1
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Guo Z. The role of glucagon-like peptide-1/GLP-1R and autophagy in diabetic cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:754-779. [PMID: 38890260 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes leads to a significantly accelerated incidence of various related macrovascular complications, including peripheral vascular disease and cardiovascular disease (the most common cause of mortality in diabetes), as well as microvascular complications such as kidney disease and retinopathy. Endothelial dysfunction is the main pathogenic event of diabetes-related vascular disease at the earliest stage of vascular injury. Understanding the molecular processes involved in the development of diabetes and its debilitating vascular complications might bring up more effective and specific clinical therapies. Long-acting glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 analogs are currently available in treating diabetes with widely established safety and extensively evaluated efficacy. In recent years, autophagy, as a critical lysosome-dependent self-degradative process to maintain homeostasis, has been shown to be involved in the vascular endothelium damage in diabetes. In this review, the GLP-1/GLP-1R system implicated in diabetic endothelial dysfunction and related autophagy mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications are briefly presented. This review also highlights a possible crosstalk between autophagy and the GLP-1/GLP-1R axis in the treatment of diabetic angiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Guo
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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2
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Zhang CJ, Mou H, Yuan J, Wang YH, Sun SN, Wang W, Xu ZH, Yu SJ, Jin K, Jin ZB. Effects of fluorescent protein tdTomato on mouse retina. Exp Eye Res 2024; 243:109910. [PMID: 38663720 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins (FPs) have been widely used to investigate cellular and molecular interactions and trace biological events in many applications. Some of the FPs have been demonstrated to cause undesirable cellular damage by light-induced ROS production in vivo or in vitro. However, it remains unknown if one of the most popular FPs, tdTomato, has similar effects in neuronal cells. In this study, we discovered that tdTomato expression led to unexpected retinal dysfunction and ultrastructural defects in the transgenic mouse retina. The retinal dysfunction mainly manifested in the reduced photopic electroretinogram (ERG) responses and decreased contrast sensitivity in visual acuity, caused by mitochondrial damages characterized with cellular redistribution, morphological modifications and molecular profiling alterations. Taken together, our findings for the first time demonstrated the retinal dysfunction and ultrastructural defects in the retinas of tdTomato-transgenic mice, calling for a more careful design and interpretation of experiments involved in FPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jun Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hao Mou
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ya-Han Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Shu-Ning Sun
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ze-Hua Xu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Si-Jian Yu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Kangxin Jin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China.
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3
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Lam CHI, Zuo B, Chan HHL, Leung TW, Abokyi S, Catral KPC, Tse DYY. Coenzyme Q10 eyedrops conjugated with vitamin E TPGS alleviate neurodegeneration and mitochondrial dysfunction in the diabetic mouse retina. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1404987. [PMID: 38863499 PMCID: PMC11165046 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1404987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness and vision impairment worldwide and represents one of the most common complications among diabetic patients. Current treatment modalities for DR, including laser photocoagulation, intravitreal injection of corticosteroid, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents, target primarily vascular lesions. However, these approaches are invasive and have several limitations, such as potential loss of visual function, retinal scars and cataract formation, and increased risk of ocular hypertension, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, and intraocular inflammation. Recent studies have suggested mitochondrial dysfunction as a pivotal factor leading to both the vascular and neural damage in DR. Given that Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a proven mitochondrial stabilizer with antioxidative properties, this study investigated the effect of CoQ10 eyedrops [in conjunction with vitamin E d-α-tocopheryl poly(ethylene glycol) 1000 succinate (TPGS)] on DR-induced neurodegeneration using a type 2 diabetes mouse model (C57BLKsJ-db/db mice). Utilizing a comprehensive electroretinography protocol, supported by immunohistochemistry, our results revealed that topical application of CoQ10 eyedrops conjugated with vitamin E TPGS produced a neuroprotective effect against diabetic-induced neurodegeneration by preserving the function and histology of various retinal neural cell types. Compared to the control group, mice treated with CoQ10 exhibited thicker outer and inner nuclear layers, higher densities of photoreceptor, cone cell, and rod-bipolar cell dendritic boutons, and reduced glial reactivity and microglial cell density. Additionally, the CoQ10 treatment significantly alleviated retinal levels of MMP-9 and enhanced mitochondrial function. These findings provide further insight into the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of DR and suggest CoQ10 eyedrops, conjugated with vitamin E TPGS, as a potential complementary therapy for DR-related neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie Hang-I Lam
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research Limited, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bing Zuo
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Henry Ho-Lung Chan
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research Limited, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tsz-Wing Leung
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Samuel Abokyi
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Dennis Yan-Yin Tse
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research Limited, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for SHARP Vision, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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4
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Yu M, Zhao S. Functional role of translocator protein and its ligands in ocular diseases (Review). Mol Med Rep 2024; 29:33. [PMID: 38186312 PMCID: PMC10804439 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is an essential outer mitochondrial membrane protein that is responsible for mitochondrial transport, maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis and normal physiological cell function. The role of TSPO in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases is a growing area of interest. More notably, TSPO exerts positive effects in regulating various pathophysiological processes, such as the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, steroid synthesis and modulation of microglial function, in combination with a variety of specific ligands such as 1‑(2‑chlorophenyl‑N‑methylpropyl)‑3‑isoquinolinecarboxamide, 4'‑chlorodiazepam and XBD173. In the present review, the expression of TSPO in ocular tissues and the functional role of TSPO and its ligands in diverse ocular diseases was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 30384, P.R. China
| | - Shaozhen Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 30384, P.R. China
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5
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Tecce N, Cennamo G, Rinaldi M, Costagliola C, Colao A. Exploring the Impact of Glycemic Control on Diabetic Retinopathy: Emerging Models and Prognostic Implications. J Clin Med 2024; 13:831. [PMID: 38337523 PMCID: PMC10856421 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13030831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the complexities of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and its associated complications, with a particular focus on diabetic retinopathy (DR). This review outlines the progression from non-proliferative to proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema, highlighting the role of dysglycemia in the pathogenesis of these conditions. A significant portion of this review is devoted to technological advances in diabetes management, particularly the use of hybrid closed-loop systems (HCLSs) and to the potential of open-source HCLSs, which could be easily adapted to different patients' needs using big data analytics and machine learning. Personalized HCLS algorithms that integrate factors such as patient lifestyle, dietary habits, and hormonal variations are highlighted as critical to reducing the incidence of diabetes-related complications and improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Tecce
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (N.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Gilda Cennamo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Rinaldi
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Costagliola
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (N.T.); (A.C.)
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6
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Rabbani N, Thornalley PJ. Hexokinase-linked glycolytic overload and unscheduled glycolysis in hyperglycemia-induced pathogenesis of insulin resistance, beta-cell glucotoxicity, and diabetic vascular complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1268308. [PMID: 38292764 PMCID: PMC10824962 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1268308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a risk factor for the development of insulin resistance, beta-cell glucotoxicity, and vascular complications of diabetes. We propose the hypothesis, hexokinase-linked glycolytic overload and unscheduled glycolysis, in explanation. Hexokinases (HKs) catalyze the first step of glucose metabolism. Increased flux of glucose metabolism through glycolysis gated by HKs, when occurring without concomitant increased activity of glycolytic enzymes-unscheduled glycolysis-produces increased levels of glycolytic intermediates with overspill into effector pathways of cell dysfunction and pathogenesis. HK1 is saturated with glucose in euglycemia and, where it is the major HK, provides for basal glycolytic flux without glycolytic overload. HK2 has similar saturation characteristics, except that, in persistent hyperglycemia, it is stabilized to proteolysis by high intracellular glucose concentration, increasing HK activity and initiating glycolytic overload and unscheduled glycolysis. This drives the development of vascular complications of diabetes. Similar HK2-linked unscheduled glycolysis in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in impaired fasting glucose drives the development of peripheral insulin resistance. Glucokinase (GCK or HK4)-linked glycolytic overload and unscheduled glycolysis occurs in persistent hyperglycemia in hepatocytes and beta-cells, contributing to hepatic insulin resistance and beta-cell glucotoxicity, leading to the development of type 2 diabetes. Downstream effector pathways of HK-linked unscheduled glycolysis are mitochondrial dysfunction and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation; activation of hexosamine, protein kinase c, and dicarbonyl stress pathways; and increased Mlx/Mondo A signaling. Mitochondrial dysfunction and increased ROS was proposed as the initiator of metabolic dysfunction in hyperglycemia, but it is rather one of the multiple downstream effector pathways. Correction of HK2 dysregulation is proposed as a novel therapeutic target. Pharmacotherapy addressing it corrected insulin resistance in overweight and obese subjects in clinical trial. Overall, the damaging effects of hyperglycemia are a consequence of HK-gated increased flux of glucose metabolism without increased glycolytic enzyme activities to accommodate it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul J. Thornalley
