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Friedman MI, Sørensen TIA, Taubes G, Lund J, Ludwig DS. Trapped fat: Obesity pathogenesis as an intrinsic disorder in metabolic fuel partitioning. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13795. [PMID: 38961319 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Our understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity remains at best incomplete despite a century of research. During this time, two alternative perspectives have helped shape thinking about the etiology of the disorder. The currently prevailing view holds that excessive fat accumulation results because energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, with excessive food consumption being the primary cause of the imbalance. The other perspective attributes the initiating cause of obesity to intrinsic metabolic defects that shift fuel partitioning from pathways for mobilization and oxidation to those for synthesis and storage. The resulting reduction in fuel oxidation and trapping of energy in adipose tissue drives a compensatory increase in energy intake and, under some conditions, a decrease in expenditure. This theory of obesity pathogenesis has historically garnered relatively less attention despite its pedigree. Here, we present an updated comprehensive formulation of the fuel partitioning theory, focused on evidence gathered over the last 80 years from major animal models of obesity showing a redirection of fuel fluxes from oxidation to storage and accumulation of excess body fat with energy intake equal to or even less than that of lean animals. The aim is to inform current discussions about the etiology of obesity and by so doing, help lay new foundations for the design of more efficacious approaches to obesity research, treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Childhood Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Lund
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David S Ludwig
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Pinette JA, Myers JW, Park WY, Bryant HG, Eddie AM, Wilson GA, Montufar C, Shaikh Z, Vue Z, Nunn ER, Bessho R, Cottam MA, Haase VH, Hinton AO, Spinelli JB, Cartailler JP, Zaganjor E. Disruption of nucleotide biosynthesis reprograms mitochondrial metabolism to inhibit adipogenesis. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100641. [PMID: 39245323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
A key organismal response to overnutrition involves the development of new adipocytes through the process of adipogenesis. Preadipocytes sense changes in the systemic nutrient status and metabolites can directly modulate adipogenesis. We previously identified a role of de novo nucleotide biosynthesis in adipogenesis induction, whereby inhibition of nucleotide biosynthesis suppresses the expression of the transcriptional regulators PPARγ and C/EBPα. Here, we set out to identify the global transcriptomic changes associated with the inhibition of nucleotide biosynthesis. Through RNA sequencing (RNAseq), we discovered that mitochondrial signatures were the most altered in response to inhibition of nucleotide biosynthesis. Blocking nucleotide biosynthesis induced rounded mitochondrial morphology, and altered mitochondrial function, and metabolism, reducing levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, and increasing fatty acid oxidation (FAO). The loss of mitochondrial function induced by suppression of nucleotide biosynthesis was rescued by exogenous expression of PPARγ. Moreover, inhibition of FAO restored PPARγ expression, mitochondrial protein expression, and adipogenesis in the presence of nucleotide biosynthesis inhibition, suggesting a regulatory role of nutrient oxidation in differentiation. Collectively, our studies shed light on the link between substrate oxidation and transcription in cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Pinette
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jacob W Myers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Woo Yong Park
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Heather G Bryant
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alex M Eddie
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Genesis A Wilson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Claudia Montufar
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Zayedali Shaikh
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Zer Vue
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Nunn
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ryoichi Bessho
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew A Cottam
- Creative Data Solutions, Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Volker H Haase
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Research and Medical Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Antentor O Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jessica B Spinelli
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Cartailler
- Creative Data Solutions, Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elma Zaganjor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Digestive Disease Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Diabetes Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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3
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Windred DP, Burns AC, Rutter MK, Ching Yeung CH, Lane JM, Xiao Q, Saxena R, Cain SW, Phillips AJ. Personal light exposure patterns and incidence of type 2 diabetes: analysis of 13 million hours of light sensor data and 670,000 person-years of prospective observation. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2024; 42:100943. [PMID: 39070751 PMCID: PMC11281921 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.100943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Background Light at night disrupts circadian rhythms, and circadian disruption is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Whether personal light exposure predicts diabetes risk has not been demonstrated in a large prospective cohort. We therefore assessed whether personal light exposure patterns predicted risk of incident type 2 diabetes in UK Biobank participants, using ∼13 million hours of light sensor data. Methods Participants (N = 84,790, age (M ± SD) = 62.3 ± 7.9 years, 58% female) wore light sensors for one week, recording day and night light exposure. Circadian amplitude and phase were modeled from weekly light data. Incident type 2 diabetes was recorded (1997 cases; 7.9 ± 1.2 years follow-up; excluding diabetes cases prior to light-tracking). Risk of incident type 2 diabetes was assessed as a function of day and night light, circadian phase, and circadian amplitude, adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, and polygenic risk. Findings Compared to people with dark nights (0-50th percentiles), diabetes risk was incrementally higher across brighter night light exposure percentiles (50-70th: multivariable-adjusted HR = 1.29 [1.14-1.46]; 70-90th: 1.39 [1.24-1.57]; and 90-100th: 1.53 [1.32-1.77]). Diabetes risk was higher in people with lower modeled circadian amplitude (aHR = 1.07 [1.03-1.10] per SD), and with early or late circadian phase (aHR range: 1.06-1.26). Night light and polygenic risk independently predicted higher diabetes risk. The difference in diabetes risk between people with bright and dark nights was similar to the difference between people with low and moderate genetic risk. Interpretation Type 2 diabetes risk was higher in people exposed to brighter night light, and in people exposed to light patterns that may disrupt circadian rhythms. Avoidance of light at night could be a simple and cost-effective recommendation that mitigates risk of diabetes, even in those with high genetic risk. Funding Australian Government Research Training Program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Windred
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Angus C. Burns
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin K. Rutter
- Centre for Biological Timing, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Chris Ho Ching Yeung
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jacqueline M. Lane
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Spatial-temporal Modeling for Applications in Population Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Richa Saxena
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean W. Cain
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (Sleep Health), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew J.K. Phillips
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (Sleep Health), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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Tan JTM, Cheney CV, Bamhare NES, Hossin T, Bilu C, Sandeman L, Nankivell VA, Solly EL, Kronfeld-Schor N, Bursill CA. Female Psammomys obesus Are Protected from Circadian Disruption-Induced Glucose Intolerance, Cardiac Fibrosis and Adipocyte Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7265. [PMID: 39000372 PMCID: PMC11242371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Circadian disruption increases the development of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. We found that circadian disruption causes glucose intolerance, cardiac fibrosis and adipocyte tissue dysfunction in male sand rats, Psammomys obesus. Whether these effects occur in female P. obesus is unknown. Male and female P. obesus were fed a high energy diet and exposed to a neutral (12 light:12 dark, control) or short (5 light:19 dark, circadian disruption) photoperiod for 20 weeks. Circadian disruption impaired glucose tolerance in males but not females. It also increased cardiac perivascular fibrosis and cardiac expression of inflammatory marker Ccl2 in males, with no effect in females. Females had reduced proapoptotic Bax mRNA and cardiac Myh7:Myh6 hypertrophy ratio. Cardiac protection in females occurred despite reductions in the clock gene Per2. Circadian disruption increased adipocyte hypertrophy in both males and females. This was concomitant with a reduction in adipocyte differentiation markers Pparg and Cebpa in males and females, respectively. Circadian disruption increased visceral adipose expression of inflammatory mediators Ccl2, Tgfb1 and Cd68 and reduced browning marker Ucp1 in males. However, these changes were not observed in females. Collectively, our study show that sex differentially influences the effects of circadian disruption on glucose tolerance, cardiac function and adipose tissue dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne T M Tan
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Cate V Cheney
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Nicole E S Bamhare
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Tasnim Hossin
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Carmel Bilu
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Lauren Sandeman
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Victoria A Nankivell
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Emma L Solly
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | | | - Christina A Bursill
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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5
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Hateley C, Olona A, Halliday L, Edin ML, Ko JH, Forlano R, Terra X, Lih FB, Beltrán-Debón R, Manousou P, Purkayastha S, Moorthy K, Thursz MR, Zhang G, Goldin RD, Zeldin DC, Petretto E, Behmoaras J. Multi-tissue profiling of oxylipins reveal a conserved up-regulation of epoxide:diol ratio that associates with white adipose tissue inflammation and liver steatosis in obesity. EBioMedicine 2024; 103:105127. [PMID: 38677183 PMCID: PMC11061246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity drives maladaptive changes in the white adipose tissue (WAT) which can progressively cause insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic dysfunction-associated liver disease (MASLD). Obesity-mediated loss of WAT homeostasis can trigger liver steatosis through dysregulated lipid pathways such as those related to polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-derived oxylipins. However, the exact relationship between oxylipins and metabolic syndrome remains elusive and cross-tissue dynamics of oxylipins are ill-defined. METHODS We quantified PUFA-related oxylipin species in the omental WAT, liver biopsies and plasma of 88 patients undergoing bariatric surgery (female N = 79) and 9 patients (female N = 4) undergoing upper gastrointestinal surgery, using UPLC-MS/MS. We integrated oxylipin abundance with WAT phenotypes (adipogenesis, adipocyte hypertrophy, macrophage infiltration, type I and VI collagen remodelling) and the severity of MASLD (steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis) quantified in each biopsy. The integrative analysis was subjected to (i) adjustment for known risk factors and, (ii) control for potential drug-effects through UPLC-MS/MS analysis of metformin-treated fat explants ex vivo. FINDINGS We reveal a generalized down-regulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-derived diols during obesity conserved between the WAT and plasma. Notably, epoxide:diol ratio, indicative of soluble epoxide hydrolyse (sEH) activity, increases with WAT inflammation/fibrosis, hepatic steatosis and T2DM. Increased 12,13-EpOME:DiHOME in WAT and liver is a marker of worsening metabolic syndrome in patients with obesity. INTERPRETATION These findings suggest a dampened sEH activity and a possible role of fatty acid diols during metabolic syndrome in major metabolic organs such as WAT and liver. They also have implications in view of the clinical trials based on sEH inhibition for metabolic syndrome. FUNDING Wellcome Trust (PS3431_WMIH); Duke-NUS (Intramural Goh Cardiovascular Research Award (Duke-NUS-GCR/2022/0020); National Medical Research Council (OFLCG22may-0011); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01 ES025034); NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hateley
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Antoni Olona
- Centre for Computational Biology and Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laura Halliday
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Matthew L Edin
- Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jeong-Hun Ko
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Roberta Forlano
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Ximena Terra
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, MoBioFood Research Group, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Fred B Lih
- Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Raúl Beltrán-Debón
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, MoBioFood Research Group, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Penelopi Manousou
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Sanjay Purkayastha
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK; University of Brunel, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, London, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Krishna Moorthy
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Mark R Thursz
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, 3135 Meyer Hall, One Shields Avenue, UC Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Robert D Goldin
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Enrico Petretto
- Centre for Computational Biology and Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Institute for Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University (CPU), Nanjing, China
| | - Jacques Behmoaras
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK; Centre for Computational Biology and Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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6
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Susca N, Leone P, Prete M, Cozzio S, Racanelli V. Adipose failure through adipocyte overload and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103502. [PMID: 38101692 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome poses a great worldwide threat to the health of the patients. Increased visceral adiposity is recognized as the main determinant of the detrimental clinical effects of insulin resistance. Inflammation and immune system activation in the adipose tissue (AT) have a central role in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome, but the mechanisms linking increased adiposity to immunity in the AT remain in part elusive. In this review, we support the central role of adipocyte overload and relative adipose failure as key determinants in triggering immune aggression to AT. This provides a mechanistic explanation of the relative metabolic wellness of metabolically normal obese people and the disruption in insulin signaling in metabolically obese lean people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Susca
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, 'Aldo Moro' University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Leone
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, 'Aldo Moro' University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Marcella Prete
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, 'Aldo Moro' University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Susanna Cozzio
- U.O. di Medicina Interna, Ospedale di Rovereto, Azienda Sanitaria per i Servizi Provinciali di Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Centre for Medical Sciences - CISMed, University of Trento and Department of Internal Medicine, Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy.
