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Martins LR, Sieverling L, Michelhans M, Schiller C, Erkut C, Grünewald TGP, Triana S, Fröhling S, Velten L, Glimm H, Scholl C. Single-cell division tracing and transcriptomics reveal cell types and differentiation paths in the regenerating lung. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2246. [PMID: 38472236 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular and cellular processes involved in lung epithelial regeneration may fuel the development of therapeutic approaches for lung diseases. We combine mouse models allowing diphtheria toxin-mediated damage of specific epithelial cell types and parallel GFP-labeling of functionally dividing cells with single-cell transcriptomics to characterize the regeneration of the distal lung. We uncover cell types, including Krt13+ basal and Krt15+ club cells, detect an intermediate cell state between basal and goblet cells, reveal goblet cells as actively dividing progenitor cells, and provide evidence that adventitial fibroblasts act as supporting cells in epithelial regeneration. We also show that diphtheria toxin-expressing cells can persist in the lung, express specific inflammatory factors, and transcriptionally resemble a previously undescribed population in the lungs of COVID-19 patients. Our study provides a comprehensive single-cell atlas of the distal lung that characterizes early transcriptional and cellular responses to concise epithelial injury, encompassing proliferation, differentiation, and cell-to-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila R Martins
- Division of Applied Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Lina Sieverling
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Translational Medical Oncology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michelle Michelhans
- Division of Applied Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Translational Medical Oncology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chiara Schiller
- Division of Applied Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cihan Erkut
- Division of Applied Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas G P Grünewald
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sergio Triana
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences (IMES), and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Stefan Fröhling
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Translational Medical Oncology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Velten
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hanno Glimm
- Department for Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden (NCT/UCC), a partnership between DKFZ, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- Translational Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Translational Functional Cancer Genomics, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- DKTK, partner site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Scholl
- Division of Applied Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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2
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Chu CY, Kim SY, Pryhuber GS, Mariani TJ, McGraw MD. Single-cell resolution of human airway epithelial cells exposed to bronchiolitis obliterans-associated chemicals. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L135-L148. [PMID: 38084407 PMCID: PMC11279737 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00304.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a fibrotic lung disease characterized by progressive luminal narrowing and obliteration of the small airways. In the nontransplant population, inhalation exposure to certain chemicals is associated with BO; however, the mechanisms contributing to disease induction remain poorly understood. This study's objective was to use single-cell RNA sequencing for the identification of transcriptomic signatures common to primary human airway epithelial cells after chemical exposure to BO-associated chemicals-diacetyl or nitrogen mustard-to help explain BO induction. Primary airway epithelial cells were cultured at air-liquid interface and exposed to diacetyl, nitrogen mustard, or control vapors. Cultures were dissociated and sequenced for single-cell RNA. Differential gene expression and functional pathway analyses were compared across exposures. In total, 75,663 single cells were captured and sequenced from all exposure conditions. Unbiased clustering identified 11 discrete phenotypes, including 5 basal, 2 ciliated, and 2 secretory cell clusters. With chemical exposure, the proportion of cells assigned to keratin 5+ basal cells decreased, whereas the proportion of cells aligned to secretory cell clusters increased compared with control exposures. Functional pathway analysis identified interferon signaling and antigen processing/presentation as pathways commonly upregulated after diacetyl or nitrogen mustard exposure in a ciliated cell cluster. Conversely, the response of airway basal cells differed significantly with upregulation of the unfolded protein response in diacetyl-exposed basal cells, not seen in nitrogen mustard-exposed cultures. These new insights provide early identification of airway epithelial signatures common to BO-associated chemical exposures.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a devastating fibrotic lung disease of the small airways, or bronchioles. This original manuscript uses single-cell RNA sequencing for identifying common signatures of chemically exposed airway epithelial cells in BO induction. Chemical exposure reduced the proportion of keratin 5+ basal cells while increasing the proportion of keratin 4+ suprabasal cells. Functional pathways contributory to these shifts differed significantly across exposures. These new results highlight similarities and differences in BO induction across exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yi Chu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - So-Young Kim
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Gloria S Pryhuber
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Matthew D McGraw
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
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3
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Nakashima T, Shiraishi Y, Shiota A, Yoneshima Y, Iwama E, Tanaka K, Okamoto I. Afatinib-induced bronchiolitis obliterans. CURRENT PROBLEMS IN CANCER: CASE REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpccr.2023.100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
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4
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Gelbard A, Shilts MH, Strickland B, Motz K, Tsai HW, Boone H, Drake WP, Wanjalla C, Smith PM, Brown H, Ramierez M, Atkinson JB, Powell J, Simpson J, Rajagopala SV, Mallal S, Sheng Q, Hillel AT, Das SR. Idiopathic subglottic stenosis arises at the epithelial interface of host and pathogen. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2945067. [PMID: 37292825 PMCID: PMC10246274 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2945067/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) is a rare fibrotic disease of the proximal airway affecting adult Caucasian women nearly exclusively. Life-threatening ventilatory obstruction occurs secondary to pernicious subglottic mucosal scar. Disease rarity and wide geographic patient distribution has previously limited substantive mechanistic investigation into iSGS pathogenesis. Result By harnessing pathogenic mucosa from an international iSGS patient cohort and single-cell RNA sequencing, we unbiasedly characterize the cell subsets in the proximal airway scar and detail their molecular phenotypes. Results show that the airway epithelium in iSGS patients is depleted of basal progenitor cells, and the residual epithelial cells acquire a mesenchymal phenotype. Observed displacement of bacteria beneath the lamina propria provides functional support for the molecular evidence of epithelial dysfunction. Matched tissue microbiomes support displacement of the native microbiome into the lamina propria of iSGS patients rather than disrupted bacterial community structure. However, animal models confirm that bacteria are necessary for pathologic proximal airway fibrosis and suggest an equally essential role for host adaptive immunity. Human samples from iSGS airway scar demonstrate adaptive immune activation in response to the proximal airway microbiome of both matched iSGS patients and healthy controls. Clinical outcome data from iSGS patients suggests surgical extirpation of airway scar and reconstitution with unaffected tracheal mucosa halts the progressive fibrosis. Conclusion Our data support an iSGS disease model where epithelial alterations facilitate microbiome displacement, dysregulated immune activation, and localized fibrosis. These results refine our understanding of iSGS and implicate shared pathogenic mechanisms with distal airway fibrotic diseases.
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Ievlev V, Lynch TJ, Freischlag KW, Gries CB, Shah A, Pai AC, Ahlers BA, Park S, Engelhardt JF, Parekh KR. Krt14 and Krt15 differentially regulate regenerative properties and differentiation potential of airway basal cells. JCI Insight 2023; 8:162041. [PMID: 36512409 PMCID: PMC9977304 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.162041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin expression dynamically changes in airway basal cells (BCs) after acute and chronic injury, yet the functional consequences of these changes on BC behavior remain unknown. In bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) after lung transplantation, BC clonogenicity declines, which is associated with a switch from keratin15 (Krt15) to keratin14 (Krt14). We investigated these keratins' roles using Crispr-KO in vitro and in vivo and found that Krt14-KO and Krt15-KO produce contrasting phenotypes in terms of differentiation and clonogenicity. Primary mouse Krt14-KO BCs did not differentiate into club and ciliated cells but had enhanced clonogenicity. By contrast, Krt15-KO did not alter BC differentiation but impaired clonogenicity in vitro and reduced the number of label-retaining BCs in vivo after injury. Krt14, but not Krt15, bound the tumor suppressor stratifin (Sfn). Disruption of Krt14, but not of Krt15, reduced Sfn protein abundance and increased expression of the oncogene dNp63a during BC differentiation, whereas dNp63a levels were reduced in Krt15-KO BCs. Overall, the phenotype of Krt15-KO BCs contrasts with Krt14-KO phenotype and resembles the phenotype in BO with decreased clonogenicity, increased Krt14, and decreased dNp63a expression. This work demonstrates that Krt14 and Krt15 functionally regulate BC behavior, which is relevant in chronic disease states like BO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Ievlev
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Thomas J. Lynch
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kyle W. Freischlag
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Caitlyn B. Gries
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Anit Shah
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Albert C. Pai
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Bethany A. Ahlers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Soo Park
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - John F. Engelhardt
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kalpaj R. Parekh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Zhou H, Zhang Q, Huang W, Zhou S, Wang Y, Zeng X, Wang H, Xie W, Kong H. NLRP3 Inflammasome Mediates Silica-induced Lung Epithelial Injury and Aberrant Regeneration in Lung Stem/Progenitor Cell-derived Organotypic Models. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:1875-1893. [PMID: 37063430 PMCID: PMC10092774 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.80605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Silica-induced lung epithelial injury and fibrosis are vital pathogeneses of silicosis. Although the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome contributes to silica-induced chronic lung inflammation, its role in epithelial injury and regeneration remains unclear. Here, using mouse lung stem/progenitor cell-derived organotypic systems, including 2D air-liquid interface and 3D organoid cultures, we investigated the effects of the NLRP3 inflammasome on airway epithelial phenotype and function, cellular injury and regeneration, and the potential mechanisms. Our data showed that silica-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation disrupted the epithelial architecture, impaired mucociliary clearance, induced cellular hyperplasia and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in 2D culture, and inhibited organoid development in 3D system. Moreover, abnormal expression of the stem/progenitor cell markers SOX2 and SOX9 was observed in the 2D and 3D organotypic models after sustained silica stimulation. Notably, these silica-induced structural and functional abnormalities were ameliorated by MCC950, a selective NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor. Further studies indicated that the NF-κB, Shh-Gli and Wnt/β-catenin pathways were involved in NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated abnormal differentiation and dysfunction of the airway epithelium. Thus, prolonged NLRP3 inflammasome activation caused injury and aberrant lung epithelial regeneration, suggesting that the NLRP3 inflammasome is a pivotal target for regulating tissue repair in chronic inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Weiping Xie
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Hui Kong, M.D., Ph.D., . Weiping Xie, M.D., Ph.D., . Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China. Tel: +86-25-68136426; Fax: +86-25-68136269
| | - Hui Kong
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Hui Kong, M.D., Ph.D., . Weiping Xie, M.D., Ph.D., . Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China. Tel: +86-25-68136426; Fax: +86-25-68136269
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7
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Clark GC, Elfsmark L, Armstrong S, Essex-Lopresti A, Gustafsson Å, Ryan Y, Moore K, Paszkiewicz K, Green AC, Hiscox JA, David J, Jonasson S. From "crisis to recovery": A complete insight into the mechanisms of chlorine injury in the lung. Life Sci 2022; 312:121252. [PMID: 36460096 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chlorine (Cl2) gas is a toxic industrial chemical (TIC) that poses a hazard to human health following accidental and/or intentional (e.g. terrorist) release. By using a murine model of sub-lethal Cl2 exposure we have examined the airway hyper responsiveness, cellular infiltrates, transcriptomic and proteomic responses of the lung. In the "crisis" phase at 2 h and 6 h there is a significant decreases in leukocytes within bronchoalveolar lavage fluid accompanied by an upregulation within the proteome of immune pathways ultimately resulting in neutrophil influx at 24 h. A flip towards "repair" in the transcriptome and proteome occurs at 24 h, neutrophil influx and an associated drop in the lung function persisting until 14 d post-exposure and subsequent "recovery" after 28 days. Collectively, this research provides new insights into the mechanisms of damage, early global responses and processes of repair induced in the lung following the inhalation of Cl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme C Clark
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, ic2 Building, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
| | - Linda Elfsmark
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stuart Armstrong
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, ic2 Building, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Angela Essex-Lopresti
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Åsa Gustafsson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yan Ryan
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, ic2 Building, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Karen Moore
- University of Exeter, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Konrad Paszkiewicz
- University of Exeter, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - A Christopher Green
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, ic2 Building, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Jonathan David
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Sofia Jonasson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden.