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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Fayazbakhsh F, Hataminia F, Eslam HM, Ajoudanian M, Kharrazi S, Sharifi K, Ghanbari H. Evaluating the antioxidant potential of resveratrol-gold nanoparticles in preventing oxidative stress in endothelium on a chip. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21344. [PMID: 38049439 PMCID: PMC10696074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells play a vital role in the health and maintenance of vascular homeostasis, but hyperglycemia disrupts their function by increasing cellular oxidative stress. Resveratrol, a plant polyphenol, possesses antioxidant properties that can mitigate oxidative stress. Addressing the challenges of its limited solubility and stability, gold nanoparticles (GNps) were utilized as carriers. A microfluidic chip (MFC) with dynamic flow conditions was designed to simulate body vessels and to investigate the antioxidant properties of resveratrol gold nanoparticles (RGNps), citrate gold nanoparticles (CGNps), and free Resveratrol on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was employed to measure the extracellular antioxidant potential, and cell viability was determined using the Alamar Blue test. For assessing intracellular oxidative stress, the 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay was conducted, and results from both the cell culture plate and MFC were compared. Free Resveratrol demonstrated peak DPPH scavenging activity but had a cell viability of about 24-35%. RGNPs, both 3.0 ± 0.5 nm and 20.2 ± 4.7 nm, consistently showed high cell viability (more than about 90%) across tested concentrations. Notably, RGNPs (20 nm) exhibited antioxidative properties through DPPH scavenging activity (%) in the range of approximately 38-86% which was greater than that of CGNps at about 21-32%. In the MFC,the DCFH-DA analysis indicated that RGNPs (20 nm) reduced cellular oxidative stress by 57-82%, surpassing both CGNps and free Resveratrol. Morphologically, cells in the MFC presented superior structure compared to those in traditional cell culture plates, and the induction of hyperglycemia successfully led to the formation of multinucleated variant endothelial cells (MVECs). The MFC provides a distinct advantage in observing cell morphology and inducing endothelial cell dysfunction. RGNps have demonstrated significant potential in alleviating oxidative stress and preventing endothelial cell disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Fayazbakhsh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hataminia
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Houra Mobaleghol Eslam
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ajoudanian
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharmin Kharrazi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Sharifi
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghanbari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Lam CHI, Zou B, Chan HHL, Tse DYY. Functional and structural changes in the neuroretina are accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction in a type 2 diabetic mouse model. EYE AND VISION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 10:37. [PMID: 37653465 PMCID: PMC10472703 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-023-00353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the leading causes of blindness and vision impairment, is suggested to exhibit functional and structural changes in retinal neurons as the earliest manifestation, which could be used to predict the progression of related angiopathy. While neural function and survival rely on proper mitochondrial function, and a growing body of literature has supported the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of DR, how diabetes affects mitochondrial function in retinal tissue remains elusive. This study primarily aimed to investigate mitochondrial functional changes in a diabetic rodent model. We also characterized the early DR phenotype, in particular, neurodegeneration. METHODS C57BLKsJ-db/db (db/db) mice (a type 2 diabetic mouse model) were used with their normoglycemic heterozygous littermates (db/+) serving as controls. Longitudinal changes in retinal function and morphology were assessed with electroretinography (ERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), respectively, at 9, 13, 17, and 25 weeks of age. At 25 weeks, the retinas were harvested for immunohistochemistry and ex vivo mitochondrial bioenergetics. RESULTS Decreased ERG responses were observed in db/db mice as early as 13 weeks of age. OCT revealed that db/db mice had significantly thinner retinas than the controls. Immunohistochemistry showed that the retinas of the db/db mice at 25 weeks were thinner at the outer and inner nuclear layers, with lower photoreceptor and cone cell densities compared with the db/+ mice. The number of rod-bipolar cell dendritic boutons and axon terminals was significantly reduced in db/db mice relative to the db/+ mice, suggesting that diabetes may lead to compromised synaptic connectivity. More importantly, the retinas of db/db mice had weaker mitochondrial functions than the controls. CONCLUSIONS Our longitudinal data suggest that diabetes-induced functional deterioration and morphological changes were accompanied by reduced mitochondrial function in the retina of db/db mice. These findings suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction may be a contributing factor triggering the development of DR. While the underlying mechanistic cause remains elusive, the db/db mice could be a useful animal model for testing potential treatment regimens targeting neurodegeneration in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie Hang-I Lam
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research Limited (CEVR), Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Bing Zou
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Henry Ho-Lung Chan
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research Limited (CEVR), Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Dennis Yan-Yin Tse
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research Limited (CEVR), Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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Yang W, Xia F, Mei F, Shi S, Robichaux WG, Lin W, Zhang W, Liu H, Cheng X. Upregulation of Epac1 Promotes Pericyte Loss by Inducing Mitochondrial Fission, Reactive Oxygen Species Production, and Apoptosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:34. [PMID: 37651112 PMCID: PMC10476449 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.11.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The pathogenic mechanisms behind the development of ischemic retinopathy are complex and poorly understood. This study investigates the involvement of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac)1 signaling in pericyte injury during ischemic retinopathy, including diabetic retinopathy, a disease that threatens vision. Methods Mouse models of retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury and type 1 diabetes induced by streptozotocin were used to investigate the pathogenesis of these diseases. The roles of Epac1 signaling in the pathogenesis of ischemic retinopathy were determined by an Epac1 knockout mouse model. The cellular and molecular mechanisms of Epac1-mediated pericyte dysfunction in response to high glucose were investigated by specific modulation of Epac1 activity in primary human retinal pericytes using Epac1-specific RNA interference and a pharmacological inhibitor. Results Ischemic injury or diabetes-induced retinal capillary degeneration were associated with an increased expression of Epac1 in the mouse retinal vasculature, including both endothelial cells and pericytes. Genetic deletion of Epac1 protected ischemic injury-induced pericyte loss and capillary degeneration in the mouse retina. Furthermore, high glucose-induced Epac1 expression in retinal pericytes was accompanied by increased Drp1 phosphorylation, mitochondrial fission, reactive oxygen species production, and caspase 3 activation. Inhibition of Epac1 via RNA interference or pharmacological approaches blocked high glucose-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase 3 activation. Conclusions Our study reveals an important role of Epac1 signaling in mitochondrial dynamics, reactive oxygen species production, and apoptosis in retinal pericytes and identifies Epac1 as a therapeutic target for treating ischemic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Fang Mei
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Shuizhen Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - William G. Robichaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States
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10
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Li Y, Wang K, Zhu X, Cheng Z, Zhu L, Murray M, Zhou F. Ginkgo biloba extracts protect human retinal Müller glial cells from t-BHP induced oxidative damage by activating the AMPK-Nrf2-NQO-1 axis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023; 75:385-396. [PMID: 36583518 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Retinal Müller glial cell loss is almost involved in all retinal diseases, especially diabetic retinopathy (DR). Oxidative stress significantly contributes to the development of Müller glial cell loss. Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBE) have been reported to possess antioxidant property, beneficial in treating human retinal diseases. However, little is known about its role in Müller glial cells. This study investigated the protective effect of GBE (prepared from ginkgo biloba dropping pills) in human Müller glial cells against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative stress and its underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS MIO-M1 cells were pretreated with or without GBE prior to the exposure to t-BHP-induced oxidative stress. Cell viability, cell death profile and lipid peroxidation were subsequently assessed. Protein expression of the key anti-oxidative signalling factors were investigated. KEY FINDINGS We showed that GBE can effectively protect human MIO-M1 cells from t-BHP-induced oxidative injury by improving cell viability, reducing intracellular ROS accumulation and suppressing lipid peroxidation, which effect is likely mediated through activating AMPK-Nrf2-NQO-1 antioxidant respondent axis. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to reveal the great potentials of GBE in protecting human retinal Müller glial cell loss against oxidative stress. GBE might be used to prevent human retinal diseases particularly DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- The University of Sydney, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214063, China
| | - Xue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214063, China
| | - Zhengqi Cheng
- The University of Sydney, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health NSW, 2006, Australia.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Michael Murray
- The University of Sydney, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- The University of Sydney, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health NSW, 2006, Australia
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11
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Estaji M, Hosseini B, Bozorg-Qomi S, Ebrahimi B. Pathophysiology and diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy: a narrative review. J Investig Med 2023; 71:265-278. [PMID: 36718824 DOI: 10.1177/10815589221145040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is an endocrine disorder which is known by abnormal high blood glucose levels. There are two main categories of diabetes: type I (10%-15%) and type II (85%-90%). Although type II is more common, type I is the most common form in children. Diabetic retinopathy (DR), which remains the foremost cause of losing vision in working-age populations, can be considered as the main complication of diabetes mellitus. So choosing the best method for diagnosing, tracking, and treating the DR is vital to enhance the quality of life and decrease the medical expenses. Each method for diagnosing DR has some advantages and the best way must be selected according to the points that we need to find. For writing this manuscript, we made a list of relevant keywords including diabetes, DR, pathophysiology, ultrawide field imaging, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, and optical coherence tomography-angiography, and then we started searching for studies in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. This review article covers the pathophysiology of DR and medical imaging techniques to monitor DR. First, we introduce DR and its pathophysiology and then we present the medical imaging techniques to monitor it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadese Estaji
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Hosseini
