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Huang S, Lin Y, Deng Q, Zhang Y, Peng S, Qiu Y, Huang W, Wang Z, Lai X. Suppression of OGN in lung myofibroblasts attenuates pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting integrin αv-mediated TGF-β/Smad pathway activation. Matrix Biol 2024:S0945-053X(24)00092-1. [PMID: 39019241 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) represents a severe and progressive manifestation of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia marked by an uncertain etiology along with an unfavorable prognosis. Osteoglycin (OGN), belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycans family, assumes pivotal functions in both tissue formation and damage response. However, the roles and potential mechanisms of OGN in the context of lung fibrosis remain unexplored. METHODS The assessment of OGN expression levels in fibrotic lungs was conducted across various experimental lung fibrosis mouse models. To elucidate the effects of OGN on the differentiation of lung myofibroblasts, both OGN knockdown and OGN overexpression were employed in vitro. The expression of integrin αv, along with its colocalization with lysosomes and latency-associated peptide (LAP), was monitored in OGN-knockdown lung myofibroblasts. Furthermore, the role of OGN in lung fibrosis was investigated through OGN knockdown utilizing adeno-related virus serotype 6 (AAV6)-mediated delivery. RESULTS OGN exhibited upregulation in both lungs and myofibroblasts across diverse lung fibrosis mouse models. And laboratory experiments in vitro demonstrated that OGN knockdown inhibited the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in lung myofibroblasts. Conversely, OGN overexpression promoted TGF-β/Smad pathway in these cells. Mechanistic insights revealed that OGN knockdown facilitated lysosome-mediated degradation of integrin αv while inhibiting its binding to latency-associated peptide (LAP). Remarkably, AAV6-targeted OGN knockdown ameliorated the extent of lung fibrosis in experimental mouse models. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that inhibiting OGN signaling could serve as a promising therapeutic way for lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwen Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanjia Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Senyi Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqi Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhongxing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaofan Lai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Idris T, Bachmann M, Bacchetta M, Wehrle-Haller B, Chanson M, Badaoui M. Akt-driven TGF-β and DKK1 Secretion Impairs F508del Cystic Fibrosis Airway Epithelium Polarity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2024; 71:81-94. [PMID: 38531016 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0408oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial polarity is fundamental in maintaining barrier integrity and tissue protection. In cystic fibrosis (CF), apicobasal polarity of the airway epithelium is altered, resulting in increased apical fibronectin deposition and enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infections. Here, we evaluated the effect of highly effective modulator treatment (HEMT) on fibronectin apical deposition and investigated the intracellular mechanisms triggering the defect in polarity of the CF airway epithelium. To this end, primary cultures of CF (F508del variant) human airway epithelial cells (HAECs) and a HAEC line, Calu-3, knocked down for CFTR (CF transmembrane conductance regulator) were compared with control counterparts. We show that CFTR mutation in primary HAECs and CFTR knockdown cells promote the overexpression and oversecretion of TGF-β1 and DKK1 when cultured at an air-liquid interface. These dynamic changes result in hyperactivation of the TGF-β pathway and inhibition of the Wnt pathway through degradation of β-catenin leading to imbalanced proliferation and polarization. The abnormal interplay between TGF-β and Wnt signaling pathways is reinforced by aberrant Akt signaling. Pharmacological manipulation of TGF-β, Wnt, and Akt pathways restored polarization of the F508del CF epithelium, a correction that was not achieved by HEMT. Our data shed new insights into the signaling pathways that fine-tune apicobasal polarization in primary airway epithelial cells and may provide an explanation to the mitigated efficacy of HEMT on lung infection in people with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Idris
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism
| | | | | | | | - Marc Chanson
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology, and Obstetrics, and
- Geneva Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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3
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Zhang Z, Wang Z, Liu T, Tang J, Liu Y, Gou T, Chen K, Wang L, Zhang J, Yang Y, Zhang H. Exploring the role of ITGB6: fibrosis, cancer, and other diseases. Apoptosis 2024; 29:570-585. [PMID: 38127283 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01921-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Integrin β6 (ITGB6), a member of the integrin family of proteins, is only present in epithelial tissues and frequently associates with integrin subunit αv to form transmembrane heterodimers named integrin αvβ6. Importantly, ITGB6 determines αvβ6 expression and availability. In addition to being engaged in organ fibrosis, ITGB6 is also directly linked to the emergence of cancer, periodontitis, and several potential genetic diseases. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the molecular-biological mechanism of ITGB6, which could provide novel insights for future clinical diagnosis and therapy. This review introduces the structure, distribution, and biological function of ITGB6. This review also expounds on ITGB6-related diseases, detailing the known biological effects of ITGB6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Central Theater Command General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, 627 Wuluo Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jiayou Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Tiantian Gou
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Kangli Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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4
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Calver JF, Parmar NR, Harris G, Lithgo RM, Stylianou P, Zetterberg FR, Gooptu B, Mackinnon AC, Carr SB, Borthwick LA, Scott DJ, Stewart ID, Slack RJ, Jenkins RG, John AE. Defining the mechanism of galectin-3-mediated TGF-β1 activation and its role in lung fibrosis. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107300. [PMID: 38641066 PMCID: PMC11134550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrin-mediated activation of the profibrotic mediator transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), plays a critical role in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) pathogenesis. Galectin-3 is believed to contribute to the pathological wound healing seen in IPF, although its mechanism of action is not precisely defined. We hypothesized that galectin-3 potentiates TGF-β1 activation and/or signaling in the lung to promote fibrogenesis. We show that galectin-3 induces TGF-β1 activation in human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) and specifically that extracellular galectin-3 promotes oleoyl-L-α-lysophosphatidic acid sodium salt-induced integrin-mediated TGF-β1 activation. Surface plasmon resonance analysis confirmed that galectin-3 binds to αv integrins, αvβ1, αvβ5, and αvβ6, and to the TGFβRII subunit in a glycosylation-dependent manner. This binding is heterogeneous and not a 1:1 binding stoichiometry. Binding interactions were blocked by small molecule inhibitors of galectin-3, which target the carbohydrate recognition domain. Galectin-3 binding to β1 integrin was validated in vitro by coimmunoprecipitation in HLFs. Proximity ligation assays indicated that galectin-3 and β1 integrin colocalize closely (≤40 nm) on the cell surface and that colocalization is increased by TGF-β1 treatment and blocked by galectin-3 inhibitors. In the absence of TGF-β1 stimulation, colocalization was detectable only in HLFs from IPF patients, suggesting the proteins are inherently more closely associated in the disease state. Galectin-3 inhibitor treatment of precision cut lung slices from IPF patients' reduced Col1a1, TIMP1, and hyaluronan secretion to a similar degree as TGF-β type I receptor inhibitor. These data suggest that galectin-3 promotes TGF-β1 signaling and may induce fibrogenesis by interacting directly with components of the TGF-β1 signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Calver
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Galecto Biotech AB, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Nimesh R Parmar
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Roche Products Limited, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Harris
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan M Lithgo
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom; Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Panayiota Stylianou
- Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom; Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bibek Gooptu
- Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom; Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Alison C Mackinnon
- Galecto Biotech AB, Nine Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen B Carr
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lee A Borthwick
- Fibrofind Ltd, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David J Scott
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Iain D Stewart
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Slack
- Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Galecto Biotech AB, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - R Gisli Jenkins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison E John
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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5
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Burgess JK, Gosens R. Mechanotransduction and the extracellular matrix: Key drivers of lung pathologies and drug responsiveness. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116255. [PMID: 38705536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The lung is a biomechanically active organ, with multiscale mechanical forces impacting the organ, tissue and cellular responses within this microenvironment. In chronic lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis and others, the structure of the lung is drastically altered impeding gas exchange. These changes are, in part, reflected in alterations in the composition, amount and organization of the extracellular matrix within the different lung compartments. The transmission of mechanical forces within lung tissue are broadcast by this complex mix of extracellular matrix components, in particular the collagens, elastin and proteoglycans and the crosslinking of these components. At both a macro and a micro level, the mechanical properties of the microenvironment have a key regulatory role in ascertaining cellular responses and the function of the lung. Cells adhere to, and receive signals from, the extracellular matrix through a number of different surface receptors and complexes which are important for mechanotransduction. This review summarizes the multiscale mechanics in the lung and how the mechanical environment changes in lung disease and aging. We then examine the role of mechanotransduction in driving cell signaling events in lung diseases and finish with a future perspective of the need to consider how such forces may impact pharmacological responsiveness in lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette K Burgess
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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6
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Zhang Y, Chen Z, Shen Z, Qian D, Wang G, Wang X, Xi S, Wang X. ITGB6 promotes pancreatic fibrosis and aggravates the malignant process of pancreatic cancer via JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03003-z. [PMID: 38418753 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Integrin β6 (ITGB6) is upregulated in multiple tumor types and elevated ITGB6 levels have been detected in patients with chronic pancreatitis. However, the role of ITGB6 in pancreatic fibrosis and cancer remains to be elucidated. In the present study, ITGB6 expression was assessed using western blotting and qRT-PCR. Besides, cell proliferation, cycling, migration, and invasion were evaluated using CCK-8, flow cytometry, wound healing, and transwell assays, respectively. The expression of fibrosis and JAK2/STAT3 signaling markers was detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis. Moreover, nude mice were subcutaneously injected with co-cultured cell suspensions to establish an in vivo model. The results showed that ITGB6 was highly expressed in pancreatic cancer tissues and TGF-β-induced pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). Inhibition of ITGB6 expression in PSCs resulted in clear inhibition of activated PSC proliferation, migration, and fibrogenesis. Additionally, reduced ITGB6 expression inhibits the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Interestingly, activators of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway reversed the effects of ITGB6 disruption on PSCs. Activated PSCs notably promoted the proliferation, invasion, and migration of pancreatic cancer cells in a co-culture assay. In contrast, activated PSCs with low ITGB6 expression failed to significantly affect the malignancy of pancreatic cancer cells. Moreover, in vivo results showed that interference with ITGB6 inhibited the activation of PSCs and promoted the development of pancreatic cancer. Silencing ITGB6 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and fibrosis-like effects of activated PSCs and indirectly inhibited the metastasis and malignant process of pancreatic cancer by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Therefore, ITGB6 is a potential candidate target for pancreatic cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, People's Republic of China
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Lu'an Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, The Lu'an People's Hospital, Lu'an, Anhui, 237005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No.2 Zheshan West Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengchao Shen
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No.2 Zheshan West Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, People's Republic of China
| | - Daohai Qian
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No.2 Zheshan West Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guannan Wang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No.2 Zheshan West Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No.2 Zheshan West Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihang Xi
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No.2 Zheshan West Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No.2 Zheshan West Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, People's Republic of China.