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McGraw MD, Yee M, Kim SY, Dylag AM, Lawrence BP, O'Reilly MA. Diacetyl inhalation impairs airway epithelial repair in mice infected with influenza A virus. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 323:L578-L592. [PMID: 36068185 PMCID: PMC9639765 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00124.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a debilitating disease of the small airways that can develop following exposure to toxic chemicals as well as respiratory tract infections. BO development is strongly associated with diacetyl (DA) inhalation exposures at occupationally relevant concentrations or severe influenza A viral (IAV) infections. However, it remains unclear whether lower dose exposures or more mild IAV infections can result in similar pathology. In the current work, we combined these two common environmental exposures, DA and IAV, to test whether shorter DA exposures followed by sublethal IAV infection would result in similar airways disease. Adult mice exposed to DA vapors 1 h/day for 5 consecutive days followed by infection with the airway-tropic IAV H3N2 (HKx31) resulted in increased mortality, increased bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) neutrophil percentage, mixed obstruction and restriction by lung function, and subsequent airway remodeling. Exposure to DA or IAV alone failed to result in significant pathology, whereas mice exposed to DA + IAV showed increased α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and epithelial cells coexpressing the basal cell marker keratin 5 (KRT5) with the club cell marker SCGB1A1. To test whether DA exposure impairs epithelial repair after IAV infection, mice were infected first with IAV and then exposed to DA during airway epithelial repair. Mice exposed to IAV + DA developed similar airway remodeling with increased subepithelial αSMA and epithelial cells coexpressing KRT5 and SCGB1A1. Our findings reveal an underappreciated concept that common environmental insults while seemingly harmless by themselves can have catastrophic implications on lung function and long-term respiratory health when combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D McGraw
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Min Yee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - So-Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Andrew M Dylag
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Michael A O'Reilly
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic and relentlessly progressive interstitial lung disease in which the accumulation of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix (ECM) induces the destruction of normal alveolar structures, ultimately leading to respiratory failure. Patients with advanced PF are unable to perform physical labor and often have concomitant cough and dyspnea, which markedly impair their quality of life. However, there is a paucity of available pharmacological therapies, and to date, lung transplantation remains the only possible treatment for patients suffering from end-stage PF; moreover, the complexity of transplantation surgery and the paucity of donors greatly restrict the application of this treatment. Therefore, there is a pressing need for alternative therapeutic strategies for this complex disease. Due to their capacity for pluripotency and paracrine actions, stem cells are promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of interstitial lung disease, and an extensive body of literature supports the therapeutic efficacy of stem cells in lung fibrosis. Although stem cell transplantation may play an important role in the treatment of PF, some key issues, such as safety and therapeutic efficacy, remain to be resolved. In this review, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical studies on the stem cell-mediated regeneration of fibrotic lungs and present an analysis of concerning issues related to stem cell therapy to guide therapeutic development for this complex disease.
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10
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Ghio AJ, Soukup JM, Dailey LA, Roggli VL, Crumbliss AL, Palmer SM. Diacetyl exposure disrupts iron homeostasis in animals and cells. Inhal Toxicol 2021; 33:268-274. [PMID: 34752160 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2021.1989092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several mechanisms have been proposed for the biological effect of diacetyl. We tested the postulate that animal and cell exposures to diacetyl are associated with a disruption in iron homeostasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were intratracheally-instilled with either distilled water or diacetyl. Seven days after treatment, animals were euthanized and the lungs removed, fixed, and embedded. Sections were cut and stained for iron, collagen, and ferritin. Human epithelial (BEAS-2B) and monocytic (THP-1) cells were exposed in vitro to ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), diacetyl, and both FAC and diacetyl. Cell non-heme iron concentrations and ferritin levels were quantified using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and an immunoassay respectively. RESULTS After exposure of animals to diacetyl, there were airway polypoid lesions which stained positively for both iron and the intracellular storage protein ferritin. Trichrome stain showed a deposition of collagen immediately adjacent to accumulated metal following diacetyl exposure. In in vitro cell exposures, FAC increased non-heme iron concentration but co-incubations of FAC and diacetyl elevated levels to significantly greater values. Levels of ferritin were increased with exposures of BEAS-2B and THP-1 cells to FAC but were similarly greater after co-exposure with FAC and diacetyl. CONCLUSIONS Results of animal and cell studies support a disruption of iron homeostasis by diacetyl. It is proposed that, following internalization, diacetyl complexes intracellular sources of iron. The cell recognizes a loss of its requisite iron to diacetyl and imports greater concentrations of the metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ghio
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Lisa A Dailey
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Victor L Roggli
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Scott M Palmer
- Deparment of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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11
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Addis DR, Aggarwal S, Lazrak A, Jilling T, Matalon S. Halogen-Induced Chemical Injury to the Mammalian Cardiopulmonary Systems. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:272-291. [PMID: 34431415 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00004.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The halogens chlorine (Cl2) and bromine (Br2) are highly reactive oxidizing elements with widespread industrial applications and a history of development and use as chemical weapons. When inhaled, depending on the dose and duration of exposure, they cause acute and chronic injury to both the lungs and systemic organs that may result in the development of chronic changes (such as fibrosis) and death from cardiopulmonary failure. A number of conditions, such as viral infections, coexposure to other toxic gases, and pregnancy increase susceptibility to halogens significantly. Herein we review their danger to public health, their mechanisms of action, and the development of pharmacological agents that when administered post-exposure decrease morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan R Addis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Comprehensive Cardiovascular Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Saurabh Aggarwal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ahmed Lazrak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Tamas Jilling
- Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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12
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Kishimoto I, Ohnishi H, Yamahara K, Nakagawa T, Yamashita M, Omori K, Yamamoto N. Insulin-like growth factor 1 promotes the extension of Tracheal Epithelium in an in Vitro Tracheal organ culture model. Auris Nasus Larynx 2021; 48:441-450. [PMID: 33041094 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rapid epithelialization is crucial to maintain tracheal patency and prevent potential graft failure in tracheal reconstruction after tracheal resection for cancer with tracheal infiltration or tracheal stenosis. Insulin-like growth factor 1 is a liver-secreted endocrine molecule that controls cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis and has been reported to promote epithelialization in several organs. Here, we utilized mouse tracheal organ cultures to examine the effect of insulin-like growth factor 1 on tracheal epithelialization. METHODS The trachea was resected from thirteen-week-old female ICR mice, and cut into small plate-shaped tracheal sections. First, the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Secondly, the tracheal sections were cultured for seven days in the culture medium, and the morphological change during the seven-day culture was assessed by immunohistochemistry, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the tracheal sections were cultured for 48 h with different concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1 (0, 0.1, 1 and 10 µg/mL) in the culture medium, and the extension length of the tracheal epithelium during culture was measured in order to assess the effect of topical IGF1 on tracheal epithelialization. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry showed that insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor was expressed in tracheal epithelium. Immunohistochemistry, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and scanning electron microscopy showed that the tracheal organ cultures were stable for at least seven days without apparent morphological damage. The effect of insulin-like growth factor 1 on tracheal epithelialization was examined in plate-shaped tracheal sections cultured in medium supplemented with or without insulin-like growth factor 1 for 48 h. We also found that the epithelial edge of plate-shaped tracheal sections extended further along the surface of the tracheal section in culture medium containing insulin-like growth factor 1 compared with that in culture medium without insulin-like growth factor 1. CONCLUSION The current study using an in vitro mouse tracheal organ culture model demonstrated that topical insulin-like growth factor 1 treatment promoted the extension of tracheal epithelium, suggesting the potential utility of insulin-like growth factor 1 in aiding rapid tracheal epithelialization in patients requiring tracheal reconstruction using tissue-engineered tracheas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippei Kishimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroe Ohnishi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamahara
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Shizuoka City Hospital, 10-93 Ohte-machi, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-8630, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masaru Yamashita
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 420-8527, Japan
| | - Koichi Omori
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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13
