest that blockade of TGF-β signaling is a potentially useful strategy for blunting Treg function to enhance the anti-tumor response. Our data further suggest that the overall dampening of Treg function may involve the expansion of a quiescent Treg precursor population, which is CD4+CD25−Foxp3+.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edwin Walker
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, USA.,Veana Therapeutics, Inc., Portland, OR, USA
| | - Daniel Haley
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel T Akporiaye
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, USA. .,Veana Therapeutics, Inc., Portland, OR, USA.
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19
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Low EL, Baker AH, Bradshaw AC. TGFβ, smooth muscle cells and coronary artery disease: a review. Cell Signal 2019; 53:90-101. [PMID: 30227237 PMCID: PMC6293316 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Excessive vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, migration and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis are key events in the development of intimal hyperplasia, a pathophysiological response to acute or chronic sources of vascular damage that can lead to occlusive narrowing of the vessel lumen. Atherosclerosis, the primary cause of coronary artery disease, is characterised by chronic vascular inflammation and dyslipidemia, while revascularisation surgeries such as coronary stenting and bypass grafting represent acute forms of vascular injury. Gene knockouts of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ), its receptors and downstream signalling proteins have demonstrated the importance of this pleiotropic cytokine during vasculogenesis and in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Dysregulated TGFβ signalling is a hallmark of many vascular diseases, and has been associated with the induction of pathological vascular cell phenotypes, fibrosis and ECM remodelling. Here we present an overview of TGFβ signalling in SMCs, highlighting the ways in which this multifaceted cytokine regulates SMC behaviour and phenotype in cardiovascular diseases driven by intimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Low
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Andrew H Baker
- Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Angela C Bradshaw
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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20
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Distribution and morphology of baroreceptors in the rat carotid sinus as revealed by immunohistochemistry for P2X3 purinoceptors. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 151:161-173. [PMID: 30244428 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1734-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The morphological characteristics of baroreceptors in the rat carotid sinus were reevaluated by whole-mount preparations with immunohistochemistry for P2X3 purinoceptors using confocal scanning laser microscopy. Immunoreactive nerve endings for P2X3 were distributed in the internal carotid artery proximal to the carotid bifurcation, particularly in the region opposite the carotid body. Some pre-terminal axons in nerve endings were ensheathed by myelin sheaths immunoreactive for myelin basic protein. Pre-terminal axons ramified into several branches that extended two-dimensionally in every direction. The axon terminals of P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings were flat and leaf-like in shape, and extended hederiform- or knob-like protrusions in the adventitial layer. Some axons and axon terminals with P2X3 immunoreactivity were also immunoreactive for P2X2, and axon terminals were closely surrounded by terminal Schwann cells with S100 or S100B immunoreactivity. These results revealed the detailed morphology of P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings and suggested that these endings respond to a mechanical deformation of the carotid sinus wall with their flat leaf-like terminals.
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21
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Zhang F, Braun DR, Ananiev GE, Hoffmann FM, Tsai IW, Rajski SR, Bugni TS. Biemamides A-E, Inhibitors of the TGF-β Pathway That Block the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition. Org Lett 2018; 20:5529-5532. [PMID: 30160121 PMCID: PMC6207949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Screening of a marine natural products library for inhibitors of TGF-β revealed five pyrimidinedione derivatives, biemamides A-E (1-5). The structures were determined by 2D NMR and HRMS experiments; absolute configurations were established by advanced Marfey's analysis and ECD calculations. Biemamides A-E specifically inhibited in vitro TGF-β induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition in NMuMG cells. Additionally, using Caenorhabditis elegans, selected biemmamides were found to influence in vivo developmental processes related to body size regulation in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Doug R. Braun
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Gene E. Ananiev
- Small Molecule Screening Facility, UW Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, United States
| | - F. Michael Hoffmann
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and UW Carbone Cancer Center Drug Discovery Core, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, United States
| | - I-Wei Tsai
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Scott R. Rajski
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Tim S. Bugni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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22
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Dagher Z, Gerhardinger C, Vaz J, Goodridge M, Tecilazich F, Lorenzi M. The Increased Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Induced by Diabetes Protects Retinal Vessels. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:627-638. [PMID: 28162229 PMCID: PMC5397667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The roles of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in extracellular matrix production and vascular remodeling, coupled with increased TGF-β expression and signaling in diabetes, suggest TGF-β as an important contributor to the microangiopathy of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. To investigate whether increased TGF-β signaling could be a therapeutic target for preventing retinopathy, we used a pharmacologic approach (SM16, a selective inhibitor of the type 1 TGF-β receptor activin receptor-like kinase 5, orally active) to inhibit the increased, but not the basal, Tgf-β signaling in retinal vessels of diabetic rats. At the level of vascular gene expression, 3.5 months' diabetes induced minimal changes. Diabetes + SM16 for 3 weeks caused widespread changes in gene expression poised to enhance vascular inflammation, thrombosis, leakage, and wall instability; these changes were not observed in control rats given SM16. The synergy of diabetes and SM16 in altering gene expression was not observed in the lung. At the level of vascular network morphology, 7 months' diabetes induced no detectable changes. Diabetes + SM16 for 3 weeks caused instead distorted morphology and decreased density. Thus, in diabetes, retinal vessels become dependent on a small increase in TGF-β signaling via activin receptor-like kinase 5 to maintain early integrity. The increased TGF-β signaling may protect against rapid retinopathy progression and should not be a target of inhibitory interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Dagher
