1
|
Harrison DG, Patrick DM. Immune Mechanisms in Hypertension. Hypertension 2024; 81:1659-1674. [PMID: 38881474 PMCID: PMC11254551 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.124.21355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
It is now apparent that immune mediators including complement, cytokines, and cells of the innate and adaptive immune system contribute not only to blood pressure elevation but also to the target organ damage that occurs in response to stimuli like high salt, aldosterone, angiotensin II, and sympathetic outflow. Alterations of vascular hemodynamic factors, including microvascular pulsatility and shear forces, lead to vascular release of mediators that affect myeloid cells to become potent antigen-presenting cells and promote T-cell activation. Research in the past 2 decades has defined specific biochemical and molecular pathways that are engaged by these stimuli and an emerging paradigm is these not only lead to immune activation, but that products of immune cells, including cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and metalloproteinases act on target cells to further raise blood pressure in a feed-forward fashion. In this review, we will discuss these molecular and pathophysiological events and discuss clinical interventions that might prove effective in quelling this inflammatory process in hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G. Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - David M. Patrick
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bricher Choque PN, Porter MH, Teixeira MS, Dellê H, Elias RM, Durante B, Dutra MRH, Metz CN, Pavlov VA, Consolim Colombo FM. Cholinergic Stimulation Exerts Cardioprotective Effects and Alleviates Renal Inflammatory Responses after Acute Myocardial Infarction in Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats (SHRs). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:547. [PMID: 38794117 PMCID: PMC11124479 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this investigation, we explored the effects of pharmacological cholinergic stimulation on cardiac function and renal inflammation following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). METHODS Adult male SHRs were randomized into three experimental groups: sham-operated; AMI + Veh (infarcted, treated with vehicle); and AMI + PY (infarcted, treated with the cholinesterase inhibitor, pyridostigmine bromide (PY)-40 mg/kg, once daily for seven days). Rats were euthanized 7 or 30 days post-surgery. The clinical parameters were assessed on the day before euthanasia. Subsequent to euthanasia, blood samples were collected and renal tissues were harvested for histological and gene expression analyses aimed to evaluate inflammation and injury. RESULTS Seven days post-surgery, the AMI + PY group demonstrated improvements in left ventricular diastolic function and autonomic regulation, and a reduction in renal macrophage infiltration compared to the AMI + Veh group. Furthermore, there was a notable downregulation in pro-inflammatory gene expression and an upregulation in anti-inflammatory gene expression. Analysis 30 days post-surgery showed that PY treatment had a sustained positive effect on renal gene expression, correlated with a decrease in biomarkers, indicative of subclinical kidney injury. CONCLUSIONS Short-term cholinergic stimulation with PY provides both cardiac and renal protection by mitigating the inflammatory response after AMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Nithzi Bricher Choque
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove), São Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil; (P.N.B.C.); (M.H.P.); (H.D.); (R.M.E.); (M.R.H.D.)
| | - Maria Helena Porter
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove), São Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil; (P.N.B.C.); (M.H.P.); (H.D.); (R.M.E.); (M.R.H.D.)
| | - Manuella S. Teixeira
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil; (M.S.T.); (B.D.)
| | - Humberto Dellê
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove), São Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil; (P.N.B.C.); (M.H.P.); (H.D.); (R.M.E.); (M.R.H.D.)
| | - Rosilene Motta Elias
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove), São Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil; (P.N.B.C.); (M.H.P.); (H.D.); (R.M.E.); (M.R.H.D.)
| | - Bruno Durante
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil; (M.S.T.); (B.D.)
| | - Marina Rascio Henriques Dutra
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove), São Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil; (P.N.B.C.); (M.H.P.); (H.D.); (R.M.E.); (M.R.H.D.)
| | - Christine N. Metz
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (C.N.M.); (V.A.P.)
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11550, USA
| | - Valentin A. Pavlov
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (C.N.M.); (V.A.P.)
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11550, USA
| | - Fernanda M. Consolim Colombo
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove), São Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil; (P.N.B.C.); (M.H.P.); (H.D.); (R.M.E.); (M.R.H.D.)
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil; (M.S.T.); (B.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang J, Chen J, Shu L, Zhang R, Dai M, Fang X, Hu Z, Xiao L, Xi Z, Zhang J, Bao M. Carotid Baroreceptor Stimulation Improves Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling and Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2024; 9:475-492. [PMID: 38680958 PMCID: PMC11055206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Autonomic nervous system imbalance is intricately associated with the severity and prognosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Carotid baroreceptor stimulation (CBS) is a nonpharmaceutical intervention for autonomic neuromodulation. The effects of CBS on monocrotaline-induced PAH were investigated in this study, and its underlying mechanisms were elucidated. The results indicated that CBS improved pulmonary hemodynamic status and alleviated right ventricular dysfunction, improving pulmonary arterial remodeling and right ventricular remodeling, thus enhancing the survival rate of monocrotaline-induced PAH rats. The beneficial effects of CBS treatment on PAH might be mediated through the inhibition of sympathetic overactivation and inflammatory immune signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Heart Failure Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
- Japan Friendship Hospital (Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Shu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruoliu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingyan Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuesheng Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiling Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingling Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaoqing Xi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junxia Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Taikang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingwei Bao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pax K, Buduneli N, Alan M, Meric P, Gurlek O, Dabdoub SM, Kumar PS. Placental TLR recognition of salivary and subgingival microbiota is associated with pregnancy complications. MICROBIOME 2024; 12:64. [PMID: 38532461 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-024-01761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-term birth, the leading cause of neonatal mortality, has been associated with maternal periodontal disease and the presence of oral pathogens in the placenta. However, the mechanisms that underpin this link are not known. This investigation aimed to identify the origins of placental microbiota and to interrogate the association between parturition complications and immune recognition of placental microbial motifs. Video Abstract METHODS: Saliva, plaque, serum, and placenta were collected during 130 full-term (FT), pre-term (PT), or pre-term complicated by pre-eclampsia (PTPE) deliveries and subjected to whole-genome shotgun sequencing. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to measure toll-like receptors (TLR) 1-10 expression in placental samples. Source tracking was employed to trace the origins of the placental microbiota. RESULTS We discovered 10,007 functionally annotated genes representing 420 taxa in the placenta that could not be attributed to contamination. Placental microbial composition was the biggest discriminator of pregnancy complications, outweighing hypertension, BMI, smoking, and maternal age. A machine-learning algorithm trained on this microbial dataset predicted PTPE and PT with error rates of 4.05% and 8.6% (taxonomy) and 6.21% and 7.38% (function). Logistic regression revealed 32% higher odds of parturition complication (95% CI 2.8%, 81%) for every IQR increase in the Shannon diversity index after adjusting for maternal smoking status, maternal age, and gravida. We also discovered distinct expression patterns of TLRs that detect RNA- and DNA-containing antigens in the three groups, with significant upregulation of TLR9, and concomitant downregulation of TLR7 in PTPE and PT groups, and dense correlation networks between microbial genes and these TLRs. 70-82% of placental microbiota were traced to serum and thence to the salivary and subgingival microbiomes. The oral and serum microbiomes of PTPE and PT groups displayed significant enrichment of genes encoding iron transport, exosome, adhesion, quorum sensing, lipopolysaccharide, biofilm, and steroid degradation. CONCLUSIONS Within the limits of cross-sectional analysis, we find evidence to suggest that oral bacteria might translocate to the placenta via serum and trigger immune signaling pathways capable of inducing placental vascular pathology. This might explain, in part, the higher incidence of obstetric syndromes in women with periodontal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazune Pax
- Division of Oral Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nurcan Buduneli
- Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Department of Periodontology, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Murat Alan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Tepecik, 35120, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Pinar Meric
- Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Department of Periodontology, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Onder Gurlek
- Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Department of Periodontology, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Shareef M Dabdoub
- Department of Periodontics, Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, The University of Iowa School of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1010, USA
| | - Purnima S Kumar
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moss A, Kuttippurathu L, Srivastava A, Schwaber JS, Vadigepalli R. Dynamic dysregulation of transcriptomic networks in brainstem autonomic nuclei during hypertension development in the female spontaneously hypertensive rat. Physiol Genomics 2024; 56:283-300. [PMID: 38145287 PMCID: PMC11283910 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00073.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenic hypertension stems from an imbalance in autonomic function that shifts the central cardiovascular control circuits toward a state of dysfunction. Using the female spontaneously hypertensive rat and the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rat model, we compared the transcriptomic changes in three autonomic nuclei in the brainstem, nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), caudal ventrolateral medulla, and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in a time series at 8, 10, 12, 16, and 24 wk of age, spanning the prehypertensive stage through extended chronic hypertension. RNA-sequencing data were analyzed using an unbiased, dynamic pattern-based approach that uncovered dominant and several subtle differential gene regulatory signatures. Our results showed a persistent dysregulation across all three autonomic nuclei regardless of the stage of hypertension development as well as a cascade of transient dysregulation beginning in the RVLM at the prehypertensive stage that shifts toward the NTS at the hypertension onset. Genes that were persistently dysregulated were heavily enriched for immunological processes such as antigen processing and presentation, the adaptive immune response, and the complement system. Genes with transient dysregulation were also largely region-specific and were annotated for processes that influence neuronal excitability such as synaptic vesicle release, neurotransmitter transport, and an array of neuropeptides and ion channels. Our results demonstrate that neurogenic hypertension is characterized by brainstem region-specific transcriptomic changes that are highly dynamic with significant gene regulatory changes occurring at the hypertension onset as a key time window for dysregulation of homeostatic processes across the autonomic control circuits.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hypertension is a major disease and is the primary risk factor for cardiovascular complications and stroke. The gene expression changes in the central nervous system circuits driving hypertension are understudied. Here, we show that coordinated and region-specific gene expression changes occur in the brainstem autonomic circuits over time during the development of a high blood pressure phenotype in a rat model of human essential hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Moss