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7
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U-Din M, Ahmed BA, Syed SA, Ong FJ, Oreskovich SM, Gunn E, Surette MG, Punthakee Z, Steinberg GR, Morrison KM. Characteristics of Abdominal Visceral Adipose Tissue, Metabolic Health and the Gut Microbiome in Adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:680-690. [PMID: 37837606 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Compared with the relatively benign effects of increased subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volume is a causal risk factor for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. In rodents, increased VAT volume and triglyceride density and ectopic lipid accumulation in kidneys and liver have been induced by alterations in the gut microbiome. However, few studies have characterized these relationships in humans. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the tissue triglyceride content of VAT and SAT, liver, kidneys, and pancreas in male and female adults and assess associations with markers of glucose tolerance, serum insulin, and lipids and characteristics of the gut microbiome. METHODS Cross-sectional observational study of healthy human adults (n = 60) at a clinical research center. Body mass index (BMI), body composition, and oral glucose tolerance were assessed. Microbiome analysis was conducted on stool samples using 16S rRNA v3 amplicon sequencing. The triglyceride content of VAT, SAT, liver, kidney and pancreas were determined by assessing proton density fat fraction (PDFF) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS Higher VAT PDFF and the ratio of VAT to SAT PDFF were related to higher BMI, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. A higher VAT PDFF and VAT to SAT PDFF ratio were associated with lower alpha diversity and altered beta diversity of the gut microbiome. Differences in VAT were associated with higher relative abundance of the phylum Firmicutes, lower relative abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes, and enrichment of the bacterial genera Dorea, Streptococcus, and Solobacterium. CONCLUSION VAT PDFF measured with MRI is related to impaired glucose homeostasis, dyslipidemia, and differences in the gut microbiome, independently of the total body fat percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mueez U-Din
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Basma A Ahmed
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Saad A Syed
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Frank J Ong
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Stephan M Oreskovich
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Gunn
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Michael G Surette
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Zubin Punthakee
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Katherine M Morrison
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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8
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Kim JW, Kim JH, Lee YJ. The Role of Adipokines in Tumor Progression and Its Association with Obesity. Biomedicines 2024; 12:97. [PMID: 38255203 PMCID: PMC10813163 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a well-established risk factor for various malignancies and emerging evidence suggests that adipokines play a pivotal role in linking excess adiposity to tumorigenesis. Adipokines are bioactive molecules secreted by adipose tissue and their altered expression in obesity contributes to a pro-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, and growth-promoting microenvironment conducive to tumorigenesis. Leptin, a key adipokine, activates survival and proliferative signaling pathways whereas adiponectin exhibits tumor-suppressive effects by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Visfatin has also been documented to promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion. Moreover, emerging studies suggest that adipokines, such as resistin, apelin, and chemerin, which are overexpressed in obesity, may also possess oncogenic functions. Despite advancements in our understanding of the roles of individual adipokines in cancer, the intricate interplay and crosstalk between adipokines, tumor cells, and the tumor microenvironment remain complex and multifaceted. This review highlights the evolving knowledge of how adipokines contribute to obesity-related tumorigenesis, shedding light on the potential of targeting adipokine signaling pathways as a novel therapeutic approach for obesity-associated cancers. Further research on the specific mechanisms and interactions between adipokines and tumor cells is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of obesity-associated cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoon Jae Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 07345, Republic of Korea; (J.W.K.); (J.H.K.)
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9
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Kim SP, Seward AH, Garcia-Diaz J, Alekos N, Gould NR, Aja S, Stains JP, Wolfgang MJ, Riddle RC. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ in osteoblasts controls bone formation and fat mass by regulating sclerostin expression. iScience 2023; 26:106999. [PMID: 37534168 PMCID: PMC10391670 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a key contributor to metabolic function via its adipogenic and insulin-sensitizing functions, but it has negative effects on skeletal homeostasis. Here, we questioned whether the skeletal and metabolic actions of PPARγ are linked. Ablating Pparg expression in osteoblasts and osteocytes produced a high bone mass phenotype, secondary to increased osteoblast activity, and a reduction in subcutaneous fat mass because of reduced fatty acid synthesis and increased fat oxidation. The skeletal and metabolic phenotypes in Pparg mutants proceed from the regulation of sclerostin production by PPARγ. Mutants exhibited reductions in skeletal Sost expression and serum sclerostin levels while increasing production normalized both phenotypes. Importantly, disrupting the production of sclerostin synergized with the insulin-sensitizing actions of a PPARγ agonist while preventing bone loss. These data suggest that modulating sclerostin action may prevent bone loss associated with anti-diabetic therapies and augment their metabolic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyun P. Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Avery H. Seward
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jean Garcia-Diaz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nathalie Alekos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nicole R. Gould
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Susan Aja
- Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joseph P. Stains
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Michael J. Wolfgang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ryan C. Riddle
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Research and Development Service, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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10
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Abstract
The circadian clock plays an essential role in coordinating feeding and metabolic rhythms with the light/dark cycle. Disruption of clocks is associated with increased adiposity and metabolic disorders, whereas aligning feeding time with cell-autonomous rhythms in metabolism improves health. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent literature in adipose tissue biology as well as our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the circadian regulation of transcription, metabolism, and inflammation in adipose tissue. We highlight recent efforts to uncover the mechanistic links between clocks and adipocyte metabolism, as well as its application to dietary and behavioral interventions to improve health and mitigate obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Hepler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Joseph Bass
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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11
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Lengefeld J, Zatulovskiy E. Editorial: Cell size regulation: molecular mechanisms and physiological importance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1219294. [PMID: 37274748 PMCID: PMC10233121 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1219294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jette Lengefeld
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, HiLIFE, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Subramanian N, Hofwimmer K, Tavira B, Massier L, Andersson DP, Arner P, Laurencikiene J. Adipose tissue specific CCL18 associates with cardiometabolic diseases in non-obese individuals implicating CD4 + T cells. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023; 22:84. [PMID: 37046242 PMCID: PMC10099890 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01803-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Obesity is linked to cardiometabolic diseases, however non-obese individuals are also at risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). White adipose tissue (WAT) is known to play a role in both T2D and CVD, but the contribution of WAT inflammatory status especially in non-obese patients with cardiometabolic diseases is less understood. Therefore, we aimed to find associations between WAT inflammatory status and cardiometabolic diseases in non-obese individuals. METHODS In a population-based cohort containing non-obese healthy (n = 17), T2D (n = 16), CVD (n = 18), T2D + CVD (n = 19) individuals, seventeen different cytokines were measured in WAT and in circulation. In addition, 13-color flow cytometry profiling was employed to phenotype the immune cells. Human T cell line (Jurkat T cells) was stimulated by rCCL18, and conditioned media (CM) was added to the in vitro cultures of human adipocytes. Lipolysis was measured by glycerol release. Blocking antibodies against IFN-γ and TGF-β were used in vitro to prove a role for these cytokines in CCL18-T-cell-adipocyte lipolysis regulation axis. RESULTS In CVD, T2D and CVD + T2D groups, CCL18 and CD4+ T cells were upregulated significantly compared to healthy controls. WAT CCL18 secretion correlated with the amounts of WAT CD4+ T cells, which also highly expressed CCL18 receptors suggesting that WAT CD4+ T cells are responders to this chemokine. While direct addition of rCCL18 to mature adipocytes did not alter the adipocyte lipolysis, CM from CCL18-treated T cells increased glycerol release in in vitro cultures of adipocytes. IFN-γ and TGF-β secretion was significantly induced in CM obtained from T cells treated with CCL18. Blocking these cytokines in CM, prevented CM-induced upregulation of adipocyte lipolysis. CONCLUSION We suggest that in T2D and CVD, increased production of CCL18 recruits and activates CD4+ T cells to secrete IFN-γ and TGF-β. This, in turn, promotes adipocyte lipolysis - a possible risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmadha Subramanian
- Lipid laboratory, Unit of Endocrinology, Dept. of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Kaisa Hofwimmer
- Lipid laboratory, Unit of Endocrinology, Dept. of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Beatriz Tavira
- Lipid laboratory, Unit of Endocrinology, Dept. of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Lucas Massier
- Lipid laboratory, Unit of Endocrinology, Dept. of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Daniel P Andersson
- Lipid laboratory, Unit of Endocrinology, Dept. of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Peter Arner
- Lipid laboratory, Unit of Endocrinology, Dept. of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Jurga Laurencikiene
- Lipid laboratory, Unit of Endocrinology, Dept. of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden.