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Kolanko E, Cargnoni A, Papait A, Silini AR, Czekaj P, Parolini O. The evolution of in vitro models of lung fibrosis: promising prospects for drug discovery. Eur Respir Rev 2024; 33:230127. [PMID: 38232990 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0127-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung fibrosis is a complex process, with unknown underlying mechanisms, involving various triggers, diseases and stimuli. Different cell types (epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and macrophages) interact dynamically through multiple signalling pathways, including biochemical/molecular and mechanical signals, such as stiffness, affecting cell function and differentiation. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common fibrosing interstitial lung disease (fILD), characterised by a notably high mortality. Unfortunately, effective treatments for advanced fILD, and especially IPF and non-IPF progressive fibrosing phenotype ILD, are still lacking. The development of pharmacological therapies faces challenges due to limited knowledge of fibrosis pathogenesis and the absence of pre-clinical models accurately representing the complex features of the disease. To address these challenges, new model systems have been developed to enhance the translatability of preclinical drug testing and bridge the gap to human clinical trials. The use of two- and three-dimensional in vitro cultures derived from healthy or diseased individuals allows for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms responsible for lung fibrosis. Additionally, microfluidics systems, which replicate the respiratory system's physiology ex vivo, offer promising opportunities for the development of effective therapies, especially for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Kolanko
- Department of Cytophysiology, Katowice Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Anna Cargnoni
- Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Brescia, Italy
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Andrea Papait
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department Life Sciences and Public Health, Roma, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonietta Rosa Silini
- Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Brescia, Italy
| | - Piotr Czekaj
- Department of Cytophysiology, Katowice Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department Life Sciences and Public Health, Roma, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Roma, Italy
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Yi M, Yuan Y, Ma L, Li L, Qin W, Wu B, Zheng B, Liao X, Hu G, Liu B. Inhibition of TGFβ1 activation prevents radiation-induced lung fibrosis. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1546. [PMID: 38239077 PMCID: PMC10797247 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy is the main treatment modality for thoracic tumours, but it may induce pulmonary fibrosis. Currently, the pathogenesis of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) is unclear, and effective treatments are lacking. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) plays a central role in RIPF. We found that activated TGFβ1 had better performance for radiation pneumonitis (RP) risk prediction by detecting activated and total TGFβ1 levels in patient serum. αv integrin plays key roles in TGFβ1 activation, but the role of αv integrin-mediated TGFβ1 activation in RIPF is unclear. Here, we investigated the role of αv integrin-mediated TGFβ1 activation in RIPF and the application of the integrin antagonist cilengitide to prevent RIPF. METHODS ItgavloxP/loxP ;Pdgfrb-Cre mice were generated by conditionally knocking out Itgav in myofibroblasts, and wild-type mice were treated with cilengitide or placebo. All mice received 16 Gy of radiation or underwent a sham radiation procedure. Lung fibrosis was measured by a modified Ashcroft score and microcomputed tomography (CT). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the serum TGFβ1 concentration, and total Smad2/3 and p-Smad2/3 levels were determined via Western blotting. RESULTS Conditional Itgav knockout significantly attenuated RIPF (p < .01). Hounsfield units (HUs) in the lungs were reduced in the knockout mice compared with the control mice (p < .001). Conditional Itgav knockout decreased active TGFβ1 secretion and inhibited fibroblast p-Smad2/3 expression. Exogenous active TGFβ1, but not latent TGFβ1, reversed these reductions. Furthermore, cilengitide treatment elicited similar results and prevented RIPF. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed that conditional Itgav knockout and cilengitide treatment both significantly attenuated RIPF in mice by inhibiting αv integrin-mediated TGFβ1 activation. HIGHLIGHTS Activated TGFβ1 has a superior capacity in predicting radiation pneumonitis (RP) risk and plays a vital role in the development of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF). Conditional knock out Itgav in myofibroblasts prevented mice from developing RIPF. Cilengitide alleviated the development of RIPF by inhibiting αv integrin-mediated TGFβ1 activation and may be used in targeted approaches for preventing RIPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxiao Yi
- Department of OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Ye Yuan
- School of Computer Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Li Ma
- Department of OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Long Li
- Department of OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Wan Qin
- Department of OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Bili Wu
- Department of OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Bolong Zheng
- School of Computer Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xin Liao
- Department of Integrative MedicineTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Guangyuan Hu
- Department of OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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Feng X, Liu X, Xiang J, Xu J, Yin N, Wang L, Liu C, Liu Y, Zhao T, Zhao Z, Gao Y. Exosomal ITGB6 from dormant lung adenocarcinoma cells activates cancer-associated fibroblasts by KLF10 positive feedback loop and the TGF-β pathway. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2023; 12:2520-2537. [PMID: 38205211 PMCID: PMC10775012 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-23-707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Background Dormant cancer cells are commonly known to play a pivotal role in cancer recurrence and metastasis. However, the mechanism of tumor dormancy and recurrence remains largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which exosomes derived from dormant lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells activate cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) to reconstruct the extracellular matrix (ECM), providing a novel idea for decoding the mechanism of tumor dormancy. Methods In this study, high-dose cisplatin was used to induce the dormant LUAD cells. Exosomes were extracted from the culture supernatant of normal and dormant cancer cells. The effects of selected exosomal proteins on the fibroblasts were evaluated. RNA-seq for fibroblasts and exosomal proteomics for normal and dormant cancer cells were used to identify and verify the mechanism of activating fibroblasts. Results We demonstrated that exosomes derived from dormant A549 cells could be taken by fibroblasts. Exosomal ITGB6 transferred into fibroblasts induced the activation of CAFs by activating the KLF10 positive feedback loop and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway. High ITGB6 expression was associated with activation of the TGF-β pathway and ECM remodeling. Conclusions In all, we demonstrated that CAFs were activated by exosomes from dormant lung cancer cells and reconstruct ECM. ITGB6 may be a critical molecule for activating the TGF-β pathway and remodeling ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Feng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianling Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juanjuan Xiang
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Na Yin
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lujuan Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chaoyuan Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuyao Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zengyi Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yawen Gao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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10
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Sofia C, Comes A, Sgalla G, Richeldi L. An update on emerging drugs for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a look towards 2023 and beyond. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2023; 28:283-296. [PMID: 37953604 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2023.2281416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently approved drug treatments for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), pirfenidone and nintedanib, have been shown to slow lung function decline and improve clinical outcomes. Since significant advances in the understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms in IPF, novel potential agents are being tested to identify new targeted and better tolerated therapeutic strategies. AREAS COVERED This review describes the evidence from IPF phase II and III clinical trials that have been completed or are ongoing in recent years. The literature search was performed using Medline and Clinicaltrials.org databases. Particular attention is paid to the new inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4B (BI 1015550), being studied in a more advanced research phase. Some emerging critical issues of the pharmacological research are highlighted considering the recent outstanding failures of several phase III trials. EXPERT OPINION An exponential number of randomized clinical trials are underway testing promising new molecules to increase treatment choices for patients with IPF and improve patients' quality of life. The next goals should aim at a deeper understanding of the pathogenic pathways of the disease with the challenging goal of being able not only to stabilize but also to reverse the ongoing fibrotic process in patients with IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Sofia
- Dipartimento di scienze mediche e chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Comes
- Dipartimento di scienze mediche e chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Sgalla
- Dipartimento di scienze mediche e chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Richeldi
- Dipartimento di scienze mediche e chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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11
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Wan R, Wang L, Zhu M, Li W, Duan Y, Yu G. Cellular Senescence: A Troy Horse in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16410. [PMID: 38003600 PMCID: PMC10671822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic interstitial lung disease characterized by myofibroblast abnormal activation and extracellular matrix deposition. However, the pathogenesis of PF remains unclear, and treatment options are limited. Epidemiological studies have shown that the average age of PF patients is estimated to be over 65 years, and the incidence of the disease increases with age. Therefore, PF is considered an age-related disease. A preliminary study on PF patients demonstrated that the combination therapy of the anti-senescence drugs dasatinib and quercetin improved physical functional indicators. Given the global aging population and the role of cellular senescence in tissue and organ aging, understanding the impact of cellular senescence on PF is of growing interest. This article systematically summarizes the causes and signaling pathways of cellular senescence in PF. It also objectively analyzes the impact of senescence in AECs and fibroblasts on PF development. Furthermore, potential intervention methods targeting cellular senescence in PF treatment are discussed. This review not only provides a strong theoretical foundation for understanding and manipulating cellular senescence, developing new therapies to improve age-related diseases, and extending a healthy lifespan but also offers hope for reversing the toxicity caused by the massive accumulation of senescence cells in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyan Wan
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; (R.W.); (L.W.); (M.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.D.)
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; (R.W.); (L.W.); (M.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.D.)
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; (R.W.); (L.W.); (M.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.D.)
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; (R.W.); (L.W.); (M.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.D.)
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yudi Duan
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; (R.W.); (L.W.); (M.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.D.)