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chiara Gerhardinger
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph Vaz
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Goodridge
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francesco Tecilazich
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mara Lorenzi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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23
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Shaul ME, Levy L, Sun J, Mishalian I, Singhal S, Kapoor V, Horng W, Fridlender G, Albelda SM, Fridlender ZG. Tumor-associated neutrophils display a distinct N1 profile following TGFβ modulation: A transcriptomics analysis of pro- vs. antitumor TANs. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1232221. [PMID: 27999744 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1232221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) play an important role in cancer biology, through direct impact on tumor growth and by recruitment of other cells types into the tumor. The function of neutrophils in cancer has been the subject of seemingly contradicting reports, pointing toward a dual role played by TANs in tumor progression. The existence of multiple neutrophil subsets, as well as phenotypic modulation of the neutrophils by various factors in the tumor microenvironment, has been shown. TGFβ plays a significant role in the determination of neutrophils' phenotype, by shifting the balance from an antitumor (N1) toward a more permissive (N2) phenotype. The full range of mechanisms responsible for the pro- vs. antitumor effects of TANs has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, the ability to identify the different neutrophil subpopulations in the tumor is critical in order to understand TANs evolution and contribution throughout tumor progression. Using a transcriptomic approach, we identified alternations in gene expression profile following TGFβ inhibition. We show that N1 and N2 TANs represent distinct subpopulations with different transcriptional signatures and both differ from naive bone marrow neutrophils. The analysis highlights a clear difference in pathways involved in neutrophil function such as cytoskeletal organization and antigen presentation, as well as alterations in chemokine profile, eventually affecting their effect on tumor cells and tumor growth. These data highlights several potential new pathways and mechanisms by which neutrophils can influence both the tumor cells and the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav E Shaul
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liran Levy
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jing Sun
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Inbal Mishalian
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sunil Singhal
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Veena Kapoor
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Gil Fridlender
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Steven M Albelda
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zvi G Fridlender
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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24
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Rogler G. New therapeutic avenues for treatment of fibrosis: can we learn from other diseases? Dig Dis 2014; 32 Suppl 1:39-49. [PMID: 25531352 DOI: 10.1159/000367825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is characterized by the frequent occurrence of complications, such as fibrotic strictures and subsequently the need for CD-related surgery. Chronic or recurrent inflammation is generally regarded to be a necessary precondition for the initiation of intestinal fibrosis. In this view, fibrosis is a pathologically augmented healing response to inflammation-induced mucosal tissue destruction and injury. At present, there are no approved or effective medical therapies aimed specifically at fibrosis or stricture in IBD. Indirect benefits may occur from anti-inflammatory therapies, although there is no consensus on this. Therapy for fibrosis is complicated by the fact that a wound-healing response is essential in CD and ulcerative colitis. Several pharmaceutical companies are now working on the therapy of fibrosis in other diseases. Strategies interfering with TGF-β expression and activation are promising. Pirfenidone has been studied in several clinical trials. Further therapeutic options are second-generation and wide-spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitors. These inhibit growth factor receptor signaling, thus reducing fibrosis in animal models and some patients with tumor-associated fibrosis. At present, the development of antifibrotic therapies takes place in other diseases such as lung and liver fibrosis. This is partially due to a lack of experimental models for gut fibrosis and the fact that reliable readouts (MRI, serum markers) in patients are lacking. It will be important to test the above-mentioned newly available treatment strategies in IBD to profit from progress in other fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Favreau JT, Liu C, Yu P, Tao M, Mauro C, Gaudette GR, Ozaki CK. Acute reductions in mechanical wall strain precede the formation of intimal hyperplasia in a murine model of arterial occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 2014; 60:1340-1347. [PMID: 24139980 PMCID: PMC3989476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.07.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intimal hyperplasia (IH) continues to plague the durability of vascular interventions. Employing a validated murine model, ultrasound biomicroscopy, and speckle-tracking algorithms, we tested the hypothesis that reduced cyclic arterial wall strain results in accentuated arterial wall IH. METHODS A 9-0 suture was tied around the left mouse (n = 10) common carotid artery and a 35-gauge (outer diameter = 0.14 mm) blunt mandrel. We previously showed that mandrel removal results in a ∼78% reduction in diameter and ∼85% reduction in flow, with subsequent delayed induction of IH by day 28. Preoperative, postoperative day-4 (before measurable IH), and postoperative day-27 circumferential wall strains were measured in locations 1, 2, and 3 mm proximal to the stenosis and in the same locations on the contralateral (nonstenosed) carotid. At postoperative day 28, arteries were perfusion fixed and arterial wall morphology was assessed microscopically in the same regions. RESULTS Strains were the same in all locations preoperatively. Wall strain was decreased in all regions proximal to the stenosis by day 4 (0.26 ± 0.01 to 0.11 ± 0.02; P < .001), while strains remained unchanged for the contralateral artery (P = .45). No statistical regional differences in mean strain or IH were noted at any time point for the experimental or contralateral artery. Based on the median, regions were divided into those with low strain (≤0.1) and high strain (>0.1). Average preoperative strains in both groups were the same (0.27 ± 0.09 and 0.27 ± 0.08). All segments in the low-strain group (n = 13) demonstrated significant IH formation by day 28, while only 31% of the high strain group demonstrated any detectable IH at day 28. (Mean low-strain intimal thickness = 32 ± 20 μm, high strain = 8.0 ± 16 μm; P < .01). Changes in cross-sectional area at diastole drove the reduction in strain in the low-strain group, increasing significantly from preoperatively to day 4 (P = .04), while lumen cross-section at systole remained unchanged (P = .46). Cross-sectional area at diastole and systole in the high-strain group remained unchanged from preoperatively to day 4 (P = .67). CONCLUSIONS Early reduction in arterial wall strain is associated with subsequent development of hemodynamically induced IH.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Favreau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Mass; Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Chengwei Liu