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13
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Raths F, Karimzadeh M, Ing N, Martinez A, Yang Y, Qu Y, Lee TY, Mulligan B, Devkota S, Tilley WT, Hickey TE, Wang B, Giuliano AE, Bose S, Goodarzi H, Ray EC, Cui X, Knott SR. The molecular consequences of androgen activity in the human breast. CELL GENOMICS 2023; 3:100272. [PMID: 36950379 PMCID: PMC10025454 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen and progesterone have been extensively studied in the mammary gland, but the molecular effects of androgen remain largely unexplored. Transgender men are recorded as female at birth but identify as male and may undergo gender-affirming androgen therapy to align their physical characteristics and gender identity. Here we perform single-cell-resolution transcriptome, chromatin, and spatial profiling of breast tissues from transgender men following androgen therapy. We find canonical androgen receptor gene targets are upregulated in cells expressing the androgen receptor and that paracrine signaling likely drives sex-relevant androgenic effects in other cell types. We also observe involution of the epithelium and a spatial reconfiguration of immune, fibroblast, and vascular cells, and identify a gene regulatory network associated with androgen-induced fat loss. This work elucidates the molecular consequences of androgen activity in the human breast at single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Raths
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mehran Karimzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Ing
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Martinez
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yoona Yang
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ying Qu
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tian-Yu Lee
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brianna Mulligan
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne Devkota
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wayne T. Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Theresa E. Hickey
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Bo Wang
- Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Shikha Bose
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hani Goodarzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edward C. Ray
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Transgender Surgery and Health Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Simon R.V. Knott
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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14
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Qiao Q, Bouwman FG, van Baak MA, Roumans NJT, Vink RG, Mariman ECM. Plasma Levels of Triglycerides and IL-6 Are Associated With Weight Regain and Fat Mass Expansion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:1920-1929. [PMID: 35366329 PMCID: PMC9202711 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Long-term weight loss (WL) maintenance is the biggest challenge for overweight and obesity because of the almost unavoidable phenomenon of partial or even total weight regain (WR) after WL. OBJECTIVE In the present study we investigated the relations of (the changes of) adipocyte size and other risk biomarkers with WR during the follow-up of the Yoyo dietary intervention. METHODS In this randomized controlled study, 48 overweight/obese participants underwent a very-low-calorie diet to lose weight, followed by a weight-stable period of 4 weeks and a follow-up period of 9 months. Anthropometric measurements, adipocyte volume of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue, and plasma metabolic parameters (free fatty acids [FFAs], triglycerides [TGs], total cholesterol, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR], interleukin 6 [IL-6], angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] activity, retinol binding protein 4 [RBP4]) at the beginning and the end of follow-up were analyzed. RESULTS Our results show that changes of TGs, IL-6, HOMA-IR, and ACE are significantly positively correlated with WR. Multiple linear regression analysis shows that only TG and IL-6 changes remained significantly correlated with WR and increased body fat mass. Moreover, the change in HOMA-IR was tightly correlated with the change in TGs. Surprisingly, change in adipocyte volume during follow-up was not correlated with WR nor with other factors, but positive correlations between adipocyte volume and HOMA-IR were found at the beginning and end of the follow-up. CONCLUSION These results suggest that TGs and IL-6 are independently linked to WR via separate mechanisms, and that HOMA-IR and adipocyte volume may indirectly link to WR through the change of plasma TGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qiao
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Freek G Bouwman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marleen A van Baak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nadia J T Roumans
- Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, MERLN, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel G Vink
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin C M Mariman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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15
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Lee S, Usman TO, Yamauchi J, Chhetri G, Wang X, Coudriet GM, Zhu C, Gao J, McConnell R, Krantz K, Rajasundaram D, Singh S, Piganelli J, Ostrowska A, Soto-Gutierrez A, Monga SP, Singhi AD, Muzumdar RH, Tsung A, Dong HH. Myeloid FoxO1 depletion attenuates hepatic inflammation and prevents nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:154333. [PMID: 35700043 PMCID: PMC9282937 DOI: 10.1172/jci154333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic inflammation is culpable for the evolution of asymptomatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Hepatic inflammation results from abnormal macrophage activation. We found that FoxO1 links overnutrition to hepatic inflammation by regulating macrophage polarization and activation. FoxO1 was upregulated in hepatic macrophages, correlating with hepatic inflammation, steatosis and fibrosis in mice and patients with NASH. Myeloid cell-conditional FoxO1 knockout skewed macrophage polarization from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes, accompanied by the reduction of macrophage infiltration in liver. These effects mitigated overnutrition-induced hepatic inflammation and insulin resistance, contributing to improved hepatic metabolism and increased energy expenditure in myeloid cell FoxO1 knockout mice on HFD. When fed a NASH-inducing diet, myeloid cell FoxO1 knockout mice were protected from developing NASH, culminating in the reduction of hepatic inflammation, steatosis and fibrosis. Mechanistically, FoxO1 counteracts Stat6 to skew macrophage polarization from M2 toward M1 signatures to perpetuate hepatic inflammation in NASH. FoxO1 appears as a pivotal mediator of macrophage activation in response to overnutrition and a therapeutic target for ameliorating hepatic inflammation to stem the disease progression from benign steatosis to NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Taofeek O Usman
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Jun Yamauchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Goma Chhetri
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Xingchun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Gina M Coudriet
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Cuiling Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Jingyang Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Riley McConnell
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Kyler Krantz
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Dhivyaa Rajasundaram
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Sucha Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Jon Piganelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Alina Ostrowska
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Soto-Gutierrez
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Satdarshan P Monga
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Aatur D Singhi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Radhika H Muzumdar
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, United States of America
| | - H Henry Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
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16
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Kerr AG, Wang Z, Wang N, Kwok KHM, Jalkanen J, Ludzki A, Lecoutre S, Langin D, Bergo MO, Dahlman I, Mim C, Arner P, Gao H. The long noncoding RNA ADIPINT regulates human adipocyte metabolism via pyruvate carboxylase. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2958. [PMID: 35618718 PMCID: PMC9135762 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30620-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic function of long noncoding RNAs is well recognized, but their direct role in governing metabolic homeostasis is less understood. Here, we describe a human adipocyte-specific lncRNA, ADIPINT, that regulates pyruvate carboxylase, a pivotal enzyme in energy metabolism. We developed an approach, Targeted RNA-protein identification using Orthogonal Organic Phase Separation, which identifies that ADIPINT binds to pyruvate carboxylase and validated the interaction with electron microscopy. ADIPINT knockdown alters the interactome and decreases the abundance and enzymatic activity of pyruvate carboxylase in the mitochondria. Reduced ADIPINT or pyruvate carboxylase expression lowers adipocyte lipid synthesis, breakdown, and lipid content. In human white adipose tissue, ADIPINT expression is increased in obesity and linked to fat cell size, adipose insulin resistance, and pyruvate carboxylase activity. Thus, we identify ADIPINT as a regulator of lipid metabolism in human white adipocytes, which at least in part is mediated through its interaction with pyruvate carboxylase. Adipocyte-expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to regulate the transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Here the authors describe a human adipocyte-specific lncRNA, ADIPINT, which regulates lipid metabolism in white adipocytes in part through its interaction with the metabolic enzyme pyruvate carboxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair G Kerr
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Zuoneng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Royal Technical Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Kelvin H M Kwok
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, 141 86, Sweden.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 141 83, Sweden
| | - Jutta Jalkanen
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Alison Ludzki
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Simon Lecoutre
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Dominique Langin
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR1297, Toulouse, France.,Department of Biochemistry, Toulouse University Hospitals, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Martin O Bergo
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 141 83, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Dahlman
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Carsten Mim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Royal Technical Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, 141 86, Sweden.
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 141 83, Sweden.
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17
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Liu W, Zhou H, Wang H, Zhang Q, Zhang R, Willard B, Liu C, Kang Z, Li X, Li X. IL-1R-IRAKM-Slc25a1 signaling axis reprograms lipogenesis in adipocytes to promote diet-induced obesity in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2748. [PMID: 35585086 PMCID: PMC9117277 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30470-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors/Interleukin-1 receptor signaling plays an important role in high-fat diet-induced adipose tissue dysfunction contributing to obesity-associated metabolic syndromes. Here, we show an unconventional IL-1R-IRAKM-Slc25a1 signaling axis in adipocytes that reprograms lipogenesis to promote diet-induced obesity. Adipocyte-specific deficiency of IRAKM reduces high-fat diet-induced body weight gain, increases whole body energy expenditure and improves insulin resistance, associated with decreased lipid accumulation and adipocyte cell sizes. IL-1β stimulation induces the translocation of IRAKM Myddosome to mitochondria to promote de novo lipogenesis in adipocytes. Mechanistically, IRAKM interacts with and phosphorylates mitochondrial citrate carrier Slc25a1 to promote IL-1β-induced mitochondrial citrate transport to cytosol and de novo lipogenesis. Moreover, IRAKM-Slc25a1 axis mediates IL-1β induced Pgc1a acetylation to regulate thermogenic gene expression in adipocytes. IRAKM kinase-inactivation also attenuates high-fat diet-induced obesity. Taken together, our study suggests that the IL-1R-IRAKM-Slc25a1 signaling axis tightly links inflammation and adipocyte metabolism, indicating a potential therapeutic target for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Computer and Data Sciences, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Quanri Zhang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Renliang Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Belinda Willard
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Caini Liu
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Zizhen Kang
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Xiao Li
- Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA. .,Department of Computer and Data Sciences, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Recent technological developments have allowed determination of the age of fat cells and their lipids in adult humans. In contrast to prior views, this has demonstrated a high turnover rate of the fat cells (10%/year) and their unilocular lipid droplets (six times/10 years). Fat cell turnover is increased in obesity and when adipose tissue is composed of many but small adipocytes (hyperplasia, a benign adipose phenotype). While fat mass gain increases adipocyte number and size, only the latter is altered (decreased) after weight loss, which may facilitate weight regain. Fat cell lipid turnover is attenuated in subjects with excess body fat. In the subcutaneous region, this dysregulation occurs already in the overweight state while in the visceral depot, it is only observed in severe obesity. This may explain why the latter depot is particularly pernicious in the overweight/obese state as it allows for more rapid lipid fluxes between visceral fat and the liver. Adipose lipid turnover decreases during ageing due to impaired breakdown (lipolysis) of stored triglycerides. If this decline is not compensated by reduced adipocyte lipid uptake, bodyweight will increase over time. In concordance with this, low lipolysis rates are a risk factor for future weight gain and glucose intolerance. Adipose lipid turnover is also decreased in insulin resistance and certain forms of dyslipidemia. Altogether, adult human adipose tissue is in a highly dynamic state. Alterations in the turnover of fat cells and their lipids are therefore novel factors to consider in the pathophysiology of common metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Yang Q, Hinkle J, Reed JN, Aherrahrou R, Xu Z, Harris TE, Stephenson EJ, Musunuru K, Keller SR, Civelek M. Adipocyte-Specific Modulation of KLF14 Expression in Mice Leads to Sex-Dependent Impacts on Adiposity and Lipid Metabolism. Diabetes 2022; 71:677-693. [PMID: 35081256 PMCID: PMC8965685 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies identified single nucleotide polymorphisms on chromosome 7 upstream of KLF14 to be associated with metabolic syndrome traits and increased risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The associations were more significant in women than in men. The risk allele carriers expressed lower levels of the transcription factor KLF14 in adipose tissues than nonrisk allele carriers. To investigate how adipocyte KLF14 regulates metabolic traits in a sex-dependent manner, we characterized high-fat diet-fed male and female mice with adipocyte-specific Klf14 deletion or overexpression. Klf14 deletion resulted in increased fat mass in female mice and decreased fat mass in male mice. Female Klf14-deficient mice had overall smaller adipocytes in subcutaneous fat depots but larger adipocytes in parametrial depots, indicating a shift in lipid storage from subcutaneous to visceral fat depots. They had reduced metabolic rates and increased respiratory exchange ratios consistent with increased use of carbohydrates as an energy source. Fasting- and isoproterenol-induced adipocyte lipolysis was defective in female Klf14-deficient mice, and concomitantly, adipocyte triglycerides lipase mRNA levels were downregulated. Female Klf14-deficient mice cleared blood triglyceride and nonesterified fatty acid less efficiently than wild-type. Finally, adipocyte-specific overexpression of Klf14 resulted in lower total body fat in female but not male mice. Taken together, consistent with human studies, adipocyte KLF14 deficiency in female but not in male mice causes increased adiposity and redistribution of lipid storage from subcutaneous to visceral adipose tissues. Increasing KLF14 abundance in adipocytes of females with obesity and T2D may provide a novel treatment option to alleviate metabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Yang
- Center for Public Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
- Corresponding authors: Qianyi Yang, , and Mete Civelek,
| | - Jameson Hinkle
- Center for Public Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Jordan N. Reed
- Center for Public Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Redouane Aherrahrou
- Center for Public Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Thurl E. Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Erin J. Stephenson
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies & Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Susanna R. Keller
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Mete Civelek
- Center for Public Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
- Corresponding authors: Qianyi Yang, , and Mete Civelek,
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20
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Murru E, Manca C, Carta G, Banni S. Impact of Dietary Palmitic Acid on Lipid Metabolism. Front Nutr 2022; 9:861664. [PMID: 35399673 PMCID: PMC8983927 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.861664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid (PA) is ubiquitously present in dietary fat guaranteeing an average intake of about 20 g/d. The relative high requirement and relative content in the human body, which accounts for 20–30% of total fatty acids (FAs), is justified by its relevant nutritional role. In particular physiological conditions, such as in the fetal stage or in the developing brain, the respectively inefficient placental and brain blood–barrier transfer of PA strongly induces its endogenous biosynthesis from glucose via de novo lipogenesis (DNL) to secure a tight homeostatic control of PA tissue concentration required to exert its multiple physiological activities. However, pathophysiological conditions (insulin resistance) are characterized by a sustained DNL in the liver and aimed at preventing the excess accumulation of glucose, which result in increased tissue content of PA and disrupted homeostatic control of its tissue concentration. This leads to an overaccumulation of tissue PA, which results in dyslipidemia, increased ectopic fat accumulation, and inflammatory tone via toll-like receptor 4. Any change in dietary saturated FAs (SFAs) usually reflects a complementary change in polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) intake. Since PUFA particularly n-3 highly PUFA, suppress lipogenic gene expression, their reduction in intake rather than excess of dietary SFA may promote endogenous PA production via DNL. Thereby, the increase in tissue PA and its deleterious consequences from dysregulated DNL can be mistakenly attributed to dietary intake of PA.
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21
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Zhang Y, Chen F, Zhang F, Huang X. Characterization of DNA methylation as well as mico-RNA expression and screening of epigenetic markers in adipogenesis. J Transl Med 2022; 20:93. [PMID: 35168604 PMCID: PMC8845261 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03295-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to use bioinformatics methods to characterize epigenetic changes in terms of micro-RNA(miRNA) expression and DNA methylation during adipogenesis. The mRNA and miRNA expression microarray and DNA methylation dataset were obtained from the GEO database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and differentially methylated probes (DMPs) were filtered using the limma package. The R language cluster profile package was used for functional and enrichment analysis. A protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using STRING and visualized in Cytoscape. The Connection map (CMap) website tool was used to screen potential therapeutic drugs for adipogenesis. When comparing the early and late stages of adipogenesis, 111 low miRNA targeted upregulated genes and 64 high miRNA targeted downregulated genes were obtained, as well as 663 low-methylated high-expressed genes and 237 high-methylated low-expressed genes. In addition, 41 genes (24 upregulated and 17 downregulated) were simultaneously regulated by abnormal miRNA changes and DNA methylation. Ten chemicals were identified as putative therapeutics for adipogenesis. In addition, among the dual-regulated genes identified, CANX, HNRNPA1, MCL1, and PPIF may play key roles in the epigenetic regulation of adipogenesis and may serve as aberrant methylation or miRNA targeting biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fancheng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangxue Zhang
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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22
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Bailey T, Nieto A, McDonald P. Inhibition of the Monocarboxylate Transporter 1 (MCT1) Promotes 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Proliferation and Enhances Insulin Sensitivity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031901. [PMID: 35163825 PMCID: PMC8836706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enlarged, hypertrophic adipocytes are less responsive to insulin and are a hallmark feature of obesity, contributing to many of the negative metabolic consequences of excess adipose tissue. Although the mechanisms remain unclear, the adipocyte size appears to be inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, wherein smaller adipocytes are insulin-sensitive and larger adipocytes develop insulin resistance and exhibit an impaired glucose uptake. Thus, pharmacological strategies aimed at regulating adipocyte hypertrophy (increase in adipocyte size) in favor of promoting hyperplasia (increase in adipocyte number) have the potential to improve adipocyte insulin sensitivity and provide therapeutic benefits in the context of metabolic disorders. As white adipose tissue can metabolize large amounts of glucose to lactate, using transcriptomics and in vitro characterization we explore the functional consequences of inhibiting monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) activity in fully differentiated adipocytes. Our studies show that the pharmacological inhibition of MCT1, a key regulator of the cellular metabolism and proliferation, promotes the re-entry of mature adipocytes into the cell cycle. Furthermore, we demonstrate that inhibitor-treated adipocytes exhibit an enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake as compared with untreated adipocytes, and that this outcome is dependent on the cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) activity. In summary, we identify a mechanism though which MCT1 inhibition improves the insulin sensitivity of mature adipocytes by inducing cell cycle re-entry. These results provide the foundation for future studies investigating the role MCT1 plays in adipocyte hyperplasia, and its therapeutic potential as a drug target for obesity and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Bailey
- Department of Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Ainhoa Nieto
- Primary Pharmacology Group, Discovery Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA;
| | - Patricia McDonald
- Department of Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-813-745-6684
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23
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Xu Z, Shi L, Li D, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Gao M, Ji A, Jiang Q, Chen R, Zhang R, Chen W, Zheng Y, Cui L. Real ambient particulate matter-induced lipid metabolism disorder: Roles of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 231:113173. [PMID: 35007830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence associated particulate matter (PM) exposure with lipid metabolism disorders, yet, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Among the major lipid metabolism modulators, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha plays an important role. In the current study, an individually ventilated cage (IVC) system was used to expose C57/B6 mice to real-ambient PM for six weeks, with or without co-treatment of PPAR alpha agonist WY14,643. The general parameters, liver and adipose tissue pathology, serum lipids, metal deposition and lipid profile of liver were assessed. The results indicated that six weeks of real-ambient PM exposure induced dyslipidemia, including increased serum triglycerides (TG) and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level, along with steatosis in liver, increased size of adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) and whitening of brown adipose tissue (BAT). ICP-MS results indicated increased Cr and As deposition in liver. Lipidomics analysis revealed that glycerophospholipids and cytochrome P450 pathway were most significantly affected by PM exposure. Several lipid metabolism-related genes, including CYP4A14 in liver and UCP1 in BAT were downregulated following PM exposure. WY14,643 treatment alleviated PM-induced dyslipidemia, liver steatosis and whitening of BAT, while enhancing CD36, SLC27A1, CYP4A14 and UCP1 expression. In conclusion, PPAR alpha pathway participates in PM-induced lipid metabolism disorder, PPAR alpha agonist WY14,643 treatment exerted protective effects on PM-induced dyslipidemia, liver steatosis and whitening of BAT, but not on increased adipocyte size of WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Limei Shi
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Daochuan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qincheng Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengyu Gao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Andong Ji
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qixiao Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lianhua Cui
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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24
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Systems-level analysis of insulin action in mouse strains provides insight into tissue- and pathway-specific interactions that drive insulin resistance. Cell Metab 2022; 34:227-239.e6. [PMID: 35021042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue insulin resistance are major drivers of metabolic disease. To uncover pathways involved in insulin resistance, specifically in these tissues, we leveraged the metabolic diversity of different dietary exposures and discrete inbred mouse strains. This revealed that muscle insulin resistance was driven by gene-by-environment interactions and was strongly correlated with hyperinsulinemia and decreased levels of ten key glycolytic enzymes. Remarkably, there was no relationship between muscle and adipose tissue insulin action. Adipocyte size profoundly varied across strains and diets, and this was strongly correlated with adipose tissue insulin resistance. The A/J strain, in particular, exhibited marked adipocyte insulin resistance and hypertrophy despite robust muscle insulin responsiveness, challenging the role of adipocyte hypertrophy per se in systemic insulin resistance. These data demonstrate that muscle and adipose tissue insulin resistance can occur independently and underscore the need for tissue-specific interrogation to understand metabolic disease.