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Wang J, Kim SY, House E, Olson HM, Johnston CJ, Chalupa D, Hernady E, Mariani TJ, Clair G, Ansong C, Qian WJ, Finkelstein JN, McGraw MD. Repetitive diacetyl vapor exposure promotes ubiquitin proteasome stress and precedes bronchiolitis obliterans pathology. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2469-2483. [PMID: 34031698 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a devastating lung disease seen commonly after lung transplant, following severe respiratory tract infection or chemical inhalation exposure. Diacetyl (DA; 2,3-butanedione) is a highly reactive alpha-diketone known to cause BO when inhaled, however, the mechanisms of how inhalation exposure leads to BO development remains poorly understood. In the current work, we combined two clinically relevant models for studying the pathogenesis of DA-induced BO: (1) an in vivo rat model of repetitive DA vapor exposures with recovery and (2) an in vitro model of primary human airway epithelial cells exposed to pure DA vapors. Rats exposed to 5 consecutive days 200 parts-per-million DA 6 h per day had worsening survival, persistent hypoxemia, poor weight gain, and histologic evidence of BO 14 days after DA exposure cessation. At the end of exposure, increased expression of the ubiquitin stress protein ubiquitin-C accumulated within DA-exposed rat lung homogenates and localized primarily to the airway epithelium, the primary site of BO development. Lung proteasome activity increased concurrently with ubiquitin-C expression after DA exposure, supportive of significant proteasome stress. In primary human airway cultures, global proteomics identified 519 significantly modified proteins in DA-exposed samples relative to controls with common pathways of the ubiquitin proteasome system, endosomal reticulum transport, and response to unfolded protein pathways being upregulated and cell-cell adhesion and oxidation-reduction pathways being downregulated. Collectively, these two models suggest that diacetyl inhalation exposure causes abundant protein damage and subsequent ubiquitin proteasome stress prior to the development of chemical-induced BO pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - So-Young Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 667, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Emma House
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 667, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Heather M Olson
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Carl J Johnston
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 667, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - David Chalupa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Eric Hernady
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Gérémy Clair
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Charles Ansong
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Jacob N Finkelstein
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Matthew D McGraw
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 667, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. .,Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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14
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Watkins R, Perrott R, Bate S, Auton P, Watts S, Stoll A, Rutter S, Jugg B. Development of chlorine-induced lung injury in the anesthetized, spontaneously breathing pig. Toxicol Mech Methods 2021; 31:257-271. [PMID: 33929275 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2021.1906808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlorine is a toxic industrial chemical produced in vast quantities globally, being used in a range of applications such as water purification, sanitation and industrial processes. Its use and transport cannot be restricted; exposure may occur following accidental or deliberate releases. The OPCW recently verified the use of chlorine gas against civilians in both Syria and Iraq. Chlorine inhalation produces damage to the lungs, which may result in the development of an acute lung injury, respiratory failure and death. Treatment remains an intractable problem. Our objective was to develop a clinically relevant pre-clinical model of a moderate to severe lung injury in the pig. This would enable future assessment of therapeutic drugs or interventions to be implemented in the pre-hospital phase after exposure. Due to the irritant nature of chlorine, a number of strategies for exposing terminally anesthetized pigs needed to be investigated. A number of challenges (inconsistent acute changes in respiratory parameters; early deaths), resulted in a moderate to severe lung injury not being achieved. However, most pigs developed a mild lung injury by 12 h. Further investigation is required to optimize the model and enable the assessment of therapeutic candidates. In this paper we describe the exposure strategies used and discuss the challenges encountered in establishing a model of chlorine-induced lung injury. A key aim is to assist researchers navigating the challenges of producing a clinically relevant model of higher dose chlorine exposure where animal welfare is protected by use of terminal anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon Bate
- CBR Division, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Sarah Watts
- CBR Division, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
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15
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Lin J, Deng H, Zhang Y, Zou L, Fu Z, Dai J. Effect of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells on murine model of bronchiolitis obliterans like injury. Pediatr Pulmonol 2021; 56:129-137. [PMID: 33085211 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchiolitis obliterans is a fatal respiratory disease characterized by the obliteration of small airways. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a promising candidate for cell-based therapy. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the therapeutic effect of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HUC-MSCs) on a murine model of bronchiolitis obliterans like injury (BOLI). METHOD The murine model of BOLI was established by administrating of diacetyl (DA) via intratracheal instillation. Treatment of HUC-MSCs or HUC-MSCs culture medium (HUC-MSCs-CM) was conducted in the BOLI model. RESULTS The pathogenic manifestations, lung function, and the number of neutrophils were similar between the oropharyngeal inhalation DA group (OPI-DA), intratracheal instillation group (ITI-DA); however, less reduction of weight and higher survival rate were observed in ITI-DA groups. Compared with the control groups, the trend of weight loss was significantly reduced (p < .05), and the pulmonary function was significantly improved (p < .05) in HUC-MSCs and HUC-MSCs-CM groups. Masson staining and hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that the deposition of collagen around bronchioles and blood vessels is less and airway epithelial cells and basal cells in lung tissue repaired better in HUC-MSCs and HUC-MSCs-CM groups compared with the control groups. Immunofluorescence shows the expression of E-cadherin and cytokeratin 5 (CK-5) were significantly higher in HUC-MSCs and HUC-MSCs-CM groups compared with control groups, while HUC-MSCs themselves did not express E-cadherin or CK-5. The DiI label showed HUC-MSCs gradually reduced after 2 days in the bronchus and 4 days in bronchiole. CONCLUSION HUC-MSCs could help to repair airway epithelial cells in a murine model of BOLI. It might be related to paracrine factors of HUC-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Lin
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Huarong Deng
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Zou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China.,Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Fu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Jihong Dai
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
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16
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Achanta S, Jordt SE. Transient receptor potential channels in pulmonary chemical injuries and as countermeasure targets. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1480:73-103. [PMID: 32892378 PMCID: PMC7933981 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lung is highly sensitive to chemical injuries caused by exposure to threat agents in industrial or transportation accidents, occupational exposures, or deliberate use as weapons of mass destruction (WMD). There are no antidotes for the majority of the chemical threat agents and toxic inhalation hazards despite their use as WMDs for more than a century. Among several putative targets, evidence for transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels as mediators of injury by various inhalational chemical threat agents is emerging. TRP channels are expressed in the respiratory system and are essential for homeostasis. Among TRP channels, the body of literature supporting essential roles for TRPA1, TRPV1, and TRPV4 in pulmonary chemical injuries is abundant. TRP channels mediate their function through sensory neuronal and nonneuronal pathways. TRP channels play a crucial role in complex pulmonary pathophysiologic events including, but not limited to, increased intracellular calcium levels, signal transduction, recruitment of proinflammatory cells, neurogenic inflammatory pathways, cough reflex, hampered mucus clearance, disruption of the integrity of the epithelia, pulmonary edema, and fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the role of TRP channels in chemical threat agents-induced pulmonary injuries and how these channels may serve as medical countermeasure targets for broader indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Achanta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sven-Eric Jordt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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17
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Parekh KR, Nawroth J, Pai A, Busch SM, Senger CN, Ryan AL. Stem cells and lung regeneration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C675-C693. [PMID: 32783658 PMCID: PMC7654650 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00036.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to replace defective cells in an airway with cells that can engraft, integrate, and restore a functional epithelium could potentially cure a number of lung diseases. Progress toward the development of strategies to regenerate the adult lung by either in vivo or ex vivo targeting of endogenous stem cells or pluripotent stem cell derivatives is limited by our fundamental lack of understanding of the mechanisms controlling human lung development, the precise identity and function of human lung stem and progenitor cell types, and the genetic and epigenetic control of human lung fate. In this review, we intend to discuss the known stem/progenitor cell populations, their relative differences between rodents and humans, their roles in chronic lung disease, and their therapeutic prospects. Additionally, we highlight the recent breakthroughs that have increased our understanding of these cell types. These advancements include novel lineage-traced animal models and single-cell RNA sequencing of human airway cells, which have provided critical information on the stem cell subtypes, transition states, identifying cell markers, and intricate pathways that commit a stem cell to differentiate or to maintain plasticity. As our capacity to model the human lung evolves, so will our understanding of lung regeneration and our ability to target endogenous stem cells as a therapeutic approach for lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpaj R Parekh
- Department Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Janna Nawroth
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Albert Pai
- Department Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Shana M Busch
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christiana N Senger
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy L Ryan
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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18
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Abstract
Three major histologic patterns of bronchiolitis: obliterative bronchiolitis, follicular bronchiolitis, and diffuse panbronchiolitis, are reviewed in detail. These distinct patterns of primary bronchiolar injury provide a useful starting point for formulating a differential diagnosis and considering possible causes. In support of the aim toward a cause-based classification system of small airway disease, a simple diagnostic algorithm is provided for further subclassification of the above 3 bronchiolitis patterns according to the major associated etiologic subgroups.