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Ming Tao
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Christine Mauro
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Glenn R Gaudette
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Mass
| | - C Keith Ozaki
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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Engebretsen KVT, Skårdal K, Bjørnstad S, Marstein HS, Skrbic B, Sjaastad I, Christensen G, Bjørnstad JL, Tønnessen T. Attenuated development of cardiac fibrosis in left ventricular pressure overload by SM16, an orally active inhibitor of ALK5. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 76:148-57. [PMID: 25169971 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pressure overload-induced TGF-β signaling activates cardiac fibroblasts (CFB) and leads to increased extracellular matrix (ECM) protein synthesis including fibrosis. Excessive ECM accumulation may in turn affect cardiac function contributing to development of heart failure. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of SM16, an orally active small molecular inhibitor of ALK5, on pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis. One week after aortic banding (AB), C57Bl/6J mice were randomized to standard chow or chow with SM16. Sham operated animals served as controls. Following 4 weeks AB, mice were characterized by echocardiography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance before sacrifice. SM16 abolished phosphorylation of SMAD2 induced by AB in vivo and by TGF-β in CFB in vitro. Interestingly, Masson Trichrome and Picrosirius Red stained myocardial left ventricular tissue revealed reduced development of fibrosis and collagen cross-linking following AB in the SM16 treated group, which was confirmed by reduced hydroxyproline incorporation. Furthermore, treatment with SM16 attenuated mRNA expression following induction of AB in vivo and stimulation with TGF-β in CFB in vitro of Col1a2, the cross-linking enzyme LOX, and the pro-fibrotic glycoproteins SPARC and osteopontin. Reduced ECM synthesis by CFB and a reduction in myocardial stiffness due to attenuated development of fibrosis and collagen cross-linking might have contributed to the improved diastolic function and cardiac output seen in vivo, in combination with reduced lung weight and ANP expression by treatment with SM16. Despite these beneficial effects on cardiac function and development of heart failure, mice treated with SM16 exhibited increased mortality, increased LV dilatation and inflammatory heart valve lesions that may limit the use of SM16 and possibly also other small molecular inhibitors of ALK5, as future therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin V T Engebretsen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristine Skårdal
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid Bjørnstad
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henriette S Marstein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Biljana Skrbic
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivar Sjaastad
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Christensen
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johannes L Bjørnstad
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Theis Tønnessen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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27
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Young KH, Newell P, Cottam B, Friedman D, Savage T, Baird JR, Akporiaye E, Gough MJ, Crittenden M. TGFβ inhibition prior to hypofractionated radiation enhances efficacy in preclinical models. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:1011-22. [PMID: 25047233 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The immune infiltrate in colorectal cancer has been correlated with outcome, such that individuals with higher infiltrations of T cells have increased survival independent of the disease stage. For patients with lower immune infiltrates, overall survival is limited. Because the patients with colorectal cancer studied have received conventional cancer therapies, these data may indicate that the pretreatment tumor environment increases the efficacy of treatments such as chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that an improved immune environment in the tumor at the time of treatment will increase the efficacy of radiotherapy. We demonstrate that inhibition of TGFβ using the orally available small-molecule inhibitor SM16 improved the immune environment of tumors in mice and significantly improved the efficacy of subsequent radiotherapy. This effect was not due to changes in radiosensitivity, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, or changes in vascular function in the tumor; rather, this effect was dependent on adaptive immunity and resulted in long-term protective immunity in cured mice. These data demonstrate that immunotherapy is an option to improve the immune status of patients with poor tumor infiltrates and that pretreatment improves the efficacy of radiotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/drug effects
- Adaptive Immunity/immunology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Azabicyclo Compounds/therapeutic use
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant/methods
- Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colorectal Neoplasms/immunology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Female
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/radiotherapy
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoadjuvant Therapy/methods
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Radiation Tolerance/drug effects
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina H Young
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Pippa Newell
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon. The Oregon Clinic, Portland, Oregon
| | - Benjamin Cottam
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - David Friedman
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Talicia Savage
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jason R Baird
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Emmanuel Akporiaye
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Marka Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon. The Oregon Clinic, Portland, Oregon.