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25
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Zhu L, Liu L. New Insights Into the Interplay Among Autophagy, the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Inflammation in Adipose Tissue. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:739882. [PMID: 35432210 PMCID: PMC9008752 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.739882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a feature of metabolic syndrome with chronic inflammation in obese subjects, characterized by adipose tissue (AT) expansion, proinflammatory factor overexpression, and macrophage infiltration. Autophagy modulates inflammation in the enlargement of AT as an essential step for maintaining the balance in energy metabolism and waste elimination. Signaling originating from dysfunctional AT, such as AT containing hypertrophic adipocytes and surrounding macrophages, activates NOD-like receptor family 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. There are interactions about altered autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome activation during the progress in obesity. We summarize the current studies and potential mechanisms associated with autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome in AT inflammation and aim to provide further evidence for research on obesity and obesity-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Ling Liu,
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26
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Pincu Y, Yoel U, Haim Y, Makarenkov N, Maixner N, Shaco-Levy R, Bashan N, Dicker D, Rudich A. Assessing Obesity-Related Adipose Tissue Disease (OrAD) to Improve Precision Medicine for Patients Living With Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:860799. [PMID: 35574032 PMCID: PMC9098964 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.860799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a heterogenous condition that affects the life and health of patients to different degrees and in different ways. Yet, most approaches to treat obesity are not currently prescribed, at least in a systematic manner, based on individual obesity sub-phenotypes or specifically-predicted health risks. Adipose tissue is one of the most evidently affected tissues in obesity. The degree of adipose tissue changes - "adiposopathy", or as we propose to relate to herein as Obesity-related Adipose tissue Disease (OrAD), correspond, at least cross-sectionally, to the extent of obesity-related complications inflicted on an individual patient. This potentially provides an opportunity to better personalize anti-obesity management by utilizing the information that can be retrieved by assessing OrAD. This review article will summarize current knowledge on histopathological OrAD features which, beyond cross-sectional analyses, had been shown to predict future obesity-related endpoints and/or the response to specific anti-obesity interventions. In particular, the review explores adipocyte cell size, adipose tissue inflammation, and fibrosis. Rather than highly-specialized methods, we emphasize standard pathology laboratory approaches to assess OrAD, which are readily-available in most clinical settings. We then discuss how OrAD assessment can be streamlined in the obesity/weight-management clinic. We propose that current studies provide sufficient evidence to inspire concerted efforts to better explore the possibility of predicting obesity related clinical endpoints and response to interventions by histological OrAD assessment, in the quest to improve precision medicine in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Pincu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Uri Yoel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The Endocrinology Service, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yulia Haim
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nataly Makarenkov
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nitzan Maixner
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ruthy Shaco-Levy
- Institute of Pathology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nava Bashan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Dror Dicker
- Department of Internal Medicine D, Hasharon Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Assaf Rudich, ; Dror Dicker,
| | - Assaf Rudich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- *Correspondence: Assaf Rudich, ; Dror Dicker,
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27
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Fryklund C, Morén B, Shah S, Grossi M, Degerman E, Matthaeus C, Stenkula KG. EH Domain-Containing 2 Deficiency Restricts Adipose Tissue Expansion and Impairs Lipolysis in Primary Inguinal Adipocytes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:740666. [PMID: 34630160 PMCID: PMC8497890 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.740666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid uptake can be facilitated via caveolae, specific plasma membrane invaginations abundantly expressed in adipocytes. The dynamin-related protein EH domain-containing 2 (EHD2) stabilizes caveolae at the cell surface. Here, we have examined the importance of EHD2 for lipid handling using primary adipocytes isolated from EHD2 knockout (Ehd2−/−) C57BL6/N mice. Following high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, we found a clear impairment of epididymal, but not inguinal, adipose tissue expansion in Ehd2−/− compared with Ehd2+/+ (WT) mice. Cell size distribution analysis revealed that Ehd2−/− mice had a lower proportion of small adipocytes, and an accumulation of medium-sized adipocytes in both epididymal and inguinal adipose tissue. Further, PPARγ activity, FABP4 and caveolin-1 expression were decreased in adipocytes isolated from Ehd2−/− mice. Inguinal adipocytes isolated from Ehd2−/− mice displayed reduced lipolysis in response to beta adrenergic receptor agonist, which was associated with reduced phosphorylation of perilipin-1 and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL). This impairment could not be rescued using a cAMP analog, indicating that impaired lipolysis in Ehd2−/− primary adipocytes likely occurs at the level of, or downstream of, protein kinase A (PKA). Altogether, these findings pinpoint the importance of EHD2 for maintained intracellular lipid metabolism, and emphasize differences in mechanisms regulating lipid handling in various adipose-tissue depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claes Fryklund
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Morén
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Shrenika Shah
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Grossi
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Degerman
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Claudia Matthaeus
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Karin G Stenkula
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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28
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Raajendiran A, Krisp C, Souza DPD, Ooi G, Burton PR, Taylor RA, Molloy MP, Watt MJ. Proteome analysis of human adipocytes identifies depot-specific heterogeneity at metabolic control points. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E1068-E1084. [PMID: 33843278 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00473.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a primary regulator of energy balance and metabolism. The distribution of adipose tissue depots is of clinical interest because the accumulation of upper-body subcutaneous (ASAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with cardiometabolic diseases, whereas lower-body glutealfemoral adipose tissue (GFAT) appears to be protective. There is heterogeneity in morphology and metabolism of adipocytes obtained from different regions of the body, but detailed knowledge of the constituent proteins in each depot is lacking. Here, we determined the human adipocyte proteome from ASAT, VAT, and GFAT using high-resolution Sequential Window Acquisition of all Theoretical (SWATH) mass spectrometry proteomics. We quantified 4,220 proteins in adipocytes, and 2,329 proteins were expressed in all three adipose depots. Comparative analysis revealed significant differences between adipocytes from different regions (6% and 8% when comparing VAT vs. ASAT and GFAT, 3% when comparing the subcutaneous adipose tissue depots, ASAT and GFAT), with marked differences in proteins that regulate metabolic functions. The VAT adipocyte proteome was overrepresented with proteins of glycolysis, lipogenesis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The GFAT adipocyte proteome predicted the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), fatty acid, and branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) oxidation, enhanced tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux, and oxidative phosphorylation, which was supported by metabolomic data obtained from adipocytes. Together, this proteomic analysis provides an important resource and novel insights that enhance the understanding of metabolic heterogeneity in the regional adipocytes of humans.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Adipocyte metabolism varies depending on anatomical location and the adipocyte protein composition may orchestrate this heterogeneity. We used SWATH proteomics in patient-matched human upper- (visceral and subcutaneous) and lower-body (glutealfemoral) adipocytes and detected 4,220 proteins and distinguishable regional proteomes. Upper-body adipocyte proteins were associated with glycolysis, de novo lipogenesis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress, whereas lower-body adipocyte proteins were associated with enhanced PPARα activation, fatty acid, and BCAA oxidation, TCA cycle flux, and oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthe Raajendiran
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christoph Krisp
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David P De Souza
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geraldine Ooi
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Centre for Obesity Research and Education, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul R Burton
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Centre for Obesity Research and Education, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark P Molloy
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Ramadhin J, Silva-Moraes V, Nagy T, Norberg T, Harn D. A Comparison of Two Structurally Related Human Milk Oligosaccharide Conjugates in a Model of Diet-Induced Obesity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:668217. [PMID: 34093565 PMCID: PMC8173488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.668217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the largest risk factor for the development of chronic diseases in industrialized countries. Excessive fat accumulation triggers a state of chronic low-grade inflammation to the detriment of numerous organs. To address this problem, our lab has been examining the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of two human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNFPIII) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT). LNFPIII and LNnT are HMOs that differ in structure via presence/absence of an α1,3-linked fucose. We utilize LNFPIII and LNnT in conjugate form, where 10-12 molecules of LNFPIII or LNnT are conjugated to a 40 kDa dextran carrier (P3DEX/NTDEX). Previous studies from our lab have shown that LNFPIII conjugates are anti-inflammatory, act on multiple cell types, and are therapeutic in a wide range of murine inflammatory disease models. The α1,3-linked fucose residue on LNFPIII makes it difficult and more expensive to synthesize. Therefore, we asked if LNnT conjugates induced similar therapeutic effects to LNFPIII. Herein, we compare the therapeutic effects of P3DEX and NTDEX in a model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). Male C57BL/6 mice were placed on a high-fat diet for six weeks and then injected twice per week for eight weeks with 25µg of 40 kDa dextran (DEX; vehicle control), P3DEX, or NTDEX. We found that treatment with P3DEX, but not NTDEX, led to reductions in body weight, adipose tissue (AT) weights, and fasting blood glucose levels. Mice treated with P3DEX also demonstrated improvements in glucose homeostasis and insulin tolerance. Treatment with P3DEX or NTDEX also induced different profiles of serum chemokines, cytokines, adipokines, and incretin hormones, with P3DEX notably reducing circulating levels of leptin and resistin. P3DEX also reduced WAT inflammation and hepatic lipid accumulation, whereas NTDEX seemed to worsen these parameters. These results suggest that the small structural difference between P3DEX and NTDEX has significant effects on the conjugates' therapeutic abilities. Future work will focus on identifying the receptors for these conjugates and delineating the mechanisms by which P3DEX and NTDEX exert their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ramadhin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Vanessa Silva-Moraes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Tamas Nagy
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Thomas Norberg
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Donald Harn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Dixon ED, Nardo AD, Claudel T, Trauner M. The Role of Lipid Sensing Nuclear Receptors (PPARs and LXR) and Metabolic Lipases in Obesity, Diabetes and NAFLD. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050645. [PMID: 33926085 PMCID: PMC8145571 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are metabolic disorders characterized by metabolic inflexibility with multiple pathological organ manifestations, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Nuclear receptors are ligand-dependent transcription factors with a multifaceted role in controlling many metabolic activities, such as regulation of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and modulation of inflammatory genes. The activity of nuclear receptors is key in maintaining metabolic flexibility. Their activity depends on the availability of endogenous ligands, like fatty acids or oxysterols, and their derivatives produced by the catabolic action of metabolic lipases, most of which are under the control of nuclear receptors. For example, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is activated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and conversely releases fatty acids as ligands for PPARα, therefore, demonstrating the interdependency of nuclear receptors and lipases. The diverse biological functions and importance of nuclear receptors in metabolic syndrome and NAFLD has led to substantial effort to target them therapeutically. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of lipases and selected nuclear receptors, PPARs, and liver X receptor (LXR) in obesity, diabetes, and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Trauner
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-140-4004-7410; Fax: +43-14-0400-4735
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Bini S, D’Erasmo L, Di Costanzo A, Minicocci I, Pecce V, Arca M. The Interplay between Angiopoietin-Like Proteins and Adipose Tissue: Another Piece of the Relationship between Adiposopathy and Cardiometabolic Diseases? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020742. [PMID: 33451033 PMCID: PMC7828552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like proteins, namely ANGPTL3-4-8, are known as regulators of lipid metabolism. However, recent evidence points towards their involvement in the regulation of adipose tissue function. Alteration of adipose tissue functions (also called adiposopathy) is considered the main inducer of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its related complications. In this review, we intended to analyze available evidence derived from experimental and human investigations highlighting the contribution of ANGPTLs in the regulation of adipocyte metabolism, as well as their potential role in common cardiometabolic alterations associated with adiposopathy. We finally propose a model of ANGPTLs-based adipose tissue dysfunction, possibly linking abnormalities in the angiopoietins to the induction of adiposopathy and its related disorders.