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Lakshmi Kuttippurathu
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Ankita Srivastava
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - James S Schwaber
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gonzalez AL, Dungan MM, Smart CD, Madhur MS, Doran AC. Inflammation Resolution in the Cardiovascular System: Arterial Hypertension, Atherosclerosis, and Ischemic Heart Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024; 40:292-316. [PMID: 37125445 PMCID: PMC11071112 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Chronic inflammation has emerged as a major underlying cause of many prevalent conditions in the Western world, including cardiovascular diseases. Although targeting inflammation has emerged as a promising avenue by which to treat cardiovascular disease, it is also associated with increased risk of infection. Recent Advances: Though previously assumed to be passive, resolution has now been identified as an active process, mediated by unique immunoresolving mediators and mechanisms designed to terminate acute inflammation and promote tissue repair. Recent work has determined that failures of resolution contribute to chronic inflammation and the progression of human disease. Specifically, failure to produce pro-resolving mediators and the impaired clearance of dead cells from inflamed tissue have been identified as major mechanisms by which resolution fails in disease. Critical Issues: Drawing from a rapidly expanding body of experimental and clinical studies, we review here what is known about the role of inflammation resolution in arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and ischemic heart disease. For each, we discuss the involvement of specialized pro-resolving mediators and pro-reparative cell types, including T regulatory cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and macrophages. Future Directions: Pro-resolving therapies offer the promise of limiting chronic inflammation without impairing host defense. Therefore, it is imperative to better understand the mechanisms underlying resolution to identify therapeutic targets. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 292-316.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azuah L. Gonzalez
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Matthew M. Dungan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - C. Duncan Smart
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Meena S. Madhur
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amanda C. Doran
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Akumwami S, Morishita A, Iradukunda A, Kobara H, Nishiyama A. Possible organ-protective effects of renal denervation: insights from basic studies. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:2661-2669. [PMID: 37532952 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01393-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Inappropriate sympathetic nervous activation is the body's response to biological stress and is thought to be involved in the development of various lifestyle-related diseases through an elevation in blood pressure. Experimental studies have shown that surgical renal denervation decreases blood pressure in hypertensive animals. Recently, minimally invasive catheter-based renal denervation has been clinically developed, which results in a reduction in blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension. Accumulating evidence in basic studies has shown that renal denervation exerts beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. Interestingly, recent studies have also indicated that renal denervation improves glucose tolerance and inflammatory changes. In this review article, we summarize the evidence from animal studies to provide comprehensive insight into the organ-protective effects of renal denervation beyond changes in blood pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steeve Akumwami
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Asahiro Morishita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | - Hideki Kobara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin K, Luo W, Yang N, Su L, Zhou H, Hu X, Wang Y, Khan ZA, Huang W, Wu G, Liang G. Inhibition of MyD88 attenuates angiotensin II-induced hypertensive kidney disease via regulating renal inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 112:109218. [PMID: 36116148 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney damage is a frequent event in the course of hypertension. Recent researches highlighted a critical role of non-hemodynamic activities of angiotensin II (Ang II) in hypertension-associated kidney fibrosis and inflammation. These activities are mediated through toll-like receptors (TLRs) but the mechanisms by which Ang II links TLRs to downstream inflammatory and fibrogenic responses is not fully known. In this study, we investigated the role of TLR adapter protein called myeloid differentiation primary-response protein-88 (MyD88) as the potential link. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were administered Ang II by micro-osmotic pump infusion for 4 weeks to develop nephropathy. Mice were treated with small-molecule MyD88 inhibitor LM8. In vitro, MyD88 was blocked using siRNA or LM8 in Ang II-challenged renal tubular epithelial cells. RESULTS We show that MyD88 is mainly located in tubular epithelial cells and Ang II increases the interaction between TLR4 and MyD88. This interaction activates MAPKs and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), leading to increased production of inflammatory and fibrogenic factors. Inhibition of MyD88 by siRNA or selective inhibitor LM8 supresses MyD88-TLR4 interaction, NF-κB activation, and elaboration of inflammatory cytokines and fibrosis-associated factors. These protective actions resulted in decreased renal pathological changes and preserved renal function in LM8-treated hypertensive mice, without affecting hypertension. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that Ang II induces inflammation and fibrosis in renal tubular epithelial cells through MyD88 and present MyD88 as a potential point of intervention for hypertension-associated kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lin
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Department of Cardiology and Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wu Luo
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China; Department of Cardiology and Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Na Yang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Department of Cardiology and Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lan Su
- Department of Cardiology and Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology and Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiang Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China
| | - Zia A Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Weijian Huang
- Department of Cardiology and Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Gaojun Wu
- Department of Cardiology and Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China; Department of Cardiology and Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chao X, Jiang Z, Zhong G, Huang R. Identification of biomarkers, pathways and potential therapeutic agents for salt-sensitive hypertension using RNA-seq. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:963744. [PMID: 36035920 PMCID: PMC9399395 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.963744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salt-sensitive hypertension (SSH) is a common type of essential hypertension in China. In recent years, although an increasing number of researches have focused on SSH, few studies have been researched on patients with SSH. The objective of this study was to explore the genes and pathways linked with SSH using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). Materials and methods We used RNA-seq to analyze the transcriptome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of five SSH patients and five SRH patients. Next, we analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, and Gene Set Enrichment (GSEA) enrichment analysis. Then, Cytoscape was used to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and the hub genes. Finally, CMAP analysis found that several small molecular compounds could reverse the altered DEGs. Results A total of 431 DEGs were found in the PBMC samples, including 294 up-regulated and 137 down-regulated genes. Functional enrichment analysis found significant enrichment in immune-related associations such as inflammation, chemokine, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. The hub genes of the two modules were IL-6, IL-1A, CCL2, CCL3L3, and BUB1. In addition, we identified two small molecular compounds (iopromide and iloprost) that potentially interacted with DEGs. Conclusion This study suggests some potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of SSH. It provides new insights into SSH diagnosis and possible future clinical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Chao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiyuan Jiang
- Division of Hypertension, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Guoqiang Zhong,
| | - Rongjie Huang
- Division of Hypertension, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Rongjie Huang,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Frąk W, Wojtasińska A, Lisińska W, Młynarska E, Franczyk B, Rysz J. Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: New Insights into Molecular Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis, Arterial Hypertension, and Coronary Artery Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081938. [PMID: 36009488 PMCID: PMC9405799 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are disorders associated with the heart and circulatory system. Atherosclerosis is its major underlying cause. CVDs are chronic and can remain hidden for a long time. Moreover, CVDs are the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, thus creating a major public health concern. This review summarizes the available information on the pathophysiological implications of CVDs, focusing on coronary artery disease along with atherosclerosis as its major cause and arterial hypertension. We discuss the endothelium dysfunction, inflammatory factors, and oxidation associated with atherosclerosis. Mechanisms such as dysfunction of the endothelium and inflammation, which have been identified as critical pathways for development of coronary artery disease, have become easier to diagnose in recent years. Relatively recently, evidence has been found indicating that interactions of the molecular and cellular elements such as matrix metalloproteinases, elements of the immune system, and oxidative stress are involved in the pathophysiology of arterial hypertension. Many studies have revealed several important inflammatory and genetic risk factors associated with CVDs. However, further investigation is crucial to improve our knowledge of CVDs progression and, more importantly, accelerate basic research to improve our understanding of the mechanism of pathophysiology.