- Bioscience Research Group, School of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Saeed Bozorg-Qomi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Babak Ebrahimi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Sood A, Baishnab S, Gautam I, Choudhary P, Lang DK, Jaura RS, Singh TG. Exploring various novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in treating diabetic retinopathy. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:773-786. [PMID: 36745243 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is regarded as a common manifestation of diabetes mellitus, being a prominent cause of visual impairment and blindness. This microvascular complication is marked by the appearance of microaneurysms, elevated vascular permeability, capillary blockage, and proliferation of neovasculature. The etiology behind retinopathy is ambiguous and the efficacy of current treatment strategies is minimal. Early diagnosis of this complication using a biomarker with high sensitivity and specificity is very essential for providing better therapeutic strategies. The current available therapeutic options are limited with various adverse effects. Laser treatment is not beneficial in all the situations, economic constraints being the major challenge. Surgical interventions are employed when pharmacotherapy and laser treatment fail. New pharmacological treatments are becoming a necessity for treating the condition. This review highlights the use of various diagnostic tools, emerging biomarkers for early detection of diabetic retinopathy, pathological mechanisms associated with the disease, current therapeutic approaches used and future strategies for more enhanced treatment options and more potent pharmacological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Sood
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Suman Baishnab
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Isha Gautam
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Priya Choudhary
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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13
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Kumar A, Mutter S, Parente EB, Harjutsalo V, Lithovius R, Mathavan S, Lehto M, Hiltunen TP, Kontula KK, Groop PH. L-type calcium channel blocker increases VEGF concentrations in retinal cells and human serum. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284364. [PMID: 37053203 PMCID: PMC10101440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a key role in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Previously, we have reported an association between mutations in a gene coding for the L-type calcium channel subunit, VEGF and DR. L-type calcium channel blockers (LTCCBs) have been widely used as antihypertensive medication (AHM), but their association with VEGF and DR is still unclear. Therefore, we explored the effect of LTCCBs compared to other AHMs on VEGF concentrations in retinal cells and human serum. Furthermore, we evaluated the association between the use of LTCCBs and the risk of severe diabetic eye disease (SDED). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Müller cells (MIO-M1) were cultured as per recommended protocol and treated with LTCCBs and other AHMs. VEGF secreted from cells were collected at 24 hours intervals. In an interventional study, 39 individuals received LTCCBs or other AHM for four weeks with a four-week wash-out placebo period between treatments. VEGF was measured during the medication and placebo periods. Finally, we evaluated the risk of SDED associated with LTCCB usage in 192 individuals from the FinnDiane Study in an observational setting. RESULTS In the cell cultures, the medium VEGF concentration increased time-dependently after amlodipine (P<0.01) treatment, but not after losartan (P>0.01), or lisinopril (P>0.01). Amlodipine, but no other AHM, increased the serum VEGF concentration (P<0.05) during the interventional clinical study. The usage of LTCCB was not associated with the risk of SDED in the observational study. CONCLUSIONS LTCCB increases VEGF concentrations in retinal cells and human serum. However, the usage of LTCCBs does not appear to be associated with SDED in adults with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Kumar
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan Mutter
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erika B Parente
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Valma Harjutsalo
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raija Lithovius
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Markku Lehto
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo P Hiltunen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki & Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo K Kontula
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki & Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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14
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Yang S, Qi S, Wang C. The role of retinal Müller cells in diabetic retinopathy and related therapeutic advances. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1047487. [PMID: 36531955 PMCID: PMC9757137 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1047487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a significant complication of diabetes. During the pathogenesis of retinal microangiopathy and neuronopathy, activated retinal Müller cells (RMCs) undergo morphological and structural changes such as increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, disturbance of potassium and water transport regulation, and onset of production of a large number of inflammatory and vascular growth factors as well as chemokines. Evidently, activated RMCs are necessary for the pathogenesis of DR; therefore, exploring the role of RMCs in DR may provide a new target for the treatment thereof. This article reviews the mechanism of RMCs involvement in DR and the progress in related treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shounan Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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15
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Roy B, Runa SA. SARS-CoV-2 infection and diabetes: Pathophysiological mechanism of multi-system organ failure. World J Virol 2022; 11:252-274. [PMID: 36188734 PMCID: PMC9523319 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v11.i5.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak, a vast majority of studies have been carried out that confirmed the worst outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in people with preexisting health conditions, including diabetes, obesity, hypertension, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Likewise, diabetes itself is one of the leading causes of global public health concerns that impose a heavy global burden on public health as well as socio-economic development. Both diabetes and SARS-CoV-2 infection have their independent ability to induce the pathogenesis and severity of multi-system organ failure, while the co-existence of these two culprits can accelerate the rate of disease progression and magnify the severity of the disease. However, the exact pathophysiology of multi-system organ failure in diabetic patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection is still obscure. This review summarized the organ-specific possible molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and diabetes-induced pathophysiology of several diseases of multiple organs, including the lungs, heart, kidneys, brain, eyes, gastrointestinal system, and bones, and sub-sequent manifestation of multi-system organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipradas Roy
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Sadia Afrin Runa
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
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16
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Huang L, Chen Z, Chen R, Lin L, Ren L, Zhang M, Liu L. Increased fatty acid metabolism attenuates cardiac resistance to β-adrenoceptor activation via mitochondrial reactive oxygen species: A potential mechanism of hypoglycemia-induced myocardial injury in diabetes. Redox Biol 2022; 52:102320. [PMID: 35462320 PMCID: PMC9046456 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of severe hypoglycemia (SH)-induced cardiovascular disease in diabetes remains unknown. Our previous study found that SH inhibits cardiac function and lipid metabolism in diabetic mice. Conversely, in nondiabetic mice, SH does not induce cardiac dysfunction but promotes cardiac lipid metabolism. This study aims to clarify the effect of increased fatty acid metabolism on the resistance of cardiomyocytes to β-adrenoceptor activation during hypoglycemia in diabetes. Results revealed that cardiomyocytes with enhanced lipid metabolism were more vulnerable to damage due to β-adrenoceptor activation, which presented as decreased cell viability, disorder of mitochondrial structure, dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, dysfunction of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, nonapoptotic damage, and accumulation of ROS and calcium from mitochondria to cytoplasm, all of which were partially reversed by mitochondrial antioxidant Mito-TEMPO. The SH-induced cardiac dysfunction, and reduction of myocardial energy metabolism in diabetic mice were rescued by Mito-TEMPO. Our findings indicate that high fatty acid metabolism crippled cardiac resistance to β-adrenoceptor hyperactivation, with mitochondrial ROS playing a pivotal role in this process. Reducing mitochondrial ROS in diabetes could disrupt this synergistic effect and prevent poor cardiac outcomes caused by SH. Fatty acid metabolism lowers cardiac resistance to β-adrenoceptor activation via mtROS. Pretreatment with mitochondrial antioxidants prevents SH-induced cardiac outcomes. This synergistic effect might explicate the progression of other CV diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhou Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ruiyu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lu Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lingjia Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meilian Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Fujian Province Hospital for Women and Children, Fuzhou, China
| | - Libin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
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17
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Romanova N, Schmitz J, Strakeljahn M, Grünberger A, Bahnemann J, Noll T. Single-Cell Analysis of CHO Cells Reveals Clonal Heterogeneity in Hyperosmolality-Induced Stress Response. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111763. [PMID: 35681457 PMCID: PMC9179406 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperosmolality can occur during industrial fed-batch cultivation processes of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells as highly concentrated feed and base solutions are added to replenish nutrients and regulate pH values. Some effects of hyperosmolality, such as increased cell size and growth inhibition, have been elucidated by previous research, but the impact of hyperosmolality and the specific effects of the added osmotic-active reagents have rarely been disentangled. In this study, CHO cells were exposed to four osmotic conditions between 300 mOsm/kg (physiologic condition) and 530 mOsm/kg (extreme hyperosmolality) caused by the addition of either high-glucose-supplemented industrial feed or mannitol as an osmotic control. We present novel single-cell cultivation data revealing heterogeneity in mass gain and cell division in response to these treatments. Exposure to extreme mannitol-induced hyperosmolality and to high-glucose-oversupplemented feed causes cell cycle termination, mtDNA damage, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization, which hints at the onset of premature stress-induced senescence. Thus, this study shows that both mannitol-induced hyperosmolality (530 mOsm/kg) and glucose overfeeding induce severe negative effects on cell growth and mitochondrial activity; therefore, they need to be considered during process development for commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiya Romanova
- Cell Culture Technology, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (M.S.); (T.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-521-106-6324
| | - Julian Schmitz
- Multiscale Bioengineering, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.S.); (A.G.)
| | - Marie Strakeljahn
- Cell Culture Technology, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (M.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Alexander Grünberger
- Multiscale Bioengineering, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.S.); (A.G.)
| | - Janina Bahnemann
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany;
| | - Thomas Noll
- Cell Culture Technology, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (M.S.); (T.N.)