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Kaikaew K, Grefhorst A, Visser JA. Sex Differences in Brown Adipose Tissue Function: Sex Hormones, Glucocorticoids, and Their Crosstalk. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:652444. [PMID: 33927694 PMCID: PMC8078866 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.652444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive fat accumulation in the body causes overweight and obesity. To date, research has confirmed that there are two types of adipose tissue with opposing functions: lipid-storing white adipose tissue (WAT) and lipid-burning brown adipose tissue (BAT). After the rediscovery of the presence of metabolically active BAT in adults, BAT has received increasing attention especially since activation of BAT is considered a promising way to combat obesity and associated comorbidities. It has become clear that energy homeostasis differs between the sexes, which has a significant impact on the development of pathological conditions such as type 2 diabetes. Sex differences in BAT activity may contribute to this and, therefore, it is important to address the underlying mechanisms that contribute to sex differences in BAT activity. In this review, we discuss the role of sex hormones in the regulation of BAT activity under physiological and some pathological conditions. Given the increasing number of studies suggesting a crosstalk between sex hormones and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in metabolism, we also discuss this crosstalk in relation to sex differences in BAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasiphak Kaikaew
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aldo Grefhorst
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jenny A. Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Jenny A. Visser,
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The Ubiquitin Ligase SIAH2 Negatively Regulates Glucocorticoid Receptor Activity and Abundance. Biomedicines 2020; 9:biomedicines9010022. [PMID: 33396678 PMCID: PMC7823448 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are clinically essential drugs used routinely to control inflammation. However, a host of metabolic side effects manifests upon usage beyond a few days. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that seven-in-absentia mammalian homolog-2 (SIAH2), a ubiquitin ligase that regulates adipogenesis, is important for controlling adipocyte size, inflammation, and the ability of adipose tissue to expand in response to a glucocorticoid challenge. Using mice with global deletion of SIAH2 exposed or not to corticosterone, we found that adipocytes are larger in response to glucocorticoids in the absence of SIAH2. In addition, SIAH2 regulates glucocorticoid receptor (GR) transcriptional activity and total GR protein abundance. Moreover, these studies reveal that there is an increased expression of genes involved in fibrosis and inflammatory signaling pathways found in white adipose tissue in response to glucocorticoids in the absence of SIAH2. In summary, this is the first study to identify a role for SIAH2 to regulate transcriptional activity and abundance of the GR, which leads to alterations in adipose tissue size and gene expression during in vivo exposure to glucocorticoids.
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Liu F, He J, Wang H, Zhu D, Bi Y. Adipose Morphology: a Critical Factor in Regulation of Human Metabolic Diseases and Adipose Tissue Dysfunction. Obes Surg 2020; 30:5086-5100. [PMID: 33021706 PMCID: PMC7719100 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-04983-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence highlights that dysfunction of adipose tissue contributes to impaired insulin sensitivity and systemic metabolic deterioration in obese state. Of note, adipocyte hypertrophy serves as a critical event which associates closely with adipose dysfunction. An increase in cell size exacerbates hypoxia and inflammation as well as excessive collagen deposition, finally leading to metabolic dysregulation. Specific mechanisms of adipocyte hypertrophy include dysregulated differentiation and maturation of preadipocytes, enlargement of lipid droplets, and abnormal adipocyte osmolarity sensors. Also, weight loss therapies exert profound influence on adipocyte size. Here, we summarize the critical role of adipocyte hypertrophy in the development of metabolic disturbances. Future studies are required to establish a standard criterion of size measurement to better clarify the impact of adipocyte hypertrophy on changes in metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangcen Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jielei He
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongdong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Dalong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
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35
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Jung TW, Park J, Sun JL, Ahn SH, Abd El-Aty AM, Hacimuftuoglu A, Kim HC, Shim JH, Shin S, Jeong JH. Administration of kynurenic acid reduces hyperlipidemia-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and adipocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110928. [PMID: 32702471 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenic acid (KA), an endogenous product of L-tryptophan metabolism in the kynurenine pathway, regulates adipose tissue energy homeostasis and inflammation. However, its role in palmitate-induced insulin resistance and detailed underlying mechanisms in skeletal muscles and adipose tissues are unclear. Herein, we report that KA ameliorated palmitate-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in differentiated C2C12 and 3T3-L1 cell lines as well as soleus skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissues in mice. Palmitate-induced inflammatory markers, such as nuclear factor κB translocation, inhibitory κBα phosphorylation, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and impaired insulin signaling, were markedly attenuated by KA both in vitro and in vivo. KA significantly increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) expressions in C2C12 myocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes and skeletal muscle and adipose tissues of mice. siRNA-mediated AMPK or SIRT6 inhibition significantly mitigated the suppressive effects of KA on palmitate-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. KA significantly stimulated expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation in C2C12 myocytes and skeletal muscle of mice. Moreover, KA inhibits lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. AMPK or SIRT6 siRNA markedly reversed these changes. The siRNA targeting Gpr35 abrogated the effects of KA on AMPK phosphorylation in C2C12 myocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, except SIRT6 expression. It has therefore been shown that KA could potentially alleviate inflammation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and adipose tissues through Gpr35/AMPK and SIRT6-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 221, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinwoo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 221, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaw Long Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 221, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Ho Ahn
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, China; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Hacimuftuoglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Han Shim
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
| | - SungShik Shin
- Laboratory of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 221, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea.
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Dominici FP, Veiras LC, Shen JZY, Bernstein EA, Quiroga DT, Steckelings UM, Bernstein KE, Giani JF. Activation of AT 2 receptors prevents diabetic complications in female db/db mice by NO-mediated mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4766-4781. [PMID: 32851652 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The AT2 receptor plays a role in metabolism by opposing the actions triggered by the AT1 receptors. Activation of AT2 receptors has been shown to enhance insulin sensitivity in both normal and insulin resistance animal models. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which AT2 receptors activation improves metabolism in diabetic mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Female diabetic (db/db) and non-diabetic (db/+) mice were treated for 1 month with the selective AT2 agonist, compound 21 (C21, 0.3 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 , s.c.). To evaluate whether the effects of C21 depend on NO production, a subgroup of mice was treated with C21 plus a sub-pressor dose of the NOS inhibitor l-NAME (0.1 mg·ml-1 , drinking water). KEY RESULTS C21-treated db/db mice displayed improved glucose and pyruvate tolerance compared with saline-treated db/db mice. Also, C21-treated db/db mice showed reduced liver weight and decreased hepatic lipid accumulation compared with saline-treated db/db mice. Insulin signalling analysis showed increased phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, Akt and FOXO1 in the livers of C21-treated db/db mice compared with saline-treated counterparts. These findings were associated with increased adiponectin levels in plasma and adipose tissue and reduced adipocyte size in inguinal fat. The beneficial effects of AT2 receptors activation were associated with increased eNOS phosphorylation and higher levels of NO metabolites and were abolished by l-NAME. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Chronic C21 infusion exerts beneficial metabolic effects in female diabetic db/db mice, alleviating type 2 diabetes complications, through a mechanism that involves NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando P Dominici
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana C Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Justin Z Y Shen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Diego T Quiroga
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ulrike M Steckelings
- IMM-Department of Cardiovascular & Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Åkra S, Aksnes TA, Flaa A, Eggesbø HB, Opstad TB, Njerve IU, Seljeflot I. Markers of remodeling in subcutaneous adipose tissue are strongly associated with overweight and insulin sensitivity in healthy non-obese men. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14055. [PMID: 32820223 PMCID: PMC7441176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration in extracellular matrix (ECM) in adipose tissues (AT) has been associated with insulin resistance, diabetes and obesity. We investigated whether selected biomarkers of ECM remodeling in AT in healthy subjects associated with the amount and distribution of AT and with glucometabolic variables. Subcutaneous AT and fasting blood samples from 103 middle-aged healthy non-obese men were used. AT gene expression and circulating levels of the biomarkers were quantified. Distribution of AT was assessed by computed tomography, separated into subcutaneous, deep subcutaneous and visceral AT. Insulin sensitivity was measured by glucose clamp technique. Metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 expression in AT correlated significantly to the amount of AT in all compartments (rs = 0.41-0.53, all p ≤ 0.01), and to insulin sensitivity, insulin, C-peptide, waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) (rs = 0.25-0.57, all p ≤ 0.05). MMP-9 was 5.3 fold higher in subjects with insulin sensitivity below median (p = 0.002) and 3.1 fold higher in subjects with BMI above median level (p = 0.013). In our healthy non-obese middle-aged population AT-expressed genes, central in remodeling of ECM, associated strongly with the amount of abdominal AT, overweight and insulin sensitivity, indicating AT-remodeling to play a role also in non-obese individuals. The remodeling process seems furthermore to associate significantly with glucometabolic disturbances.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01412554. Registered 9 August 2011, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01412554?term=NCT01412554 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissel Åkra
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Pb 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tonje A Aksnes
- Section of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Section for Interventional Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Heart-, Lung-, and Vascular-Disease Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arnljot Flaa
- Section of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi B Eggesbø
- Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Baur Opstad
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Pb 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida U Njerve
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Pb 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Pb 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Glastonbury CA, Pulit SL, Honecker J, Censin JC, Laber S, Yaghootkar H, Rahmioglu N, Pastel E, Kos K, Pitt A, Hudson M, Nellåker C, Beer NL, Hauner H, Becker CM, Zondervan KT, Frayling TM, Claussnitzer M, Lindgren CM. Machine Learning based histology phenotyping to investigate the epidemiologic and genetic basis of adipocyte morphology and cardiometabolic traits. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008044. [PMID: 32797044 PMCID: PMC7449405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies have recently highlighted the importance of fat distribution, as well as overall adiposity, in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated diseases. Using a large study (n = 1,288) from 4 independent cohorts, we aimed to investigate the relationship between mean adipocyte area and obesity-related traits, and identify genetic factors associated with adipocyte cell size. To perform the first large-scale study of automatic adipocyte phenotyping using both histological and genetic data, we developed a deep learning-based method, the Adipocyte U-Net, to rapidly derive mean adipocyte area estimates from histology images. We validate our method using three state-of-the-art approaches; CellProfiler, Adiposoft and floating adipocytes fractions, all run blindly on two external cohorts. We observe high concordance between our method and the state-of-the-art approaches (Adipocyte U-net vs. CellProfiler: R2visceral = 0.94, P < 2.2 × 10-16, R2subcutaneous = 0.91, P < 2.2 × 10-16), and faster run times (10,000 images: 6mins vs 3.5hrs). We applied the Adipocyte U-Net to 4 cohorts with histology, genetic, and phenotypic data (total N = 820). After meta-analysis, we found that mean adipocyte area positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) (Psubq = 8.13 × 10-69, βsubq = 0.45; Pvisc = 2.5 × 10-55, βvisc = 0.49; average R2 across cohorts = 0.49) and that adipocytes in subcutaneous depots are larger than their visceral counterparts (Pmeta = 9.8 × 10-7). Lastly, we performed the largest GWAS and subsequent meta-analysis of mean adipocyte area and intra-individual adipocyte variation (N = 820). Despite having twice the number of samples than any similar study, we found no genome-wide significant associations, suggesting that larger sample sizes and a homogenous collection of adipose tissue are likely needed to identify robust genetic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A. Glastonbury
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- BenevolentAI, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara L. Pulit
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julius Honecker
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Jenny C. Censin
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (WCHG), Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Laber
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nilufer Rahmioglu
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (WCHG), Oxford, United Kingdom
- Endometriosis CaRe Centre Oxford, Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emilie Pastel
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Katerina Kos
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Pitt
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter and Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Hudson