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19
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Lindsay CD, Timperley CM. TRPA1 and issues relating to animal model selection for extrapolating toxicity data to humans. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 39:14-36. [PMID: 31578097 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119877460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) ion channel is a sensor for irritant chemicals, has ancient lineage, and is distributed across animal species including humans, where it features in many organs. Its activation by a diverse panel of electrophilic molecules (TRPA1 agonists) through electrostatic binding and/or covalent attachment to the protein causes the sensation of pain. This article reviews the species differences between TRPA1 channels and their responses, to assess the suitability of different animals to model the effects of TRPA1-activating electrophiles in humans, referring to common TRPA1 activators (exogenous and endogenous) and possible mechanisms of action relating to their toxicology. It concludes that close matching of in vitro and in vivo models will help optimise the identification of relevant biochemical and physiological responses to benchmark the efficacy of potential therapeutic drugs, including TRPA1 antagonists, to counter the toxic effects of those electrophiles capable of harming humans. The analysis of the species issue provided should aid the development of medical treatments to counter poisoning by such chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Lindsay
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Salisbury, UK
| | - C M Timperley
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Salisbury, UK
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20
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Achanta S, Jordt SE. Toxic effects of chlorine gas and potential treatments: a literature review. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 31:244-256. [PMID: 31532270 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1669244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chlorine gas is one of the highly produced chemicals in the USA and around the world. Chlorine gas has several uses in water purification, sanitation, and industrial applications; however, it is a toxic inhalation hazard agent. Inhalation of chlorine gas, based on the concentration and duration of the exposure, causes a spectrum of symptoms, including but not limited to lacrimation, rhinorrhea, bronchospasm, cough, dyspnea, acute lung injury, death, and survivors develop signs of pulmonary fibrosis and reactive airway disease. Despite the use of chlorine gas as a chemical warfare agent since World War I and its known potential as an industrial hazard, there is no specific antidote. The resurgence of the use of chlorine gas as a chemical warfare agent in recent years has brought speculation of its use as weapons of mass destruction. Therefore, developing antidotes for chlorine gas-induced lung injuries remains the need of the hour. While some of the pre-clinical studies have made substantial progress in the understanding of chlorine gas-induced pulmonary pathophysiology and identifying potential medical countermeasure(s), yet none of the drug candidates are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In this review, we summarized pathophysiology of chlorine gas-induced pulmonary injuries, pre-clinical animal models, development of a pipeline of potential medical countermeasures under FDA animal rule, and future directions for the development of antidotes for chlorine gas-induced lung injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven-Eric Jordt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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21
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Allard B, Panariti A, Pernet E, Downey J, Ano S, Dembele M, Nakada E, Fujii U, McGovern TK, Powell WS, Divangahi M, Martin JG. Tolerogenic signaling of alveolar macrophages induces lung adaptation to oxidative injury. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:945-961.e9. [PMID: 31356919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaled oxidative toxicants present in ambient air cause airway epithelial injury, inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Effective adaptation to such environmental insults is essential for the preservation of pulmonary function, whereas failure or incomplete adaptation to oxidative injury can render the host susceptible to the development of airway disease. OBJECTIVE We sought to explore the mechanisms of airway adaptation to oxidative injury. METHODS For a model to study pulmonary adaptation to oxidative stress-induced lung injury, we exposed mice to repeated nose-only chlorine gas exposures. Outcome measures were evaluated 24 hours after the last chlorine exposure. Lung mechanics and airway responsiveness to methacholine were assessed by using the flexiVent. Inflammation and antioxidant responses were assessed in both bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue. Using both loss or gain of function and genomic approaches, we further dissected the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in pulmonary adaptation. RESULTS Repeated exposures to oxidative stress resulted in pulmonary adaptation evidenced by abrogation of neutrophilic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. This adaptation was independent of antioxidant mechanisms and regulatory T cells but dependent on residential alveolar macrophages (AMs). Interestingly, 5% of AMs expressed forkhead box P3, and depletion of these cells abolished adaptation. Results from transcriptomic profiling and loss and gain of function suggest that adaptation might be dependent on TGF-β and prostaglandin E2. CONCLUSION Pulmonary adaptation during oxidative stress-induced lung injury is mediated by a novel subset of forkhead box P3-positive AMs that limits inflammation, favoring airway adaptation and host fitness through TGF-β and prostaglandin E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Allard
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alice Panariti
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Erwan Pernet
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Downey
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Satoshi Ano
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marieme Dembele
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emily Nakada
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Utako Fujii
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Toby K McGovern
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William S Powell
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James G Martin
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, and the Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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22
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Musah S, Chen J, Schlueter C, Humphrey DM, Stocke K, Hoyle MI, Hoyle GW. Inhibition of chlorine-induced airway fibrosis by budesonide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 363:11-21. [PMID: 30189237 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chlorine is a chemical threat agent that can be harmful to humans. Acute inhalation of high levels of chlorine results in the death of airway epithelial cells and can lead to persistent adverse effects on respiratory health, including airway remodeling and hyperreactivity. We previously developed a mouse chlorine exposure model in which animals developed inflammation and fibrosis in large airways. In the present study, examination by laser capture microdissection of developing fibroproliferative lesions in FVB/NJ mice exposed to 240 ppm-h chlorine revealed upregulation of genes related to macrophage function. Treatment of chlorine-exposed mice with the corticosteroid drug budesonide daily for 7 days (30-90 μg/mouse i.m.) starting 1 h after exposure prevented the influx of M2 macrophages and the development of airway fibrosis and hyperreactivity. In chlorine-exposed, budesonide-treated mice 7 days after exposure, large airways lacking fibrosis contained extensive denuded areas indicative of a poorly repaired epithelium. Damaged or poorly repaired epithelium has been considered a trigger for fibrogenesis, but the results of this study suggest that inflammation is the ultimate driver of fibrosis in our model. Examination at later times following 7-day budesonide treatment showed continued absence of fibrosis after cessation of treatment and regrowth of a poorly differentiated airway epithelium by 14 days after exposure. Delay in the start of budesonide treatment for up to 2 days still resulted in inhibition of airway fibrosis. Our results show the therapeutic potential of budesonide as a countermeasure for inhibiting persistent effects of chlorine inhalation and shed light on mechanisms underlying the initial development of fibrosis following airway injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadiatu Musah
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Connie Schlueter
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - David M Humphrey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Kendall Stocke
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Mona I Hoyle
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Gary W Hoyle
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.
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23
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Serrano-Mollar A. Cell Therapy in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis †. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6030064. [PMID: 30104544 PMCID: PMC6164035 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a fatal disease with no effective or curative treatment options. In recent decades, cell-based therapies using stem cells or lung progenitor cells to regenerate lung tissue have experienced rapid growth in both preclinical animal models and translational clinical studies. In this review, the current knowledge of these cell therapies is summarized. Although further investigations are required, these studies indicate that cell therapies are a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Serrano-Mollar
- Departamento de Patología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS, Rosselló, 161, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Gwinn WM, Flake GP, Bousquet RW, Taylor GJ, Morgan DL. Airway injury in an in vitro human epithelium-fibroblast model of diacetyl vapor exposure: diacetyl-induced basal/suprabasal spongiosis. Inhal Toxicol 2018; 29:310-321. [PMID: 28984536 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1369604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation exposure to diacetyl (DA) is associated with obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) in workers and induces OB-like fibrotic airway lesions in rats. The pathogenesis of OB is poorly understood in part due to complex interactions between airway epithelial, mesenchymal and blood-derived inflammatory cells. DA-induced airway toxicity in the absence of recruited-inflammatory/immune cells was characterized using an air-liquid interface (ALI) model consisting of human airway epithelium with (Epi/FT) and without (Epi) a mesenchymal component. ALI cultures were exposed to 25 mM DA-derived vapors (using vapor cups) for 1 h on day 0, 2 and 4. In some experiments, the tissues were exposed to 2,3-hexanedione (Hex) which is structurally-similar, but much less fibrogenic than DA. Lactate dehydrogenase activity and day 6 histopathologic changes associated with epithelial injury, including basal/suprabasal spongiosis, were increased following exposure of Epi/FT tissues to DA but not control or Hex vapors. IL-1a, IL-6, IL-8, sIL-1Ra, TGFa, MCP-3 and TNFa proteins were increased following DA exposure of Epi/FT tissues; only IL-1a, IL-8, sIL-1Ra and TGFa were increased following exposure of Epi tissues. MMP-1, MMP-3 and TIMP-1 proteins were increased following DA exposure of Epi/FT tissues; whereas MMP-2, MMP-7 and TIMP-2 were decreased, and production was largely dependent upon the presence of sub-epithelial stromal matrix/fibroblasts. Hex-induced protein changes were minimal. This in vitro study demonstrated that exposure of human airways to DA vapors induced epithelial injury (with the histopathologic feature of basal/suprabasal spongiosis) and increased release of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines/chemokines as well as MMPs/TIMPs in the absence of recruited-inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Gwinn
- a NTP Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP) , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Gordon P Flake
- b Cell and Molecular Pathology Branch, DNTP, NIEHS , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Ronald W Bousquet
- c Alion Science and Technology Corporation , Research Triangle Park, Durham , NC , USA
| | - Genie J Taylor
- c Alion Science and Technology Corporation , Research Triangle Park, Durham , NC , USA
| | - Daniel L Morgan
- a NTP Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP) , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) , Durham , NC , USA
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Zhou T, Song WF, Shang Y, Yao SL, Matalon S. Halogen Inhalation-Induced Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:1214-1219. [PMID: 29722341 PMCID: PMC5956773 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.231515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to halogens, such as chlorine or bromine, results in environmental and occupational hazard to the lung and other organs. Chlorine is highly toxic by inhalation, leading to dyspnea, hypoxemia, airway obstruction, pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although bromine is less reactive and oxidative than chlorine, inhalation also results in bronchospasm, airway hyperresponsiveness, ARDS, and even death. Both halogens have been shown to damage the systemic circulation and result in cardiac injury as well. There is no specific antidote for these injuries since the mechanisms are largely unknown. DATA SOURCES This review was based on articles published in PubMed databases up to January, 2018, with the following keywords: "chlorine," "bromine," "lung injury," and "ARDS." STUDY SELECTION The original articles and reviews including the topics were the primary references. RESULTS Based on animal studies, it is found that inhaled chlorine will form chlorine-derived oxidative products that mediate postexposure toxicity; thus, potential treatments will target the oxidative stress and inflammation induced by chlorine. Antioxidants, cAMP-elevating agents, anti-inflammatory agents, nitric oxide-modulating agents, and high-molecular-weight hyaluronan have shown promising effects in treating acute chlorine injury. Elevated free heme level is involved in acute lung injury caused by bromine inhalation. Hemopexin, a heme-scavenging protein, when administered postexposure, decreases lung injury and improves survival. CONCLUSIONS At present, there is an urgent need for additional research to develop specific therapies that target the basic mechanisms by which halogens damage the lungs and systemic organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Wei-Feng Song