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18
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Bushra S, Al-Sadeq DW, Bari R, Sahara A, Fadel A, Rizk N. Adiponectin Ameliorates Hyperglycemia-Induced Retinal Endothelial Dysfunction, Highlighting Pathways, Regulators, and Networks. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3135-3166. [PMID: 35662872 PMCID: PMC9156523 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s358594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is multifaced. A low level of circulating adiponectin (APN) in type 2 diabetes is associated with microvasculature complications, and its role in the evolution of DR is complex. Aim This study is designed to explore the potential impact of APN in the pathogenesis of DR, linking the changes in cellular and biological processes with the pathways, networks, and regulators involved in its actions. Methods Human microvascular retinal endothelial cells (HMRECs) were exposed to 30mM glucose (HG) and treated with globular adiponectin (30μg/mL) for 24 hours. The cells were evaluated for reactive oxidative stress (ROS) and apoptosis. RT-PCR profile arrays were utilized to evaluate the profile of genes involved in endothelial functions, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix, and adhesion molecules for hyperglycemic HMRECs treated with adiponectin. In addition, the barrier function, leukocyte migration, and angiogenesis were evaluated. The differential expressed genes (DEGs) were outlined, and bioinformatic analysis was applied. Results Adiponectin suppresses ROS production and apoptosis in HMRECs under HG conditions. Adiponectin improved migration and barrier functions in hyperglycemic cells. The bioinformatic analysis highlighted that the signaling pathways of integrin, HMGB1, and p38 AMPK, are mainly involved in the actions of APN on HMRECs. APN significantly affects molecular functions, including the adhesion of cells, chemotaxis, migration of WBCs, and angiogenesis. STAT3, NFKB, IKBKB, and mir-8 are the top upstream regulators, which affect the expressions of the genes of the data set, while TNF and TGFB1 are the top regulators. Conclusion Adiponectin significantly counteracts hyperglycemia at various cellular and molecular levels, reducing its impact on the pathophysiological progression towards DR in vitro using HMRECs. Adiponectin ameliorates inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and endothelial barrier dysfunction using a causal network of NFBk complex, TNF, and HMGB1 and integrin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumbul Bushra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Duaa W Al-Sadeq
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Redwana Bari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Afifah Sahara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amina Fadel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nasser Rizk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Correspondence: Nasser Rizk, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar, Tel +974-4403-4786, Email
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19
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Yan L, Vaghari-Tabari M, Malakoti F, Moein S, Qujeq D, Yousefi B, Asemi Z. Quercetin: an effective polyphenol in alleviating diabetes and diabetic complications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9163-9186. [PMID: 35468007 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2067825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Various studies, especially in recent years, have shown that quercetin has beneficial therapeutic effects in various human diseases, including diabetes. Quercetin has significant anti-diabetic effects and may be helpful in lowering blood sugar and increasing insulin sensitivity. Quercetin appears to affect many factors and signaling pathways involved in insulin resistance and the pathogenesis of type 2 of diabetes. TNFα, NFKB, AMPK, AKT, and NRF2 are among the factors that are affected by quercetin. In addition, quercetin can be effective in preventing and ameliorating the diabetic complications, including diabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular complications, neuropathy, delayed wound healing, and retinopathy, and affects the key mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of these complications. These positive effects of quercetin may be related to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. In this article, after a brief review of the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, we will review the latest findings on the anti-diabetic effects of quercetin with a molecular perspective. Then we will review the effects of quercetin on the key mechanisms of pathogenesis of diabetes complications including nephropathy, cardiovascular complications, neuropathy, delayed wound healing, and retinopathy. Finally, clinical trials investigating the effect of quercetin on diabetes and diabetes complications will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- Clinical Experimental Centre, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, China
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Mostafa Vaghari-Tabari
- Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faezeh Malakoti
- Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soheila Moein
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Durdi Qujeq
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (CMBRC), Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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20
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Rabbani N, Xue M, Thornalley PJ. Hexokinase-2-Linked Glycolytic Overload and Unscheduled Glycolysis-Driver of Insulin Resistance and Development of Vascular Complications of Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042165. [PMID: 35216280 PMCID: PMC8877341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of the glucose-induced stabilization of hexokinase-2 (HK2) to proteolysis in cell dysfunction in model hyperglycemia has revealed a likely key initiating factor contributing to the development of insulin resistance and vascular complications in diabetes. Consequently, the increased flux of glucose metabolism without a change in the expression and activity of glycolytic enzymes produces a wave of increased glycolytic intermediates driving mitochondrial dysfunction and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, the activation of hexosamine and protein kinase C pathways, the increased formation of methylglyoxal-producing dicarbonyl stress, and the activation of the unfolded protein response. This is called HK2-linked glycolytic overload and unscheduled glycolysis. The conditions required to sustain this are GLUT1 and/or GLUT3 glucose uptake and the expression of HK2. A metabolic biomarker of its occurrence is the abnormally increased deposition of glycogen, which is produced by metabolic channeling when HK2 becomes detached from mitochondria. These conditions and metabolic consequences are found in the vasculature, kidneys, retina, peripheral nerves, and early-stage embryo development in diabetes and likely sustain the development of diabetic vascular complications and embryopathy. In insulin resistance, HK2-linked unscheduled glycolysis may also be established in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. This may explain the increased glucose disposal by skeletal uptake in the fasting phase in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, compared to healthy controls, and the presence of insulin resistance in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Importantly, glyoxalase 1 inducer—trans-resveratrol and hesperetin in combination (tRES-HESP)—corrected HK2-linked glycolytic overload and unscheduled glycolysis and reversed insulin resistance and improved vascular inflammation in overweight and obese subjects in clinical trial. Further studies are now required to evaluate tRES-HESP for the prevention and reversal of early-stage type 2 diabetes and for the treatment of the vascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Rabbani
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Qatar University Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
- Correspondence: (N.R.); (P.J.T.); Tel.: +974-7479-5649 (N.R.); +974-7090-1635 (P.J.T.)
| | - Mingzhan Xue
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar;
| | - Paul J. Thornalley
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar;
- Correspondence: (N.R.); (P.J.T.); Tel.: +974-7479-5649 (N.R.); +974-7090-1635 (P.J.T.)
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21
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Albert-Garay JS, Riesgo-Escovar JR, Salceda R. High glucose concentrations induce oxidative stress by inhibiting Nrf2 expression in rat Müller retinal cells in vitro. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1261. [PMID: 35075205 PMCID: PMC8975969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication of diabetes. Several studies have implicated oxidative stress as a fundamental factor in the progression of the disease. The nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is one of the main regulators of redox homeostasis. Glia Müller cells (MC) maintain the structural and functional stability of the retina. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of high glucose concentrations on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and Nrf2 expression levels in rat MC. MC were incubated with normal (NG; 5 mM) or high glucose (HG; 25 mM) for different times. Incubation with HG increased ROS levels from 12 to 48 h but did not affect cell viability. However, exposure to 3 h of HG caused a transient decrease Nrf2 levels. At that time, we also observed a decrease in the mRNA expression of Nrf2 target genes, glutathione levels, and catalase activity, all of which increased significantly beyond initial levels after 48 h of incubation. HG exposure leads to an increase in the p65 subunit of nuclear factor-κB (NF-kB) levels, and its target genes. These results suggest that high glucose concentrations lead to alteration of the redox regulatory capacity of Nrf2 mediated by NF-kB regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Silvestre Albert-Garay
- Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Juan Rafael Riesgo-Escovar
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 76226, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Rocío Salceda
- Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, CDMX, Mexico
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22
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Wei DYW, Chew M, Sabanayagam C. Obstructive Sleep Apnoea, Other Sleep Parameters and Diabetic Retinopathy. Curr Diab Rep 2021; 21:58. [PMID: 34902078 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-021-01425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarise the association between obstructive sleep apnoea and diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema. To examine the effects of other sleep parameters on diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema. To discuss the pathophysiology of diabetic eye changes and how it is related to obstructive sleep apnoea. RECENT FINDINGS Conflicting data exists in terms of the association of diabetic eye changes with sleep apnoea and/or other sleep parameters. Various cross-sectional studies show PDR to be associated with the prevalence of OSA. Patients who underwent continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment were significantly less likely to develop pre/proliferative DR. Secondary sleep parameters generally are not associated with DR except for long duration of sleep. Differences in reporting could be due to the different thresholds set to define OSA/ODI and severity of DR/DME, in addition to factors used in multivariate analysis. There is a need for further studies with long-term follow-up and to assess the impact of CPAP on the development and progression of diabetic eye change(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayna Yong Wei Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Merwyn Chew
- Department of Ophthalmology, JurongHealth, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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Nonarath HJ, Hall AE, SenthilKumar G, Abroe B, Eells JT, Liedhegner ES. 670nm photobiomodulation modulates bioenergetics and oxidative stress, in rat Müller cells challenged with high glucose. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260968. [PMID: 34860856 PMCID: PMC8641888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common complication of diabetes mellitus, is associated with oxidative stress, nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) activation, and excess production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Muller glial cells, spanning the entirety of the retina, are involved in DR inflammation. Mitigation of DR pathology currently occurs via invasive, frequently ineffective therapies which can cause adverse effects. The application of far-red to near-infrared (NIR) light (630-1000nm) reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we hypothesize that 670nm light treatment will diminish oxidative stress preventing downstream inflammatory mechanisms associated with DR initiated by Muller cells. In this study, we used an in vitro model system of rat Müller glial cells grown under normal (5 mM) or high (25 mM) glucose conditions and treated with a 670 nm light emitting diode array (LED) (4.5 J/cm2) or no light (sham) daily. We report that a single 670 nm light treatment diminished reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and preserved mitochondrial integrity in this in vitro model of early DR. Furthermore, treatment for 3 days in culture reduced NFκB activity to levels observed in normal glucose and prevented the subsequent increase in ICAM-1. The ability of 670nm light treatment to prevent early molecular changes in this in vitro high glucose model system suggests light treatment could mitigate early deleterious effects modulating inflammatory signaling and diminishing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J. Nonarath
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alexandria E. Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gopika SenthilKumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Betsy Abroe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Janis T. Eells