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter and Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Christoffer Nellåker
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Endometriosis CaRe Centre Oxford, Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola L. Beer
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford (NNRCO), Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Hauner
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich
- German Center of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian M. Becker
- Endometriosis CaRe Centre Oxford, Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Krina T. Zondervan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (WCHG), Oxford, United Kingdom
- Endometriosis CaRe Centre Oxford, Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter and Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Melina Claussnitzer
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge Massachusetts, United States of America
- University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (WCHG), Oxford, United Kingdom
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge Massachusetts, United States of America
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Talton OO, Bates K, Salazar SR, Ji T, Schulz LC. Lean maternal hyperglycemia alters offspring lipid metabolism and susceptibility to diet-induced obesity in mice†. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:1356-1369. [PMID: 30698664 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously developed a model of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in which dams exhibit glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and reduced insulin response to glucose challenge only during pregnancy, without accompanying obesity. Here, we aimed to determine how lean gestational glucose intolerance affects offspring risk of metabolic dysfunction. One cohort of offspring was sacrificed at 19 weeks, and one at 31 weeks, with half of the second cohort placed on a high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFHS) at 23 weeks. Exposure to maternal glucose intolerance increased weights of HFHS-fed offspring. Chow-fed offspring of GDM dams exhibited higher body fat percentages at 4, 12, and 20 weeks of age. At 28 weeks, offspring of GDM dams fed the HFHS but not the chow diet (CD) also had higher body fat percentages than offspring of controls (CON). Exposure to GDM increased the respiratory quotient (Vol CO2/Vol O2) in offspring. Maternal GDM increased adipose mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg) and adiponectin (Adipoq) in 31-week-old CD-fed male offspring, and increased mRNA levels of insulin receptor (Insr) and lipoprotein lipase (Lpl) in 31-week-old male offspring on both diets. In liver at 31 weeks, mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (Ppara) were elevated in CD-fed male offspring of GDM dams, and male offspring of GDM dams exhibited higher mRNA levels of Insr on both diets. Neither fasting insulin nor glucose tolerance was affected by exposure to GDM. Our findings show that GDM comprising glucose intolerance only during pregnancy programs increased adiposity in offspring, and suggests increased insulin sensitivity of subcutaneous adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omonseigho O Talton
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Keenan Bates
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Tieming Ji
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Laura Clamon Schulz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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40
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Wang G. Body Mass Dynamics Is Determined by the Metabolic Ohm's Law and Adipocyte-Autonomous Fat Mass Homeostasis. iScience 2020; 23:101176. [PMID: 32480131 PMCID: PMC7262567 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An ODE model integrating metabolic mechanisms with clinical data reveals an Ohm's law governing lifetime body mass dynamics, where fat and lean tissues are analogous to a parallel nonlinear capacitor and resistor, respectively. The law unexpectedly decouples weight stability (a cell-autonomous property of adipocytes) and weight change (a parabolic trajectory governed by Ohm's law). In middle age, insulin resistance causes fat accumulation to avoid excessive body shrinkage in old age. Moderate middle-age spread is thus natural, not an anomaly caused by hypothalamic defects, as proposed by lipostatic theory. These discoveries provide valuable insights into health care practices such as weight control and health assessment, explain certain observed phenomena, make testable predictions, and may help to resolve major conundrums in the field. The ODE model, which is more comprehensive than Ohm's law, is useful to study metabolism at the detailed microscopic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Wang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Science and Material Design, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenviroment and Disease Research, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenviroment, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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41
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Kuroda M, Nishiguchi M, Ugawa N, Ishikawa E, Kawabata Y, Okamoto S, Sasaki W, Miyatake Y, Sebe M, Masumoto S, Tsutsumi R, Harada N, Sakaue H. Interferon regulatory factor 7 mediates obesity-associated MCP-1 transcription. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233390. [PMID: 32437400 PMCID: PMC7241760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophy, associated with adipocyte dysfunction, causes increased pro-inflammatory adipokine, and abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism, leading to insulin resistance and obesity-related-health problems. By combining DNA microarray and genomic data analyses to predict DNA binding motifs, we identified the transcription factor Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 (IRF7) as a possible regulator of genes related to adipocyte hypertrophy. To investigate the role of IRF7 in adipocytes, we examined gene expression patterns in 3T3-L1 cells infected with a retrovirus carrying the IRF7 gene and found that enforced IRF7 expression induced the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a key initial adipokine in the chronic inflammation of obesity. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated-suppression of IRF7 significantly reduced MCP-1 mRNA. Luciferase assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation PCR analysis and gel shift assay showed that IRF7 transactivates the MCP-1 gene by binding to its proximal Interferon Stimulation Response Element (ISRE), a putative IRF7 binding motif. IRF7 knockout mice exhibited lower expression of MCP-1 in epidydimal white adipose tissue under high-fat feeding conditions, suggesting the transcription factor is physiologically important for inducing MCP-1. Taken together, our results suggest that IRF7 transactivates MCP-1 mRNA in adipocytes, and it may be involved in the adipose tissue inflammation associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kuroda
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Misa Nishiguchi
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naho Ugawa
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Etsuko Ishikawa
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Kawabata
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Saya Okamoto
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Waka Sasaki
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yumiko Miyatake
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mayu Sebe
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Saeko Masumoto
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Fukushima-city, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Rie Tsutsumi
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Nagakatsu Harada
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, The University of Shimane, Izumo-city, Shimane, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakaue
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
- Diabetes Therapeutics and Research Center, Tokushima University, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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42
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Ponce AJ, Galván-Salas T, Lerma-Alvarado RM, Ruiz-Herrera X, Hernández-Cortés T, Valencia-Jiménez R, Cárdenas-Rodríguez LE, Martínez de la Escalera G, Clapp C, Macotela Y. Low prolactin levels are associated with visceral adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin resistance in humans. Endocrine 2020; 67:331-343. [PMID: 31919769 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Low prolactin (PRL) serum levels are associated with glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes in adults, and with metabolic syndrome and obesity in children. In obese rodents, PRL treatment promotes insulin sensitivity by maintaining adipose tissue fitness, and lack of PRL signaling exacerbates obesity-derived metabolic alterations. Since adipose tissue dysfunction is a key factor triggering metabolic alterations, we evaluated whether PRL serum levels are associated with adipocyte hypertrophy (a marker of adipose tissue dysfunction), insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in lean, overweight, and obese adult men and women. METHODS Samples of serum and adipose tissue from 40 subjects were obtained to evaluate insulin resistance index (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)), signs of metabolic syndrome (glucose levels, high-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, blood pressure, and waist circumference), as well as adipocyte size and gene expression in fat. RESULTS Lower PRL serum levels are associated with adipocyte hypertrophy, in visceral but not in subcutaneous fat, and with a higher HOMA-IR. Furthermore, low systemic PRL levels together with high waist circumference predict an elevated HOMA-IR whereas low serum PRL values in combination with high blood glucose predicts visceral adipocyte hypertrophy. In agreement, visceral fat from insulin resistant subjects shows reduced expression of prolactin receptor. However, there is no association between PRL levels and obesity or signs of metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Our results support that low levels of PRL are markers of visceral fat dysfunction and insulin resistance, and suggest the potential therapeutic value of medications elevating PRL levels to help maintain metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Ponce
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - Tomás Galván-Salas
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México
- Hospital General de Querétaro, Servicio de Cirugía General, SESEQ, 76170, Querétaro, México
| | | | - Xarubet Ruiz-Herrera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - Tomás Hernández-Cortés
- Hospital General de Querétaro, Servicio de Cirugía General, SESEQ, 76170, Querétaro, México
| | | | - Laura E Cárdenas-Rodríguez
- Hospital General de Querétaro, Centro Estatal de Diagnóstico Especializado, SESEQ, 76170, Querétaro, México
| | - Gonzalo Martínez de la Escalera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - Yazmín Macotela
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México.
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43
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Heinonen S, Jokinen R, Rissanen A, Pietiläinen KH. White adipose tissue mitochondrial metabolism in health and in obesity. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12958. [PMID: 31777187 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
White adipose tissue is one of the largest organs of the body. It plays a key role in whole-body energy status and metabolism; it not only stores excess energy but also secretes various hormones and metabolites to regulate body energy balance. Healthy adipose tissue capable of expanding is needed for metabolic well-being and to prevent accumulation of triglycerides to other organs. Mitochondria govern several important functions in the adipose tissue. We review the derangements of mitochondrial function in white adipose tissue in the obese state. Downregulation of mitochondrial function or biogenesis in the white adipose tissue is a central driver for obesity-associated metabolic diseases. Mitochondrial functions compromised in obesity include oxidative functions and renewal and enlargement of the adipose tissue through recruitment and differentiation of adipocyte progenitor cells. These changes adversely affect whole-body metabolic health. Dysfunction of the white adipose tissue mitochondria in obesity has long-term consequences for the metabolism of adipose tissue and the whole body. Understanding the pathways behind mitochondrial dysfunction may help reveal targets for pharmacological or nutritional interventions that enhance mitochondrial biogenesis or function in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sini Heinonen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Jokinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aila Rissanen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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44
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Schaschkow A, Sigrist S, Mura C, Barthes J, Vrana NE, Czuba E, Lemaire F, Neidl R, Dissaux C, Lejay A, Lavalle P, Bruant-Rodier C, Bouzakri K, Pinget M, Maillard E. Glycaemic control in diabetic rats treated with islet transplantation using plasma combined with hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose hydrogel. Acta Biomater 2020; 102:259-272. [PMID: 31811957 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Islet transplantation is one of the most efficient cell therapies used in clinics and could treat a large proportion of patients with diabetes. However, it is limited by the high requirement of pancreas necessary to provide the sufficient surviving islet mass in the hepatic tissue and restore normoglycaemia. Reduction in organ procurement requirements could be achieved by extrahepatic transplantation using a biomaterial that enhances islet survival and function. We report a plasma-supplemented hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) hydrogel, engineered specifically using a newly developed technique for intra-omental islet infusion, known as hOMING (h-Omental Matrix Islet filliNG). The HPMC hydrogel delivered islets with better performance than that of the classical intrahepatic infusion. After the validation of the HPMC suitability for islets in vivo and in vitro, plasma supplementation modified the rheological properties of HPMC without affecting its applicability with hOMING. The biomaterial association was proven to be more efficient both in vitro and in vivo, with better islet viability and function than that of the current clinical intrahepatic delivery technique. Indeed, when the islet mass was decreased by 25% or 35%, glycaemia control was observed in the group of plasma-supplemented hydrogels, whereas no regulation was observed in the hepatic group. Plasma gelation, observed immediately post infusion, decreased anoïkis and promoted vascularisation. To conclude, the threshold mass for islet transplantation could be decreased using HPMC-Plasma combined with the hOMING technique. The simplicity of the hOMING technique and the already validated use of its components could facilitate its transfer to clinics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: One of the major limitations for the broad deployment of current cell therapy for brittle type 1 diabetes is the islets' destruction during the transplantation process. Retrieved from their natural environment, the islets are grafted into a foreign tissue, which triggers massive cell loss. It is mandatory to provide the islets with an 3D environment specifically designed for promoting isletimplantation to improve cell therapy outcomes. For this aim, we combined HPMC and plasma. HPMC provides suitable rheological properties to the plasma to be injectable and be maintained in the omentum. Afterwards, the plasma polymerises around the graft in vivo, thereby allowing their optimal integration into their transplantation site. As a result, the islet mass required to obtain glycaemic control was reduced by 35%.