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - You Shang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Shang-Long Yao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Yin J, Ma X, Huang F, Ma Y, Li Y. Bronchiolitis obliterans murine model induced by nitric acid aerosol inhalation: An economical and reproducible model. Exp Lung Res 2018; 44:143-152. [PMID: 29683731 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2018.1455926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a highly debilitative and fatal syndrome associated with a series of severe lower airway disorders. The pathogenesis of BO is complicated and not entirely understood. An appropriate animal model of BO may aid research into its pathogenesis. Here, we establish a mouse model of BO to provide insight into this disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS 6-8 week old BABL/c mice were exposed to 5% nitric acid (NA) aerosol through a nebulizer for 3 hours, and controls were exposed to distilled water instead. Symptoms, airway resistance and pathological process were observed dynamically. The levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), 8-isoprostane and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BLAF) were determined by ELISA on day 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 after the aerosol nebulization. RESULTS Typical BO lesions were observed in NA nebulized mice characterized histologically by initial necrotizing bronchiolitis and final airway fibrosis at day 28 after the aerosol nebulization. NA nebulized mice also exhibited labored breathing and significantly increased airway resistance. Expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, 8-isoprostane and MPO were significantly elevated in NA nebulized mice in different time frame. CONCLUSION A murine BO model was established by NA aerosol inhalation. It provides an easy, economic, and reproducible mice model for BO research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Yin
- a Department of Pediatrics , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , jilin , China.,b Department of Molecular Biology , Basic Medical College of Jilin University , Changchun , jilin , China
| | - Xiaobo Ma
- c Department of Pathology , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , jilin , China
| | - Fei Huang
- d Department of Orthopedics , China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , jilin , China
| | - Yucong Ma
- a Department of Pediatrics , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , jilin , China
| | - Yanan Li
- a Department of Pediatrics , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , jilin , China.,b Department of Molecular Biology , Basic Medical College of Jilin University , Changchun , jilin , China
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Swatek AM, Lynch TJ, Crooke AK, Anderson PJ, Tyler SR, Brooks L, Ivanovic M, Klesney-Tait JA, Eberlein M, Pena T, Meyerholz DK, Engelhardt JF, Parekh KR. Depletion of Airway Submucosal Glands and TP63 +KRT5 + Basal Cells in Obliterative Bronchiolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 197:1045-1057. [PMID: 29236513 PMCID: PMC5909161 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201707-1368oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) is a major cause of mortality after lung transplantation. Depletion of airway stem cells (SCs) may lead to fibrosis in OB. OBJECTIVES Two major SC compartments in airways are submucosal glands (SMGs) and surface airway p63 (also known as TP63 [tumor protein 63])-positive/K5 (also known as KRT5 [keratin 5])-positive basal cells (BCs). We hypothesized that depletion of these SC compartments occurs in OB. METHODS Ferret orthotopic left lung transplants were used as an experimental model of OB, and findings were corroborated in human lung allografts. Morphometric analysis was performed in ferret and human lungs to evaluate the abundance of SMGs and changes in the expression of phenotypic BC markers in control, lymphocytic bronchiolitis, and OB airways. The abundance and proliferative capacity of proximal and distal airway SCs was assessed using a clonogenic colony-forming efficiency assay. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Ferret allografts revealed significant loss of SMGs with development of OB. A progressive decline in p63+/K5+ and increase in K5+/K14+ and K14+ BC phenotypes correlated with the severity of allograft rejection in large and small ferret airways. The abundance and proliferative capacity of basal SCs in large allograft airways declined with severity of OB, and there was complete ablation of basal SCs in distal OB airways. Human allografts mirrored phenotypic BC changes observed in the ferret model. CONCLUSIONS SMGs and basal SC compartments are depleted in large and/or small airways of lung allografts, and basal SC proliferative capacity declines with progression of disease and phenotypic changes. Global airway SC depletion may be a mechanism for pulmonary allograft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia A. Klesney-Tait
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Michael Eberlein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Tahuanty Pena
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Tata A, Kobayashi Y, Chow RD, Tran J, Desai A, Massri AJ, McCord TJ, Gunn MD, Tata PR. Myoepithelial Cells of Submucosal Glands Can Function as Reserve Stem Cells to Regenerate Airways after Injury. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 22:668-683.e6. [PMID: 29656943 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cells demonstrate plasticity following injury, but the extent of this phenomenon and the cellular mechanisms involved remain underexplored. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and lineage tracing, we uncover that myoepithelial cells (MECs) of the submucosal glands (SMGs) proliferate and migrate to repopulate the airway surface epithelium (SE) in multiple injury models. Specifically, SMG-derived cells display multipotency and contribute to basal and luminal cell types of the SMGs and SE. Ex vivo expanded MECs have the potential to repopulate and differentiate into SE cells when grafted onto denuded airway scaffolds. Significantly, we find that SMG-like cells appear on the SE of both extra- and intra-lobular airways of large animal lungs following severe injury. We find that the transcription factor SOX9 is necessary for MEC plasticity in airway regeneration. Because SMGs are abundant and present deep within airways, they may serve as a reserve cell source for enhancing human airway regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Tata
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yoshihiko Kobayashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ryan D Chow
- Department of Genetics, Systems Biology Institute, Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jasmine Tran
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Avani Desai
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Abdull J Massri
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Timothy J McCord
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael Dee Gunn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Purushothama Rao Tata
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Yamamoto-Fukuda T, Akiyama N, Takahashi M, Kojima H. Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF) Modulates Epidermal Progenitor Cell Kinetics through Activation of p63 in Middle Ear Cholesteatoma. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2018; 19:223-241. [PMID: 29549594 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-018-0662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The basal stem/progenitor cell maintains homeostasis of the epidermis. Progressive disturbance of this homeostasis has been implicated as a possible cause in the pathogenesis of epithelial disease, such as middle ear cholesteatoma. In many cases of stem/progenitor cell regulation, the importance of extracellular signals provided by the surrounding cells is well-recognized. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a mesenchymal-cell-derived paracrine growth factor that specifically participates in skin homeostasis; however, the overexpression of KGF induces middle ear cholesteatoma. In this study, two kinds of thymidine analogs were transferred at different time points and we investigated the effects of overexpressed KGF on the cell kinetics of stem/progenitor cells in vivo. As a result, BrdU(+)EdU(+) cells (stem/progenitor cells) were detected in the thickened epithelium of KGF-transfected specimens. The use of a high-resolution microscope enabled us to analyze the phosphorylated level of p63 in individual nuclei, and the results clearly demonstrated that BrdU(+)EdU(+) cells are regarded as progenitor cells. In the overexpression of KGF, the stimulation of progenitor cell proliferation was inhibited by SU5402, an inhibitor for tyrosine kinase of KGFR. These findings indicate that KGF overexpression may increase stem/progenitor cell proliferation and block terminal differentiation, resulting in epithelial hyperplasia, which is typical in middle ear cholesteatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Yamamoto-Fukuda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan. .,Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Naotaro Akiyama
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takahashi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kojima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
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McGraw MD, Rioux JS, Garlick RB, Rancourt RC, White CW, Veress LA. From the Cover: ImpairedProliferation and Differentiation of the Conducting Airway Epithelium Associated With Bronchiolitis Obliterans After Sulfur Mustard Inhalation Injury in Rats. Toxicol Sci 2018; 157:399-409. [PMID: 28402575 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare agent that causes chronic airway remodeling. This study's objective was to assess for changes to the bronchiolar epithelium after SM exposure to explain its contribution to chronic airway remodeling. Materials and methods Adult male rats were exposed to a sublethal dose of SM inhalation (1.0-1.2 mg/kg) for 50 min. Histological sections of the bronchiolar epithelium were analyzed for changes using hematoxylin and eosin, trichrome, and immunofluorescent staining for acetylated tubulin (AT) and club cell secretory protein (CCSP). CCSP in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was assessed using western blot. A bromodeoxyuridine (BRDU) assay was used to assess for epithelial proliferation, and real-time PCR measured changes in Notch mRNA expression. Results SM caused significant proximal bronchiolar epithelial injury with epithelial denudation, loss of acetylated tubulin and CCSP staining, and reduced bronchoalveolar lavage fluid CCSP levels. bromodeoxyuridine (BRDU) + staining of proximal bronchiolar epithelial cells was not increased, but staining was increased in the distal bronchiolar epithelium. One month after injury, the proximal bronchiolar epithelium was not fully repaired. Significant collagen deposition surrounded proximal bronchioles with luminal obstruction, consistent with bronchiolitis obliterans. These changes corresponded with a downregulation of Notch1, Notch3, and Hes1 mRNA expressions. Conclusions This study demonstrates that SM exposure resulted in severe proximal airway epithelial injury, persistent morphological changes, impaired epithelial proliferation and, ultimately, bronchiolitis obliterans. These changes occurred at the same time that the Notch signaling genes were downregulated. Thus, the lung epithelium and the Notch signaling pathway may be worthy targets for the prevention of chronic airway remodeling after SM inhalation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D McGraw
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Pediatric Pulmonary Division, The Breathing Institute at Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jaqueline S Rioux
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rhonda B Garlick
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Raymond C Rancourt
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Carl W White
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Pediatric Pulmonary Division, The Breathing Institute at Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Livia A Veress
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Pediatric Pulmonary Division, The Breathing Institute at Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Li X, Yang L, Sun X, Wu J, Li Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Li K, Wu Q, Chen H. The role of TGFβ‑HGF‑Smad4 axis in regulating the proliferation of mouse airway progenitor cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8155-8163. [PMID: 28983602 PMCID: PMC5779903 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between airway epithelial progenitor cells and their microenvironment is critical for maintaining lung homeostasis. This microenvironment includes fibroblast cells, which support the growth of airway progenitor cells. However, the mechanism of this support is not fully understood. In the present study, the authors observed that inhibition of transforming growth factor (TGF)‑β signal with SB431542 promotes the expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in fibroblast cells. The HGF receptor, c‑Met, is expressed on airway progenitor cells; HGF promotes the colony‑forming ability of airway progenitor cells. The deletion of Smad4 in airway progenitor cells increases the colony‑forming ability, suggesting that Smad4 plays a negative role in the regulating the proliferation of airway progenitor cells. These data demonstrated that the regulation of airway progenitor cells by TGF‑β depends on TGF‑βR1/2 on stromal cells, rather than on epithelial progenitor cells. These data suggested a role for the TGF‑β‑TGF‑βR1/2‑HGF‑Smad4 axis in airway epithelial homeostasis and sheds new light on the interaction between airway progenitor cells and their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xin Sun
