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Hu R, Morley MP, Brandimarto J, Tucker NR, Parsons VA, Zhao SD, Meder B, Katus HA, Rühle F, Stoll M, Villard E, Cambien F, Lin H, Smith NL, Felix JF, Vasan RS, van der Harst P, Newton-Cheh C, Li J, Kim CE, Hakonarson H, Hannenhalli S, Ashley EA, Moravec CS, Tang WHW, Maillet M, Molkentin JD, Ellinor PT, Margulies KB, Cappola TP. Genetic Reduction in Left Ventricular Protein Kinase C-α and Adverse Ventricular Remodeling in Human Subjects. CIRCULATION-GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2019. [PMID: 29540468 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.117.001901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of PKC-α (protein kinase C-α) enhances contractility and cardioprotection in animal models, but effects in humans are unknown. Genotypes at rs9912468 strongly associate with PRKCA expression in the left ventricle, enabling genetic approaches to measure effects of reduced PKC-α in human populations. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed the cis expression quantitative trait locus for PRKCA marked by rs9912468 using 313 left ventricular specimens from European Ancestry patients. The forward strand minor allele (G) at rs9912468 is associated with reduced PKC-α transcript abundance (1.7-fold reduction in minor allele homozygotes, P=1×10-41). This association was cardiac specific in expression quantitative trait locus data sets that span 16 human tissues. Cardiac epigenomic data revealed a predicted enhancer in complete (R2=1.0) linkage disequilibrium with rs9912468 within intron 2 of PRKCA. We cloned this region and used reporter constructs to verify cardiac-specific enhancer activity in vitro in cardiac and noncardiac cells and in vivo in zebrafish. The PRKCA enhancer contains 2 common genetic variants and 4 haplotypes; the haplotype correlated with the rs9912468 PKC-α-lowering allele (G) showed lowest activity. In contrast to previous reports in animal models, the PKC-α-lowering allele is associated with adverse left ventricular remodeling (higher mass, larger diastolic dimension), reduced fractional shortening, and higher risk of dilated cardiomyopathy in human populations. CONCLUSIONS These findings support PKC-α as a regulator of the human heart but suggest that PKC-α inhibition may adversely affect the left ventricle depending on timing and duration. Pharmacological studies in human subjects are required to discern potential benefits and harms of PKC-α inhibitors as an approach to treat heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Hu
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Michael P Morley
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Jeffrey Brandimarto
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Nathan R Tucker
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Victoria A Parsons
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Sihai D Zhao
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Benjamin Meder
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Hugo A Katus
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Frank Rühle
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Monika Stoll
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Eric Villard
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - François Cambien
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Honghuang Lin
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Nicholas L Smith
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Janine F Felix
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Pim van der Harst
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Christopher Newton-Cheh
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Jin Li
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Cecilia E Kim
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Sridhar Hannenhalli
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Euan A Ashley
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Christine S Moravec
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Marjorie Maillet
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Kenneth B Margulies
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.)
| | - Thomas P Cappola
- From the Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.H., M.P.M., J.B., K.B.M., T.P.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center (N.R.T., V.A.P., P.T.E.) and Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center (C.N.-C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (S.D.Z.); Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (B.M., H.A.K.); Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Germany (F.R., M.S.); INSERM UMRS1166-IACN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (E.V., F.C.); Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (H.L.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.L.S.); Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.F.F.); Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.S.V.); Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (P.v.d.H.); Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (C.N.-C.); Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.L., C.E.K., H.H.); Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park (S.H.); Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.A.A.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (C.S.M., W.H.W.T.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.M., J.D.M.).
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