Collapse
|
11
|
Iqbal H, Yadav P, Verma AK, Mishra D, Vamadevan B, Singh D, Luqman S, Negi AS, Chanda D. Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and cardio-protective properties of novel fluorophenyl benzimidazole in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 929:175132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
12
|
Di Chiara T, Del Cuore A, Daidone M, Scaglione S, Norrito RL, Puleo MG, Scaglione R, Pinto A, Tuttolomondo A. Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Hypertension-Brain-Induced Complications: Focus on Molecular Mediators. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052445. [PMID: 35269587 PMCID: PMC8910319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that hypertension is the most important vascular risk factor for the development and progression of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The brain is an early target of hypertension-induced organ damage and may manifest as stroke, subclinical cerebrovascular abnormalities and cognitive decline. The pathophysiological mechanisms of these harmful effects remain to be completely clarified. Hypertension is well known to alter the structure and function of cerebral blood vessels not only through its haemodynamics effects but also for its relationships with endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation. In the last several years, new possible mechanisms have been suggested to recognize the molecular basis of these pathological events. Accordingly, this review summarizes the factors involved in hypertension-induced brain complications, such as haemodynamic factors, endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress, inflammation and intervention of innate immune system, with particular regard to the role of Toll-like receptors that have to be considered dominant components of the innate immune system. The complete definition of their prognostic role in the development and progression of hypertensive brain damage will be of great help in the identification of new markers of vascular damage and the implementation of innovative targeted therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
13
|
Belanger KM, Mohamed R, Webb RC, Sullivan JC. Sex Differences in TLR4 Expression in SHR Do Not Contribute to Sex Differences in Blood Pressure or the Renal T cell Profile. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 322:R319-R325. [PMID: 35107023 PMCID: PMC8917934 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00237.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a primary risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Mechanisms controlling blood pressure (BP) in men and women are still being investigated, however, there is increasing evidence supporting a role for the innate immune system. Specifically, Toll-like receptors (TLR), and TLR4 in particular, have been implicated in the development of hypertension in male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Despite established sex differences in BP control and inflammatory markers in hypertensive males and females, little is known regarding the role of TLR4 in hypertension in females. Our hypotheses were that male SHR have greater TLR4 expression compared to females, and that sex differences in TLR4 contribute to sex differences in BP and the T cell profile. To test these hypotheses, initial studies measured renal TLR4 protein expression in 13-week old male and female SHR. Additional SHR were implanted with telemetry devices and randomized to treatment with either IgG or TLR4 neutralizing antibodies. Untreated control male SHR have greater TLR4 protein expression in the kidney compared to females. However, treatment with TLR4 neutralizing antibody for 2 weeks did not significantly alter BP in either male or female SHR. Interestingly, neutralization of TLR4 increased renal CD3+ T cells in female SHR, with no alteration in CD4+ T cells or CD8+ T cells in either sex. Taken together, our data indicates that although male SHR have greater renal TLR4 expression than females, TLR4 does not contribute to the higher BP and more pro-inflammatory renal T cell prolife in males vs. females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasey M Belanger
- Department of Physiology Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Riyaz Mohamed
- Department of Physiology Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Jennifer C Sullivan
- Department of Physiology Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Al-Taie M, Baban R, Hamed M. The correlation between serum resistin and toll-like receptor-4 with insulin resistance in hypertensive subjects with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus. BAGHDAD JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND APPLIED BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.47419/bjbabs.v2i04.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The most chronic disease prevalence in the Iraqi population are type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension (HT). One of the important causes of these chronic diseases is obesity. Resistin (RETN) is a major link between obesity and insulin resistance (IR) or T2DM (which induces IR). The action of RETN on IR is mediated by Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4). TLR4 is a putative RETN receptor that has been suggested to participate in RETN-inducing inflammation and IR.
Objectives: To study the association between serum RETN/TLR4 and IR in hypertensive patients with or without T2DM subjects.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 men that classified into four different groups. These groups consist of the following: 30 apparently control group, 30 patients with hypertension, 30 patients with T2DM but without HT and 30 hypertensive patients with T2DM. For all the subjects, serum RETN, TLR4 and serum insulin was estimated by using the ELISA technique.
Results: Our results showed that mean levels of the serum RETN and TLR4 were significantly elevated in all patient groups when compared with the control group. Also, a positive correlation between serum RETN and TLR4 was found in hypertensive patients with T2DM patients.
Conclusions: Serum RETN and TLR4 were higher in all patient groups when compared with the control group. In addition, a positive correlation between RETN and IR in all study groups was noted. Then, we suggested a close association between RETN and TLR4 and their positive correlations with IR.
Collapse
|
15
|
Das UN. Molecular biochemical aspects of salt (sodium chloride) in inflammation and immune response with reference to hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:83. [PMID: 34334139 PMCID: PMC8327432 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension (HTN) are common that are associated with low-grade systemic inflammation. Diet, genetic factors, inflammation, and immunocytes and their cytokines play a role in their pathobiology. But the exact role of sodium, potassium, magnesium and other minerals, trace elements and vitamins in the pathogenesis of HTN and T2DM is not known. Recent studies showed that sodium and potassium can modulate oxidative stress, inflammation, alter the autonomic nervous system and induce dysfunction of the innate and adaptive immune responses in addition to their action on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. These actions of sodium, potassium and magnesium and other minerals, trace elements and vitamins are likely to be secondary to their action on pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α and IL-17 and metabolism of essential fatty acids that may account for their involvement in the pathobiology of insulin resistance, T2DM, HTN and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N Das
- UND Life Sciences, 2221 NW 5th St, Battle Ground, WA, 98604, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bandoni RL, Bricher Choque PN, Dellê H, de Moraes TL, Porter MHM, da Silva BD, Neves GA, Irigoyen MC, De Angelis K, Pavlov VA, Ulloa L, Consolim-Colombo FM. Cholinergic stimulation with pyridostigmine modulates a heart-spleen axis after acute myocardial infarction in spontaneous hypertensive rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9563. [PMID: 33953291 PMCID: PMC8099899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating immune cells recruitment into the heart during healing after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have major clinical implications. We investigated whether cholinergic stimulation with pyridostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, modulates heart and spleen immune responses and cardiac remodeling after AMI in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs). Male adult SHRs underwent sham surgery or ligation of the left coronary artery and were randomly allocated to remain untreated or to pyridostigmine treatment (40 mg/kg once a day by gavage). Blood pressure and heart rate variability were determined, and echocardiography was performed at day six after MI. The heart and spleen were processed for immunohistochemistry cellular analyses (CD3+ and CD4+ lymphocytes, and CD68+ and CD206+ macrophages), and TNF levels were determined at day seven after MI. Pyridostigmine treatment increased the parasympathetic tone and T CD4+ lymphocytes in the myocardium, but lowered M1/M2 macrophage ratio towards an anti-inflammatory profile that was associated with decreased TNF levels in the heart and spleen. Treatment with this cholinergic agent improved heart remodeling manifested by lower ventricular diameters and better functional parameters. In summary, cholinergic stimulation by pyridostigmine enhances the parasympathetic tone and induces anti-inflammatory responses in the heart and spleen fostering cardiac recovery after AMI in SHRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robson Luiz Bandoni
- grid.412295.90000 0004 0414 8221Biotechnology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Pamela Nithzi Bricher Choque
- grid.412295.90000 0004 0414 8221Biotechnology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Humberto Dellê
- grid.412295.90000 0004 0414 8221Biotechnology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Tercio Lemos de Moraes
- grid.412295.90000 0004 0414 8221Biotechnology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Mattos Porter
- grid.412295.90000 0004 0414 8221Biotechnology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Bruno Durante da Silva
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (INCOR), Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Gizele Alves Neves
- grid.412295.90000 0004 0414 8221Biotechnology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Maria-Claudia Irigoyen
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (INCOR), Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Kátia De Angelis
- grid.412295.90000 0004 0414 8221Biotechnology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP Brazil ,grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Departament of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Valentin A. Pavlov
- grid.416477.70000 0001 2168 3646Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Luis Ulloa
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Fernanda Marciano Consolim-Colombo
- grid.412295.90000 0004 0414 8221Biotechnology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP Brazil ,grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (INCOR), Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Dr Irvine Page proposed the Mosaic Theory of Hypertension in the 1940s advocating that hypertension is the result of many factors that interact to raise blood pressure and cause end-organ damage. Over the years, Dr Page modified his paradigm, and new concepts regarding oxidative stress, inflammation, genetics, sodium homeostasis, and the microbiome have arisen that allow further refinements of the Mosaic Theory. A constant feature of this approach to understanding hypertension is that the various nodes are interdependent and that these almost certainly vary between experimental models and between individuals with hypertension. This review discusses these new concepts and provides an introduction to other reviews in this compendium of Circulation Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G. Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Thomas M. Coffman
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Research Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lazaridis A, Gavriilaki E, Douma S, Gkaliagkousi E. Toll-Like Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Essential Hypertension. A Forthcoming Immune-Driven Theory in Full Effect. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3451. [PMID: 33810594 PMCID: PMC8037648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential hypertension (EH) is a highly heterogenous disease with a complex etiology. Recent evidence highlights the significant contribution of subclinical inflammation, triggered and sustained by excessive innate immune system activation in the pathogenesis of the disease. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been implied as novel effectors in this inflammatory environment since they can significantly stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), facilitating a low-intensity inflammatory background that is evident from the very early stages of hypertension. Furthermore, the net result of their activation is oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling, and finally, vascular target organ damage, which forms the pathogenetic basis of EH. Importantly, evidence of augmented TLR expression and activation in hypertension has been documented not only in immune but also in several non-immune cells located in the central nervous system, the kidneys, and the vasculature which form the pathogenetic core systems operating in hypertensive disease. In this review, we will try to highlight the contribution of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of hypertension by clarifying the deleterious role of TLR signaling in promoting inflammation and facilitating hypertensive vascular damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Lazaridis