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28
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Xu J, Shi GP. Vascular wall extracellular matrix proteins and vascular diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2106-2119. [PMID: 25045854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix proteins form the basic structure of blood vessels. Along with providing basic structural support to blood vessels, matrix proteins interact with different sets of vascular cells via cell surface integrin or non-integrin receptors. Such interactions induce vascular cell de novo synthesis of new matrix proteins during blood vessel development or remodeling. Under pathological conditions, vascular matrix proteins undergo proteolytic processing, yielding bioactive fragments to influence vascular wall matrix remodeling. Vascular cells also produce alternatively spliced variants that induce vascular cell production of different matrix proteins to interrupt matrix homeostasis, leading to increased blood vessel stiffness; vascular cell migration, proliferation, or death; or vascular wall leakage and rupture. Destruction of vascular matrix proteins leads to vascular cell or blood-borne leukocyte accumulation, proliferation, and neointima formation within the vascular wall; blood vessels prone to uncontrolled enlargement during blood flow diastole; tortuous vein development; and neovascularization from existing pathological tissue microvessels. Here we summarize discoveries related to blood vessel matrix proteins within the past decade from basic and clinical studies in humans and animals - from expression to cross-linking, assembly, and degradation under physiological and vascular pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysms, varicose veins, and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Xu
- Department of Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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29
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Hotta N. Is there a place for inhibition of transforming growth factor-β and the polyol pathway in therapy for diabetic retinopathy? J Diabetes Investig 2014; 1:134-6. [PMID: 24843421 PMCID: PMC4008004 DOI: 10.1111/j.2040-1124.2010.00037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nigishi Hotta
- Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Chubu Rosai Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
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30
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Screening for antifibrotic compounds using high throughput system based on fluorescence polarization. BIOLOGY 2014; 3:281-94. [PMID: 24833510 PMCID: PMC4085608 DOI: 10.3390/biology3020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroproliferative diseases are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. They are characterized by reactive fibrosis caused by uncontrolled synthesis of type I collagen. There is no cure for fibrosis and development of therapeutics that can inhibit collagen synthesis is urgently needed. Collagen α1(I) mRNA and α2(I) mRNA encode for type I collagen and they have a unique 5' stem-loop structure in their 5' untranslated regions (5'SL). Collagen 5'SL binds protein LARP6 with high affinity and specificity. The interaction between LARP6 and the 5'SL is critical for biosynthesis of type I collagen and development of fibrosis in vivo. Therefore, this interaction represents is an ideal target to develop antifibrotic drugs. A high throughput system to screen for chemical compounds that can dissociate LARP6 from 5'SL has been developed. It is based on fluorescence polarization and can be adapted to screen for inhibitors of other protein-RNA interactions. Screening of 50,000 chemical compounds yielded a lead compound that can inhibit type I collagen synthesis at nanomolar concentrations. The development, characteristics, and critical appraisal of this assay are presented.
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Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) system signals via protein kinase receptors and SMAD mediators to regulate a large number of biological processes. Alterations of the TGF-β signalling pathway are implicated in human cancer. Prior to tumour initiation and early during progression, TGF-β acts as a tumour suppressor; however, at later stages, it is often a tumour promoter. Knowledge about the mechanisms involved in TGF-β signal transduction has allowed a better understanding of cancer progression, invasion, metastasis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, several molecular targets with great potential in therapeutic interventions have been identified. This review discusses the TGF-β signalling pathway, its involvement in cancer and current therapeutic approaches.
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32
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Natural velvet antler polypeptide conformation prediction and molecular docking study with TGF-β1 complex. J Mol Model 2013; 19:3671-82. [PMID: 23771398 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-1904-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Based on the chain A structures of hemoglobin (PDB code: 1HDS, 1IBE, 1FAW, 3AT5), the three dimensional (3D) structure of natural velvet antler polypeptide (nVAP) was constructed by homology modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) method. The structural rationality was further checked by Profile-3D and Procheck, both of which confirmed that the 3D structure of nVAP was reasonable. The modeled structure indicates that the stable conformation of nVAP is composed of two α-helixes. The extracellular domains of transforming growth factor-β1 receptor I (TβRI-ED) and II (TβRII-ED) were docked with nVAP, respectively. The results show that both of TβR-EDs have high affinity with nVAP which locates near the active center of TβRII-ED integrating with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Otherwise, nVAP can also insert near the "pre-helix extension" of TβRI-ED, which is the key domain to interact on TGF-β1 and TβRII-ED. With the perturbation of nVAP, TβRI-ED can not be recruited by TGF-β1:TβRII-ED complex rigorously. The intracellular domain of TβRI (TβRI-ID) is not phosphorylated and activated by TβRII. This study shows that nVAP prefers tethering TβRI-ED which is more crucial in TGF-β1:TβRII-ED:TβRI-ED complex. Thus nVAP can disturb the TGF-β1 binding pattern by interacting on TβRs (TβRI and TβRII), further intercepting TGF-β1 pathway downstream.
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Enhanced effectivity of an ALK5-inhibitor after cell-specific delivery to hepatic stellate cells in mice with liver injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56442. [PMID: 23441194 PMCID: PMC3575413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a major pro-fibrotic cytokine, causing the overproduction of extracellular matrix molecules in many fibrotic diseases. Inhibition of its type-I receptor (ALK5) has been shown to effectively inhibit fibrosis in animal models. However, apart from its pro-fibrotic effects, TGF-β also has a regulatory role in the immune system and influences tumorigenesis, which limits the use of inhibitors. We therefore explored the cell-specific delivery of an ALK5-inhibitor to hepatic stellate cells, a key cell in the development of liver fibrosis. We synthesized a conjugate of the ALK5-inhibitor LY-364947 coupled to mannose-6-phosphate human serum albumin (M6PHSA), which binds to the insulin-like growth factor II receptor on activated HSC. The effectivity of the conjugate was evaluated in primary HSC and in an acute liver injury model in mice. In vitro, the free drug and the conjugate significantly inhibited fibrotic markers in HSC. In hepatocytes, TGF-β-dependent signaling was inhibited by free drug, but not by the conjugate, thus showing its cell-specificity. In vivo, the conjugate localized in desmin-positive cells in the liver and not in hepatocytes or immune cells. In the acute liver injury model in mice, the conjugate reduced fibrogenic markers and collagen deposition more effectively than free drug. We conclude that we can specifically deliver an ALK5-inhibitor to HSC using the M6PHSA carrier and that this targeted drug reduces fibrogenic parameters in vivo, without affecting other cell-types.
