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Wang M, Liu Z, Cheng A, Wang M, Wu Y, Yang Q, Tian B, Ou X, Sun D, Zhang S, Zhu D, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M, Zhao XX, Huang J. Host miRNA and mRNA profiles during in DEF and duck after DHAV-1 infection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22575. [PMID: 39343789 PMCID: PMC11439951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72992-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
DHAV-1 is a highly infectious pathogen that can cause acute hepatitis in ducklings. MicroRNA (miRNA) plays an essential regulatory role in virus response. We characterized and compared miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in duck embryonic fibroblasts (DEF) and the liver of ducklings infected with DHAV-1. DHAV-1 infected DEF was divided into infection group (D group) and blank group (M group), and DHAV-1 infected duckling group was divided into infection group (H group) and blank group (N group). D vs. M have 130 differentially expressed (DE) miRNA (DEM) and 2204 differentially expressed (DE) mRNA (DEG), H vs. N have 72 DEM and 1976 DEG. By the intersection of D vs. M and H vs. N comparisons, 15 upregulated DEM, 5 downregulated DEM, 340 upregulated DEG and 50 downregulated DEG were found with both in vivo and in vitro DHAV-1 infection. In particular, we identified the same DE miRNA target genes and functional annotations of DE mRNA. We enriched with multiple gene ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, which may have important roles in viral virulence, host immunity, and metabolism. We selected miR-155, which is co-upregulated, and found that miR-155 targets SOCS1 to inhibit DHVA-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center, Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zezheng Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center, Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, chengdu, China.
- International Joint Research Center, Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center, Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center, Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center, Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center, Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuming Ou
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center, Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center, Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center, Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center, Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center, Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center, Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center, Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xin Zhao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center, Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center, Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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Yang CY, Shih YH, Lung CC. The association between COVID-19 vaccine/infection and new-onset asthma in children - based on the global TriNetX database. Infection 2024:10.1007/s15010-024-02329-3. [PMID: 38904891 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of its potential long-term health effects, including its link to new-onset asthma in children. Asthma significantly impacts children's health, causing adverse outcomes and increased absenteeism. Emerging evidence suggests a potential association between COVID-19 infection and higher rates of new-onset asthma in adults, raising concerns about its impact on children's respiratory health. METHODS A retrospective cohort study design was employed, using electronic medical records from the TriNetX database, covering January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2022. Two cohorts of children aged 5 to 18 who underwent SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing were analyzed: unvaccinated children with and without COVID-19 infection, and vaccinated children with and without infection. Propensity score matching was used to mitigate selection bias, and hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI were calculated to assess the risk of new-onset asthma. RESULTS Our study found a significantly higher incidence of new-onset asthma in COVID-19 infected children compared to uninfected children, regardless of vaccination status. In Cohort 1, 4.7% of COVID-19 infected children without vaccination developed new-onset asthma, versus 2.0% in their non-COVID-19 counterparts within a year (HR = 2.26; 95% CI = 2.158-2.367). For Cohort 2, COVID-19 infected children with vaccination showed an 8.3% incidence of new-onset asthma, higher than the 3.1% in those not infected (HR = 2.745; 95% CI = 2.521-2.99). Subgroup analyses further identified higher risks in males, children aged 5-12 years, and Black or African American children. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the reliability of these findings. CONCLUSION The study highlights a strong link between COVID-19 infection and an increased risk of new-onset asthma in children, which is even more marked in those vaccinated. This emphasizes the critical need for ongoing monitoring and customized healthcare strategies to mitigate the long-term respiratory impacts of COVID-19 in children, advocating for thorough strategies to manage and prevent asthma amidst the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Yu Yang
- Department of Occupational Health Nursing Center, Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1 Jianguo N.Rd., Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Shih
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1 Jianguo N.Rd., Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Lung
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1 Jianguo N.Rd., Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan.
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan.