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.L.); (S.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Eleni Gavriilaki
- Hematology Department, Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stella Douma
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.L.); (S.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Eugenia Gkaliagkousi
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.L.); (S.D.); (E.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang RM, McNerney KP, Riek AE, Bernal‐Mizrachi C. Immunity and Hypertension. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13487. [PMID: 32359222 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is the primary cause of cardiovascular mortality. Despite multiple existing treatments, only half of those with the disease achieve adequate control. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms causing hypertension is essential for the development of novel therapies. Many studies demonstrate that immune cell infiltration of the vessel wall, kidney and central nervous system, as well as their counterparts of oxidative stress, the renal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and sympathetic tone play a critical role in the development of hypertension. Genetically modified mice lacking components of innate and/or adaptive immunity confirm the importance of chronic inflammation in hypertension and its complications. Depletion of immune cells improves endothelial function, decreases oxidative stress, reduces vascular tone and prevents renal interstitial infiltrates, sodium retention and kidney damage. Moreover, the ablation of microglia or central nervous system perivascular macrophages reduces RAS-induced inflammation and prevents sympathetic nervous system activation and hypertension. Therefore, understanding immune cell functioning and their interactions with tissues that regulate hypertensive responses may be the future of novel antihypertensive therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong M. Zhang
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Kyle P. McNerney
- Department of Pediatrics Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Amy E. Riek
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Carlos Bernal‐Mizrachi
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
- Department of Medicine VA Medical Center St. Louis MO USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Saxton SN, Whitley AS, Potter RJ, Withers SB, Grencis R, Heagerty AM. Interleukin-33 rescues perivascular adipose tissue anticontractile function in obesity. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H1387-H1397. [PMID: 33035443 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00491.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) depots are metabolically active and play a major vasodilator role in healthy lean individuals. In obesity, they become inflamed and eosinophil-depleted and the anticontractile function is lost with the development of diabetes and hypertension. Moreover, eosinophil-deficient ΔdblGATA-1 mice lack PVAT anticontractile function and exhibit hypertension. Here, we have investigated the effects of inducing eosinophilia on PVAT function in health and obesity. Control, obese, and ΔdblGATA-1 mice were administered intraperitoneal injections of interleukin-33 (IL-33) for 5 days. Conscious restrained blood pressure was measured, and blood was collected for glucose and plasma measurements. Wire myography was used to assess the contractility of mesenteric resistance arteries. IL-33 injections induced a hypereosinophilic phenotype. Obese animals had significant elevations in blood pressure, blood glucose, and plasma insulin, which were normalized with IL-33. Blood glucose and insulin levels were also lowered in lean treated mice. In arteries from control mice, PVAT exerted an anticontractile effect on the vessels, which was enhanced with IL-33 treatment. In obese mice, loss of PVAT anticontractile function was rescued by IL-33. Exogenous application of IL-33 to isolated arteries induced a rapidly decaying endothelium-dependent vasodilation. The therapeutic effects were not seen in IL-33-treated ΔdblGATA-1 mice, thereby confirming that the eosinophil is crucial. In conclusion, IL-33 treatment restored PVAT anticontractile function in obesity and reversed development of hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia. These data suggest that targeting eosinophil numbers in PVAT offers a novel approach to the treatment of hypertension and type 2 diabetes in obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we have shown that administering IL-33 to obese mice will restore PVAT anticontractile function, and this is accompanied by normalized blood pressure, blood glucose, and plasma insulin. Moreover, the PVAT effect is enhanced in control mice given IL-33. IL-33 induced a hypereosinophilic phenotype in our mice, and the effects of IL-33 on PVAT function, blood pressure, and blood glucose are absent in eosinophil-deficient mice, suggesting that the effects of IL-33 are mediated via eosinophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alice S Whitley
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan J Potter
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Grencis
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ahmari N, Hayward LF, Zubcevic J. The importance of bone marrow and the immune system in driving increases in blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity in hypertension. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1815-1826. [PMID: 32964557 DOI: 10.1113/ep088247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? This manuscript provides a review of the current understanding of the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulation of bone marrow-derived immune cells and the effect that the infiltrating bone marrow cells may have on perpetuation of the sympathetic over-activation in hypertension. What advances does it highlight? We highlight the recent advances in understanding of the neuroimmune interactions both peripherally and centrally as they relate to blood pressure control. ABSTRACT The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a crucial role in maintaining physiological homeostasis, in part by regulating, integrating and orchestrating processes between many physiological systems, including the immune system. Sympathetic nerves innervate all primary and secondary immune organs, and all cells of the immune system express β-adrenoreceptors. In turn, immune cells can produce cytokines, chemokines and neurotransmitters capable of modulating neuronal activity and, ultimately, SNS activity. Thus, the essential role of the SNS in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune functions is mediated, in part, via β-adrenoreceptor-induced activation of bone marrow cells by noradrenaline. Interestingly, both central and systemic inflammation are well-established hallmarks of hypertension and its co-morbidities, including an inflammatory process involving the transmigration and infiltration of immune cells into tissues. We propose that physiological states that prolong β-adrenoreceptor activation in bone marrow can disrupt neuroimmune homeostasis and impair communication between the immune system and SNS, leading to immune dysregulation, which, in turn, is sustained via a central mechanism involving neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niousha Ahmari
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Linda F Hayward
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Salt-dependent hypertension and inflammation: targeting the gut-brain axis and the immune system with Brazilian green propolis. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:1163-1182. [PMID: 32785827 PMCID: PMC8826348 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is a major health problem around the world and its development has been associated with exceeding salt consumption by the modern society. The mechanisms by which salt consumption increase blood pressure (BP) involve several homeostatic systems but many details have not yet been fully elucidated. Evidences accumulated over the last 60 decades raised the involvement of the immune system in the hypertension development and opened a range of possibilities for new therapeutic targets. Green propolis is a promising natural product with potent anti-inflammatory properties acting on specific targets, most of them participating in the gut-brain axis of the sodium-dependent hypertension. New anti-hypertensive products reinforce the therapeutic arsenal improving the corollary of choices, especially in those cases where patients are resistant or refractory to conventional therapy. This review sought to bring the newest advances in the field articulating evidences that show a cross-talking between inflammation and the central mechanisms involved with the sodium-dependent hypertension as well as the stablished actions of green propolis and some of its biologically active compounds on the immune cells and cytokines that would be involved with its anti-hypertensive properties.
Collapse
|
23
|
Han X, Zhou N, Hu H, Li X, Liu H. Nicotine Alleviates Cortical Neuronal Injury by Suppressing Neuroinflammation and Upregulating Neuronal PI3K-AKT Signaling in an Eclampsia-Like Seizure Model. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:665-681. [PMID: 32767216 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that treatment with alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) agonist nicotine could alleviate systemic inflammation and reduce neuronal loss in the hippocampus and seizure severity in eclampsia. In this study, we further investigated whether there is also neuronal damage in the cortex after eclamptic seizure, elucidated the potential mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective roles of nicotine in eclampsia. Retrospective analysis of MRI data of severe preeclampsia (SPE) patients was conducted. A preeclampsia model was established by lipopolysaccharide injection (PE group), and pentylenetetrazol was used to induce eclamptic seizure (E group). α7nAChR agonist nicotine and its antagonist (α-BGT) and PI3K inhibitor wortmannin were used for drug administration. Neuronal damage was detected by Nissl staining, and changes in neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, α7nAChR expression, and PI3K-AKT signaling on cortical neurons were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. MRI images showed that most abnormal signals from the brain of SPE patients were located in the cortex. The neuron survival ratio was lower in the cortex than in the hippocampus within the E group; such ratios in the cortex were significantly lower in the E and PE groups compared with those of the control group. Nicotine markedly decreased the production of inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation in the cortex of the E group. Moreover, nicotine increased p-AKT levels and decreased cleaved caspase-3 levels in cortical neurons. Treatment with α-BGT reversed effects of nicotine. Wortmannin also blocked the anti-neuronal apoptosis action of nicotine. Our results suggest that nicotine protects against neuronal injury in the cortex following eclampsia possibly by inhibiting neuroinflammation and activating neuronal PI3K-AKT pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjia Han
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiping Hu
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Huishu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510623, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Physical Exercise as an Immunomodulator of Chronic Diseases in Aging. J Phys Act Health 2020; 17:662-672. [PMID: 32396868 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2019-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The progressive dysfunction of the immune system during aging appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of several age-related disorders. However, regular physical exercise can present "antiaging" effects on several physiological systems. METHODS A narrative review of studies investigating the chronic effects of exercise and physical activity on the immune system and its association with age-related chronic diseases was carried out according to the guidelines for writing a narrative review. RESULTS There is compelling evidence suggesting that age-related immune system alterations play a key role on the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, hypertension, chronic heart failure, type 2 diabetes, obesity, arthritis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. On the other hand, the regular practice of physical activity appears to improve most of the inflammatory/immunological processes involved in these diseases. CONCLUSION Epidemiological, experimental, and clinical studies permit us to affirm that regular physical activity improves immunomodulation and may play a key role in the prevention and treatment of several age-related chronic diseases. However, further studies are needed to better describe the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of physical exercise in specific organs of older individuals, as well as the mechanisms involved in such response.