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34
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Guzeloglu M, Aykut K, Albayrak G, Atmaca S, Oktar S, Bagriyanik A, Hazan E. Effect of Tadalafil on Neointimal Hyperplasia in a Rabbit Carotid Artery Anastomosis Model. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 19:468-74. [DOI: 10.5761/atcs.oa.12.02017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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35
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Chiechi A, Waning DL, Stayrook KR, Buijs JT, Guise TA, Mohammad KS. Role of TGF- β in breast cancer bone metastases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4:15-30. [PMID: 24558636 PMCID: PMC3928102 DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.410a4003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among females worldwide leading to approximately 350,000 deaths each year. It has long been known that cancers preferentially metastasize to particular organs, and bone metastases occur in ~70% of patients with advanced breast cancer. Breast cancer bone metastases are predominantly osteolytic and accompanied by increased fracture risk, pain, nerve compression and hypercalcemia, causing severe morbidity. In the bone matrix, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is one of the most abundant growth factors, which is released in active form upon tumor-induced osteoclastic bone resorption. TGF-β, in turn, stimulates bone metastatic tumor cells to secrete factors that further drive osteolytic bone destruction adjacent to the tumor. Thus, TGF-β is a crucial factor responsible for driving the feed-forward vicious cycle of cancer growth in bone. Moreover, TGF-β activates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, increases tumor cell invasiveness and angiogenesis and induces immunosuppression. Blocking the TGF-β signaling pathway to interrupt this vicious cycle between breast cancer and bone offers a promising target for therapeutic intervention to decrease skeletal metastasis. This review will describe the role of TGF-β in breast cancer and bone metastasis, and pre-clinical and clinical data will be evaluated for the potential use of TGF-β inhibitors in clinical practice to treat breast cancer bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Chiechi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - David L Waning
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Keith R Stayrook
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Jeroen T Buijs
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA ; Department of Urology, Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Theresa A Guise
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Khalid S Mohammad
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
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36
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Abstract
Many drugs that target transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signalling have been developed, some of which have reached Phase III clinical trials for a number of disease applications. Preclinical and clinical studies indicate the utility of these agents in fibrosis and oncology, particularly in augmentation of existing cancer therapies, such as radiation and chemotherapy, as well as in tumour vaccines. There are also reports of specialized applications, such as the reduction of vascular symptoms of Marfan syndrome. Here, we consider why the TGFβ signalling pathway is a drug target, the potential clinical applications of TGFβ inhibition, the issues arising with anti-TGFβ therapy and how these might be tackled using personalized approaches to dosing, monitoring of biomarkers as well as brief and/or localized drug-dosing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Akhurst
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.
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37
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Connolly EC, Freimuth J, Akhurst RJ. Complexities of TGF-β targeted cancer therapy. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:964-78. [PMID: 22811618 PMCID: PMC3399319 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.4564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many advanced tumors produce excessive amounts of Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) which, in normal epithelial cells, is a potent growth inhibitor. However, in oncogenically activated cells, the homeostatic action of TGF-β is often diverted along alternative pathways. Hence, TGF-β signaling elicits protective or tumor suppressive effects during the early growth-sensitive stages of tumorigenesis. However, later in tumor development when carcinoma cells become refractory to TGF-β-mediated growth inhibition, the tumor cell responds by stimulating pathways with tumor progressing effects. At late stages of malignancy, tumor progression is driven by TGF-β overload. The tumor microenvironment is a target of TGF-β action that stimulates tumor progression via pro-tumorigenic effects on vascular, immune, and fibroblastic cells. Bone is one of the richest sources of TGF-β in the body and a common site for dissemination of breast cancer metastases. Osteoclastic degradation of bone matrix, which accompanies establishment and growth of metastases, triggers further release of bone-derived TGF-β. This leads to a vicious positive feedback of tumor progression, driven by ever increasing levels of TGF-β released from both the tumor and bone matrix. It is for this reason, that pharmaceutical companies have developed therapeutic agents that block TGF-β signaling. Nonetheless, the choice of drug design and dosing strategy can affect the efficacy of TGF-β therapeutics. This review will describe pre-clinical and clinical data of four major classes of TGF-β inhibitor, namely i) ligand traps, ii) antisense oligonucleotides, iii) receptor kinase inhibitors and iv) peptide aptamers. Long term dosing strategies with TGF-β inhibitors may be ill-advised, since this class of drug has potentially highly pleiotropic activity, and development of drug resistance might potentiate tumor progression. Current paradigms for the use of TGF-β inhibitors in oncology have therefore moved towards the use of combinatorial therapies and short term dosing, with considerable promise for the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C. Connolly
- 1. UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, California 94143-0512, USA
| | - Julia Freimuth
- 1. UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, California 94143-0512, USA
| | - Rosemary J. Akhurst
- 1. UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, California 94143-0512, USA
- 2. Department of Anatomy, University of California at San Francisco, California 94143-0512, USA