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth S. Liedhegner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Schmalen A, Lorenz L, Grosche A, Pauly D, Deeg CA, Hauck SM. Proteomic Phenotyping of Stimulated Müller Cells Uncovers Profound Pro-Inflammatory Signaling and Antigen-Presenting Capacity. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:771571. [PMID: 34776983 PMCID: PMC8585775 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.771571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Müller cells are the main macroglial cells of the retina exerting a wealth of functions to maintain retinal homoeostasis. Upon pathological changes in the retina, they become gliotic with both protective and detrimental consequences. Accumulating data also provide evidence for a pivotal role of Müller cells in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). While microglial cells, the resident immune cells of the retina are considered as main players in inflammatory processes associated with DR, the implication of activated Müller cells in chronic retinal inflammation remains to be elucidated. In order to assess the signaling capacity of Müller cells and their role in retinal inflammation, we performed in-depth proteomic analysis of Müller cell proteomes and secretomes after stimulation with INFγ, TNFα, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, VEGF, TGFβ1, TGFβ2 and TGFβ3. We used both, primary porcine Müller cells and the human Müller cell line MIO-M1 for our hypothesis generating approach. Our results point towards an intense signaling capacity of Müller cells, which reacted in a highly discriminating manner upon treatment with different cytokines. Stimulation of Müller cells resulted in a primarily pro-inflammatory phenotype with secretion of cytokines and components of the complement system. Furthermore, we observed evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction, implying oxidative stress after treatment with the various cytokines. Finally, both MIO-M1 cells and primary porcine Müller cells showed several characteristics of atypical antigen-presenting cells, as they are capable of inducing MHC class I and MHC class II with co-stimulatory molecules. In line with this, they express proteins associated with formation and maturation of phagosomes. Thus, our findings underline the importance of Müller cell signaling in the inflamed retina, indicating an active role in chronic retinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Schmalen
- Research Unit Protein Science and Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lea Lorenz
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Antje Grosche
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Diana Pauly
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia A Deeg
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science and Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
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25
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Sun X, Chen C, Liu H, Tang S. High glucose induces HSP47 expression and promotes the secretion of inflammatory factors through the IRE1α/XBP1/HIF-1α pathway in retinal Müller cells. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1411. [PMID: 34676004 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy, a common complication of diabetes, is the leading cause of blindness globally. Müller cells are key players in diabetes-associated retinal inflammation and dysfunction. However, the pathological changes of Müller cells in response to high glucose (HG) and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the key role of heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) in HG-induced unfolded protein and inflammatory responses. Primary mouse Müller cells were starved in serum-free DMEM overnight and then treated with HG (30 mM) for 0, 6, 12 or 24 h. It was observed that HG (30 mM) significantly induced the protein expression of HSP47, inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase and endonuclease-1α (IRE1α) and spliced X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1s) in primary mouse Müller cells compared with the untreated group. In addition, the immunoprecipitation results revealed that HSP47 directly interacted with IRE1α, and this interaction was significantly enhanced by HG exposure for 12 or 24 h compared with the untreated group. Furthermore, small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of HSP47 significantly suppressed HG-induced activation of the IRE1α/XBP1s/hypoxia inducible factor-1 subunit α (HIF-1α) pathway and upregulation of the mRNA expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor subunit B, inducible nitric oxide synthase and angiopoietin-2 in Müller cells. Furthermore, overexpression of IRE1α or HIF-1α partially attenuated HSP47-siRNA-mediated inhibition of inflammatory cytokine expression in Müller cells. Collectively, these results indicated that HG may induce HSP47 expression and promote the inflammatory response through enhancing the interaction between HSP47 and IRE1α, and activating the IRE1α/XBP1s/HIF-1α pathway in retinal Müller cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincheng Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Hu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Shaowen Tang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
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Behl T, Kumar K, Singh S, Sehgal A, Sachdeva M, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Buhas C, Teodora Judea-Pusta C, Negrut N, Alexandru Munteanu M, Brisc C, Bungau S. Unveiling the role of polyphenols in diabetic retinopathy. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2021.104608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ye S, Zhang Y, Wang X, Liang X, Wei M, Zong R, Liu Z, Chen Q. Autophagy positively regulates Wnt signaling in mice with diabetic retinopathy. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1164. [PMID: 34504609 PMCID: PMC8393590 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes. Aberrant Wnt signaling activation plays a pathological role in DR. However, the underlying mechanisms of aberrant Wnt signaling in DR remain unknown. Autophagy has been reported to be involved in the pathophysiology of DR. The present study aimed therefore to investigate the regulatory effects of autophagy on Wnt signaling in DR. Wnt signaling was activated in the retina of db/db mice combined with an increase in the expression of the autophagic proteins microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 and beclin-1 and a decrease in the expression of the autophagic protein P62. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenin decreased Wnt signaling in diabetic retinas, indicating a potential association between Wnt signaling and autophagy. Rapamycin, an autophagy inducer, upregulated Wnt signaling in the retina of normal C57BL/6J mice. In cultured Müller cells, rapamycin induced autophagy and activated Wnt signaling, while chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, inhibited autophagy and downregulated Wnt signaling, suggesting that autophagy could regulate Wnt signaling in mice retina and retinal cells. In summary, this study demonstrated that autophagy may positively regulate Wnt signaling in diabetic retinas, indicating a potential mechanism of Wnt signaling upregulation in DR and a possible novel therapeutic target of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Ye
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Xu Liang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Mingyan Wei
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Rongrong Zong
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361101, P.R. China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian 361100, P.R. China
| | - Qian Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361101, P.R. China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian 361100, P.R. China
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29
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Bharath LP, Rockhold JD, Conway R. Selective Autophagy in Hyperglycemia-Induced Microvascular and Macrovascular Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082114. [PMID: 34440882 PMCID: PMC8392047 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of autophagy is an important underlying cause in the onset and progression of many metabolic diseases, including diabetes. Studies in animal models and humans show that impairment in the removal and the recycling of organelles, in particular, contributes to cellular damage, functional failure, and the onset of metabolic diseases. Interestingly, in certain contexts, inhibition of autophagy can be protective. While the inability to upregulate autophagy can play a critical role in the development of diseases, excessive autophagy can also be detrimental, making autophagy an intricately regulated process, the altering of which can adversely affect organismal health. Autophagy is indispensable for maintaining normal cardiac and vascular structure and function. Patients with diabetes are at a higher risk of developing and dying from vascular complications. Autophagy dysregulation is associated with the development of heart failure, many forms of cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and microvascular complications in diabetic patients. Here, we review the recent findings on selective autophagy in hyperglycemia and diabetes-associated microvascular and macrovascular complications.
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PPP1CA/YAP/GS/Gln/mTORC1 pathway activates retinal Müller cells during diabetic retinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2021; 210:108703. [PMID: 34280391 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a vision-loss complication caused by diabetes with high prevalence. During DR, the retinal microvascular injury and neurodegeneration derived from chronic hyperglycemia have attracted global attention to retinal Müller cells (RMCs), the major macroglia in the retina contributes to neuroprotection. Protein Phosphatase 1 Catalytic Subunit Alpha (PPP1CA) dephosphorylates the transcriptional coactivator Yes-associated protein (YAP) to promote the transcription of glutamine synthetase (GS). GS catalyzes the transformation of neurotoxic glutamate (Glu) into nontoxic glutamine (Gln) to activate the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which promotes the activation of RMCs. In this study, in vitro MIO-M1 cell and in vivo mouse high-fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic model to explore the role of the PPP1CA/YAP/GS/Gln/mTORC1 pathway on the activation of MRCs during DR. Results showed that PPP1CA promoted the dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of YAP in high glucose (HG)-exposed MIO-M1 cells. YAP transcribed GS in HG-exposed MIO-M1 cells in a TEAD1-dependent and PPP1CA-dependent way. GS promoted the biosynthesis of Gln in HG-exposed MIO-M1 cells. Gln activated mTORC1 instead of mTORC2 in HG-exposed MIO-M1 cells. The proliferation and activation of HG-exposed MIO-M1 cells were PPP1CA/YAP/GS/Gln/mTORC1-dependent. Finally, RMC proliferation and activation during DR were inhibited by the PPP1CA/YAP/GS/Gln/mTORC1 blockade. The findings supplied a potential idea to protect RMCs and alleviate the development of DR.
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31
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Kim D, Sesaki H, Roy S. Reduced Levels of Drp1 Protect against Development of Retinal Vascular Lesions in Diabetic Retinopathy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061379. [PMID: 34204906 PMCID: PMC8226547 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High glucose (HG)-induced Drp1 overexpression contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction and promotes apoptosis in retinal endothelial cells. However, it is unknown whether inhibiting Drp1 overexpression protects against the development of retinal vascular cell loss in diabetes. To investigate whether reduced Drp1 level is protective against diabetes-induced retinal vascular lesions, four groups of mice: wild type (WT) control mice, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, Drp1+/− mice, and STZ-induced diabetic Drp1+/− mice were examined after 16 weeks of diabetes. Western Blot analysis indicated a significant increase in Drp1 expression in the diabetic retinas compared to those of WT mice; retinas of diabetic Drp1+/− mice showed reduced Drp1 level compared to those of diabetic mice. A significant increase in the number of acellular capillaries (AC) and pericyte loss (PL) was observed in the retinas of diabetic mice compared to those of the WT control mice. Importantly, a significant decrease in the number of AC and PL was observed in retinas of diabetic Drp1+/− mice compared to those of diabetic mice concomitant with increased expression of pro-apoptotic genes, Bax, cleaved PARP, and increased cleaved caspase-3 activity. Preventing diabetes-induced Drp1 overexpression may have protective effects against the development of vascular lesions, characteristic of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjoon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Sayon Roy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-358-6801
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32
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Kim D, Votruba M, Roy S. Opa1 Deficiency Promotes Development of Retinal Vascular Lesions in Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115928. [PMID: 34072974 PMCID: PMC8199305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates whether reduced optic atrophy 1 (Opa1) level promotes apoptosis and retinal vascular lesions associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Four groups of mice: wild type (WT) control mice, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, Opa1+/- mice, and diabetic Opa1+/- mice were used in this study. 16 weeks after diabetes onset, retinas were assessed for Opa1 and Bax levels by Western blot analysis, and retinal networks were examined for acellular capillaries (AC) and pericyte loss (PL). Apoptotic cells were detected in retinal capillaries using TUNEL assay, and caspase-3 activity was assessed using fluorometric analysis. Opa1 expression was significantly downregulated in retinas of diabetic and Opa1+/- mice compared with those of WT mice. Inducing diabetes further decreased Opa1 expression in retinas of Opa1+/- mice. Increased cytochrome c release concomitant with increased level of pro-apoptotic Bax and elevated caspase-3 activity were observed in retinas of diabetic and Opa1+/- mice; the number of TUNEL-positive cells and AC/PL was also significantly increased. An additional decrease in the Opa1 level in retinas of diabetic Opa1+/- mice exacerbated the development of apoptotic cells and AC/PL compared with those of diabetic mice. Diabetes-induced Opa1 downregulation contributes, at least in part, to the development of retinal vascular lesions characteristic of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjoon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Marcela Votruba
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK;
- Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Sayon Roy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-358-6801
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Blood-retinal barrier as a converging pivot in understanding the initiation and development of retinal diseases. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 133:2586-2594. [PMID: 32852382 PMCID: PMC7722606 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical ophthalmologists consider each retinal disease as a completely unique entity. However, various retinal diseases, such as uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and primary open-angle glaucoma, share a number of common pathogenetic pathways. Whether a retinal disease initiates from direct injury to the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) or a defect/injury to retinal neurons or glia that impairs the BRB secondarily, the BRB is a pivotal point in determining the prognosis as self-limiting and recovering, or developing and progressing to a clinical phenotype. The present review summarizes our current knowledge on the physiology and cellular and molecular pathology of the BRB, which underlies its pivotal role in the initiation and development of common retinal diseases.