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guoying Yu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; (R.W.); (L.W.); (M.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.D.)
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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12
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Oezel L, Wohltmann M, Gondorf N, Wille J, Güven I, Windolf J, Thelen S, Jaekel C, Grotheer V. Dupuytren's Disease Is Mediated by Insufficient TGF-β1 Release and Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15097. [PMID: 37894778 PMCID: PMC10606262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dupuytren's disease (DD) is a fibroproliferative disorder affecting the palmar fascia, causing functional restrictions of the hand and thereby limiting patients' daily lives. The disturbed and excessive myofibroblastogenesis, causing DD, is mainly induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. But, the extent to which impaired TGF-β1 release or TGF-β signal degradation is involved in pathologically altered myofibroblastogenesis in DD has been barely examined. Therefore, the complex in which TGF-β1 is secreted in the extracellular matrix to elicit its biological activity, and proteins such as plasmin, integrins, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are involved in the TGF-β1 activation, were herein analyzed in DD-fibroblasts (DD-FBs). Additionally, TGF-β signal degradation via caveolin-1 was examined with 5-fluoruracil (5-FU) in detail. Gene expression analysis was performed via Western blot, PCR, and immunofluorescence analyses. As a surrogate parameter for disturbed myofibroblastogenesis, 𝛼-smooth-muscle-actin (𝛼-SMA) expression was evaluated. It was demonstrated that latency-associated peptide (LAP)-TGF-β and latent TGF-β-binding protein (LTBP)-1 involved in TGF-β-complex building were significantly upregulated in DD. Plasmin a serinprotease responsible for the TGF-β release was significantly downregulated. The application of exogenous plasmin was able to inhibit disturbed myofibroblastogenesis, as measured via 𝛼-SMA expression. Furthermore, a reduced TGF-β1 degradation was also involved in the pathological phenotype of DD, because caveolin-1 expression was significantly downregulated, and if rescued, myofibroblastogenesis was also inhibited. Therefore, our study demonstrates that a deficient release and degradation of TGF-β1 are important players in the pathological phenotype of DD and should be addressed in future research studies to improve DD therapy or other related fibrotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carina Jaekel
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (L.O.); (M.W.); (N.G.); (J.W.); (I.G.); (J.W.); (S.T.); (V.G.)
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13
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Ezzo M, Hinz B. Novel approaches to target fibroblast mechanotransduction in fibroproliferative diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 250:108528. [PMID: 37708995 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cells to sense and respond to changes in mechanical environment is vital in conditions of organ injury when the architecture of normal tissues is disturbed or lost. Among the various cellular players that respond to injury, fibroblasts take center stage in re-establishing tissue integrity by secreting and organizing extracellular matrix into stabilizing scar tissue. Activation, activity, survival, and death of scar-forming fibroblasts are tightly controlled by mechanical environment and proper mechanotransduction ensures that fibroblast activities cease after completion of the tissue repair process. Conversely, dysregulated mechanotransduction often results in fibroblast over-activation or persistence beyond the state of normal repair. The resulting pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix is called fibrosis, a condition that has been associated with over 40% of all deaths in the industrialized countries. Consequently, elements in fibroblast mechanotransduction are scrutinized for their suitability as anti-fibrotic therapeutic targets. We review the current knowledge on mechanically relevant factors in the fibroblast extracellular environment, cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion structures, stretch-activated membrane channels, stress-regulated cytoskeletal structures, and co-transcription factors. We critically discuss the targetability of these elements in therapeutic approaches and their progress in pre-clinical and/or clinical trials to treat organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Ezzo
- Keenan Research Institute for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Keenan Research Institute for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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14
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Smith M, Meliopoulos V, Tan S, Bub T, Brigleb PH, Sharp B, Crawford JC, Prater MS, Pruett-Miller SM, Schultz-Cherry S. The β6 Integrin Negatively Regulates TLR7-Mediated Epithelial Immunity via Autophagy During Influenza A Virus Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.28.555098. [PMID: 37693589 PMCID: PMC10491108 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.28.555098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are essential surface receptors that sense extracellular changes to initiate various intracellular signaling cascades. The rapid activation of the epithelial-intrinsic β6 integrin during influenza A virus (IAV) infection has been linked to innate immune impairments. Yet, how β6 regulates epithelial immunity remains undefined. Here, we identify the role of β6 in mediating the Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) through the regulation of intracellular trafficking. We demonstrate that deletion of the β6 integrin in lung epithelial cells significantly enhances the TLR7-mediated activation of the type I interferon (IFN) response during homeostasis and respiratory infection. IAV-induced β6 facilitates TLR7 trafficking to lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP2a) components, leading to a reduction in endosomal compartments and associated TLR7 signaling. Our findings reveal an unappreciated role of β6-induced autophagy in influencing epithelial immune responses during influenza virus infection.
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15
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Hu Q, Saleem K, Pandey J, Charania AN, Zhou Y, He C. Cell Adhesion Molecules in Fibrotic Diseases. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1995. [PMID: 37509634 PMCID: PMC10377070 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis remain incompletely understood. Emerging evidence suggests that cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are critical in fibrotic progression in many organs, including lung, kidney, skin, and liver. CAMs promote cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions to maintain tissue architecture and normal function in homeostasis. However, dysregulated expression and function of CAMs can lead to chronic inflammation and tissue fibrosis. The major families of CAMs include integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulins. Here, we review the role of the CAMs in fibrosis development across various organs with a focus on integrins and cadherins, and discuss their respective roles in the development of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjiang Hu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Komal Saleem
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jyotsana Pandey
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Arzoo N. Charania
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Chao He
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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16
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Galluzzi L, Aryankalayil MJ, Coleman CN, Formenti SC. Emerging evidence for adapting radiotherapy to immunotherapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023:10.1038/s41571-023-00782-x. [PMID: 37280366 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00782-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the clinical management of many malignancies but is infrequently associated with durable objective responses when used as a standalone treatment approach, calling for the development of combinatorial regimens with superior efficacy and acceptable toxicity. Radiotherapy, the most commonly used oncological treatment, has attracted considerable attention as a combination partner for immunotherapy owing to its well-known and predictable safety profile, widespread clinical availability, and potential for immunostimulatory effects. However, numerous randomized clinical trials investigating radiotherapy-immunotherapy combinations have failed to demonstrate a therapeutic benefit compared with either modality alone. Such a lack of interaction might reflect suboptimal study design, choice of end points and/or administration of radiotherapy according to standard schedules and target volumes. Indeed, radiotherapy has empirically evolved towards radiation doses and fields that enable maximal cancer cell killing with manageable toxicity to healthy tissues, without much consideration of potential radiation-induced immunostimulatory effects. Herein, we propose the concept that successful radiotherapy-immunotherapy combinations might require modifications of standard radiotherapy regimens and target volumes to optimally sustain immune fitness and enhance the antitumour immune response in support of meaningful clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Molykutty J Aryankalayil
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C Norman Coleman
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Lückerath K, Trajkovic-Arsic M, Mona CE. Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitor Theranostics. PET Clin 2023:S1556-8598(23)00019-6. [PMID: 36990945 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-radioligand therapy might be effective in some patients without being curative. FAP-radioligands deliver ionizing radiation directly to FAP+ cancer-associated fibroblasts and, in some cancers, to FAP+ tumor cells; in addition, they indirectly irradiate FAP- cells in tumor tissue via cross-fire and bystander effects. Here, we discuss the potential to improve FAP-radioligand therapy through interfering with DNA damage repair, immunotherapy, and co-targeting cancer-associated fibroblasts. As the molecular and cellular effects of FAP-radioligands on the tumor and its microenvironment have not been investigated yet, we call for future research to close this gap in knowledge, which prevents the development of more effective FAP-radioligand therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lückerath
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Marija Trajkovic-Arsic
- Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, DKTK and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Side Essen, Hufelandstrasse 15, 45147, Germany; Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Christine E Mona
- Ahmanson Translational Theranostic Division, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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18
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Guffroy M, Trela B, Kambara T, Stawski L, Chen H, Luus L, Montesinos MS, Olson L, He Y, Maisonave K, Carr T, Lu M, Ray AS, Hazelwood LA. Selective inhibition of integrin αvβ6 leads to rapid induction of urinary bladder tumors in cynomolgus macaques. Toxicol Sci 2023; 191:400-413. [PMID: 36515490 PMCID: PMC9936210 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of a novel and selective small molecule integrin αvβ6 inhibitor, MORF-627, to young cynomolgus monkeys for 28 days resulted in the rapid induction of epithelial proliferative changes in the urinary bladder of 2 animals, in the absence of test agent genotoxicity. Microscopic findings included suburothelial infiltration by irregular nests and/or trabeculae of epithelial cells, variable cytologic atypia, and high mitotic rate, without invasion into the tunica muscularis. Morphologic features and patterns of tumor growth were consistent with a diagnosis of early-stage invasive urothelial carcinoma. Ki67 immunohistochemistry demonstrated diffusely increased epithelial proliferation in the urinary bladder of several monkeys, including those with tumors, and αvβ6 was expressed in some epithelial tissues, including urinary bladder, in monkeys and humans. Spontaneous urothelial carcinomas are extremely unusual in young healthy monkeys, suggesting a direct link of the finding to the test agent. Inhibition of integrin αvβ6 is intended to locally and selectively block transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling, which is implicated in epithelial proliferative disorders. Subsequent in vitro studies using a panel of integrin αvβ6 inhibitors in human bladder epithelial cells replicated the increased urothelial proliferation observed in monkeys and was reversed through exogenous application of TGF-β. Moreover, analysis of in vivo models of liver and lung fibrosis revealed evidence of epithelial hyperplasia and cell cycle dysregulation in mice treated with integrin αvβ6 or TGF-β receptor I inhibitors. The cumulative evidence suggests a direct link between integrin αvβ6 inhibition and decreased TGF-β signaling in the local bladder environment, with implications for epithelial proliferation and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce Trela
- AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | | | - Lukasz Stawski
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Huidong Chen
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Lia Luus
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | | | | | - Yupeng He
- AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | | | - Tracy Carr
- AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | - Min Lu
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
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19
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Pang X, He X, Qiu Z, Zhang H, Xie R, Liu Z, Gu Y, Zhao N, Xiang Q, Cui Y. Targeting integrin pathways: mechanisms and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:1. [PMID: 36588107 PMCID: PMC9805914 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins are considered the main cell-adhesion transmembrane receptors that play multifaceted roles as extracellular matrix (ECM)-cytoskeletal linkers and transducers in biochemical and mechanical signals between cells and their environment in a wide range of states in health and diseases. Integrin functions are dependable on a delicate balance between active and inactive status via multiple mechanisms, including protein-protein interactions, conformational changes, and trafficking. Due to their exposure on the cell surface and sensitivity to the molecular blockade, integrins have been investigated as pharmacological targets for nearly 40 years, but given the complexity of integrins and sometimes opposite characteristics, targeting integrin therapeutics has been a challenge. To date, only seven drugs targeting integrins have been successfully marketed, including abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban, natalizumab, vedolizumab, lifitegrast, and carotegrast. Currently, there are approximately 90 kinds of integrin-based therapeutic drugs or imaging agents in clinical studies, including small molecules, antibodies, synthetic mimic peptides, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, imaging agents, etc. A serious lesson from past integrin drug discovery and research efforts is that successes rely on both a deep understanding of integrin-regulatory mechanisms and unmet clinical needs. Herein, we provide a systematic and complete review of all integrin family members and integrin-mediated downstream signal transduction to highlight ongoing efforts to develop new therapies/diagnoses from bench to clinic. In addition, we further discuss the trend of drug development, how to improve the success rate of clinical trials targeting integrin therapies, and the key points for clinical research, basic research, and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Pang
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Xu He
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Qiu
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Hanxu Zhang
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Ran Xie
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyan Liu
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Yanlun Gu
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034, Beijing, China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China.