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Buijs JT, Stayrook KR, Guise TA. The role of TGF-β in bone metastasis: novel therapeutic perspectives. BONEKEY REPORTS 2012; 1:96. [PMID: 23951484 PMCID: PMC3727840 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2012.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The skeleton is a preferred site for cancer metastasis. These bone metastases cause dysregulated bone remodeling and the associated morbidity of fractures, pain, hypercalcemia and catastrophic nerve compression syndromes. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is stored in mineralized bone matrix, and released and activated by osteoclastic bone resorption. Once activated, TGF-β stimulates nearby metastatic tumor cells within the bone microenvironment to secrete factors that further drive osteolytic destruction of the bone. Therefore, TGF-β and its signaling constitute a critical component driving the feed-forward vicious cycle of cancer growth in bone. Moreover, additional pro-tumorigenic activities attributed to TGF-β include activation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, increased tumor cell invasion, enhanced angiogenesis and various immunomodulatory properties. Blocking the TGF-β signaling pathway to interrupt this vicious cycle and manipulate the bone microenvironment offers a promising area for therapeutic intervention to decrease skeletal metastasis and normalize bone homeostatic mechanisms. In this review, preclinical and clinical data are evaluated for the potential use of TGF-β pathway inhibitors in clinical practice to treat bone metastases and its associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen T Buijs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Current addresss: Department of Urology, J3-100, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Keith R Stayrook
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Theresa A Guise
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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39
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Ogunjimi AA, Zeqiraj E, Ceccarelli DF, Sicheri F, Wrana JL, David L. Structural basis for specificity of TGFβ family receptor small molecule inhibitors. Cell Signal 2012; 24:476-483. [PMID: 21983015 PMCID: PMC4490768 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) receptor kinase inhibitors have a great therapeutic potential. SB431542 is one of the mainly used kinase inhibitors of the TGFβ/Activin pathway receptors, but needs improvement of its EC(50) (EC(50)=1 μM) to be translated to clinical use. A key feature of SB431542 is that it specifically targets receptors from the TGFβ/Activin pathway but not the closely related receptors from the bone morphogenic proteins (BMP) pathway. To understand the mechanisms of this selectivity, we solved the crystal structure of the TGFβ type I receptor (TβRI) kinase domain in complex with SB431542. We mutated TβRI residues coordinating SB431542 to their counterparts in activin-receptor like kinase 2 (ALK2), a BMP receptor kinase, and tested the kinase activity of mutated TβRI. We discovered that a Ser280Thr mutation yielded a TβRI variant that was resistant to SB431542 inhibition. Furthermore, the corresponding Thr283Ser mutation in ALK2 yielded a BMP receptor sensitive to SB431542. This demonstrated that Ser280 is the key determinant of selectivity for SB431542. This work provides a framework for optimising the SB431542 scaffold to more potent and selective inhibitors of the TGFβ/Activin pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Activin Receptors, Type I/chemistry
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Activins/metabolism
- Benzamides/chemistry
- Benzamides/metabolism
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/chemistry
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/metabolism
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Dioxoles/chemistry
- Dioxoles/metabolism
- Dioxoles/pharmacology
- Drug Design
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Phosphorylation
- Plasmids
- Protein Binding
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Serine/genetics
- Serine/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Substrate Specificity
- Transfection
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun A Ogunjimi
- Center for Systems Biology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Elton Zeqiraj
- Center for Systems Biology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Derek F Ceccarelli
- Center for Systems Biology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Frank Sicheri
- Center for Systems Biology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5; Dept. of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Center for Systems Biology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5; Dept. of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.
| | - Laurent David
- Center for Systems Biology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5.
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Toma I, McCaffrey TA. Transforming growth factor-β and atherosclerosis: interwoven atherogenic and atheroprotective aspects. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 347:155-75. [PMID: 21626289 PMCID: PMC4915479 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Age-related progression of cardiovascular disease is by far the largest health problem in the US and involves vascular damage, progressive vascular fibrosis and the accumulation of lipid-rich atherosclerotic lesions. Advanced lesions can restrict flow to key organs and can trigger occlusive thrombosis resulting in a stroke or myocardial infarction. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a major orchestrator of the fibroproliferative response to tissue damage. In the early stages of repair, TGF-β is released from platelets and activated from matrix reservoirs; it then stimulates the chemotaxis of repair cells, modulates immunity and inflammation and induces matrix production. At later stages, it negatively regulates fibrosis through its strong antiproliferative and apoptotic effects on fibrotic cells. In advanced lesions, TGF-β might be important in arterial calcification, commonly referred to as "hardening of the arteries". Because TGF-β can signal through multiple pathways, namely the SMADs, a MAPK pathway and the Rho/ROCK pathways, selective defects in TGF-β signaling can disrupt otherwise coordinated pathways of tissue regeneration. TGF-β is known to control cell proliferation, cell migration, matrix synthesis, wound contraction, calcification and the immune response, all being major components of the atherosclerotic process. However, many of the effects of TGF-β are essential to normal tissue repair and thus, TGF-β is often thought to be "atheroprotective". The present review attempts to parse systematically the known effects of TGF-β on both the major risk factors for atherosclerosis and to isolate the role of TGF-β in the many component pathways involved in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Toma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genomic Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW. Ross Hall 443, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Timothy A. McCaffrey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genomic Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW. Ross Hall 443, Washington DC 20037, USA