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Junping Wu
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
- Respiratory Department, Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Qiuyang Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Yingchao Zhang
- Respiratory Department, Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 301800, P.R. China
| | - Kuan Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
- Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Huaiyong Chen or Dr Qi Wu, Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, 890 Jingu Road, Jinnan, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China, E-mail: , E-mail:
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
- Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Huaiyong Chen or Dr Qi Wu, Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, 890 Jingu Road, Jinnan, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China, E-mail: , E-mail:
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Tata PR, Rajagopal J. Plasticity in the lung: making and breaking cell identity. Development 2017; 144:755-766. [PMID: 28246210 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to a prior emphasis on the finality of cell fate decisions in developmental systems, cellular plasticity is now emerging as a general theme in the biology of multiple adult organ systems. In the lung, lineage tracing has been used to identify distinct epithelial stem and progenitor cell populations. These cells, together with their differentiated progeny, maintain a stable identity during steady state conditions, but can display remarkable lineage plasticity following injury. This Review summarizes our current understanding of the different cell lineages of the adult mammalian lung and their responses to injury. In the lung, which is constantly exposed to infection and aerosolized toxins, epithelial plasticity might be more of a rule than an exception, and it is likely that different injuries elicit different facultative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushothama Rao Tata
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Division of Otology and Laryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Strulovici-Barel Y, Shaykhiev R, Salit J, Deeb RS, Krause A, Kaner RJ, Vincent TL, Agosto-Perez F, Wang G, Hollmann C, Shanmugam V, Almulla AM, Sattar H, Mahmoud M, Mezey JG, Gross SS, Staudt MR, Walters MS, Crystal RG. Pulmonary Abnormalities in Young, Light-Use Waterpipe (Hookah) Smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 194:587-95. [PMID: 27007171 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201512-2470oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Waterpipes, also called hookahs, are currently used by millions of people worldwide. Despite the increasing use of waterpipe smoking, there is limited data on the health effects of waterpipe smoking and there are no federal regulations regarding its use. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of waterpipe smoking on the human lung using clinical and biological parameters in young, light-use waterpipe smokers. METHODS We assessed young, light-use, waterpipe-only smokers in comparison with lifelong nonsmokers using clinical parameters of cough and sputum scores, lung function, and chest high-resolution computed tomography as well as biological parameters of lung epithelial lining fluid metabolome, small airway epithelial (SAE) cell differential and transcriptome, alveolar macrophage transcriptome, and plasma apoptotic endothelial cell microparticles. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Compared with nonsmokers, waterpipe smokers had more cough and sputum as well as a lower lung diffusing capacity, abnormal epithelial lining fluid metabolome profile, increased proportions of SAE secretory and intermediate cells, reduced proportions of SAE ciliated and basal cells, markedly abnormal SAE and alveolar macrophage transcriptomes, and elevated levels of apoptotic endothelial cell microparticles. CONCLUSIONS Young, light-use, waterpipe-only smokers have a variety of abnormalities in multiple lung-related biological and clinical parameters, suggesting that even limited waterpipe use has broad consequences on human lung biology and health. We suggest that large epidemiological studies should be initiated to investigate the harmful effects of waterpipe smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert J Kaner
- 1 Department of Genetic Medicine.,2 Department of Medicine, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hisham Sattar
- 4 Pulmonary Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mai Mahmoud
- 3 Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar, Doha, Qatar; and
| | | | - Steven S Gross
- 5 Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Summerhill EM, Hoyle GW, Jordt SE, Jugg BJ, Martin JG, Matalon S, Patterson SE, Prezant DJ, Sciuto AM, Svendsen ER, White CW, Veress LA. An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report: Chemical Inhalational Disasters. Biology of Lung Injury, Development of Novel Therapeutics, and Medical Preparedness. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2017; 14:1060-1072. [PMID: 28418689 PMCID: PMC5529138 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201704-297ws] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This report is based on the proceedings from the Inhalational Lung Injury Workshop jointly sponsored by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Countermeasures Against Chemical Threats (CounterACT) program on May 21, 2013, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The CounterACT program facilitates research leading to the development of new and improved medical countermeasures for chemical threat agents. The workshop was initiated by the Terrorism and Inhalational Disasters Section of the Environmental, Occupational, and Population Health Assembly of the ATS. Participants included both domestic and international experts in the field, as well as representatives from U.S. governmental funding agencies. The meeting objectives were to (1) provide a forum to review the evidence supporting current standard medical therapies, (2) present updates on our understanding of the epidemiology and underlying pathophysiology of inhalational lung injuries, (3) discuss innovative investigative approaches to further delineating mechanisms of lung injury and identifying new specific therapeutic targets, (4) present promising novel medical countermeasures, (5) facilitate collaborative research efforts, and (6) identify challenges and future directions in the ongoing development, manufacture, and distribution of effective and specific medical countermeasures. Specific inhalational toxins discussed included irritants/pulmonary toxicants (chlorine gas, bromine, and phosgene), vesicants (sulfur mustard), chemical asphyxiants (cyanide), particulates (World Trade Center dust), and respirable nerve agents.
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Honavar J, Doran S, Ricart K, Matalon S, Patel RP. Nitrite therapy prevents chlorine gas toxicity in rabbits. Toxicol Lett 2017; 271:20-25. [PMID: 28237808 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chlorine (Cl2) gas exposure and toxicity remains a concern in military and industrial sectors. While post-Cl2 exposure damage to the lungs and other tissues has been documented and major underlying mechanisms elucidated, no targeted therapeutics that are effective when administered post-exposure, and which are amenable to mass-casualty scenarios have been developed. Our recent studies show nitrite administered by intramuscular (IM) injection post-Cl2 exposure is effective in preventing acute lung injury and improving survival in rodent models. Our goal in this study was to develop a rabbit model of Cl2 toxicity and test whether nitrite affords protection in a non-rodent model. Exposure of New Zealand White rabbits to Cl2 gas (600ppm, 45min) caused significant increases in protein and neutrophil accumulation in the airways and ∼35% mortality over 18h. Nitrite administered 30min post Cl2 exposure by a single IM injection, at 1mg/kg or 10mg/kg, prevented indices of acute lung injury at 6h by up to 50%. Moreover, all rabbits that received nitrite survived over the study period. These data provide further rationale for developing nitrite as post-exposure therapeutic to mitigate against Cl2 gas exposure injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Honavar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, United States
| | - Stephen Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, United States; Center for Free Radical Biology and Lung Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, United States
| | - Karina Ricart
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, United States
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, United States; Center for Free Radical Biology and Lung Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, United States
| | - Rakesh P Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, United States; Center for Free Radical Biology and Lung Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, United States.
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Foster MW, Gwinn WM, Kelly FL, Brass DM, Valente AM, Moseley MA, Thompson JW, Morgan DL, Palmer SM. Proteomic Analysis of Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells Exposed to the Respiratory Toxicant Diacetyl. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:538-549. [PMID: 27966365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Occupational exposures to the diketone flavoring agent, diacetyl, have been associated with bronchiolitis obliterans, a rare condition of airway fibrosis. Model studies in rodents have suggested that the airway epithelium is a major site of diacetyl toxicity, but the effects of diacetyl exposure upon the human airway epithelium are poorly characterized. Here we performed quantitative LC-MS/MS-based proteomics to study the effects of repeated diacetyl vapor exposures on 3D organotypic cultures of human primary tracheobronchial epithelial cells. Using a label-free approach, we quantified approximately 3400 proteins and 5700 phosphopeptides in cell lysates across four independent donors. Altered expression of proteins and phosphopeptides were suggestive of loss of cilia and increased squamous differentiation in diacetyl-exposed cells. These phenomena were confirmed by immunofluorescence staining of culture cross sections. Hyperphosphorylation and cross-linking of basal cell keratins were also observed in diacetyl-treated cells, and we used parallel reaction monitoring to confidently localize and quantify previously uncharacterized sites of phosphorylation in keratin 6. Collectively, these data identify numerous molecular changes in the epithelium that may be important to the pathogenesis of flavoring-induced bronchiolitis obliterans. More generally, this study highlights the utility of quantitative proteomics for the study of in vitro models of airway injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William M Gwinn
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel L Morgan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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Musah S, Schlueter CF, Humphrey DM, Powell KS, Roberts AM, Hoyle GW. Acute lung injury and persistent small airway disease in a rabbit model of chlorine inhalation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 315:1-11. [PMID: 27913141 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine is a pulmonary toxicant to which humans can be exposed through accidents or intentional releases. Acute effects of chlorine inhalation in humans and animal models have been well characterized, but less is known about persistent effects of acute, high-level chlorine exposures. In particular, animal models that reproduce the long-term effects suggested to occur in humans are lacking. Here, we report the development of a rabbit model in which both acute and persistent effects of chlorine inhalation can be assessed. Male New Zealand White rabbits were exposed to chlorine while the lungs were mechanically ventilated. After chlorine exposure, the rabbits were extubated and were allowed to survive for up to 24h after exposure to 800ppm chlorine for 4min to study acute effects or up to 7days after exposure to 400ppm for 8min to study longer term effects. Acute effects observed 6 or 24h after inhalation of 800ppm chlorine for 4min included hypoxemia, pulmonary edema, airway epithelial injury, inflammation, altered baseline lung mechanics, and airway hyperreactivity to inhaled methacholine. Seven days after recovery from inhalation of 400ppm chlorine for 8min, rabbits exhibited mild hypoxemia, increased area of pressure-volume loops, and airway hyperreactivity. Lung histology 7days after chlorine exposure revealed abnormalities in the small airways, including inflammation and sporadic bronchiolitis obliterans lesions. Immunostaining showed a paucity of club and ciliated cells in the epithelium at these sites. These results suggest that small airway disease may be an important component of persistent respiratory abnormalities that occur following acute chlorine exposure. This non-rodent chlorine exposure model should prove useful for studying persistent effects of acute chlorine exposure and for assessing efficacy of countermeasures for chlorine-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadiatu Musah
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Connie F Schlueter
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - David M Humphrey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Karen S Powell
- Research Resource Facilities, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Andrew M Roberts
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Gary W Hoyle
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.