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Andino R, Kirkegaard K, Macadam A, Racaniello VR, Rosenfeld AB. The Picornaviridae Family: Knowledge Gaps, Animal Models, Countermeasures, and Prototype Pathogens. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S427-S445. [PMID: 37849401 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses are nonenveloped particles with a single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity. This virus family includes poliovirus, hepatitis A virus, rhinoviruses, and Coxsackieviruses. Picornaviruses are common human pathogens, and infection can result in a spectrum of serious illnesses, including acute flaccid myelitis, severe respiratory complications, and hand-foot-mouth disease. Despite research on poliovirus establishing many fundamental principles of RNA virus biology and the first transgenic animal model of disease for infection by a human virus, picornaviruses are understudied. Existing knowledge gaps include, identification of molecules required for virus entry, understanding cellular and humoral immune responses elicited during virus infection, and establishment of immune-competent animal models of virus pathogenesis. Such knowledge is necessary for development of pan-picornavirus countermeasures. Defining enterovirus A71 and D68, human rhinovirus C, and echoviruses 29 as prototype pathogens of this virus family may provide insight into picornavirus biology needed to establish public health strategies necessary for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Karla Kirkegaard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andrew Macadam
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent R Racaniello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amy B Rosenfeld
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Yamaya M, Kikuchi A, Sugawara M, Nishimura H. Anti-inflammatory effects of medications used for viral infection-induced respiratory diseases. Respir Investig 2023; 61:270-283. [PMID: 36543714 PMCID: PMC9761392 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses like rhinovirus, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and coronavirus cause several respiratory diseases, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis, and coronavirus disease 2019, and exacerbate bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, and diffuse panbronchiolitis. The production of inflammatory mediators and mucin and the accumulation of inflammatory cells have been reported in patients with viral infection-induced respiratory diseases. Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted are produced in the cells, including human airway and alveolar epithelial cells, partly through the activation of toll-like receptors, nuclear factor kappa B and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase. These mediators are associated with the development of viral infection-induced respiratory diseases through the induction of inflammation and injury in the airway and lung, airway remodeling and hyperresponsiveness, and mucus secretion. Medications used to treat respiratory diseases, including corticosteroids, long-acting β2-agonists, long-acting muscarinic antagonists, mucolytic agents, antiviral drugs for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and influenza virus, macrolides, and Kampo medicines, reduce the production of viral infection-induced mediators, including cytokines and mucin, as determined in clinical, in vivo, or in vitro studies. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of these medications on viral infection-induced respiratory diseases may be associated with clinical benefits, such as improvements in symptoms, quality of life, and mortality rate, and can prevent hospitalization and the exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, bronchiectasis, and diffuse panbronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuo Yamaya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai 983-8520, Japan; Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Akiko Kikuchi
- Department of Kampo and Integrative Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sugawara
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tohoku Kosai Hospital, Sendai 980-0803, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai 983-8520, Japan
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Kim SR. Viral Infection and Airway Epithelial Immunity in Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9914. [PMID: 36077310 PMCID: PMC9456547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral respiratory tract infections are associated with asthma development and exacerbation in children and adults. In the course of immune responses to viruses, airway epithelial cells are the initial platform of innate immunity against viral invasion. Patients with severe asthma are more vulnerable than those with mild to moderate asthma to viral infections. Furthermore, in most cases, asthmatic patients tend to produce lower levels of antiviral cytokines than healthy subjects, such as interferons produced from immune effector cells and airway epithelial cells. The epithelial inflammasome appears to contribute to asthma exacerbation through overactivation, leading to self-damage, despite its naturally protective role against infectious pathogens. Given the mixed and complex immune responses in viral-infection-induced asthma exacerbation, this review examines the diverse roles of airway epithelial immunity and related potential therapeutic targets and discusses the mechanisms underlying the heterogeneous manifestations of asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Ri Kim
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Jeonbuk National University, 20 Geonji-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54907, Korea
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He G, Dong T, Yang Z, Branstad A, Huang L, Jiang Z. Point-of-care COPD diagnostics: biomarkers, sampling, paper-based analytical devices, and perspectives. Analyst 2022; 147:1273-1293. [PMID: 35113085 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01702k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has become the third leading cause of global death. Insufficiency in early diagnosis and treatment of COPD, especially COPD exacerbations, leads to a tremendous economic burden and medical costs. A cost-effective and timely prevention requires decentralized point-of-care diagnostics at patients' residences at affordable prices. Advances in point-of-care (POC) diagnostics may offer new solutions to reduce medical expenditures by measuring salivary and blood biomarkers. Among them, paper-based analytical devices have been the most promising candidates due to their advantages of being affordable, biocompatible, disposable, scalable, and easy to modify. In this review, we present salivary and blood biomarkers related to COPD endotypes and exacerbations, summarize current technologies to collect human whole saliva and whole blood samples, evaluate state-of-the-art paper-based analytical devices that detect COPD biomarkers in saliva and blood, and discuss existing challenges with outlooks on future paper-based POC systems for COPD diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Systems and Smart Transduction, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro-Nano Systems Technology and Smart Transducing, Collaborative Innovation Center on Micro-Nano Transduction and Intelligent Eco-Internet of Things, Chongqing Academician and Expert Workstation, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Nan'an District, Chongqing 400067, China.,Department of Microsystems (IMS), Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Postboks 235, 3603 Kongsberg, Norway.
| | - Tao Dong
- Department of Microsystems (IMS), Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Postboks 235, 3603 Kongsberg, Norway.