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Buijs JT, Stayrook KR, Guise TA. TGF-β in the Bone Microenvironment: Role in Breast Cancer Metastases. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2011; 4:261-81. [PMID: 21748439 PMCID: PMC3234330 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-011-0075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among females worldwide. It has long been known that cancers preferentially metastasize to particular organs, and bone metastases occur in ∼70% of patients with advanced breast cancer. Breast cancer bone metastases are predominantly osteolytic and accompanied by bone destruction, bone fractures, pain, and hypercalcemia, causing severe morbidity and hospitalization. In the bone matrix, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is one of the most abundant growth factors, which is released in active form upon tumor-induced osteoclastic bone resorption. TGF-β, in turn, stimulates bone metastatic cells to secrete factors that further drive osteolytic destruction of the bone adjacent to the tumor, categorizing TGF-β as a crucial factor responsible for driving the feed-forward vicious cycle of cancer growth in bone. Moreover, TGF-β activates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, increases tumor cell invasiveness and angiogenesis and induces immunosuppression. Blocking the TGF-β signaling pathway to interrupt this vicious cycle between breast cancer and bone offers a promising target for therapeutic intervention to decrease skeletal metastasis. This review will describe the role of TGF-β in breast cancer and bone metastasis, and pre-clinical and clinical data will be evaluated for the potential use of TGF-β inhibitors in clinical practice to treat breast cancer bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen T. Buijs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 West Walnut Street, Walther Hall R3, #C132, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Keith R. Stayrook
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 West Walnut Street, Walther Hall R3, #C132, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Theresa A. Guise
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 West Walnut Street, Walther Hall R3, #C132, Indianapolis, IN USA
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Zhang YG, Kuang ZJ, Mao YY, Wei RH, Bao SL, Wu LB, Li YG, Tang CS. Osteopontin is involved in urotensin II-induced migration of rat aortic adventitial fibroblasts. Peptides 2011; 32:2452-8. [PMID: 22036853 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that both osteopontin and urotensin II (UII) play critical roles in vascular remodeling. We previously showed that UII could stimulate the migration of aortic adventitial fibroblasts. In this study, we examined whether osteopontin is involved in UII-induced migration of rat aortic adventitial fibroblasts and examined the effects and mechanisms of UII on osteopontin expression in adventitial fibroblasts. Migration of adventitial fibroblasts induced by UII could be inhibited significantly by osteopontin antisense oligonucleotide (P<0.01) but not sense or mismatch oligonucleotides (P>0.05). Moreover, UII dose- and time-dependently promoted osteopontin mRNA expression and protein secretion in the cells, with maximal effect at 10(-8)mol/l at 3h for mRNA expression or at 12h for protein secretion (both P<0.01). Furthermore, the UII effects were significantly inhibited by its receptor antagonist SB710411 (10(-6)mol/l), and Ca(2+) channel blocker nicardipine (10(-5)mol/l), protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor H7 (10(-5)mol/l), calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A (10(-5)mol/l), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor PD98059 (10(-5)mol/l) and Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 (10(-5)mol/l). Thus, osteopontin is involved in the UII-induced migration of adventitial fibroblasts, and UII could upregulate osteopontin gene expression and protein synthesis in rat aortic adventitial fibroblasts by activating its receptor and the Ca(2+) channel, PKC, calcineurin, MAPK and Rho kinase signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
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Bjørnstad JL, Skrbic B, Marstein HS, Hasic A, Sjaastad I, Louch WE, Florholmen G, Christensen G, Tønnessen T. Inhibition of SMAD2 phosphorylation preserves cardiac function during pressure overload. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 93:100-10. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Jin X, Fu GX, Li XD, Zhu DL, Gao PJ. Expression and function of osteopontin in vascular adventitial fibroblasts and pathological vascular remodeling. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23558. [PMID: 21949681 PMCID: PMC3176202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin is known to play important roles in various diseases including vascular disorders. However, little is known about its expression and function in vascular adventitial fibroblasts. Adventitial fibroblasts have been shown to play a key role in pathological vascular remodeling associating with various vascular disorders. In this study, we measured activation of Osteopontin and its biological functions in cultured adventitial fibroblasts and injured rat carotid injury arteries induced by balloon angioplasty. Our results showed that angiotensin II and aldosterone increased Osteopontin expression in adventitial fibroblasts in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. MAPKs and AP-1 pathways were involved in Osteopontin upregulation. In addition, Adventitial fibroblast migration stimulated by Angiotensin II and aldosterone required OPN expression. Perivascular delivery of antisense oligonucleotide for Osteopontin suppressed neointimal formation post-injury. We concluded that upregulation of Osteopontin expression in adventitial fibroblasts might be important in the pathogenesis of vascular remodeling after arterial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
- Faculty of Biological Science, Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Guo-xiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-dong Li
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding-liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-jin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine, with important roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis. TGF-β signals via transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors and intracellular Smad transcriptional regulators. Perturbed TGF-β signaling has been implicated in a large variety of pathological conditions. Increased TGF-β levels have been found in patients with cancer, fibrosis, and systemic sclerosis, and were correlated with disease severity. In cancer, TGF-β mediates tumor invasion and metastasis by affecting both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment including fibroblast activation and immune suppression. Furthermore, TGF-β is a strong stimulator of extracellular matrix deposition. On the basis of these observations, small molecule inhibitors of the TGF-β receptor kinases, neutralizing antibodies that interfere with ligand?receptor interactions, antisense oligonucleotides reducing TGF-β expression, and soluble receptor ectodomains that sequester TGF-β have been developed to intervene with excessive TGF-β signaling activity in the aforementioned disorders. Here, we review the current state of anti-TGF-β therapy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J A C Hawinkels