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Flake GP, Morgan DL. Pathology of diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione airway lesions in a rat model of obliterative bronchiolitis. Toxicology 2016; 388:40-47. [PMID: 27984136 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of diacetyl vapors by workers has been associated with obliterative bronchiolitis (OB), a poorly understood fibroproliferative disease of the small airways. Significant insights into the pathogenesis of OB have been obtained through the use of a rat model. Inhalation exposure of rats to diacetyl or 2,3-pentanedione, a related flavoring agent, can cause severe injury to the airway epithelium and underlying basement membrane. Repeated exposure to diacetyl or 2,3-pentanedione leads to aberrant repair, fibroproliferation and partial to complete occlusion of the airway lumen. Fibroproliferative lesions in rat airways were found to include both intraluminal polyps and circumferential intramural lesions. Intraluminal polyps have been observed to form secondary attachments spanning the airway lumen causing increasing obstruction. These airway lesions in rats are accompanied by inflammation in the form of peribronchial and perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, eosinophils and neutrophils. Diacetyl-induced OB lesions in the rat are similar to OB lesions in humans and provide a good model for studying the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon P Flake
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States
| | - Daniel L Morgan
- Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States.
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Kanaji N, Chiba Y, Sato A, Ueno M, Tadokoro A, Kita N, Ishii T, Watanabe N, Kadowaki N, Bandoh S. An autopsy case of bronchiolitis obliterans as a previously unrecognized adverse event of afatinib treatment. Respir Investig 2016; 55:58-62. [PMID: 28012496 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease is a well-known pulmonary adverse event that occurs during epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) therapy and results in restrictive ventilatory dysfunction. However, obstructive changes such as those associated with bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) have never been reported as adverse events resulting from the use of any approved EGFR-TKI. This report documents an autopsy case of BO that developed during afatinib treatment for adenocarcinoma of the lung. Knowledge of the possibility of this fatal adverse event is important for adequate follow-up of patients with lung cancer undergoing afatinib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Kanaji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Chiba
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Akira Sato
- Division of Pathology, Takamatsu Heiwa Hospital, 1-4-1 Ritsurin-cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 760-8530, Japan.
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Akira Tadokoro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Kita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Ishii
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Naoki Watanabe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Norimitsu Kadowaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Shuji Bandoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
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Zhang SB, Sun X, Wu Q, Wu JP, Chen HY. Impaired Capacity of Fibroblasts to Support Airway Epithelial Progenitors in Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome. Chin Med J (Engl) 2016; 129:2040-4. [PMID: 27569228 PMCID: PMC5009585 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.189058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) often develops in transplant patients and results in injury to the respiratory and terminal airway epithelium. Owing to its rising incidence, the pathogenesis of BOS is currently an area of intensive research. Studies have shown that injury to the respiratory epithelium results in dysregulation of epithelial repair. Airway epithelial regeneration is supported by stromal cells, including fibroblasts. This study aimed to investigate whether the supportive role of lung fibroblasts is altered in BOS. METHODS Suspensions of lung cells were prepared by enzyme digestion. Lung progenitor cells (LPCs) were separated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Lung fibroblasts from patients with BOS or healthy controls were mixed with sorted mouse LPCs to compare the colony-forming efficiency of LPCs by counting the number of colonies with a diameter of ≥50 μm in each culture. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 17.0 software (SPSS Inc., USA). The paired Student's t-test was used to test for statistical significance. RESULTS LPCs were isolated with the surface phenotype of CD31-CD34-CD45- EpCAM+Sca-1+. The colony-forming efficiency of LPCs was significantly reduced when co-cultured with fibroblasts isolated from patients with BOS. The addition of SB431542 increased the colony-forming efficiency of LPCs to 1.8%; however, it was still significantly less than that in co-culture with healthy control fibroblasts (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The epithelial-supportive capacity of fibroblasts is impaired in the development of BOS and suggest that inefficient repair of airway epithelium could contribute to persistent airway inflammation in BOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Bei Zhang
- Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
- Address for correspondence: Prof. Qi Wu, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China E-Mail:
| | - Jun-Ping Wu
- Department of Respiratory, Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Huai-Yong Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
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Gilpin SE, Charest JM, Ren X, Tapias LF, Wu T, Evangelista-Leite D, Mathisen DJ, Ott HC. Regenerative potential of human airway stem cells in lung epithelial engineering. Biomaterials 2016; 108:111-9. [PMID: 27622532 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bio-engineered organs for transplantation may ultimately provide a personalized solution for end-stage organ failure, without the risk of rejection. Building upon the process of whole organ perfusion decellularization, we aimed to develop novel, translational methods for the recellularization and regeneration of transplantable lung constructs. We first isolated a proliferative KRT5(+)TP63(+) basal epithelial stem cell population from human lung tissue and demonstrated expansion capacity in conventional 2D culture. We then repopulated acellular rat scaffolds in ex vivo whole organ culture and observed continued cell proliferation, in combination with primary pulmonary endothelial cells. To show clinical scalability, and to test the regenerative capacity of the basal cell population in a human context, we then recellularized and cultured isolated human lung scaffolds under biomimetic conditions. Analysis of the regenerated tissue constructs confirmed cell viability and sustained metabolic activity over 7 days of culture. Tissue analysis revealed extensive recellularization with organized tissue architecture and morphology, and preserved basal epithelial cell phenotype. The recellularized lung constructs displayed dynamic compliance and rudimentary gas exchange capacity. Our results underline the regenerative potential of patient-derived human airway stem cells in lung tissue engineering. We anticipate these advances to have clinically relevant implications for whole lung bioengineering and ex vivo organ repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Gilpin
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States
| | - Jonathan M Charest
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States
| | - Xi Ren
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States
| | - Luis F Tapias
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States
| | - Tong Wu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States
| | - Daniele Evangelista-Leite
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States
| | - Douglas J Mathisen
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Harald C Ott
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States
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Hoyle GW, Svendsen ER. Persistent effects of chlorine inhalation on respiratory health. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1378:33-40. [PMID: 27385061 PMCID: PMC5063681 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chlorine gas is a toxic respiratory irritant that is considered a chemical threat agent because of the potential for release in industrial accidents or terrorist attacks. Chlorine inhalation damages the respiratory tract, including the airways and distal lung, and can result in acute lung injury. Some individuals exposed to chlorine experience a full recovery from acute injury, whereas others develop persistent adverse effects, such as respiratory symptoms, inflammation, and lung-function decrements. In animal models, chlorine can produce persistent inflammation, remodeling, and obstruction in large or small airways, depending on species. Airways with pseudostratified epithelia are repaired efficiently, with surviving basal epithelial cells serving as progenitor cells that repopulate the complement of differentiated cell types. Distal airways lacking basal cells are repaired less efficiently, leading to chronic inflammation and fibrosis at these sites. Persistent chlorine-induced airway disease in humans is treated with asthma medication to relieve symptoms. However, such treatment does not ameliorate the underlying disease pathogenesis, so treatments that are more effective at preventing initial development of airway disease after irritant gas exposure and at reversing established disease are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Hoyle
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.
| | - Erik R Svendsen
- Division of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health Services, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Smirnova NF, Schamberger AC, Nayakanti S, Hatz R, Behr J, Eickelberg O. Detection and quantification of epithelial progenitor cell populations in human healthy and IPF lungs. Respir Res 2016; 17:83. [PMID: 27423691 PMCID: PMC4947297 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the human lung, epithelial progenitor cells in the airways give rise to the differentiated pseudostratified airway epithelium. In mice, emerging evidence confers a progenitor function to cytokeratin 5 (KRT5+) or cytokeratin 14 (KRT14+)-positive basal cells of the airway epithelium. Little is known, however, about the distribution of progenitor subpopulations in the human lung, particularly about aberrant epithelial differentiation in lung disease, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Methods Here, we used multi-color immunofluorescence analysis to detect and quantify the distribution of airway epithelial progenitor subpopulations in human lungs obtained from healthy donors or IPF patients. Results In lungs from both, healthy donors and IPF patients, we detected KRT5+KRT14-, KRT5-KRT14+ and KRT5+KRT14+ populations in the proximal airways. KRT14+ cells, however, were absent in the distal airways of healthy lungs. In IPF, we detected a dramatic increase in the amount of KRT5+ cells and the emergence of a frequent KRT5+KRT14+ epithelial population, in particular in distal airways and alveolar regions. While the KRT14- progenitor population exhibited signs of proper epithelial differentiation, as evidenced by co-staining with pro-SPC, aquaporin 5, CC10, or MUC5B, the KRT14+ cell population did not co-stain with bronchial/alveolar differentiation markers in IPF. Conclusions We provide, for the first time, a quantitative profile of the distribution of epithelial progenitor populations in human lungs. We show compelling evidence for dysregulation and aberrant differentiation of these populations in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Smirnova
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - A C Schamberger
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - S Nayakanti
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - R Hatz
- Thoraxchirurgisches Zentrum, Klinik für Allgemeine, Viszeral, Transplantations, Gefäß- und Thoraxchirurgie, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,Asklepios Fachkliniken München-Gauting, Munich, Germany.,German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - J Behr
- Asklepios Fachkliniken München-Gauting, Munich, Germany.,Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik V, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - O Eickelberg
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, Munich, 81377, Germany. .,German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany. .,Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, Munich, D-81377, Germany.