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Doğanlar ZB, Doğanlar O, Kurtdere K, Güçlü H, Chasan T, Turgut E. Melatonin prevents blood-retinal barrier breakdown and mitochondrial dysfunction in high glucose and hypoxia-induced in vitro diabetic macular edema model. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 75:105191. [PMID: 33962019 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a leading cause of blindness in diabetic retinopathy. Prolonged hyperglycemia plus hypoxia contributes to DME pathogenesis. Retinal pigmented epithelial cells comprise the outer blood-retinal barrier and are essential for maintaining physiological functioning of the retina. Melatonin acts as an antioxidant and regulator of mitochondrial bioenergetics and has a protective effect against ocular diseases. However, the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and the therapeutic potential of melatonin in DME remain largely unexplored. Here, we used an in vitro model of DME to investigate blood-retinal barrier integrity and permeability, angiogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, and apoptosis signaling to evaluate the potential protective efficacy of melatonin in DME. We found that melatonin prevents cell hyper-permeability and outer barrier breakdown by reducing HIF-1α, HIF-1β and VEGF and VEGF receptor gene expression. In addition, melatonin reduced the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial fission (DRP1, hFis1, MIEF2, MFF), mitophagy (PINK, BNip3, NIX), and increased the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α, NRF2, PPAR-γ) to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis. Moreover, melatonin prevented apoptosis of retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Our results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction may be involved in DME pathology, and melatonin may have therapeutic value in DME, by targeting signaling in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Banu Doğanlar
- Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Edirne, Turkey.
| | - Oğuzhan Doğanlar
- Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Kardelen Kurtdere
- Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Hande Güçlü
- Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Tourkian Chasan
- Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Esra Turgut
- Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Edirne, Turkey
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35
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Yaribeygi H, Maleki M, Sathyapalan T, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Obesity and Insulin Resistance: A Review of Molecular Interactions. Curr Mol Med 2021; 21:182-193. [PMID: 32787760 DOI: 10.2174/1566524020666200812221527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus is rising globally in epidemic proportions. Diabetes and its complications contribute to significant morbidity and mortality. An increase in sedentary lifestyle and consumption of a more energydense diet increased the incidence of obesity which is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Obesity acts as a potent upstream event that promotes molecular mechanisms involved in insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. However, the exact molecular mechanisms between obesity and diabetes are not clearly understood. In the current study, we have reviewed the molecular interactions between obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Yaribeygi
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mina Maleki
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
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Raeisossadati R, Ferrari MFR, Kihara AH, AlDiri I, Gross JM. Epigenetic regulation of retinal development. Epigenetics Chromatin 2021; 14:11. [PMID: 33563331 PMCID: PMC7871400 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-021-00384-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the developing vertebrate retina, retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) proliferate and give rise to terminally differentiated neurons with exquisite spatio-temporal precision. Lineage commitment, fate determination and terminal differentiation are controlled by intricate crosstalk between the genome and epigenome. Indeed, epigenetic regulation plays pivotal roles in numerous cell fate specification and differentiation events in the retina. Moreover, aberrant chromatin structure can contribute to developmental disorders and retinal pathologies. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of epigenetic regulation in the retina. We also provide insight into several aspects of epigenetic-related regulation that should be investigated in future studies of retinal development and disease. Importantly, focusing on these mechanisms could contribute to the development of novel treatment strategies targeting a variety of retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Raeisossadati
- Departamento de Genética E Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Do Matao, 277, Cidade Universitaria, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.,Departments of Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Merari F R Ferrari
- Departamento de Genética E Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Do Matao, 277, Cidade Universitaria, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | | | - Issam AlDiri
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Gross
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Diabetic Retinopathy: The Role of Mitochondria in the Neural Retina and Microvascular Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100905. [PMID: 32977483 PMCID: PMC7598160 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common chronic complication of diabetes mellitus and the leading cause of vision loss in the working-age population, is clinically defined as a microvascular disease that involves damage of the retinal capillaries with secondary visual impairment. While its clinical diagnosis is based on vascular pathology, DR is associated with early abnormalities in the electroretinogram, indicating alterations of the neural retina and impaired visual signaling. The pathogenesis of DR is complex and likely involves the simultaneous dysregulation of multiple metabolic and signaling pathways through the retinal neurovascular unit. There is evidence that microvascular disease in DR is caused in part by altered energetic metabolism in the neural retina and specifically from signals originating in the photoreceptors. In this review, we discuss the main pathogenic mechanisms that link alterations in neural retina bioenergetics with vascular regression in DR. We focus specifically on the recent developments related to alterations in mitochondrial metabolism including energetic substrate selection, mitochondrial function, oxidation-reduction (redox) imbalance, and oxidative stress, and critically discuss the mechanisms of these changes and their consequences on retinal function. We also acknowledge implications for emerging therapeutic approaches and future research directions to find novel mitochondria-targeted therapeutic strategies to correct bioenergetics in diabetes. We conclude that retinal bioenergetics is affected in the early stages of diabetes with consequences beyond changes in ATP content, and that maintaining mitochondrial integrity may alleviate retinal disease.
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Chen HY, Ho YJ, Chou HC, Liao EC, Tsai YT, Wei YS, Lin LH, Lin MW, Wang YS, Ko ML, Chan HL. The Role of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta in Retinal Ganglion Cells with Hyperglycemia and Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186482. [PMID: 32899874 PMCID: PMC7554964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A characteristic of diabetes mellitus is hyperglycemia, which is considered with an emphasis on the diabetic retinopathy of progressive neurodegenerative disease. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are believed to be important cells affected in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a neuroprotective protein that helps to withstand various neuronal injuries. To investigate the potential roles and regulatory mechanisms of TGF-β in hyperglycemia-triggered damage of RGCs in vitro, we established RGCs in 5.5, 25, 50, and 100 mM D-glucose supplemented media and focused on the TGF-β-related oxidative stress pathway in combination with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Functional experiments showed that TGF-β1/2 protein expression was upregulated in RGCs with hyperglycemia. The knockdown of TGF-β enhanced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibited the cell proliferation rate, and reduced glutathione content in hyperglycemia. Furthermore, the results showed that the TGF-β-mediated enhancement of antioxidant signaling was correlated with the activation of stress response proteins and the antioxidant pathway, such as aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH3A1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α). Summarizing, our results demonstrated that TGF-β keeps RGCs from hyperglycemia-triggered harm by promoting the activation of the antioxidant pathway, suggesting a potential anti-diabetic therapy for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology & Department of Medical Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (E.-C.L.); (Y.-T.T.); (Y.-S.W.); (L.-H.L.); (M.-W.L.); (Y.-S.W.)
| | - Yi-Jung Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Hsiu-Chuan Chou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - En-Chi Liao
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology & Department of Medical Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (E.-C.L.); (Y.-T.T.); (Y.-S.W.); (L.-H.L.); (M.-W.L.); (Y.-S.W.)
| | - Yi-Ting Tsai
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology & Department of Medical Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (E.-C.L.); (Y.-T.T.); (Y.-S.W.); (L.-H.L.); (M.-W.L.); (Y.-S.W.)
| | - Yu-Shan Wei
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology & Department of Medical Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (E.-C.L.); (Y.-T.T.); (Y.-S.W.); (L.-H.L.); (M.-W.L.); (Y.-S.W.)
| | - Li-Hsun Lin
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology & Department of Medical Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (E.-C.L.); (Y.-T.T.); (Y.-S.W.); (L.-H.L.); (M.-W.L.); (Y.-S.W.)
| | - Meng-Wei Lin
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology & Department of Medical Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (E.-C.L.); (Y.-T.T.); (Y.-S.W.); (L.-H.L.); (M.-W.L.); (Y.-S.W.)
| | - Yi-Shiuan Wang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology & Department of Medical Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (E.-C.L.); (Y.-T.T.); (Y.-S.W.); (L.-H.L.); (M.-W.L.); (Y.-S.W.)
| | - Mei-Lan Ko
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (M.-L.K.); (H.-L.C.); Tel.: +88-63-5326-151 (M.-L.K.); +88-63-5742-476 (H.-L.C.); Fax: +88-63-5324-584 (M.-L.K.); +88-63-5715-934 (H.-L.C.)
| | - Hong-Lin Chan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology & Department of Medical Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (E.-C.L.); (Y.-T.T.); (Y.-S.W.); (L.-H.L.); (M.-W.L.); (Y.-S.W.)