| | - Yimin Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034, Beijing, China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China.
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20
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Wang B, Liu W, Liu C, Du K, Guo Z, Zhang G, Huang Z, Lin S, Cen B, Tian Y, Yuan Y, Bu J. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Promote Radioresistance of Breast Cancer Cells via the HGF/c-Met Signaling Pathway. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022:S0360-3016(22)03679-3. [PMID: 36586496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are an integral part of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which is involved in therapy resistance. This study aimed to investigate the role of CAFs in radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells. METHODS AND MATERIALS The CAFs were isolated from the breast cancer tissues, and the conditioned medium was collected to culture breast cancer cells. Radiation-induced DNA damage was evaluated by immunofluorescence and western blotting. Cytokine array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed to analyze the secretion of cytokines and growth factors. An in vitro clonogenic survival assay and in vivo xenograft mouse model were performed to determine the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells. Finally, the expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and c-Met in the breast cancer tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The CAFs were found to secrete HGF to activate the c-Met signaling pathway, which induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, growth, and radioresistance of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, radiation was observed to enhance HGF secretion by CAFs and increase c-Met expression in breast cancer cells, which led to HGF/c-Met signaling pathway activation. Moreover, radiation-induced tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) secretion by breast cancer cells promoted CAF proliferation and HGF secretion. Additionally, HGF and c-Met high expression were associated with worse recurrence-free survival in patients with breast cancer who had received radiation therapy. CONCLUSIONS The findings revealed that HGF and TNFα are critical for the crosstalk between breast cancer cells and CAFs in the TME and that the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway is a promising therapeutic target for radiosensitizing breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chunshan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kunpeng Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhaoze Guo
- Breast Center, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guoqian Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuhui Lin
- Department of Oncology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bohong Cen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yunhong Tian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yawei Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Oncology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Junguo Bu
- Department of Oncology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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21
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Lander VE, Belle JI, Kingstonl NL, Herndon JM, Hogg GD, Liu X, Kang LI, Knolhoff BL, Bogner SJ, Baer JM, Zuo C, Borcherding NC, Lander DP, Mpoy C, Scott J, Zahner M, Rogers BE, Schwarz JK, Kim H, DeNardo DG. Stromal Reprogramming by FAK Inhibition Overcomes Radiation Resistance to Allow for Immune Priming and Response to Checkpoint Blockade. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:2774-2799. [PMID: 36165893 PMCID: PMC9722639 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The effects of radiotherapy (RT) on tumor immunity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are not well understood. To better understand if RT can prime antigen-specific T-cell responses, we analyzed human PDAC tissues and mouse models. In both settings, there was little evidence of RT-induced T-cell priming. Using in vitro systems, we found that tumor-stromal components, including fibroblasts and collagen, cooperate to blunt RT efficacy and impair RT-induced interferon signaling. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibition rescued RT efficacy in vitro and in vivo, leading to tumor regression, T-cell priming, and enhanced long-term survival in PDAC mouse models. Based on these data, we initiated a clinical trial of defactinib in combination with stereotactic body RT in patients with PDAC (NCT04331041). Analysis of PDAC tissues from these patients showed stromal reprogramming mirroring our findings in genetically engineered mouse models. Finally, the addition of checkpoint immunotherapy to RT and FAK inhibition in animal models led to complete tumor regression and long-term survival. SIGNIFICANCE Checkpoint immunotherapeutics have not been effective in PDAC, even when combined with RT. One possible explanation is that RT fails to prime T-cell responses in PDAC. Here, we show that FAK inhibition allows RT to prime tumor immunity and unlock responsiveness to checkpoint immunotherapy. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2711.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varintra E. Lander
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jad I. Belle
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Natalie L. Kingstonl
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John M. Herndon
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Graham D. Hogg
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiuting Liu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Liang-I Kang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brett L. Knolhoff
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Savannah J. Bogner
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John M. Baer
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chong Zuo
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Borcherding
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel P. Lander
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cedric Mpoy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jalen Scott
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael Zahner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Buck E. Rogers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julie K. Schwarz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David G. DeNardo
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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22
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Broens B, Duitman JW, Zwezerijnen GJC, Nossent EJ, van der Laken CJ, Voskuyl AE. Novel tracers for molecular imaging of interstitial lung disease: A state of the art review. Autoimmun Rev 2022; 21:103202. [PMID: 36150433 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease is an overarching term for a wide range of disorders characterized by inflammation and/or fibrosis in the lungs. Most prevalent forms, among others, include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and connective tissue disease associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD). Currently, only disease modifying treatment options are available for IPF and progressive fibrotic CTD-ILD, leading to reduction or stabilization in the rate of lung function decline at best. Management of these patients would greatly advance if we identify new strategies to improve (1) early detection of ILD, (2) predicting ILD progression, (3) predicting response to therapy and (4) understanding pathophysiology. Over the last years, positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have emerged as promising molecular imaging techniques to improve ILD management. Both are non-invasive diagnostic tools to assess molecular characteristics of an individual patient with the potential to apply personalized treatment. In this review, we encompass the currently available pre-clinical and clinical studies on molecular imaging with PET and SPECT in IPF and CTD-ILD. We provide recommendations for potential future clinical applications of these tracers and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Broens
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Inflammatory diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jan-Willem Duitman
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Inflammatory diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Experimental Immunology (EXIM), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Gerben J C Zwezerijnen
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Esther J Nossent
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands..
| | - Conny J van der Laken
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Inflammatory diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Alexandre E Voskuyl
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Inflammatory diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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23
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Wang P, Yan Z, Zhou PK, Gu Y. The Promising Therapeutic Approaches for Radiation-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis: Targeting Radiation-Induced Mesenchymal Transition of Alveolar Type II Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315014. [PMID: 36499337 PMCID: PMC9737257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) is a common consequence of radiation for thoracic tumors, and is accompanied by gradual and irreversible organ failure. This severely reduces the survival rate of cancer patients, due to the serious side effects and lack of clinically effective drugs and methods. Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis is a dynamic process involving many complicated and varied mechanisms, of which alveolar type II epithelial (AT2) cells are one of the primary target cells, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of AT2 cells is very relevant in the clinical search for effective targets. Therefore, this review summarizes several important signaling pathways that can induce EMT in AT2 cells, and searches for molecular targets with potential effects on RIPF among them, in order to provide effective therapeutic tools for the clinical prevention and treatment of RIPF.