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Abstract
Accumulating knowledge on the biology and function of the adipose tissue has led to a major shift in our understanding of its role in health and disease. The adipose tissue is now recognized as a crucial regulator of cardiovascular health, mediated by the secretion of several bioactive products, including adipocytokines, microvesicles and gaseous messengers, with a wide range of endocrine and paracrine effects on the cardiovascular system. The adipose tissue function and secretome are tightly controlled by complex homeostatic mechanisms and local cell-cell interactions, which can become dysregulated in obesity. Systemic or local inflammation and insulin resistance lead to a shift in the adipose tissue secretome from anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic towards a pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic profile. Moreover, the interplay between the adipose tissue and the cardiovascular system is bidirectional, with vascular-derived and heart-derived signals directly affecting adipose tissue biology. In this Review, we summarize the current knowledge of the biology and regional variability of adipose tissue in humans, deciphering the complex molecular mechanisms controlling the crosstalk between the adipose tissue and the cardiovascular system, and their possible clinical translation. In addition, we highlight the latest developments in adipose tissue imaging for cardiovascular risk stratification and discuss how therapeutic targeting of the adipose tissue can improve prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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46
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Vulpinic Acid Controls Stem Cell Fate toward Osteogenesis and Adipogenesis. Genes (Basel) 2019; 11:genes11010018. [PMID: 31878002 PMCID: PMC7017160 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulpinic acid, a naturally occurring methyl ester of pulvinic acid, has been reported to exert anti-fungal, anti-cancer, and anti-oxidative effects. However, its metabolic action has not been implicated yet. Here, we show that vulpinic acid derived from a mushroom, Pulveroboletus ravenelii controls the cell fate of mesenchymal stem cells and preadipocytes by inducing the acetylation of histone H3 and α-tubulin, respectively. The treatment of 10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells with vulpinic acid increased the expression of Wnt6, Wnt10a, and Wnt10b, which led to osteogenesis inhibiting the adipogenic lineage commitment, through the upregulation of H3 acetylation. By contrast, treatment with vulpinic acid promoted the terminal differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. In this process, the increase in acetylated tubulin was accompanied, while acetylated H3 was not altered. As excessive generation of adipocytes occurs, the accumulation of lipid drops was not concentrated, but dispersed into a number of adipocytes. Consistently, the expressions of lipolytic genes were upregulated and inflammatory factors were downregulated in adipocytes exposed to vulpinic acid during adipogenesis. These findings reveal the multiple actions of vulpinic acid in two stages of differentiation, promoting the osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells and decreasing hypertrophic adipocytes, which can provide experimental evidence for the novel metabolic advantages of vulpinic acid.
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47
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Abstract
Obesity is characterized by increased adipose tissue mass and has been associated with a strong predisposition towards metabolic diseases and cancer. Thus, it constitutes a public health issue of major proportion. The expansion of adipose depots can be driven either by the increase in adipocyte size (hypertrophy) or by the formation of new adipocytes from precursor differentiation in the process of adipogenesis (hyperplasia). Notably, adipocyte expansion through adipogenesis can offset the negative metabolic effects of obesity, and the mechanisms and regulators of this adaptive process are now emerging. Over the past several years, we have learned a considerable amount about how adipocyte fate is determined and how adipogenesis is regulated by signalling and systemic factors. We have also gained appreciation that the adipogenic niche can influence tissue adipogenic capability. Approaches aimed at increasing adipogenesis over adipocyte hypertrophy can now be explored as a means to treat metabolic diseases.
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48
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Tan JT, Nankivell VA, Bilu C, Shemesh T, Nicholls SJ, Zimmet P, Kronfeld-Schor N, Brown A, Bursill CA. High-Energy Diet and Shorter Light Exposure Drives Markers of Adipocyte Dysfunction in Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Depots of Psammomys obesus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246291. [PMID: 31847097 PMCID: PMC6940992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional adipose tissue phenotype underpins type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development. The disruption of circadian rhythms contributes to T2DM development. We investigated the effects of high-energy diet and photoperiod length on visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue phenotype. Psammomys obesus sand rats exposed to neutral (12 light:12 dark) or short (5 light:19 dark) photoperiod were fed a low- (LE) or high- (HE) energy diet. The HE diet and/or short photoperiod reduced subcutaneous expression of adipocyte differentiation/function markers C/ebpα, Pparδ, Pparγ and Adipoq. Visceral Pparα levels were elevated in the 5:19HE group; however, the HE diet and/or short photoperiod decreased visceral Pparγ and Adipoq expression. 5:19HE animals had elevated Ucp1 yet lower Pgc-1α levels. The HE diet increased visceral Tgf-β1, Ccl2 and Cd68 levels, suggestive of a pro-inflammatory state. Daily visceral rhythms of these genes were affected by a short photoperiod and/or HE diet. The 12:12HE, 5:19LE or 5:19HE animals had a higher proportion of larger adipocytes, indicating increased adipocyte hypertrophy. Collectively, the HE diet and/or shorter light exposure drives a dysfunctional adipose tissue phenotype. Daily rhythms are affected by a short photoperiod and HE diet in a site-specific manner. These findings provide mechanistic insight on the influence of disrupted circadian rhythms and HE diet on adipose tissue phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne T.M. Tan
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (V.A.N.); (T.S.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (C.A.B.)
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8128-4789
| | - Victoria A. Nankivell
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (V.A.N.); (T.S.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (C.A.B.)
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Carmel Bilu
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel; (C.B.); (N.K.-S.)
| | - Tomer Shemesh
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (V.A.N.); (T.S.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (C.A.B.)
| | - Stephen J. Nicholls
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3168, Australia;
| | - Paul Zimmet
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (V.A.N.); (T.S.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (C.A.B.)
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Noga Kronfeld-Schor
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel; (C.B.); (N.K.-S.)
| | - Alex Brown
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (V.A.N.); (T.S.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (C.A.B.)
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Christina A. Bursill
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (V.A.N.); (T.S.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (C.A.B.)
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
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49
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Gunasekar SK, Xie L, Sah R. SWELL signalling in adipocytes: can fat 'feel' fat? Adipocyte 2019; 8:223-228. [PMID: 31112068 PMCID: PMC6768237 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2019.1612223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is becoming a global epidemic, predisposing to Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, fatty liver disease, pulmonary disease, osteoarthritis and cancer. Therefore, understanding the biology of adipocyte expansion in response to overnutrition is critical to devising strategies to treat obesity, and the associated burden of morbidity and mortality. Through exploratory patch-clamp experiments in freshly isolated primary murine and human adipocytes, we recently determined that SWELL1/LRRC8a, a leucine-rich repeat containing transmembrane protein, functionally encoded an ion channel signalling complex (the volume-regulated anion channel, or VRAC) on the adipocyte plasma membrane. The SWELL1-/LRRC8 channel complex activates in response to increases in adipocyte volume and in the context of obesity. SWELL1 is also required for insulin-PI3K-AKT2 signalling to regulate adipocyte growth and systemic glycaemia. This commentary delves further into our working models for the molecular mechanisms of adipocyte SWELL1-mediated VRAC activation, proposed signal transduction mechanisms, and putative impact on adipocyte hypertrophy during caloric excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susheel K. Gunasekar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Litao Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rajan Sah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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50
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Park J, Huh JY, Oh J, Kim JI, Han SM, Shin KC, Jeon YG, Choe SS, Park J, Kim JB. Activation of invariant natural killer T cells stimulates adipose tissue remodeling via adipocyte death and birth in obesity. Genes Dev 2019; 33:1657-1672. [PMID: 31727774 PMCID: PMC6942052 DOI: 10.1101/gad.329557.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Park et al. set out to elucidate the mechanism by which adipose-resident invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) cells impact adipose tissue remodeling in obesity. Using in vitro and ex vivo approaches, the authors found that, in obesity, adipose iNKT cells can kill hypertrophic and pro-inflammatory adipocytes via FasL-Fas-dependent apoptosis, thus providing new insight into the role adipose iNKT cells play in promoting healthy adipose tissue remodeling. In obesity, adipose tissue undergoes dynamic remodeling processes such as adipocyte hypertrophy, hypoxia, immune responses, and adipocyte death. However, whether and how invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells contribute to adipose tissue remodeling are elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that iNKT cells remove unhealthy adipocytes and stimulate the differentiation of healthy adipocytes. In obese adipose tissue, iNKT cells were abundantly found nearby dead adipocytes. FasL-positive adipose iNKT cells exerted cytotoxic effects to eliminate hypertrophic and pro-inflammatory Fas-positive adipocytes. Furthermore, in vivo adipocyte-lineage tracing mice model showed that activation of iNKT cells by alpha-galactosylceramide promoted adipocyte turnover, eventually leading to potentiation of the insulin-dependent glucose uptake ability in adipose tissue. Collectively, our data propose a novel role of adipose iNKT cells in the regulation of adipocyte turnover in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeu Park
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Huh
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Jong In Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sang Mun Han
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyung Cheul Shin
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Yong Geun Jeon
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sung Sik Choe
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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