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Ford DA, Honavar J, Albert CJ, Duerr MA, Oh JY, Doran S, Matalon S, Patel RP. Formation of chlorinated lipids post-chlorine gas exposure. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1529-40. [PMID: 27324796 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m069005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to chlorine (Cl2) gas can occur during accidents and intentional release scenarios. However, biomarkers that specifically indicate Cl2 exposure and Cl2-derived products that mediate postexposure toxicity remain unclear. We hypothesized that chlorinated lipids (Cl-lipids) formed by direct reactions between Cl2 gas and plasmalogens serve as both biomarkers and mediators of post-Cl2 gas exposure toxicities. The 2-chloropalmitaldehyde (2-Cl-Pald), 2-chlorostearaldehyde (2-Cl-Sald), and their oxidized products, free- and esterified 2-chloropalmitic acid (2-Cl-PA) and 2-chlorostearic acid were detected in the lungs and plasma of mouse and rat models of Cl2 gas exposure. Levels of Cl-lipids were highest immediately post-Cl2 gas exposure, and then declined over 72 h with levels remaining 20- to 30-fold higher at 24 h compared with baseline. Glutathione adducts of 2-Cl-Pald and 2-Cl-Sald also increased with levels peaking at 4 h in plasma. Notably, 3-chlorotyrosine also increased after Cl2 gas exposure, but returned to baseline within 24 h. Intranasal administration of 2-Cl-PA or 2-Cl-Pald at doses similar to those formed in the lung after Cl2 gas exposure led to increased distal lung permeability and inflammation and systemic endothelial dysfunction characterized by loss of eNOS-dependent vasodilation. These data suggest that Cl-lipids could serve as biomarkers and mediators for Cl2 gas exposure and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Ford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jaideep Honavar
- Departments of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Carolyn J Albert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Mark A Duerr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Joo Yeun Oh
- Departments of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Stephen Doran
- Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL Centers for Free Radical Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL Lung Injury and Repair, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Rakesh P Patel
- Departments of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL Centers for Free Radical Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL Lung Injury and Repair, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Tadokoro T, Gao X, Hong CC, Hotten D, Hogan BLM. BMP signaling and cellular dynamics during regeneration of airway epithelium from basal progenitors. Development 2016; 143:764-73. [PMID: 26811382 PMCID: PMC4813333 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pseudostratified epithelium of the lung contains ciliated and secretory luminal cells and basal stem/progenitor cells. To identify signals controlling basal cell behavior we screened factors that alter their self-renewal and differentiation in a clonal organoid (tracheosphere) assay. This revealed that inhibitors of the canonical BMP signaling pathway promote proliferation but do not affect lineage choice, whereas exogenous Bmp4 inhibits proliferation and differentiation. We therefore followed changes in BMP pathway components in vivo in the mouse trachea during epithelial regeneration from basal cells after injury. The findings suggest that BMP signaling normally constrains proliferation at steady state and this brake is released transiently during repair by the upregulation of endogenous BMP antagonists. Early in repair, the packing of epithelial cells along the basal lamina increases, but density is later restored by active extrusion of apoptotic cells. Systemic administration of the BMP antagonist LDN-193189 during repair initially increases epithelial cell number but, following the shedding phase, normal density is restored. Taken together, these results reveal crucial roles for both BMP signaling and cell shedding in homeostasis of the respiratory epithelium. Summary: In the mouse airway epithelium, regeneration after injury involves transient downregulation of BMP signaling to promote proliferation, followed by cell shedding to restore cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Tadokoro
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Charles C Hong
- Department of Medicine-Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Danielle Hotten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Brigid L M Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Zaky A, Ahmad A, Dell'Italia LJ, Jahromi L, Reisenberg LA, Matalon S, Ahmad S. Inhaled matters of the heart. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2. [PMID: 26665179 DOI: 10.14800/crm.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhalations of atmospheric pollutants, especially particulate matters, are known to cause severe cardiac effects and to exacerbate preexisting heart disease. Heart failure is an important sequellae of gaseous inhalation such as that of carbon monoxide. Similarly, other gases such as sulphur dioxide are known to cause detrimental cardiovascular events. However, mechanisms of these cardiac toxicities are so far unknown. Increased susceptibility of the heart to oxidative stress may play a role. Low levels of antioxidants in the heart as compared to other organs and high levels of reactive oxygen species produced due to the high energetic demand and metabolic rate in cardiac muscle are important in rendering this susceptibility. Acute inhalation of high concentrations of halogen gases is often fatal. Severe respiratory injury and distress occurs upon inhalation of halogens gases, such as chlorine and bromine; however, studies on their cardiac effects are scant. We have demonstrated that inhalation of high concentrations of halogen gases cause significant cardiac injury, dysfunction, and failure that can be critical in causing mortalities following exposures. Our studies also demonstrated that cardiac dysfunction occurs as a result of a direct insult independent of coexisting hypoxia, since it is not fully reversed by oxygen supplementation. Therefore, studies on offsite organ effects of inhaled toxic gases can impact development of treatment strategies upon accidental or deliberate exposures to these agents. Here we summarize the knowledge of cardiovascular effects of common inhaled toxic gases with the intent to highlight the importance of consideration of cardiac symptoms while treating the victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Zaky
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama ; Department of Medicine, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Louis J Dell'Italia
- Department of Medicine, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Leila Jahromi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lee Ann Reisenberg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shama Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
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48
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Mo Y, Chen J, Humphrey DM, Fodah RA, Warawa JM, Hoyle GW. Abnormal epithelial structure and chronic lung inflammation after repair of chlorine-induced airway injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 308:L168-78. [PMID: 25398987 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00226.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorine is a toxic gas used in a variety of industrial processes and is considered a chemical threat agent. High-level chlorine exposure causes acute lung injury, but the long-term effects of acute chlorine exposure are unclear. Here we characterized chronic pulmonary changes following acute chlorine exposure in mice. A/J mice were exposed to 240 parts per million-hour chlorine or sham-exposed to air. Chlorine inhalation caused sloughing of bronchial epithelium 1 day after chlorine exposure, which was repaired with restoration of a pseudostratified epithelium by day 7. The repaired epithelium contained an abnormal distribution of epithelial cells containing clusters of club or ciliated cells rather than the uniformly interspersed pattern of these cells in unexposed mice. Although the damaged epithelium in A/J mice was repaired rapidly, and minimal airway fibrosis was observed, chlorine-exposed mice developed pneumonitis characterized by infiltration of alveoli with neutrophils and prominent, large, foamy macrophages. Levels of CXCL1/KC, CXCL5/LPS-induced CXC chemokine, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and VEGF in bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid from chlorine-exposed mice showed steadily increasing trends over time. BAL protein levels were increased on day 4 and remained elevated out to day 28. The number of bacteria cultured from lungs of chlorine-exposed mice 4 wk after exposure was not increased compared with sham-exposed mice, indicating that the observed pneumonitis was not driven by bacterial infection of the lung. The results indicate that acute chlorine exposure may cause chronic abnormalities in the lungs despite rapid repair of injured epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Mo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - David M Humphrey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Ramy A Fodah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Jonathan M Warawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gary W Hoyle
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky;
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Honavar J, Doran S, Oh JY, Steele C, Matalon S, Patel RP. Nitrite therapy improves survival postexposure to chlorine gas. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L888-94. [PMID: 25326579 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00079.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to relatively high levels of chlorine (Cl₂) gas can occur in mass-casualty scenarios associated with accidental or intentional release. Recent studies have shown a significant postexposure injury phase to the airways, pulmonary, and systemic vasculatures mediated in part by oxidative stress, inflammation, and dysfunction in endogenous nitric oxide homeostasis pathways. However, there is a need for therapeutics that are amenable to rapid and easy administration in the field and that display efficacy toward toxicity after chlorine exposure. In this study, we tested whether nitric oxide repletion using nitrite, by intramuscular injection after Cl₂ exposure, could prevent Cl₂ gas toxicity. C57bl/6 male mice were exposed to 600 parts per million Cl₂ gas for 45 min, and 24-h survival was determined with or without postexposure intramuscular nitrite injection. A single injection of nitrite (10 mg/kg) administered either 30 or 60 min postexposure significantly improved 24-h survival (from ∼20% to 50%). Survival was associated with decreased neutrophil accumulation in the airways. Rendering mice neutropenic before Cl₂ exposure improved survival and resulted in loss of nitrite-dependent survival protection. Interestingly, female mice were more sensitive to Cl₂-induced toxicity compared with males and were also less responsive to postexposure nitrite therapy. These data provide evidence for efficacy and define therapeutic parameters for a single intramuscular injection of nitrite as a therapeutic after Cl₂ gas exposure that is amenable to administration in mass-casualty scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Honavar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Stephen Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Joo-Yeun Oh
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Chad Steele
- Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Center for Free Radical Biology and Lung Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Rakesh P Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Center for Free Radical Biology and Lung Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Hogan BLM, Barkauskas CE, Chapman HA, Epstein JA, Jain R, Hsia CCW, Niklason L, Calle E, Le A, Randell SH, Rock J, Snitow M, Krummel M, Stripp BR, Vu T, White ES, Whitsett JA, Morrisey EE. Repair and regeneration of the respiratory system: complexity, plasticity, and mechanisms of lung stem cell function. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 15:123-38. [PMID: 25105578 PMCID: PMC4212493 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 621] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory disease is the third leading cause of death in the industrialized world. Consequently, the trachea, lungs, and cardiopulmonary vasculature have been the focus of extensive investigations. Recent studies have provided new information about the mechanisms driving lung development and differentiation. However, there is still much to learn about the ability of the adult respiratory system to undergo repair and to replace cells lost in response to injury and disease. This Review highlights the multiple stem/progenitor populations in different regions of the adult lung, the plasticity of their behavior in injury models, and molecular pathways that support homeostasis and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid L M Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - Christina E Barkauskas
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Harold A Chapman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rajan Jain
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Connie C W Hsia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Laura Niklason
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elizabeth Calle
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Andrew Le
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Scott H Randell
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jason Rock
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Melinda Snitow
- Perleman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew Krummel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Thiennu Vu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eric S White
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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