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24
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Schinner C, Xu L, Franz H, Zimmermann A, Wanuske MT, Rathod M, Hanns P, Geier F, Pelczar P, Liang Y, Lorenz V, Stüdle C, Maly PI, Kauferstein S, Beckmann BM, Sheikh F, Kuster GM, Spindler V. Defective Desmosomal Adhesion Causes Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy by Involving an Integrin-αVβ6/TGF-β Signaling Cascade. Circulation 2022; 146:1610-1626. [PMID: 36268721 PMCID: PMC9674449 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.057329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is characterized by progressive loss of cardiomyocytes with fibrofatty tissue replacement, systolic dysfunction, and life-threatening arrhythmias. A substantial proportion of ACM is caused by mutations in genes of the desmosomal cell-cell adhesion complex, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In the current study, we investigated the relevance of defective desmosomal adhesion for ACM development and progression. METHODS We mutated the binding site of DSG2 (desmoglein-2), a crucial desmosomal adhesion molecule in cardiomyocytes. This DSG2-W2A mutation abrogates the tryptophan swap, a central interaction mechanism of DSG2 on the basis of structural data. Impaired adhesive function of DSG2-W2A was confirmed by cell-cell dissociation assays and force spectroscopy measurements by atomic force microscopy. The DSG2-W2A knock-in mouse model was analyzed by echocardiography, ECG, and histologic and biomolecular techniques including RNA sequencing and transmission electron and superresolution microscopy. The results were compared with ACM patient samples, and their relevance was confirmed in vivo and in cardiac slice cultures by inhibitor studies applying the small molecule EMD527040 or an inhibitory integrin-αVβ6 antibody. RESULTS The DSG2-W2A mutation impaired binding on molecular level and compromised intercellular adhesive function. Mice bearing this mutation develop a severe cardiac phenotype recalling the characteristics of ACM, including cardiac fibrosis, impaired systolic function, and arrhythmia. A comparison of the transcriptome of mutant mice with ACM patient data suggested deregulated integrin-αVβ6 and subsequent transforming growth factor-β signaling as driver of cardiac fibrosis. Blocking integrin-αVβ6 led to reduced expression of profibrotic markers and reduced fibrosis formation in mutant animals in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We show that disruption of desmosomal adhesion is sufficient to induce a phenotype that fulfils the clinical criteria to establish the diagnosis of ACM, confirming the dysfunctional adhesion hypothesis. Deregulation of integrin-αVβ6 and transforming growth factor-β signaling was identified as a central step toward fibrosis. A pilot in vivo drug test revealed this pathway as a promising target to ameliorate fibrosis. This highlights the value of this model to discern mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis and to identify and test novel treatment options for ACM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Schinner
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lifen Xu
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland (L.X., V.L., G.M.K.)
| | - Henriette Franz
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aude Zimmermann
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Therès Wanuske
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maitreyi Rathod
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Hanns
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Geier
- Department of Biomedicine, Bioinformatics Core Facility (F.G.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland (F.G.)
| | - Pawel Pelczar
- Center for Transgenic Models (P.P.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (Y.L., F.S.)
| | - Vera Lorenz
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland (L.X., V.L., G.M.K.)
| | - Chiara Stüdle
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Piotr I. Maly
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silke Kauferstein
- Department of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.K., B.M.B.)
| | - Britt M. Beckmann
- Department of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.K., B.M.B.)
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany (B.M.B.)
| | - Farah Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (Y.L., F.S.)
| | - Gabriela M. Kuster
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland (L.X., V.L., G.M.K.)
- Division of Cardiology (G.M.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Volker Spindler
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
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25
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Raghu G, Mouded M, Prasse A, Stebbins C, Zhao G, Song G, Arefayene M, Violette SM, Gallagher D, Gibson KF. Randomized Phase IIa Clinical Study of an Anti-α vβ 6 Monoclonal Antibody in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:1166-1168. [PMID: 35830489 PMCID: PMC9704833 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202205-0868le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Raghu
- Center for Interstitial Lung DiseasesUniversity of Washington Medical CenterSeattle, Washington,Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | | | - Antje Prasse
- Department of PneumologyMedical School of HannoverHannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kevin F. Gibson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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26
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Wang J, Han Y, Li Y, Zhang F, Cai M, Zhang X, Chen J, Ji C, Ma J, Xu F. Targeting Tumor Physical Microenvironment for Improved Radiotherapy. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200570. [PMID: 36116123 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy has led to important clinical advances; existing cancer radiotherapy resistance is one remaining major challenge. Recently, biophysical cues in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have been regarded as the new hallmarks of cancer, playing pivotal roles in various cancer behaviors and treatment responses, including radiotherapy resistance. With recent advances in micro/nanotechnologies and functional biomaterials, radiotherapy exerts great influence on biophysical cues in TME, which, in turn, significantly affect the response to radiotherapy. Besides, various strategies have emerged that target biophysical cues in TME, to potentially enhance radiotherapy efficacy. Therefore, this paper reviews the four biophysical cues (i.e., extracellular matrix (ECM) microarchitecture, ECM stiffness, interstitial fluid pressure, and solid stress) that may play important roles in radiotherapy resistance, their possible mechanisms for inducing it, and their change after radiotherapy. The emerging therapeutic strategies targeting the biophysical microenvironment, to explore the mechanism of radiotherapy resistance and develop effective strategies to revert it for improved treatment efficacy are further summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yulong Han
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Fengping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Mengjiao Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Chao Ji
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Jinlu Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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27
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Shakil F, Snijder J, Salvatore MM. Why is UIP peripheral? Expert Rev Respir Med 2022; 16:907-915. [PMID: 36066423 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2022.2119131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The radiology pattern associated with IPF is called UIP. It is unique because unlike any other form of fibrosis it is peripheral in its distribution. We investigated the peripheral nature of UIP and why it was a key feature of IPF the deadliest of the ILDS. AREAS COVERED It is not enough to say that UIP is peripheral but instead as scientists we must ask ourselves why it is peripheral. This review dives into the published hypothesis that includes vascular insult, tensile forces, microaspiration, and inflammation and looks at the pros and cons for each argument, and ultimately comes to its own conclusion. PubMed searches using the below keywords were used to identify papers that described pathogenesis of IPF with regard to a particular theory. EXPERT OPINION In this paper, we will review four ideas that support why UIP is peripheral and propose the most likely explanation given what is currently known about the pathophysiology of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faariah Shakil
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Juan Snijder
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Mary M Salvatore
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
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28
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Breast Cancer Treatment Decreases Serum Levels of TGF-β1, VEGFR2, and TIMP-2 Compared to Healthy Volunteers: Significance for Therapeutic Outcomes? PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2022; 29:537-554. [PMID: 36136069 PMCID: PMC9500649 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology29030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Various complications from a breast cancer treatment, in the pathogenesis of which excessive tissue fibrosis plays a leading role, are a common pathology. In this study, the levels of TGF-β1, VEGFR-2, and TIMP-2 were determined by the immuno-enzyme serum analysis for patients during the long-term period after breast cancer treatment as potential markers of fibrosis. The single-center study enrolled 92 participants, which were divided into two age-matched groups: (1) 67 patients following breast cancer treatment, and (2) 25 healthy female volunteers. The intergroup analysis demonstrated that the patients after breast cancer treatment showed a decrease in the serum levels of TGF-β1 (U = 666, p < 0.001) and TIMP-2 (U = 637, p < 0.001) as compared to the group of healthy volunteers. The levels of VEGFR-2 in these groups were comparable (U = 1345, p = 0.082). It was also found that the type of treatment, the presence of lymphedema, shoulder joint contracture, and changes in lymphoscintigraphy did not affect the levels of TGF-β1, VEGFR-2, and TIMP-2 within the group of patients after breast cancer treatment. These results may indicate that these biomarkers do not play a leading role in the maintenance and progression of fibrosis in the long-term period after breast cancer treatment. The reduced levels of TGF-β1 and TIMP-2 may reflect endothelial dysfunction caused by the antitumor therapy.
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Czaja AJ. Immune Inhibitory Properties and Therapeutic Prospects of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta and Interleukin 10 in Autoimmune Hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:1163-1186. [PMID: 33835375 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-06968-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin 10 have diverse immune inhibitory properties that have restored homeostatic defense mechanisms in experimental models of autoimmune disease. The goals of this review are to describe the actions of each cytokine, review their investigational use in animal models and patients, and indicate their prospects as interventions in autoimmune hepatitis. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. Full-length articles were selected for review, and secondary and tertiary bibliographies were developed. Transforming growth factor-beta expands the natural and inducible populations of regulatory T cells, limits the proliferation of natural killer cells, suppresses the activation of naïve CD8+ T cells, decreases the production of interferon-gamma, and stimulates fibrotic repair. Interleukin 10 selectively inhibits the CD28 co-stimulatory signal for antigen recognition and impairs antigen-specific activation of uncommitted CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. It also inhibits maturation of dendritic cells, suppresses Th17 cells, supports regulatory T cells, and limits production of diverse pro-inflammatory cytokines. Contradictory immune stimulatory effects have been associated with each cytokine and may relate to the dose and accompanying cytokine milieu. Experimental findings have not translated into successful early clinical trials. The recombinant preparation of each agent in low dosage has been safe in human studies. In conclusion, transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin 10 have powerful immune inhibitory actions of potential therapeutic value in autoimmune hepatitis. The keys to their therapeutic application will be to match their predominant non-redundant function with the pivotal pathogenic mechanism or cytokine deficiency and to avoid contradictory immune stimulatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Krishn SR, Garcia V, Naranjo NM, Quaglia F, Shields CD, Harris MA, Kossenkov AV, Liu Q, Corey E, Altieri DC, Languino LR. Small extracellular vesicle-mediated ITGB6 siRNA delivery downregulates the αVβ6 integrin and inhibits adhesion and migration of recipient prostate cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2022; 23:173-185. [PMID: 35188070 PMCID: PMC8865252 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2022.2030622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The αVβ6 integrin, an epithelial-specific cell surface receptor absent in normal prostate and expressed during prostate cancer (PrCa) progression, is a therapeutic target in many cancers. Here, we report that transcript levels of ITGB6 (encoding the β6 integrin subunit) are significantly increased in metastatic castrate-resistant androgen receptor-negative prostate tumors compared to androgen receptor-positive prostate tumors. In addition, the αVβ6 integrin protein levels are significantly elevated in androgen receptor-negative PrCa patient derived xenografts (PDXs) compared to androgen receptor-positive PDXs. In vitro, the androgen receptor-negative PrCa cells express high levels of the αVβ6 integrin compared to androgen receptor-positive PrCa cells. Additionally, expression of androgen receptor (wild type or variant 7) in androgen receptor-negative PrCa cells downregulates the expression of the β6 but not αV subunit compared to control cells. We demonstrate an efficient strategy to therapeutically target the αVβ6 integrin during PrCa progression by using short interfering RNA (siRNA) loaded into PrCa cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). We first demonstrate that fluorescently-labeled siRNAs can be efficiently loaded into PrCa cell-derived sEVs by electroporation. By confocal microscopy, we show efficient internalization of these siRNA-loaded sEVs into PrCa cells. We show that sEV-mediated delivery of ITGB6-targeting siRNAs into PC3 cells specifically downregulates expression of the β6 subunit. Furthermore, treatment with sEVs encapsulating ITGB6 siRNA significantly reduces cell adhesion and migration of PrCa cells on an αVβ6-specific substrate, LAP-TGFβ1. Our results demonstrate an approach for specific targeting of the αVβ6 integrin in PrCa cells using sEVs encapsulating ITGB6-specific siRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Ram Krishn