Collapse
|
25
|
Sigmund CD, Carey RM, Appel L, Arnett D, Bosworth HB, Cushman WC, Galis ZS, Parker MG, Hall JE, Harrison DG, McDonough AA, Nicastro HL, Oparil S, Osborn JW, Raizada MK, Wright JD, Oh YS. Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group on Hypertension: Barriers to Translation. Hypertension 2020; 75:902-917. [PMID: 32063061 PMCID: PMC7067675 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute convened a multidisciplinary working group of hypertension researchers on December 6 to 7, 2018, in Bethesda, MD, to share current scientific knowledge in hypertension and to identify barriers to translation of basic into clinical science/trials and implementation of clinical science into clinical care of patients with hypertension. The goals of the working group were (1) to provide an overview of recent discoveries that may be ready for testing in preclinical and clinical studies; (2) to identify gaps in knowledge that impede translation; (3) to highlight the most promising scientific areas in which to pursue translation; (4) to identify key challenges and barriers for moving basic science discoveries into translation, clinical studies, and trials; and (5) to identify roadblocks for effective dissemination and implementation of basic and clinical science in real-world settings. The working group addressed issues that were responsive to many of the objectives of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Strategic Vision. The working group identified major barriers and opportunities for translating research to improved control of hypertension. This review summarizes the discussion and recommendations of the working group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John E. Hall
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Young S. Oh
- Vascular Biology & Hypertension Branch, DCVS, NHLBI
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cho KHT, Fraser M, Wassink G, Dhillon SJ, Davidson JO, Dean JM, Gunn AJ, Bennet L. TLR7 agonist modulation of postasphyxial neurophysiological and cardiovascular adaptations in preterm fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R369-R378. [PMID: 31913689 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00295.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury can exacerbate injury but also alleviate cell loss, as recently demonstrated with the TLR7 agonist Gardiquimod (GDQ). However, TLR agonists also modulate vascular function and neuronal excitability. Thus, we examined the effects of TLR7 activation with GDQ on cardiovascular function and seizures after asphyxia in preterm fetal sheep at 0.7 gestation (104 days, term ∼147 days). Fetuses received sham asphyxia or asphyxia induced by umbilical cord occlusion for 25 min or asphyxia followed by a continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of 3.34 mg of GDQ from 1 to 4 h after asphyxia. Fetuses were monitored continuously for 72 h postasphyxia. GDQ treatment was associated with sustained, moderate hypertension for 72 h (P < 0.05), with a transient increase in heart rate. Electroencephalographic (EEG) power was suppressed for the entire postasphyxial period in both groups, whereas EEG spectral edge transiently increased during the GDQ infusion compared with asphyxia alone (P < 0.05), with higher β- and lower δ-EEG frequencies (P < 0.05). This increase in EEG frequency was not related to epileptiform activity. After the GDQ infusion, there was earlier onset of high-amplitude stereotypic evolving seizures, with increased numbers of seizures and seizure burden (P < 0.05). Hemodynamic function and seizure activity are important indices of preterm wellbeing. These data highlight the importance of physiological monitoring during preclinical testing of potential neuroprotective strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta H T Cho
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mhoyra Fraser
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Guido Wassink
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Joanne O Davidson
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin M Dean
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair J Gunn
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
John CM, Khaddaj Mallat R, Mishra RC, George G, Singh V, Turnbull JD, Umeshappa CS, Kendrick DJ, Kim T, Fauzi FM, Visser F, Fedak PWM, Wulff H, Braun AP. SKA-31, an activator of Ca 2+-activated K + channels, improves cardiovascular function in aging. Pharmacol Res 2019; 151:104539. [PMID: 31707036 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging represents an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease, and is associated with complex structural and functional alterations in the vasculature, such as endothelial dysfunction. Small- and intermediate-conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ channels (KCa2.3 and KCa3.1, respectively) are prominently expressed in the vascular endothelium, and pharmacological activators of these channels induce robust vasodilation upon acute exposure in isolated arteries and intact animals. However, the effects of prolonged in vivo administration of such compounds are unknown. In our study, we hypothesized that such treatment would ameliorate aging-related cardiovascular deficits. Aged (∼18 months) male Sprague Dawley rats were treated daily with either vehicle or the KCa channel activator SKA-31 (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection; n = 6/group) for 8 weeks, followed by echocardiography, arterial pressure myography, immune cell and plasma cytokine characterization, and tissue histology. Our results show that SKA-31 administration improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation, reduced agonist-induced vascular contractility, and prevented the aging-associated declines in cardiac ejection fraction, stroke volume and fractional shortening, and further improved the expression of endothelial KCa channels and associated cell signalling components to levels similar to those observed in young male rats (∼5 months at end of study). SKA-31 administration did not promote pro-inflammatory changes in either T cell populations or plasma cytokines/chemokines, and we observed no overt tissue histopathology in heart, kidney, aorta, brain, liver and spleen. SKA-31 treatment in young rats had little to no effect on vascular reactivity, select protein expression, tissue histology, plasma cytokines/chemokines or immune cell properties. Collectively, these data demonstrate that administration of the KCa channel activator SKA-31 improved aging-related cardiovascular function, without adversely affecting the immune system or promoting tissue toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cini Mathew John
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Rayan Khaddaj Mallat
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Ramesh C Mishra
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Grace George
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Vikrant Singh
- Dept. of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Jeannine D Turnbull
- Dept. of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Channakeshava S Umeshappa
- Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Dylan J Kendrick
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Taeyeob Kim
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Fazlin M Fauzi
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Chemistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
| | - Frank Visser
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Paul W M Fedak
- Dept. of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Heike Wulff
- Dept. of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Andrew P Braun
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Saxton SN, Clark BJ, Withers SB, Eringa EC, Heagerty AM. Mechanistic Links Between Obesity, Diabetes, and Blood Pressure: Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1701-1763. [PMID: 31339053 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasingly prevalent and is associated with substantial cardiovascular risk. Adipose tissue distribution and morphology play a key role in determining the degree of adverse effects, and a key factor in the disease process appears to be the inflammatory cell population in adipose tissue. Healthy adipose tissue secretes a number of vasoactive adipokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and changes to this secretory profile will contribute to pathogenesis in obesity. In this review, we discuss the links between adipokine dysregulation and the development of hypertension and diabetes and explore the potential for manipulating adipose tissue morphology and its immune cell population to improve cardiovascular health in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben J Clark
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Etto C Eringa
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Igreja B, Pires N, Loureiro A, Wright L, Soares-da-Silva P. Cardiometabolic and Inflammatory Benefits of Sympathetic Down-Regulation with Zamicastat in Aged Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:353-360. [PMID: 32259069 PMCID: PMC7089015 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a major role in the development and progression of several cardiovascular diseases. One strategy to mitigate the SNS overdrive is by restricting the biosynthesis of norepinephrine via the inhibition of dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH). Zamicastat is a new DBH inhibitor that decreases norepinephrine and increases dopamine levels in peripherally sympathetic-innervated tissues. The cardiometabolic and inflammatory effects of sympathetic down-regulation were evaluated in 50 week old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) receiving zamicastat (30 mg/kg/day) for 9 weeks. After 8 weeks of treatment, the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were assessed by tail cuff plethysmography. At the end of the study, 24 h urine, plasma, heart, and kidney were collected for biochemical and morphometric analyses. Zamicastat-induced sympathetic down-regulation decreased the high BP in SHRs, with no observed effect on HR. The heart-to-body weight ratio was lower in SHRs treated with zamicastat, whereas the body weight and kidney-to-body weight ratio were similar between both SHR cohorts. Zamicastat-treated SHRs showed reduced 24 h urine output, but the urinary amount of protein excreted and creatinine clearance rate remained unchanged. Zamicastat treatment significantly decreased plasma triglycerides, free fatty acids, and aspartate aminotransferase levels. Aged SHRs showed higher plasma levels of inflammatory markers as compared with age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. The inflammatory benefits attained with DBH inhibition were expressed by a decrease in CRP, MCP-1, IL-5, IL-17α, GRO/KC, MIP-1α, and RANTES plasma levels as compared with untreated SHRs. In conclusion, DBH inhibition decreased norepinephrine levels, reduced end-organ damage, and improved cardiometabolic and inflammatory biomarkers in aged male SHRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Igreja
- Department
of Research, BIAL - Portela & C, S.A., Coronado
(S. Mamede e S. Romão) 4747-457, Portugal
| | - Nuno Pires
- Department