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Giannelli G, Mazzocca A, Fransvea E, Lahn M, Antonaci S. Inhibiting TGF-β signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1815:214-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chiang TA, Yang YL, Yang YY, Hu MH, Wu PF, Liu SF, Huang RM, Liao TN, Hung CY, Hung TJ, Lee TC. Hyperosmolarity enhanced susceptibility to renal tubular fibrosis by modulating catabolism of type I transforming growth factor-beta receptors. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:663-71. [PMID: 20091742 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyperosmolarity plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of diabetic tubular fibrosis. However, the mechanism of the involvement of hyperosmolarity remains unclear. In this study, mannitol was used to evaluate the effects of hyperosmolarity on a renal distal tubule cell line (MDCK). We investigated transforming growth factor-beta receptors and their downstream fibrogenic signal proteins. We show that hyperosmolarity significantly enhances the susceptibility to exogenous transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, as mannitol (27.5 mM) significantly enhanced the TGF-beta1-induced increase in fibronectin levels compared with control experiments (5.5 mM). Specifically, hyperosmolarity induced tyrosine phosphorylation on TGF-beta RII at 336 residues in a time (0-24 h) and dose (5.5-38.5 mM) dependent manner. In addition, hyperosmolarity increased the level of TGF-beta RI in a dose- and time-course dependent manner. These observations may be closely related to decreased catabolism of TGF-beta RI. Hyperosmolarity significantly downregulated the expression of an inhibitory Smad (Smad7), decreased the level of Smurf 1, and reduced ubiquitination of TGF-beta RI. In addition, through the use of cycloheximide and the proteasome inhibitor MG132, we showed that hyperosmolarity significantly increased the half-life and inhibited the protein level of TGF-beta RI by polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Taken together, our data suggest that hyperosmolarity enhances cellular susceptibility to renal tubular fibrosis by activating the Smad7 pathway and increasing the stability of type I TGF-beta receptors by retarding proteasomal degradation of TGF-beta RI. This study clarifies the mechanism underlying hyperosmotic-induced renal fibrosis in renal distal tubule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-An Chiang
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate Institute of Biological Science and Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Role of extracellular matrix in vascular remodeling of hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2010; 19:187-94. [PMID: 20040870 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e328335eec9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Arterial stiffness due to alterations in extracellular matrix is one of the mechanisms responsible for increased peripheral resistance in hypertension. Recent evidence points to arterial stiffness as an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. This review focuses on recent advances in the biology of extracellular matrix proteins involved in hypertension-associated vascular changes. RECENT FINDINGS The vascular extracellular matrix is a complex heterogeneous tissue comprising collagens, elastin, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. These constituents not only provide mechanical integrity to the vessel wall but also possess a repertoire of insoluble ligands that induce cell signaling to control proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival. It is now evident that it is not only the quantity but also the quality of the new synthesized extracellular matrix that determines changes in vascular stiffness in hypertension. Also, the control of cross-linking and the interactions between the extracellular matrix and vascular cells seem to be important. SUMMARY It is now evident that some of the currently used antihypertensive therapies can correct vascular stiffness and fibrosis. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying alterations in extracellular matrix in hypertension will provide insights into novel therapies to reduce arterial stiffness and will identify new roles of established antihypertensive drugs.
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49
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Grading the commercial optical biosensor literature-Class of 2008: 'The Mighty Binders'. J Mol Recognit 2010; 23:1-64. [PMID: 20017116 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optical biosensor technology continues to be the method of choice for label-free, real-time interaction analysis. But when it comes to improving the quality of the biosensor literature, education should be fundamental. Of the 1413 articles published in 2008, less than 30% would pass the requirements for high-school chemistry. To teach by example, we spotlight 10 papers that illustrate how to implement the technology properly. Then we grade every paper published in 2008 on a scale from A to F and outline what features make a biosensor article fabulous, middling or abysmal. To help improve the quality of published data, we focus on a few experimental, analysis and presentation mistakes that are alarmingly common. With the literature as a guide, we want to ensure that no user is left behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Tan SM, Zhang Y, Connelly KA, Gilbert RE, Kelly DJ. Targeted inhibition of activin receptor-like kinase 5 signaling attenuates cardiac dysfunction following myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 298:H1415-25. [PMID: 20154262 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01048.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Following myocardial infarction (MI), the heart undergoes a pathological process known as remodeling, which in many instances results in cardiac dysfunction and ultimately heart failure and death. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a key mediator in the pathogenesis of cardiac remodeling following MI. We thus aimed to inhibit TGF-beta signaling using a novel orally active TGF-beta type I receptor [activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5)] inhibitor (GW788388) to attenuate left ventricular remodeling and cardiac dysfunction in a rat model of MI. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent left anterior descending coronary artery ligation to induce experimental MI and then were randomized to receive GW788388 at a dosage of 50 mg.kg(-1).day(-1) or vehicle 1 wk after surgery. After 4 wk of treatment, echocardiography was performed before the rats were euthanized. Animals that received left anterior descending coronary artery ligation demonstrated systolic dysfunction, Smad2 activation, myofibroblasts accumulation, collagen deposition, and myocyte hypertrophy (all P < 0.05). Treatment with GW788388 significantly attenuated systolic dysfunction in the MI animals, together with the attenuation of the activated (phosphorylated) Smad2 (P < 0.01), alpha-smooth muscle actin (P < 0.001), and collagen I (P < 0.05) in the noninfarct zone of MI rats. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in MI hearts was also attenuated by ALK5 inhibition (P < 0.05). In brief, treatment with a novel TGF-beta type I receptor inhibitor, GW788388, significantly reduced TGF-beta activity, leading to the attenuation of systolic dysfunction and left ventricular remodeling in an experimental rat model of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sih Min Tan
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, 29 Regent St., Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
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