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Vaughn Garcia
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Nicole M. Naranjo
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Fabio Quaglia
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Christopher D. Shields
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Maisha A. Harris
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Andrew V. Kossenkov
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Dario C. Altieri
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Lucia R. Languino
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
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Shu L, Chen S, Lin S, Lin H, Shao Y, Yao J, Qu L, Zhang Y, Liu X, Du X, Deng K, Chen X, Feng G. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa Secreted Protein PA3611 Promotes Bronchial Epithelial Cell Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via Integrin αvβ6-Mediated TGF-β1-Induced p38/NF-κB Pathway Activation. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:763749. [PMID: 35197937 PMCID: PMC8860233 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.763749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is an important pathogen that has been proven to colonize and cause infection in the respiratory tract of patients with structural lung diseases and to lead to bronchial fibrosis. The development of pulmonary fibrosis is a complication of PA colonization of the airway, resulting from repeated infection, damage and repair of the epithelium. Bronchial epithelial cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a vital role in bronchial fibrosis. To date, research on bronchial epithelial cell EMT caused by PA-secreted virulence factors has not been reported. Here, we found that PA3611 protein stimulation induced bronchial epithelial cell EMT with mesenchymal cell marker upregulation and epithelial cell marker downregulation. Moreover, integrin αvβ6 expression and TGF-β1 secretion were markedly increased, and p38 MAPK phosphorylation and NF-κB p65 subunit phosphorylation were markedly enhanced. Further research revealed that PA3611 promoted EMT via integrin αvβ6-mediated TGF-β1-induced p38/NF-κB pathway activation. The function of PA3611 was also verified in PA-infected rats, and the results showed that ΔPA3611 reduced lung inflammation and EMT. Overall, our results revealed that PA3611 promoted EMT via integrin αvβ6-mediated TGF-β1-induced p38/NF-κB pathway activation, suggesting that PA3611 acts as a crucial virulence factor in bronchial epithelial cell EMT and is a potential target for the clinical treatment of bronchial EMT and fibrosis caused by chronic PA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sixia Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoqing Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Shao
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Yao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Qu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunshi Zhang
- Department of Tuberculosis, Xuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, China
| | - Xingran Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaili Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ganzhu Feng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Ganzhu Feng,
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Cytlak UM, Dyer DP, Honeychurch J, Williams KJ, Travis MA, Illidge TM. Immunomodulation by radiotherapy in tumour control and normal tissue toxicity. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:124-138. [PMID: 34211187 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a highly effective anticancer treatment that is delivered to more than half of all patients with cancer. In addition to the well-documented direct cytotoxic effects, RT can have immunomodulatory effects on the tumour and surrounding tissues. These effects are thought to underlie the so-called abscopal responses, whereby RT generates systemic antitumour immunity outside the irradiated tumour. The full scope of these immune changes remains unclear but is likely to involve multiple components, such as immune cells, the extracellular matrix, endothelial and epithelial cells and a myriad of chemokines and cytokines, including transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ). In normal tissues exposed to RT during cancer therapy, acute immune changes may ultimately lead to chronic inflammation and RT-induced toxicity and organ dysfunction, which limits the quality of life of survivors of cancer. Here we discuss the emerging understanding of RT-induced immune effects with particular focus on the lungs and gut and the potential immune crosstalk that occurs between these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula M Cytlak
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Targeted Therapy Group, Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Douglas P Dyer
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jamie Honeychurch
- Targeted Therapy Group, Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kaye J Williams
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark A Travis
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Timothy M Illidge
- Targeted Therapy Group, Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Li Y, Fan W, Link F, Wang S, Dooley S. Transforming growth factor β latency: A mechanism of cytokine storage and signalling regulation in liver homeostasis and disease. JHEP REPORTS : INNOVATION IN HEPATOLOGY 2022; 4:100397. [PMID: 35059619 PMCID: PMC8760520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a potent effector in the liver, which is involved in a plethora of processes initiated upon liver injury. TGF-β affects parenchymal, non-parenchymal, and inflammatory cells in a highly context-dependent manner. Its bioavailability is critical for a fast response to various insults. In the liver – and probably in other organs – this is made possible by the deposition of a large portion of TGF-β in the extracellular matrix as an inactivated precursor form termed latent TGF-β (L-TGF-β). Several matrisomal proteins participate in matrix deposition, latent complex stabilisation, and activation of L-TGF-β. Extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) was recently identified as a critical factor in maintaining the latency of deposited L-TGF-β in the healthy liver. Indeed, its depletion causes spontaneous TGF-β signalling activation with deleterious effects on liver architecture and function. This review article presents the current knowledge on intracellular L-TGF-β complex formation, secretion, matrix deposition, and activation and describes the proteins and processes involved. Further, we emphasise the therapeutic potential of toning down L-TGF-β activation in liver fibrosis and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Li
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Weiguo Fan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA
| | - Frederik Link
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sai Wang
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; Tel.: 06213835595.
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Corresponding authors. Addresses: Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; Tel.: 06213833768;
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Xie H, Jiao Y, Zhou X, Liao X, Chen J, Chen H, Chen L, Yu S, Deng Q, Sun L, Xu X, Wang J. Integrin αvβ6 contributes to the development of intestinal fibrosis via the FAK/AKT signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2021; 411:113003. [PMID: 34979108 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.113003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is one of the most severe complications of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and frequently requires surgery due to intestinal obstruction. Integrin αvβ6, which is mainly regulated by the integrin β6 subunit gene (ITGB6), is a special integrin subtype expressed only in epithelial cells. In our previous study, we found integrin αvβ6 can promote the development of IBD, but the role of integrin αvβ6 in intestinal fibrosis remains unclear. In this study, we observed a gradual increase of ITGB6 mRNA expression from normal region to stenotic region of IBD patients' intestinal specimens. Next, we established a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced intestinal fibrosis model and a heterotopic intestinal transplant model, and found intestinal fibrosis was decreased in ITGB6-deficient mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Furthermore, we performed RNA-sequencing and KEGG pathway analysis on intestinal tissues from ITGB6-overexpressing transgenic mice and WT mice, and found multiple pathways containing ITGB6, are related to the activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK); finding was confirmed by Western blot. At last, we generated a heterotopic intestinal transplant model found the FAK/AKT pathway was inhibited in ITGB6-deficient mice. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that integrin αvβ6 promotes the pathogenesis of intestinal fibrosis by FAK/AKT pathway, making integrin αvβ6 a potential therapeutic target to prevent this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiting Xie
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yurong Jiao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinbin Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiujun Liao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liubo Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaoju Yu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qun Deng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lifeng Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Yokosaki Y, Nishimichi N. New Therapeutic Targets for Hepatic Fibrosis in the Integrin Family, α8β1 and α11β1, Induced Specifically on Activated Stellate Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312794. [PMID: 34884600 PMCID: PMC8657911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A huge effort has been devoted to developing drugs targeting integrins over 30 years, because of the primary roles of integrins in the cell-matrix milieu. Five αv-containing integrins, in the 24 family members, have been a central target of fibrosis. Currently, a small molecule against αvβ1 is undergoing a clinical trial for NASH-associated fibrosis as a rare agent aiming at fibrogenesis. Latent TGFβ activation, a distinct talent of αv-integrins, has been intriguing as a therapeutic target. None of the αv-integrin inhibitors, however, has been in the clinical market. αv-integrins commonly recognize an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, and thus the pharmacophore of inhibitors for the 5-integrins is based on the same RGD structure. The RGD preference of the integrins, at the same time, dilutes ligand specificity, as the 5-integrins share ligands containing RGD sequence such as fibronectin. With the inherent little specificity in both drugs and targets, "disease specificity" has become less important for the inhibitors than blocking as many αv-integrins. In fact, an almighty inhibitor for αv-integrins, pan-αv, was in a clinical trial. On the contrary, approved integrin inhibitors are all specific to target integrins, which are expressed in a cell-type specific manner: αIIbβ3 on platelets, α4β1, α4β7 and αLβ2 on leukocytes. Herein, "disease specific" integrins would serve as attractive targets. α8β1 and α11β1 are selectively expressed in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and distinctively induced upon culture activation. The exceptional specificity to activated HSCs reflects a rather "pathology specific" nature of these new integrins. The monoclonal antibodies against α8β1 and α11β1 in preclinical examinations may illuminate the road to the first medical agents.