of Research, BIAL - Portela & C, S.A., Coronado
(S. Mamede e S. Romão) 4747-457, Portugal
| | - Ana Loureiro
- Department
of Research, BIAL - Portela & C, S.A., Coronado
(S. Mamede e S. Romão) 4747-457, Portugal
| | - Lyndon Wright
- Department
of Research, BIAL - Portela & C, S.A., Coronado
(S. Mamede e S. Romão) 4747-457, Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Department
of Research, BIAL - Portela & C, S.A., Coronado
(S. Mamede e S. Romão) 4747-457, Portugal
- Department
of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
- MedInUP
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Katsurada K, Nakata M, Saito T, Zhang B, Maejima Y, Nandi SS, Sharma NM, Patel KP, Kario K, Yada T. Central Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Signaling via Brainstem Catecholamine Neurons Counteracts Hypertension in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12986. [PMID: 31537818 PMCID: PMC6753091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, widely used to treat type 2 diabetes, reduce blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients. Whether this action involves central mechanisms is unknown. We here report that repeated lateral ventricular (LV) injection of GLP-1R agonist, liraglutide, once daily for 15 days counteracted the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In parallel, it suppressed urinary norepinephrine excretion, and induced c-Fos expressions in the area postrema (AP) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of brainstem including the NTS neurons immunoreactive to dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH). Acute administration of liraglutide into fourth ventricle, the area with easy access to the AP and NTS, transiently decreased BP in SHR and this effect was attenuated after lesion of NTS DBH neurons with anti-DBH conjugated to saporin (anti-DBH-SAP). In anti-DBH-SAP injected SHR, the antihypertensive effect of repeated LV injection of liraglutide for 14 days was also attenuated. These findings demonstrate that the central GLP-1R signaling via NTS DBH neurons counteracts the development of hypertension in SHR, accompanied by attenuated sympathetic nerve activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Katsurada
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA
| | - Masanori Nakata
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Saito
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yuko Maejima
- Department of Pharmacology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shyam S Nandi
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA
| | - Neeru M Sharma
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA
| | - Kaushik P Patel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA
| | - Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yada
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan. .,Center for Integrative Physiology, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, 1-5-6 Minatojimaminamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan. .,Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuou-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Raikwar N, Braverman C, Snyder PM, Fenton RA, Meyerholz DK, Abboud FM, Harwani SC. Renal denervation and CD161a immune ablation prevent cholinergic hypertension and renal sodium retention. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H517-H530. [PMID: 31172810 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00234.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic receptor activation leads to premature development of hypertension and infiltration of proinflammatory CD161a+/CD68+ M1 macrophages into the renal medulla. Renal inflammation is implicated in renal sodium retention and the development of hypertension. Renal denervation is known to decrease renal inflammation. The objective of this study was to determine the role of CD161a+/CD68+ macrophages and renal sympathetic nerves in cholinergic-hypertension and renal sodium retention. Bilateral renal nerve denervation (RND) and immune ablation of CD161a+ immune cells were performed in young prehypertensive spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) followed by infusion of either saline or nicotine (15 mg·kg-1·day-1) for 2 wk. Immune ablation was conducted by injection of unconjugated azide-free antibody targeting rat CD161a+. Blood pressure was monitored by tail cuff plethysmography. Tissues were harvested at the end of infusion. Nicotine induced premature hypertension, renal expression of the sodium-potassium chloride cotransporter (NKCC2), increases in renal sodium retention, and infiltration of CD161a+/CD68+ macrophages into the renal medulla. All of these effects were abrogated by RND and ablation of CD161a+ immune cells. Cholinergic activation of CD161a+ immune cells with nicotine leads to the premature development of hypertension in SHR. The effects of renal sympathetic nerves on chemotaxis of CD161a+ macrophages to the renal medulla, increased renal expression of NKCC2, and renal sodium retention contribute to cholinergic hypertension. The CD161a+ immune cells are necessary and essential for this prohypertensive nicotine-mediated inflammatory response.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study that describes a novel integrative physiological interaction between the adrenergic, cholinergic, and renal systems in the development of hypertension, describing data for the role of each in a genetic model of essential hypertension. Noteworthy findings include the prevention of nicotine-mediated hypertension following successful immune ablation of CD161a+ immune cells and the necessary role these cells play in the overexpression of the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter (NKCC2) in the renal medulla and renal sodium retention. Renal infiltration of these cells is demonstrated to be dependent on the presence of renal adrenergic innervation. These data offer a fertile ground of therapeutic potential for the treatment of hypertension as well as open the door for further investigation into the mechanism involved in inflammation-mediated renal sodium transporter expression. Taken together, these findings suggest immune therapy, renal denervation, and, possibly, other new molecular targets as having a potential role in the development and maintenance of essential hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Raikwar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Cameron Braverman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Peter M Snyder
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Robert A Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Division of Comparative Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Francois M Abboud
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Sailesh C Harwani
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Center for Immunology and Immune Mediated Diseases, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nunes KP, de Oliveira AA, Lima VV, Webb RC. Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Blood Pressure: Lessons From Animal Studies. Front Physiol 2019; 10:655. [PMID: 31191352 PMCID: PMC6549540 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenia Pedrosa Nunes
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, United States
| | - Amanda Almeida de Oliveira
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, United States
| | - Victor Vitorino Lima
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
| | - R. Clinton Webb
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Affiliation(s)
- Barry London
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gogulamudi VR, Mani I, Subramanian U, Pandey KN. Genetic disruption of Npr1 depletes regulatory T cells and provokes high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and fibrosis in the kidneys of female mutant mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 316:F1254-F1272. [PMID: 30943067 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00621.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the effects of gene knockout of guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A (GC-A/NPRA) on immunogenic responses affecting kidney function and blood pressure (BP) in Npr1 (coding for GC-A/NPRA)-null mutant mice. We used female Npr1 gene-disrupted (Npr1-/-, 0 copy), heterozygous (Npr1+/-, 1 copy), wild-type (Npr1+/+, 2 copy), and gene-duplicated (Npr1++/++, 4 copy) mice. Expression levels of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2/TLR4 mRNA were increased 4- to 5-fold in 1-copy mice and 6- to 10-fold in 0-copy mice; protein levels were increased 2.5- to 3-fold in 1-copy mice and 4- to 5-fold in 0-copy mice. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines and BP was significantly elevated in 1-copy and 0-copy mice compared with 2-copy and 4-copy mice. In addition, 0-copy and 1-copy mice exhibited drastic reductions in regulatory T cells (Tregs). After rapamycin treatment, Tregs were increased by 17% (P < 0.001) in 0-copy mice and 8% (P < 0.001) in 1-copy mice. Renal mRNA and protein levels of TLR2 and TLR4 were decreased by 70% in 0-copy mice and 50% in 1-copy mice. There were significantly higher levels of Tregs and very low levels of TLR2/TLR4 expression in 4-copy mice (P < 0.001). These findings indicate that the disruption of Npr1 in female mice triggers renal immunogenic pathways, which transactivate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and renal fibrosis with elevated BP in mutant animals. The data suggest that rapamycin treatment attenuates proinflammatory cytokine expression, dramatically increases anti-inflammatory cytokines, and substantially reduces BP and renal fibrosis in mutant animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Indra Mani
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Umadevi Subramanian
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kailash N Pandey
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Barrows IR, Ramezani A, Raj DS. Inflammation, Immunity, and Oxidative Stress in Hypertension-Partners in Crime? Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2019; 26:122-130. [PMID: 31023446 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is considered as the most common risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Inflammatory processes link hypertension and cardiovascular disease, and participate in their pathophysiology. In recent years, there has been an increase in research focused on unraveling the role of inflammation and immune activation in development and maintenance of hypertension. Although inflammation is known to be associated with hypertension, whether inflammation is a cause or effect of hypertension remains to be elucidated. This review describes the recent studies that link inflammation and hypertension and demonstrate the involvement of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction-two of the key processes in the development of hypertension. Etiology of hypertension, including novel immune cell subtypes, cytokines, toll-like receptors, inflammasomes, and gut microbiome, found to be associated with inflammation and hypertension are summarized and discussed. Most recent findings in this field are presented with special emphasis on potential of anti-inflammatory drugs and statins for treatment of hypertension.