- Correspondence: (M.-L.K.); (H.-L.C.); Tel.: +88-63-5326-151 (M.-L.K.); +88-63-5742-476 (H.-L.C.); Fax: +88-63-5324-584 (M.-L.K.); +88-63-5715-934 (H.-L.C.)
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Petrachkov DV, Budzinskaya MV, Arzhukhanov DD. [The role of internal limiting membrane peeling in the treatment of diabetic macular edema]. Vestn Oftalmol 2020; 136:359-366. [PMID: 32880162 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2020136042359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the current understanding of the role of internal limiting membrane in the pathogenesis of diabetic macular edema and the feasibility of its surgical removal is based on data from domestic and international literature on pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, outcomes of multicenter studies of treatment and prognosis of this disease. The advantages and disadvantages of both peeling and preservation of the inner limiting membrane are described. The limitations and inconsistencies of data provided by the authors of each theory requires more complete functional studies in the pre- and postoperative periods, increasing the selection of patients, modifying the criteria for inclusion in groups, and microscopic examination of removed membranes. Thus, this issue requires further study due to the ambiguity of the conclusions and the lack of comparative data on the long-term prospects of each of the methods.
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Lim JR, Lee HJ, Jung YH, Kim JS, Chae CW, Kim SY, Han HJ. Ethanol-activated CaMKII signaling induces neuronal apoptosis through Drp1-mediated excessive mitochondrial fission and JNK1-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:123. [PMID: 32787872 PMCID: PMC7422600 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neurodegeneration is a representative phenotype of patients with chronic alcoholism. Ethanol-induced calcium overload causes NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome formation and an imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics, closely associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. However, how calcium regulates this process in neuronal cells is poorly understood. Therefore, the present study investigated the detailed mechanism of calcium-regulated mitochondrial dynamics and NLRP3 inflammasome formation in neuronal cells by ethanol. Methods In this study, we used the SK-N-MC human neuroblastoma cell line. To confirm the expression level of the mRNA and protein, real time quantitative PCR and western blot were performed. Co-immunoprecipitation and Immunofluorescence staining were conducted to confirm the complex formation or interaction of the proteins. Flow cytometry was used to analyze intracellular calcium, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal apoptosis. Results Ethanol increased cleaved caspase-3 levels and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation associated with neuronal apoptosis. In addition, ethanol increased protein kinase A (PKA) activation and cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, which increased N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) expression. Ethanol-increased NMDAR induced intracellular calcium overload and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activation leading to phosphorylation of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase 1 (JNK1). Drp1 phosphorylation promoted Drp1 translocation to the mitochondria, resulting in excessive mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial ROS accumulation, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, which was recovered by Drp1 inhibitor pretreatment. Ethanol-induced JNK1 phosphorylation activated the NLRP3 inflammasome that induced caspase-1 dependent mitophagy inhibition, thereby exacerbating ROS accumulation and causing cell death. Suppressing caspase-1 induced mitophagy and reversed the ethanol-induced apoptosis in neuronal cells. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that ethanol upregulated NMDAR-dependent CaMKII phosphorylation which is essential for Drp1-mediated excessive mitochondrial fission and the JNK1-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation resulting in neuronal apoptosis. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ryong Lim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jik Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea.,Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Young Hyun Jung
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Sung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Woo Chae
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yihl Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Kim D, Roy S. Effects of Diabetes on Mitochondrial Morphology and Its Implications in Diabetic Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:10. [PMID: 32756920 PMCID: PMC7441301 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.10.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine whether high glucose (HG) or diabetes alters mitochondrial morphology and promotes mitochondrial fragmentation in retinal vascular cells and thereby triggers apoptosis associated with diabetic retinopathy. Methods To assess whether diabetes promotes mitochondrial fragmentation and thereby triggers apoptosis, retinas from nondiabetic and diabetic rats were analyzed using electron microscopy (EM) and in parallel, wild-type, diabetic, and OPA1+/- mice were analyzed for optic atrophy gene 1 (OPA1) and cytochrome c levels using Western blot (WB) analysis. To assess the relationship between mitochondrial fragmentation and OPA1 levels, rat retinal endothelial cells (RRECs) were grown in normal (N; 5 mmol/L) medium, HG (30 mmol/L) medium, or in N medium transfected with OPA1 siRNA for seven days. Cells were examined for OPA1 expression and cytochrome c release by WB. In parallel, cells were stained with MitoTracker Red and assessed for mitochondrial fragmentation in live cells using confocal microscopy. Results EM images revealed significant mitochondrial fragmentation in vascular cells of retinal capillaries of diabetic rats compared with that of nondiabetic rats. WB analysis showed significant OPA1 downregulation concomitant with increased levels of proapoptotic cytochrome c levels in cells grown in HG and in cells transfected with OPA1 siRNA alone. Similarly, OPA1 level was significantly reduced in diabetic retinas compared with that of nondiabetic retinas. Interestingly, OPA1+/- animals exhibited elevated cytochrome c release similar to those of diabetic mice. Conclusions Findings indicate that diabetes promotes mitochondrial fragmentation in retinal vascular cells, which are driven, at least in part, by decreased OPA1 levels leading to apoptosis in diabetic retinopathy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytochromes c/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/metabolism
- Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- GTP Phosphohydrolases/genetics
- GTP Phosphohydrolases/metabolism
- Glucose/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Electron
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/pathology
- Mitochondrial Diseases/metabolism
- Mitochondrial Diseases/pathology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Retinal Vessels/pathology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjoon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sayon Roy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Cheng KJ, Hsieh CM, Nepali K, Liou JP. Ocular Disease Therapeutics: Design and Delivery of Drugs for Diseases of the Eye. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10533-10593. [PMID: 32482069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ocular drug discovery field has evidenced significant advancement in the past decade. The FDA approvals of Rhopressa, Vyzulta, and Roclatan for glaucoma, Brolucizumab for wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD), Luxturna for retinitis pigmentosa, Dextenza (0.4 mg dexamethasone intracanalicular insert) for ocular inflammation, ReSure sealant to seal corneal incisions, and Lifitegrast for dry eye represent some of the major developments in the field of ocular therapeutics. A literature survey also indicates that gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and target discovery through genomic research represent significant promise as potential strategies to achieve tissue repair or regeneration and to attain therapeutic benefits in ocular diseases. Overall, the emergence of new technologies coupled with first-in-class entries in ophthalmology are highly anticipated to restructure and boost the future trends in the field of ophthalmic drug discovery. This perspective focuses on various aspects of ocular drug discovery and the recent advances therein. Recent medicinal chemistry campaigns along with a brief overview of the structure-activity relationships of the diverse chemical classes and developments in ocular drug delivery (ODD) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Ju Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 111, Section 3, Xing-Long Road, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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Peña JS, Vazquez M. VEGF Upregulates EGFR Expression to Stimulate Chemotactic Behaviors in the rMC-1 Model of Müller Glia. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E330. [PMID: 32485834 PMCID: PMC7348795 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive vision loss in adults has become increasingly prevalent worldwide due to retinopathies associated with aging, genetics, and epigenetic factors that damage the retinal microvasculature. Insufficient supply of oxygen and/or nutrients upregulates factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), which can induce abnormal angiogenesis and damage the structural arrangement of the retinal blood barrier (BRB). Müller glia (MG) regulate the diffusion of essential compounds across the BRB and respond to retinal insults via reactive gliosis, which includes cell hypertrophy, migration, and/or proliferation near areas of elevated VEGF concentration. Increasing concentrations of exogenous VEGF, upregulated by retinal pigmented epithelium cells, and endogenous epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) stimulation in MG, implicated in MG proliferative and migratory behavior, often lead to progressive and permanent vision loss. Our project examined the chemotactic responses of the rMC-1 cell line, a mammalian MG model, toward VEGF and EGF signaling fields in transwell assays, and within respective concentration gradient fields produced in the glia line (gLL) microfluidic system previously described by our group. rMC-1 receptor expression in defined ligand fields was also evaluated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunocytochemical staining. Results illustrate dramatic increases in rMC-1 chemotactic responses towards EGF gradient fields after pre-treatment with VEGF. In addition, qPCR illustrated significant upregulation of EGF-R upon VEGF pre-treatment, which was higher than that induced by its cognate ligand, EGF. These results suggest interplay of molecular pathways between VEGF and EGF-R that have remained understudied in MG but are significant to the development of effective anti-VEGF treatments needed for a variety of retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maribel Vazquez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
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Mendonça HR, Carpi-Santos R, da Costa Calaza K, Blanco Martinez AM. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress act in concert to promote neurodegeneration in the diabetic retina and optic nerve: galectin-3 participation. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:625-635. [PMID: 31638084 PMCID: PMC6975153 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.266910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a lifelong disease characterized by glucose metabolic imbalance, in which low insulin levels or impaired insulin signaling lead to hyperglycemic state. Within 20 years of diabetes progression, 95% of patients will have diabetic retinopathy, the leading cause of visual defects in working-age people worldwide. Although diabetes is considered a microvascular disease, recent studies have shown that neurodegeneration precedes vascular changes within the diabetic visual system, albeit its mechanisms are still under investigation. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are intrinsically related phenomena, since macrophage/microglia and astrocytes are the main sources of reactive oxygen species during central nervous system chronic degenerative diseases, and both pathological processes are increased in the visual system during diabetes. The present review will focus on recent findings of the contribution of oxidative stress derived from neuroinflammation in the early neurodegenerative aspects of the diabetic visual system and their relationship with galectin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Rocha Mendonça
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitrio Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Pólo Universitário Macaé, Unidade Integrada de Pesquisa em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