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Jiang Y, Zhou T, Shi Y, Feng W, Lyu T. A SMYD3/ITGB6/TGFβ1 Positive Feedback Loop Promotes the Invasion and Adhesion of Ovarian Cancer Spheroids. Front Oncol 2021; 11:690618. [PMID: 34621667 PMCID: PMC8490739 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.690618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Implantation metastasis is the main means of dissemination in ovarian cancer. Our previous studies showed that SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3) expression was higher in ovarian cancer spheroids than in monolayers. SMYD3 enhancement of spheroid invasion and adhesion is mediated by the downstream effectors ITGB6 and ITGAM. However, the potential mechanisms underlying the SMYD3/integrin-mediated invasion and adhesion of spheroids still need to be explored. Methods Western blotting was used to examine the expression of SMYD3, ITGB6 and downstream molecules under different treatments. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression of F-actin, E-cadherin and N-cadherin. Anti-ITGB6 antibody-based inhibition and dual-luciferase reporter assays were used to confirm the binding between ITGB6 and latent TGFβ1. Transwell invasion, adherence and 3D tumor spheroid invasion assays were employed to test the effects of TGFβ1 on the invasion and adhesion of ovarian cancer spheroids. ELISA was performed to assess the release of latent TGFβ1 from ovarian cancer spheroids. Results SMYD3 and ITGB6 activated the TGFβ1/Smad3 pathway and then induced the upregulation of Snail, Vimentin and N-cadherin and the downregulation of E-cadherin in 3D-cultured ovarian cancer spheroids. In this process, latent TGFβ1 could bind to ITGB6 and become activated to stimulate the Smad3 pathway. Moreover, SMYD3 and ITGB6 could facilitate the release of latent TGFβ1 from 3D-cultured ovarian cancer spheroids. Interestingly, TGFβ1 could promote the expression of SMYD3 and ITGB6 via feedback. This positive feedback loop could further amplify the biological effect and promote the invasion and adhesion of ovarian cancer spheroids. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that the SMYD3/ITGB6/TGFβ1-Smad3 positive feedback loop could promote the invasion and adhesion of ovarian cancer spheroids by upregulating the expression of N-cadherin, Snail, and Vimentin and downregulating the expression of E-cadherin. Thus, our study unmasked the mechanism of SMYD3- and ITGB6-induced ovarian cancer metastasis and provides new ideas for targeted ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Jiang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyu Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Shi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Feng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianjiao Lyu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Sui S, Hou Y. Dual integrin αvβ3 and αvβ5 blockade attenuates cardiac dysfunction by reducing fibrosis in a rat model of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2021; 55:287-296. [PMID: 34296634 DOI: 10.1080/14017431.2021.1955960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to evaluate the protective role of cilengitide (CGT), an integrin αvβ3 and αvβ5 inhibitor, on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced myocardial fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction in a rat model. Methods. Forty male rats were randomly divided into four groups: DOX (n = 12), intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of DOX 0.8 ∼ 1.0 mg/kg three times a week for up to 6 weeks, then saline i.p. three times a week for another 3 weeks; CGT (n = 8), CGT 10 mg/kg, i.p. three times a week for 9 weeks; DOX + CGT (n = 12), DOX and CGT co-administration as above for 6 weeks, then CGT alone for another 3 weeks; Control (n = 8), saline i.p. three times a week for 9 weeks. Echocardiography, serum procollagen I C-terminal propeptide (PICP) procollagen III N-terminal propeptide (PIIINP) and C telopeptide type I (CTX-I) were evaluated at baseline and 3, 6 and 9 weeks after initial DOX administration for all surviving rats. The heart tissues were then harvested for myocardial hydroxyproline (HYP) evaluation, qRT-PCR, and western blotting. Results. CGT attenuated DOX-induced eccentric remodeling by improving relative wall thickness at the 9th week. CGT also improved systolic function at the 9th week and diastolic function at the 6th and 9th week. CGT reduced myocardial HYP and serum PICP, PIIINP, CTX-I, and the PICP/PIIINP ratio. RT-PCR and western blot showed that CGT blocked the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway and mitigating extracellular matrix turnover. Conclusions. CGT exerted a cardioprotective effect against doxorubicin-induced fibrosis and improved cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Sui
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Hou
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Cui W, Zhang P, Hankey KG, Xiao M, Farese AM, MacVittie TJ. AEOL 10150 Alleviates Radiation-induced Innate Immune Responses in Non-human Primate Lung Tissue. HEALTH PHYSICS 2021; 121:331-344. [PMID: 34546215 PMCID: PMC8601036 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT To study the molecular and cellular mechanisms of radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) in a non-human primate model, Rhesus macaques were irradiated with lethal doses of radiation to the whole thorax. A subset of the irradiated animals was treated with AEOL 10150, a potent catalytic scavenger of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Lung tissues were collected at necropsy for molecular and immunohistochemical (IHC) studies. Microarray expression profiling in the irradiated lung tissues identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways important in innate immunity. The elevated expression of cytokines (CCL2, CCL11, IL-8), complement factors (CFB, C3), apoptosis-related molecules (p53, PTEN, Bax, p21, MDM2, c-Caspase 3), and adhesion molecules (fibronectin, integrin β6, ICAM-1) were further studied using real-time PCR, Western blot, or IHC. Oxidative stress and pulmonary inflammatory cell infiltration were increased in the irradiated lungs. Treatment with AEOL 10150 significantly decreased oxidative stress and monocyte/macrophage infiltration. Cytokine/chemokine-induced excessive innate immune response after thoracic irradiation plays an important role in RILI. To our knowledge, this is the first study to highlight the role of cytokine/chemokine-induced innate immune responses in radiation-induced pulmonary toxicity in a NHP model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchang Cui
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA 20889
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21201
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA 20817
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21201
| | - Kim G. Hankey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21201
| | - Mang Xiao
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA 20889
| | - Ann M. Farese
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21201
| | - Thomas J. MacVittie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21201
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Molecular and Biologic Targets for Radiation Fibrosis: Implications for Rehabilitation. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40141-021-00321-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Mrugacz M, Bryl A, Falkowski M, Zorena K. Integrins: An Important Link between Angiogenesis, Inflammation and Eye Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:1703. [PMID: 34359873 PMCID: PMC8305893 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins belong to a group of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) which is a large group of membrane-bound proteins. They are responsible for cell attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and signal transduction from the ECM to the cells. Integrins take part in many other biological activities, such as extravasation, cell-to-cell adhesion, migration, cytokine activation and release, and act as receptors for some viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). They play a pivotal role in cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, tissue repair and are involved in the processes that are crucial to infection, inflammation and angiogenesis. Integrins have an important part in normal development and tissue homeostasis, and also in the development of pathological processes in the eye. This review presents the available evidence from human and animal research into integrin structure, classification, function and their role in inflammation, infection and angiogenesis in ocular diseases. Integrin receptors and ligands are clinically interesting and may be promising as new therapeutic targets in the treatment of some eye disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Mrugacz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Anna Bryl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
| | | | - Katarzyna Zorena
- Department of Immunobiology and Environmental Microbiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
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Khan MM, Poeckel D, Halavatyi A, Zukowska-Kasprzyk J, Stein F, Vappiani J, Sevin DC, Tischer C, Zinn N, Eley JD, Gudmann NS, Muley T, Winter H, Fisher AJ, Nanthakumar CB, Bergamini G, Pepperkok R. An integrated multiomic and quantitative label-free microscopy-based approach to study pro-fibrotic signalling in ex vivo human precision-cut lung slices. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:2000221. [PMID: 33361096 PMCID: PMC8318569 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00221-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis can affect any organ, resulting in the loss of tissue architecture and function with often life-threatening consequences. Pathologically, fibrosis is characterised by the expansion of connective tissue due to excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, including the fibrillar forms of collagen. A significant limitation for discovering cures for fibrosis is the availability of suitable human models and techniques to quantify mature fibrillar collagen deposition as close as possible to human physiological conditions.Here we have extensively characterised an ex vivo cultured human lung tissue-derived, precision-cut lung slices (hPCLS) model using label-free second harmonic generation (SHG) light microscopy to quantify fibrillar collagen deposition and mass spectrometry-based techniques to obtain a proteomic and metabolomic fingerprint of hPCLS in ex vivo culture.We demonstrate that hPCLS are viable and metabolically active, with mesenchymal, epithelial, endothelial and immune cell types surviving for at least 2 weeks in ex vivo culture. Analysis of hPCLS-conditioned supernatants showed a strong induction of pulmonary fibrosis-related ECM proteins upon transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) stimulation. This upregulation of ECM proteins was not translated into an increased deposition of fibrillar collagen. In support of this observation, we revealed the presence of a pro-ECM degradation activity in our ex vivo cultures of hPCLS, inhibition of which by a metalloproteinase inhibitor resulted in increased collagen deposition in response to TGF-β1 stimulation.Together the data show that an integrated approach of measuring soluble pro-fibrotic markers alongside quantitative SHG-based analysis of fibrillar collagen is a valuable tool for studying pro-fibrotic signalling and testing anti-fibrotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzamil Majid Khan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Discovery Biology, Cellzome GmbH, GSK, Heidelberg, Germany
- Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Poeckel
- Discovery Biology, Cellzome GmbH, GSK, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aliaksandr Halavatyi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Frank Stein
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Daniel C Sevin
- Discovery Biology, Cellzome GmbH, GSK, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Nico Zinn
- Discovery Biology, Cellzome GmbH, GSK, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Muley
- Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Biobank Thoraxklinik, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hauke Winter
- Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Biobank Thoraxklinik, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrew J Fisher
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute and Institute of Transplantation, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Giovanna Bergamini
- Discovery Biology, Cellzome GmbH, GSK, Heidelberg, Germany
- G. Bergamini and R. Pepperkok contributed equally to this article as lead authors and supervised the work
| | - Rainer Pepperkok
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- G. Bergamini and R. Pepperkok contributed equally to this article as lead authors and supervised the work
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Budi EH, Schaub JR, Decaris M, Turner S, Derynck R. TGF-β as a driver of fibrosis: physiological roles and therapeutic opportunities. J Pathol 2021; 254:358-373. [PMID: 33834494 DOI: 10.1002/path.5680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many chronic diseases are marked by fibrosis, which is defined by an abundance of activated fibroblasts and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, resulting in loss of normal function of the affected organs. The initiation and progression of fibrosis are elaborated by pro-fibrotic cytokines, the most critical of which is transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). This review focuses on the fibrogenic roles of increased TGF-β activities and underlying signaling mechanisms in the activated fibroblast population and other cell types that contribute to progression of fibrosis. Insight into these roles and mechanisms of TGF-β as a universal driver of fibrosis has stimulated the development of therapeutic interventions to attenuate fibrosis progression, based on interference with TGF-β signaling. Their promise in preclinical and clinical settings will be discussed. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erine H Budi
- Pliant Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Scott Turner
- Pliant Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rik Derynck
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Targeting RGD-binding integrins as an integrative therapy for diabetic retinopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 85:100966. [PMID: 33775825 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are a class of transmembrane receptors that are involved in a wide range of biological functions. Dysregulation of integrins has been implicated in many pathological processes and consequently, they are attractive therapeutic targets. In the ophthalmology arena, there is extensive evidence suggesting that integrins play an important role in diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, dry eye disease and retinal vein occlusion. For example, there is extensive evidence that arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid (Arg-Gly-Asp; RGD)-binding integrins are involved in key disease hallmarks of DR and neovascular AMD (nvAMD), specifically inflammation, vascular leakage, angiogenesis and fibrosis. Based on such evidence, drugs that engage integrin-linked pathways have received attention for their potential to block all these vision-threatening pathways. This review focuses on the pathophysiological role that RGD-binding integrins can have in complex multifactorial retinal disorders like DR, diabetic macular edema (DME) and nvAMD, which are leading causes of blindness in developed countries. Special emphasis will be given on how RGD-binding integrins can modulate the intricate molecular pathways and regulate the underlying pathological mechanisms. For instance, the interplay between integrins and key molecular players such as growth factors, cytokines and enzymes will be summarized. In addition, recent clinical advances linked to targeting RGD-binding integrins in the context of DME and nvAMD will be discussed alongside future potential for limiting progression of these diseases.