Collapse
|
36
|
Singh MV, Cicha MZ, Nunez S, Meyerholz DK, Chapleau MW, Abboud FM. Angiotensin II-induced hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy are differentially mediated by TLR3- and TLR4-dependent pathways. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H1027-H1038. [PMID: 30793936 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00697.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are key components of the innate immune system that elicit inflammatory responses through the adaptor proteins myeloid differentiation protein 88 (MyD88) and Toll-interleukin receptor domain-containing adaptor protein-inducing interferon-β (TRIF). Previously, we demonstrated that TRIF mediates the signaling of angiotensin II (ANG II)- induced hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. Since TRIF is activated selectively by TLR3 and TLR4, our goals in this study were to determine the roles of TLR3 and TLR4 in mediating ANG II-induced hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy, and associated changes in proinflammatory gene expression in heart and kidney. In wild-type (WT) mice, ANG II infusion (1,000 ng·kg-1·min-1 for 3 wk) increased systolic blood pressure and caused cardiac hypertrophy. In ANG II-infused TLR4-deficient mice (Tlr4del), hypertrophy was significantly attenuated despite a preserved or enhanced hypertensive response. In contrast, in TLR3-deficient mice (Tlr3-/-), both ANG II-induced hypertension and hypertrophy were abrogated. In WT mice, ANG II increased the expression of several proinflammatory genes in hearts and kidneys that were attenuated in both TLR4- and TLR3-deficient mice compared with WT. We conclude that ANG II activates both TLR4-TRIF and TLR3-TRIF pathways in a nonredundant manner whereby hypertension is dependent on activation of the TLR3-TRIF pathway and cardiac hypertrophy is dependent on both TLR3-TRIF and TLR4-TRIF pathways. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced hypertension is dependent on the endosomal Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-Toll-interleukin receptor domain-containing adaptor protein-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) pathway of the innate immune system but not on cell membrane localized TLR4. However, ANG II-induced cardiac hypertrophy is regulated by both TLR4-TRIF and TLR3-TRIF pathways. Thus, ANG II-induced rise in systolic blood pressure is independent of TLR4-TRIF effect on cardiac hypertrophy. The TLR3-TRIF pathway may be a potential target of therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhu V Singh
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Michael Z Cicha
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Sarah Nunez
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Mark W Chapleau
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - François M Abboud
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Current Opinion for Hypertension in Renal Fibrosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1165:37-47. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
38
|
Lee H, Kim KC, Hong YM. Changes of Bax, Bcl-2, CCR-2, MCP-1, and TGF-β1 genes in the left ventricle of spontaneously hypertensive rat after losartan treatment. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2018; 62:95-101. [PMID: 30360036 PMCID: PMC6434229 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2018.06856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Increased apoptosis was recently found in the hypertrophied left ventricle of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Although the available evidence suggests that apoptosis can be induced in cardiac cells by various insults including pressure overload, cardiac apoptosis appears to result from an exaggerated local production of angiotensin in adult SHRs. Altered expressions of Bcl associated X (Bax), Bcl-2, chemokine receptor (CCR)-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (PERK), and connexin 43 proteins, and kallikrein mRNA were investigated to explore the effects of losartan on the SHR model. Methods Twelve-week-old male rats were grouped as follows: control (C), SHR (hypertension: H), and losartan (L; SHRs were treated with losartan [10 mg/kg/day] for 5 weeks). Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays were performed. Results Expression of Bax, CCR-2, MCP-1, TGF-β1, PERK, and connexin 43 proteins, and kallikrein mRNA was significantly increased in the H group compared to that in the C group at weeks 3 and 5. Expression of Bax, CCR-2, MCP-1, TGF-β1, and connexin 43 proteins and kallikrein mRNA was significantly decreased after losartan treatment at week 5. PERK protein expression was significantly decreased after losartan treatment at weeks 3 and 5. Bcl-2 protein expression was significantly decreased in the H group compared to that in the C group at weeks 3 and 5. Conclusion Losartan treatment reduced expression of Bax, CCR-2, MCP-1, TGF-β1, PERK, and connexin 43 proteins, and kallikrein mRNA in SHRs, along with decreased inflammation and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeryon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwan Chang Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ewha Womans University School of College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Mi Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of College, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Balasubbramanian D, Lopez Gelston CA, Rutkowski JM, Mitchell BM. Immune cell trafficking, lymphatics and hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1978-1988. [PMID: 29797446 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated immune cell infiltration into organs contributes to the development and maintenance of hypertension. Studies targeting specific immune cell populations or reducing their inflammatory signalling have demonstrated a reduction in BP. Lymphatic vessels play a key role in immune cell trafficking and in resolving inflammation, but little is known about their role in hypertension. Studies from our laboratory and others suggest that inflammation-associated or induction of lymphangiogenesis is organ protective and anti-hypertensive. This review provides the basis for hypertension as a disease of chronic inflammation in various tissues and highlights how renal lymphangiogenesis is a novel regulator of kidney health and BP. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph M Rutkowski
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Brett M Mitchell
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Association between exposure to noise and risk of hypertension: a meta-analysis of observational epidemiological studies. J Hypertens 2018; 35:2358-2366. [PMID: 28806352 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An increasing amount of original studies suggested that exposure to noise could be associated with the risk of hypertension, but the results remain inconsistent and inconclusive. We aimed to synthesize available epidemiological evidence about the relationship between various types of noise and hypertension, and to explore the potential dose-response relationship between them in an up-to-date meta-analysis. METHODS We conducted a literature search of PubMed and Embase from these databases' inception through December 2016 to identify observational epidemiological studies examining the association between noise and risk of hypertension. A random effects model was used to combine the results of included studies. Dose-response meta-analysis was conducted to examine the potential dose-response relationship. RESULTS In total, 32 studies (five cohort studies, one case-control study, and 26 cross-section studies) involving 264 678 participants were eligible for inclusion. Pooled result showed that living or working in environment with noise exposure was significantly associated with increased risk of hypertension (odds ratio 1.62; 95% confidence interval: 1.40-1.88). We found no evidence of a curve linear association between noise and risk of hypertension. A dose-response analysis suggested that, for an increment of per 10 dB(A) of noise, the combined odds ratio of hypertension was 1.06 (95% confidence interval: 1.04-1.08). CONCLUSION Integrated epidemiological evidence supports the hypothesis that exposure to noise may be a risk factor of hypertension, and there is a positive dose-response association between them.
Collapse
|
41
|
Wang ML, Kang YM, Li XG, Su Q, Li HB, Liu KL, Fu LY, Saahene RO, Li Y, Tan H, Yu XJ. Central blockade of NLRP3 reduces blood pressure via regulating inflammation microenvironment and neurohormonal excitation in salt-induced prehypertensive rats. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:95. [PMID: 29573749 PMCID: PMC5866519 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease. We determined whether nod-like receptor with pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) involved in the process of prehypertension, central blockade of NLRP3 decreased inflammation reaction, regulated neurohormonal excitation, and delayed the progression of prehypertension. METHODS Prehypertensive rats were induced by 8% salt diet. The rats on high-salt diet for 1 month were administered a specific NLRP3 blocker in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) for 4 weeks. ELISA, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry were used to measure NLRP3 cascade proteins, pro-inflammation cytokines (PICs), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3 (CXCR3), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), neurotransmitters, and leukocytes count detection, respectively. RESULTS NLRP3 expression in PVN was increased significantly in prehypertensive rats, accompanied by increased number of microglia, CD4+, CD8+ T cell, and CD8+ microglia. Expressions of PICs, CCL2, CXCR3, and VCAM-1 significantly increased. The balance between 67-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was damaged. Plasma norepinephrine (NE) in prehypertensive rats was increased and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was reduced. NLRP3 blockade significantly decreased blood pressure, reduced PICs, CCL2, VCAM-1 expression in PVN, and restored neurotransmitters. Blood pressure and inflammatory markers were upregulated after termination of central blockage NLRP3. CONCLUSIONS Salt-induced prehypertension is partly due to the role of NLRP3 in PVN. Blockade of brain NLRP3 attenuates prehypertensive response, possibly via downregulating the cascade reaction triggered by inflammation and restoring the balance of neurotransmitters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Lin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, People's Hospital of Baoan District, Shenzhen, 518100, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Li-Yan Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Roland Osei Saahene
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hong Tan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Department of Pathology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Harwani SC. Macrophages under pressure: the role of macrophage polarization in hypertension. Transl Res 2018; 191:45-63. [PMID: 29172035 PMCID: PMC5733698 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a multifactorial disease involving the nervous, renal, and cardiovascular systems. Macrophages are the most abundant and ubiquitous immune cells, placing them in a unique position to serve as key mediators between these components. The polarization of macrophages confers vast phenotypic and functional plasticity, allowing them to act as proinflammatory, homeostatic, and anti-inflammatory agents. Key differences between the M1 and M2 phenotypes, the 2 subsets at the extremes of this polarization spectrum, place macrophages at a juncture to mediate many mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Neuronal and non-neuronal regulation of the immune system, that is, the "neuroimmuno" axis, plays an integral role in the polarization of macrophages. In hypertension, the neuroimmuno axis results in synchronization of macrophage mobilization from immune cell reservoirs and their chemotaxis, via increased expression of chemoattractants, to end organs critical in the development of hypertension. This complicated system is largely coordinated by the dichotomous actions of the autonomic neuronal and non-neuronal activation of cholinergic, adrenergic, and neurohormonal receptors on macrophages, leading to their ability to "switch" between phenotypes at sites of active inflammation. Data from experimental models and human studies are in concordance with each other and support a central role for macrophage polarization in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sailesh C Harwani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City, IA; Center for Immunology and Immune Based Diseases, Iowa City, IA; Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Iowa City, Io.