- Laboratório Integrado de Morfologia, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas de Macaé, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Raul Carpi-Santos
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karin da Costa Calaza
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Retina, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Blanco Martinez
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitrio Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Peynshaert K, Devoldere J, Philips F, Vergauwe F, De Smedt S, Remaut K. Influence of pathogenic stimuli on Müller cell transfection by lipoplexes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 150:87-95. [PMID: 32173604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotection is a mutation-independent therapeutic strategy that seeks to enhance the survival of neuronal cell types through delivery of neuroprotective factors. The Müller cell, a retinal glial cell type appreciated for its unique morphology and neuroprotective functions, could be regarded as an ideal target for this strategy by functioning as a secretion platform within the retina following uptake of a transgene of our choice. In this in vitro study we aimed to investigate the capability of Müller cells to take up a standard liposomal vector (i.e. Lipofectamine 2000) and process its pDNA or mRNA cargo into the reporter GFP protein. By doing so, we found that mRNA outperformed pDNA in Müller cell transfection efficiency. Since neuroprotection is explored as a therapy for diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma, we furthermore examined the Müller cell's lipoplex-induced transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity in stressful conditions linked to these diseases - i.e. hypoxia, hyperglycemia and oxidative stress. Interestingly, Müller cells were able of maintaining high GFP expression regardless of these noxious stimuli. In terms of lipoplex-induced toxicity, hyperglycemia seemed to have a protective effect while hypoxia and oxidative stress led to a slightly higher toxicity. In conclusion, our study indicates that mRNA-lipoplexes have potential in transfecting Müller cells in healthy as well as diseased conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Peynshaert
- Lab of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joke Devoldere
- Lab of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederik Philips
- Lab of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fauve Vergauwe
- Odisee University College, Technology Campus Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Smedt
- Lab of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Remaut
- Lab of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Dolinko AH, Chwa M, Atilano SR, Kenney MC. African and Asian Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups Confer Resistance Against Diabetic Stresses on Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cybrid Cells In Vitro. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:1636-1655. [PMID: 31811564 PMCID: PMC7123578 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common cause of blindness for individuals under the age of 65. This loss of vision can be due to ischemia, neovascularization, and/or diabetic macular edema, which are caused by breakdown of the blood-retina barrier at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and inner retinal vasculature. The prevalence of diabetes and its complications differ between Caucasian-Americans and certain minority populations, such as African-Americans and Asian-Americans. Individuals can be classified by their mitochondrial haplogroups, which are collections of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) representing ancient geographic origins of populations. In this study, we compared the responses of diabetic human RPE cybrids, cell lines containing identical nuclei but mitochondria from either European (maternal European) or maternal African or Asian individuals, to hypoxia and high glucose levels. The African and Asian diabetic ([Afr+Asi]/DM) cybrids showed (1) resistance to both hyperglycemic and hypoxic stresses; (2) downregulation of pro-apoptotic indicator BAX; (3) upregulation of DNA methylation genes, such as DNMT3A and DNMT3B; and (4) resistance to DNA demethylation by the methylation inhibitor 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC) compared to European diabetic (Euro/DM) cybrids. Our findings suggest that mitochondria from African and Asian diabetic subjects possess a "metabolic memory" that confers resistance against hyperglycemia, hypoxia, and demethylation, and that this "metabolic memory" can be transferred into the RPE cybrid cell lines in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Dolinko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2028, 843 Health Science Road, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Marilyn Chwa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Shari R Atilano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - M Cristina Kenney
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2028, 843 Health Science Road, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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Effect of diabetes blood-stasis syndrome and Xuefu Zhuyu decoction on ROS-ERK1/2 signaling pathway in rat retina Müller cells. Cytotechnology 2020; 72:303-314. [PMID: 32112164 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-020-00379-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to investigate whether diabetic blood-stasis syndrome had a relationship with ROS-ERK1/2 signaling pathway in rat retina Müller cells and explore the effects of traditional Chinese drugs designed for promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis on diabetic retinopathy (DR) treatment. Immunofluorescence was applied to determine purity of Müller cells. The diabetes was induced in rats by streptozotocin (STZ). Müller cells were stimulated by blood serum obtained from rats with blood-stasis syndrome and then treated by Xuefu Zhuyu decoction. Kits for reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) were used for corresponding detection. Western blot analysis was used to determine the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. The results indicated that stimulation of Müller cells by blood serum of rats with diabetic blood-stasis syndrome increased the expression of ROS, inhibited SOD and GSH, and activated ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Treatment of Xuefu Zhuyu decoction could weaken this phenomenon. What's more, similar effects of ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 with Xuefu Zhuyu decoction proved the involvement of ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Therefore, our results suggested that traditional Chinese drugs for promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis would be an effective therapy to treat DR.
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Ferrington DA, Fisher CR, Kowluru RA. Mitochondrial Defects Drive Degenerative Retinal Diseases. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:105-118. [PMID: 31771932 PMCID: PMC6938541 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the pathology of two major blinding retinal diseases, diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). These diseases accumulate mitochondrial defects in distinct retinal subcellular structures, the vascular/neural network in DR and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in AMD. These mitochondrial defects cause a metabolic crisis that drives disease. With no treatments to stop these diseases, coupled with an increasing population suffering from AMD and DR, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutics targeting the mitochondria to prevent or reverse disease-specific pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences and Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Cody R Fisher
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences and Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Renu A Kowluru
- Ophthalmology, Vision, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Hombrebueno JR, Cairns L, Dutton LR, Lyons TJ, Brazil DP, Moynagh P, Curtis TM, Xu H. Uncoupled turnover disrupts mitochondrial quality control in diabetic retinopathy. JCI Insight 2019; 4:129760. [PMID: 31661466 PMCID: PMC6962019 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) is crucial for regulating CNS homeostasis, and its disruption has been implicated in the pathogenesis of some of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. In healthy tissues, the maintenance of MQC depends upon an exquisite balance between mitophagy (removal of damaged mitochondria by autophagy) and biogenesis (de novo synthesis of mitochondria). Here, we show that mitophagy is disrupted in diabetic retinopathy (DR) and decoupled from mitochondrial biogenesis during the progression of the disease. Diabetic retinas from human postmortem donors and experimental mice exhibit a net loss of mitochondrial contents during the early stages of the disease process. Using diabetic mitophagy-reporter mice (mitoQC-Ins2Akita) alongside pMitoTimer (a molecular clock to address mitochondrial age dynamics), we demonstrate that mitochondrial loss arose due to an inability of mitochondrial biogenesis to compensate for diabetes-exacerbated mitophagy. However, as diabetes duration increases, Pink1-dependent mitophagy deteriorates, leading to the build-up of mitochondria primed for degradation in DR. Impairment of mitophagy during prolonged diabetes is linked with the development of retinal senescence, a phenotype that blunted hyperglycemia-induced mitophagy in mitoQC primary Müller cells. Our findings suggest that normalizing mitochondrial turnover may preserve MQC and provide therapeutic options for the management of DR-associated complications. Uncoupled mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis leads to mitochondrial damage in the retina during the progression of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Hombrebueno
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Cairns
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Louise R Dutton
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Lyons
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Derek P Brazil
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Moynagh
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Institute of Immunology, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Tim M Curtis
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Heping Xu
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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50
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Icel E, Icel A, Mertoglu C, Tasli NG, Karakurt Y, Ucak T, Gunay M. Serum SCUBE-1 levels in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Int Ophthalmol 2019; 40:859-865. [PMID: 31792853 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-019-01249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Signal peptide-CUB-Epidermal growth factor-like domain-containing protein 1 (SCUBE-1) is a protein expressed on the cell surface of endothelial cells and platelets. We aimed to determine the alterations in SCUBE-1 levels in patients at different stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR). MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants were grouped into 4 regarding the presence and stage of diabetic retinopathy as follows: control group (n 32), patients without DR (n 39), patients with background DR (n 42) and patients with proliferative DR (n 55). Age, gender, duration of diabetes, fasting blood glucose levels, serum hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), SCUBE-1 and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of the patients were recorded. Central macular thickness and central macular volume were recorded and compared between groups. RESULTS Totally 136 patients with diabetes mellitus and 32 control cases were included in the study. There is a significant increase in SCUBE-1 and MDA levels with an advance in DR. In correlation analysis, there was only a significant correlation present between serum SCUBE-1 and MDA levels (p 0.001) but not with other parameters. CONCLUSION For the first time in literature, we determined a significant increase in SCUBE-1 levels in patients with DR. Moreover, with an advance in DR, SCUBE-1 levels were also increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erel Icel
- Ophthalmology Department, School of Medicine, Mengücek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey.
| | - Aykut Icel
- Internal Medicine Department, Mengücek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Cuma Mertoglu
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Nurdan Gamze Tasli
- Ophthalmology Department, School of Medicine, Mengücek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Yucel Karakurt
- Ophthalmology Department, School of Medicine, Mengücek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Turgay Ucak
- Ophthalmology Department, School of Medicine, Mengücek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Murat Gunay
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey
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