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Carvacho I, Piesche M. RGD-binding integrins and TGF-β in SARS-CoV-2 infections - novel targets to treat COVID-19 patients? Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1240. [PMID: 33747508 PMCID: PMC7971943 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a global pandemic and a severe public health crisis. SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious and shows high mortality rates, especially in elderly and patients with pre-existing medical conditions. At the current stage, no effective drugs are available to treat these patients. In this review, we analyse the rationale of targeting RGD-binding integrins to potentially inhibit viral cell infection and to block TGF-β activation, which is involved in the severity of several human pathologies, including the complications of severe COVID-19 cases. Furthermore, we demonstrate the correlation between ACE2 and TGF-β expression and the possible consequences for severe COVID-19 infections. Finally, we list approved drugs or drugs in clinical trials for other diseases that also target the RGD-binding integrins or TGF-β. These drugs have already shown a good safety profile and, therefore, can be faster brought into a trial to treat COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Carvacho
- Department of Biology and ChemistryFaculty of Basic SciencesUniversidad Católica del MauleTalcaChile
| | - Matthias Piesche
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Medicine FacultyUniversidad Católica del MauleTalcaChile
- Oncology Center, Medicine FacultyUniversidad Católica del MauleTalcaChile
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45
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An CX, Xie SP, Li HL, Hu YH, Niu R, Zhang LJ, Jiang Y, Li Q, Zhou YN. Knockdown of Microtubule Associated Serine/threonine Kinase Like Expression Inhibits Gastric Cancer Cell Growth and Induces Apoptosis by Activation of ERK1/2 and Inactivation of NF-κB Signaling. Curr Med Sci 2021; 41:108-117. [PMID: 33582914 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-021-2325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinase (MASTL) functions to regulate chromosome condensation and mitotic progression. Therefore, aberrant MASTL expression is commonly implicated in various human cancers. This study analyzed MASTL expression in gastric cancer vs. adjacent normal tissue for elucidating the association with clinicopathological data from patients. This work was then extended to investigate the effects of MASTL knockdown on tumor cells in vitro. The level of MASTL expression in gastric cancer tissue was assessed from the UALCAN, GEPIA, and Oncomine online databases. Lentivirus carrying MASTL or negative control shRNA was infected into gastric cancer cells. RT-qPCR, Western blotting, cell viability, cell counting, flow cytometric apoptosis and cell cycle, and colony formation assays were performed. MASTL was upregulated in gastric cancer tissue compared to the adjacent normal tissue, and the MASTL expression was associated with advanced tumor stage, Helicobacter pylori infection and histological subtypes. On the other hand, knockdown of MASTL expression significantly reduced tumor cell viability and proliferation, and arrested cell cycle at G2/M stage but promoted tumor cells to undergo apoptosis. At protein level, knockdown of MASTL expression enhanced levels of cleaved PARP1, cleaved caspase-3, Bax and p-ERK1/2 expression, but downregulated expression levels of BCL-2 and p-NF-κB-p65 protein in AGS and MGC-803 cells. MASTL overexpression in gastric cancer tissue may be associated with gastric cancer development and progression, whereas knockdown of MASTL expression reduces tumor cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. Further study will evaluate MASTL as a potential target of gastric cancer therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Xia An
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shou-Pin Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Lanzhou City, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Hai-Long Li
- Department of Internal Mddicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yong-Hua Hu
- Department of Internal Mddicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Rong Niu
- Department of External Chest, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Lin-Jie Zhang
- Division of Pediatric Emergency, Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Division of Pediatric Emergency, Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yong-Ning Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Maldonado H, Hagood JS. Cooperative signaling between integrins and growth factor receptors in fibrosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:213-224. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-02026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Feng W, Ying WZ, Li X, Curtis LM, Sanders PW. Renoprotective effect of Stat1 deletion in murine aristolochic acid nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F87-F96. [PMID: 33283645 PMCID: PMC7847048 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00401.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Injured tubule epithelium stimulates a profibrotic milieu that accelerates loss of function in chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study tested the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) in the progressive loss of kidney function in aristolochic acid (AA) nephropathy, a model of CKD. Mean serum creatinine concentration increased in wild-type (WT) littermates treated with AA, whereas Stat1-/- mice were protected. Focal increases in the apical expression of kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1 were observed in the proximal tubules of WT mice with AA treatment but were absent in Stat1-/- mice in the treatment group as well as in both control groups. A composite injury score, an indicator of proximal tubule injury, was reduced in Stat1-/- mice treated with AA. Increased expression of integrin-β6 and phosphorylated Smad2/3 in proximal tubules as well as interstitial collagen and fibronectin were observed in WT mice following AA treatment but were all decreased in AA-treated Stat1-/- mice. The data indicated that STAT1 activation facilitated the development of progressive kidney injury and interstitial fibrosis in AA nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Feng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Wei-Zhong Ying
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Xingsheng Li
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lisa M Curtis
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Paul W Sanders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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48
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Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling in Fibrotic Diseases and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121666. [PMID: 33322749 PMCID: PMC7763058 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is essential in embryo development and maintaining normal homeostasis. Extensive evidence shows that TGF-β activation acts on several cell types, including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells, to form a pro-fibrotic environment, ultimately leading to fibrotic diseases. TGF-β is stored in the matrix in a latent form; once activated, it promotes a fibroblast to myofibroblast transition and regulates extracellular matrix (ECM) formation and remodeling in fibrosis. TGF-β signaling can also promote cancer progression through its effects on the tumor microenvironment. In cancer, TGF-β contributes to the generation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) that have different molecular and cellular properties from activated or fibrotic fibroblasts. CAFs promote tumor progression and chronic tumor fibrosis via TGF-β signaling. Fibrosis and CAF-mediated cancer progression share several common traits and are closely related. In this review, we consider how TGF-β promotes fibrosis and CAF-mediated cancer progression. We also discuss recent evidence suggesting TGF-β inhibition as a defense against fibrotic disorders or CAF-mediated cancer progression to highlight the potential implications of TGF-β-targeted therapies for fibrosis and cancer.
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Watanabe Y, Tsuchiya A, Terai S. The development of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in the present, and the perspective of cell-free therapy in the future. Clin Mol Hepatol 2020; 27:70-80. [PMID: 33317249 PMCID: PMC7820202 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2020.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is a chronic condition that can lead to liver failure. Currently, the viable option for decreasing mortality is liver transplantation. However, transplant surgery is highly invasive. Therefore, cell-based therapy has been developed as an alternative. Based on promising findings from preclinical research, some new trials have been registered. One of them was autologous bone marrow cell infusion therapy and found that ameliorating liver fibrosis activated liver regeneration. Now, majority of trials focus on low-immunogenicity mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) appropriate for allogeneic administration. However, despite about 20 years of research, only a limited number of cell-based therapies have entered routine practice. Furthermore, potential shortcomings of cell-based therapy include a limit on the number of cells, which may be administered, as well as their failure to infiltrate target organs. On the other hand, these research show that MSCs act as "conducting cells" and regulate host cells including macrophages via extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosome signals, leading to ameliorate liver fibrosis and promote regeneration. Therefore, the concept of cell-free therapy, which makes use of cell-derived EVs or exosomes, is attracting attention. Cell-free therapies may be safely administered in large doses and are able to infiltrate target organs. However, development of cell-free therapy exhibits its own set of challenges and such therapy may not be completely curative in the context of liver disease. This review describes the history of cell-based therapy research and recent advances in cell-free therapy, as well as discussing the need for more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Watanabe
- Department of Preemptive Medicine for Digestive Disease and Healthy Active Life, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsunori Tsuchiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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50
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Henderson NC, Rieder F, Wynn TA. Fibrosis: from mechanisms to medicines. Nature 2020; 587:555-566. [PMID: 33239795 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2938-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 780] [Impact Index Per Article: 195.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis can affect any organ and is responsible for up to 45% of all deaths in the industrialized world. It has long been thought to be relentlessly progressive and irreversible, but both preclinical models and clinical trials in various organ systems have shown that fibrosis is a highly dynamic process. This has clear implications for therapeutic interventions that are designed to capitalize on this inherent plasticity. However, despite substantial progress in our understanding of the pathobiology of fibrosis, a translational gap remains between the identification of putative antifibrotic targets and conversion of this knowledge into effective treatments in humans. Here we discuss the transformative experimental strategies that are being leveraged to dissect the key cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate fibrosis, and the translational approaches that are enabling the emergence of precision medicine-based therapies for patients with fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil C Henderson
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK.,MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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