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Liu C, Zhou MS, Li Y, Wang A, Chadipiralla K, Tian R, Raij L. Oral nicotine aggravates endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation in diet-induced obese rats: Role of macrophage TNFα. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188439. [PMID: 29236702 PMCID: PMC5728478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and cigarette smoke are major cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and, when coexisting in the same individuals, have additive/synergistic effects upon CVD. We studied the mechanisms involved in nicotine enhancement of CVD in Sprague Dawley rats with diet–induced obesity. The rats were fed either a high fat (HFD) or normal rat chow diet with or without nicotine (100 mg/L in drinking water) for 20 weeks. HFD rats developed central obesity, increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), aortic superoxide (O2-) production, and impaired endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine (EDR). Nicotine further increased SBP, O2- and impaired eNOS and EDR in obese rats. In the peritoneal macrophages from obese rats, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, interleukin 1β and CD36 were increased, and were further increased in nicotine-treated obese rats. Using PCR array we found that 3 of 84 target proinflammatory genes were increased by 2–4 fold in the aorta of obese rats, 11 of the target genes were further increased in nicotine-treated obese rats. HUVECs, incubated with conditioned medium from the peritoneal macrophages of nicotine treated-obese rats, exhibited reduced eNOS and increased NADPH oxidase subunits gp91phox and p22phox expression. Those effects were partially prevented by adding anti-TNFα antibody to the conditioned medium. Our results suggest that nicotine aggravates the CV effects of diet–induced obesity including the oxidative stress, vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. The underlying mechanisms may involve in targeting endothelium by enhancement of macrophage-derived TNFα.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, P.R. of China
| | - Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. of China
- Department of Physiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, P.R. of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Physiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, P.R. of China
| | - Aimei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, P.R. of China
| | - Kiranmai Chadipiralla
- Nephrology-Hypertension Section, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami VAMC, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Runxia Tian
- Nephrology-Hypertension Section, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami VAMC, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Leopoldo Raij
- Nephrology-Hypertension Section, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami VAMC, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abboud FM, Singh MV. Autonomic regulation of the immune system in cardiovascular diseases. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2017; 41:578-593. [PMID: 29138216 PMCID: PMC6105770 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00061.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system is a powerful regulator of circulatory adjustments to acute hemodynamic stresses. Here we focus on new concepts that emphasize the chronic influence of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on cardiovascular pathology. The autonomic neurohumoral system can dramatically influence morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease through newly discovered influences on the innate and adaptive immune systems. Specifically, the end-organ damage in heart failure or hypertension may be worsened or alleviated by pro- or anti-inflammatory pathways of the immune system, respectively, that are activated through neurohumoral transmitters. These concepts provide a major new perspective on potentially life-saving therapeutic interventions in the deadliest of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François M Abboud
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Madhu V Singh
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
The link between inappropriate salt retention in the kidney and hypertension is well recognized. However, growing evidence suggests that the immune system can play surprising roles in sodium homeostasis, such that the study of inflammatory cells and their secreted effectors has provided important insights into salt sensitivity. As part of the innate immune system, myeloid cells have diverse roles in blood pressure regulation, ranging from prohypertensive actions in the kidney, vasculature, and brain, to effects in the skin that attenuate blood pressure elevation. In parallel, T lymphocyte subsets, as key constituents of the adaptive immune compartment, have variable effects on renal sodium handling and the hypertensive response, accruing from the functions of the cytokines that they produce. Conversely, salt can directly modulate the phenotypes of myeloid and T cells, illustrating bidirectional regulatory mechanisms through which sodium and the immune system coordinately impact blood pressure. This review details the complex interplay between myeloid cells, T cells, and salt in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Justin Rucker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA; .,Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
| | - Nathan P Rudemiller
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA; .,Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
| | - Steven D Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA; .,Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
DeBerge M, Zhang S, Glinton K, Grigoryeva L, Hussein I, Vorovich E, Ho K, Luo X, Thorp EB. Efferocytosis and Outside-In Signaling by Cardiac Phagocytes. Links to Repair, Cellular Programming, and Intercellular Crosstalk in Heart. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1428. [PMID: 29163503 PMCID: PMC5671945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic sensing and engulfment of dying cells and extracellular bodies initiate an intracellular signaling cascade within the phagocyte that can polarize cellular function and promote communication with neighboring non-phagocytes. Accumulating evidence links phagocytic signaling in the heart to cardiac development, adult myocardial homeostasis, and the resolution of cardiac inflammation of infectious, ischemic, and aging-associated etiology. Phagocytic clearance in the heart may be carried out by professional phagocytes, such as macrophages, and non-professional cells, including myofibrolasts and potentially epithelial cells. During cardiac development, phagocytosis initiates growth cues for early cardiac morphogenesis. In diseases of aging, including myocardial infarction, heightened levels of cell death require efficient phagocytic debridement to salvage further loss of terminally differentiated adult cardiomyocytes. Additional risk factors, including insulin resistance and other systemic risk factors, contribute to inefficient phagocytosis, altered phagocytic signaling, and delayed cardiac inflammation resolution. Under such conditions, inflammatory presentation of myocardial antigen may lead to autoimmunity and even possible rejection of transplanted heart allografts. Increased understanding of these basic mechanisms offers therapeutic opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew DeBerge
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kristofor Glinton
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Luba Grigoryeva
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Islam Hussein
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Esther Vorovich
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Karen Ho
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xunrong Luo
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Edward B Thorp
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
The Role of Toll-Like Receptors and Vitamin D in Cardiovascular Diseases-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112252. [PMID: 29077004 PMCID: PMC5713222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Therefore, a better understanding of their pathomechanisms and the subsequent implementation of optimal prophylactic and therapeutic strategies are of utmost importance. A growing body of evidence states that low-grade inflammation is a common feature for most of the cardiovascular diseases in which the contributing factors are the activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and vitamin D deficiency. In this article, available data concerning the association of cardiovascular diseases with TLRs and vitamin D status are reviewed, followed by a discussion of new possible approaches to cardiovascular disease management.
Collapse
|
48
|
Lopez Gelston CA, Mitchell BM. Recent Advances in Immunity and Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2017; 30:643-652. [PMID: 28200062 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpx011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent immune system activation plays an important role in the development of various forms of hypertension. Activation of the innate immune system, inflammation, and subsequent adaptive immune system response causing end-organ injury and dysfunction ultimately leads to hypertension and its associated sequelae including coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke, and chronic kidney disease. In this review, we will provide updates on the innate and adaptive immune cells involved in hypertension, the current understanding of how the immune system gets activated, and examine the recently discovered mechanisms involved in several forms of experimental hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catalina A Lopez Gelston
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Brett M Mitchell
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Pons H, Johnson RJ. Role of the Immune System in Hypertension. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1127-1164. [PMID: 28566539 PMCID: PMC6151499 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High blood pressure is present in more than one billion adults worldwide and is the most important modifiable risk factor of death resulting from cardiovascular disease. While many factors contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension, a role of the immune system has been firmly established by a large number of investigations from many laboratories around the world. Immunosuppressive drugs and inhibition of individual cytokines prevent or ameliorate experimental hypertension, and studies in genetically-modified mouse strains have demonstrated that lymphocytes are necessary participants in the development of hypertension and in hypertensive organ injury. Furthermore, immune reactivity may be the driving force of hypertension in autoimmune diseases. Infiltration of immune cells, oxidative stress, and stimulation of the intrarenal angiotensin system are induced by activation of the innate and adaptive immunity. High blood pressure results from the combined effects of inflammation-induced impairment in the pressure natriuresis relationship, dysfunctional vascular relaxation, and overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. Imbalances between proinflammatory effector responses and anti-inflammatory responses of regulatory T cells to a large extent determine the severity of inflammation. Experimental and human studies have uncovered autoantigens (isoketal-modified proteins and heat shock protein 70) of potential clinical relevance. Further investigations on the immune reactivity in hypertension may result in the identification of new strategies for the treatment of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe
- Renal Service, Hospital Universitario, Universidad del Zulia, and Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC)-Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela; and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Anschutz Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Hector Pons
- Renal Service, Hospital Universitario, Universidad del Zulia, and Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC)-Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela; and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Anschutz Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Renal Service, Hospital Universitario, Universidad del Zulia, and Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC)-Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela; and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Anschutz Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Balasubbramanian D, Gelston CAL, Mitchell BM, Chatterjee P. Toll-like receptor activation, vascular endothelial function, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Pharmacol Res 2017; 121:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|