| | - Zhaochu Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Systems and Smart Transduction, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro-Nano Systems Technology and Smart Transducing, Collaborative Innovation Center on Micro-Nano Transduction and Intelligent Eco-Internet of Things, Chongqing Academician and Expert Workstation, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Nan'an District, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Are Branstad
- University of Southeast Norway (USN), School of Business, Box 235, 3603 Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Lan Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Systems and Smart Transduction, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro-Nano Systems Technology and Smart Transducing, Collaborative Innovation Center on Micro-Nano Transduction and Intelligent Eco-Internet of Things, Chongqing Academician and Expert Workstation, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Nan'an District, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Zhuangde Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Systems and Smart Transduction, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro-Nano Systems Technology and Smart Transducing, Collaborative Innovation Center on Micro-Nano Transduction and Intelligent Eco-Internet of Things, Chongqing Academician and Expert Workstation, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Nan'an District, Chongqing 400067, China
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Guo-Parke H, Linden D, Mousnier A, Scott IC, Killick H, Borthwick LA, Fisher AJ, Weldon S, Taggart CC, Kidney JC. Altered Differentiation and Inflammation Profiles Contribute to Enhanced Innate Responses in Severe COPD Epithelium to Rhinovirus Infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:741989. [PMID: 35280870 PMCID: PMC8916560 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.741989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory viral infections are closely associated with COPD exacerbations, hospitalisations, and significant morbidity and mortality. The consequences of the persisting inflammation and differentiation status in virus associated severe disease is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate barrier function, cellular architecture, the inflammatory response in severe COPD bronchial epithelium to human rhinovirus (HRV) induced pathological changes and innate immune responses. Methods Well-differentiated primary bronchial epithelial cells (WD-PBECs) derived from severe COPD patients and age-matched healthy controls were cultured in the air-liquid interface (ALI) model. The differentiation phenotype, epithelial barrier integrity, pathological response and cytokine secreting profile of these cultures before and after HRV infection were investigated. Results WD-PBECs derived from severe COPD patients showed aberrant epithelium differentiation with a decreased proportion of ciliated cells but increased numbers of club cells and goblet cells compared with healthy controls. Tight junction integrity was compromised in both cultures following HRV infection, with heightened disruptions in COPD cultures. HRV induced increased epithelial cell sloughing, apoptosis and mucus hypersecretion in COPD cultures compared with healthy controls. A Th1/Th2 imbalance and a strong interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokine response was also observed in COPD cultures, characterized by increased levels of IFNγ, IFNβ, IP-10, IL-10 and decreased TSLP and IL-13 cytokine levels prior to HRV infection. Significantly enhanced basolateral secretion of eotaxin 3, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF were also observed in both mock and HRV infected COPD cultures compared with corresponding healthy controls. In response to HRV infection, all cultures displayed elevated levels of IFNλ1 (IL-29), IP-10 and TNFα compared with mock infected cultures. Interestingly, HRV infection dramatically reduced IFNλ levels in COPD cultures compared with healthy subjects. Conclusion An altered differentiation phenotype and cytokine response as seen in severe COPD WD-PBECs may contribute to increased disease susceptibility and an enhanced inflammatory response to HRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Guo-Parke
- Airway Innate Immunity Research Group, Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Dermot Linden
- Airway Innate Immunity Research Group, Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Aurelie Mousnier
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ian C. Scott
- Translational Sciences and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Killick
- Translational Sciences and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lee A. Borthwick
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Fisher
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Institute of Transplantation, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Airway Innate Immunity Research Group, Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Clifford C. Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research Group, Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph C. Kidney
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Joseph C. Kidney
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8
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Kim KA, Jung JH, Choi YS, Kim ST. Wogonin inhibits tight junction disruption via suppression of inflammatory response and phosphorylation of AKT/NF-κB and ERK1/2 in rhinovirus-infected human nasal epithelial cells. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:357-368. [PMID: 35107605 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01542-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The maintenance of tight junction integrity contributes significantly to epithelial barrier function. If barrier function is destroyed, cell permeability increases and the movement of pathogens is promoted, further increasing the susceptibility to secondary infection. Here, we examined the protective effects of wogonin on rhinovirus (RV)-induced tight junction disruption. Additionally, we examined the signaling molecules responsible for anti-inflammatory activities in human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Primary HNE cells grown at an air-liquid interface and RPMI 2650 cells were infected apically with RV. Incubation with RV resulted in disruption of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, E-cadherin, claudin-1, and occludin) in the HNE cells. Cell viability of wogonin-treated HNE cells was measured using the MTT assay. Pretreatment with wogonin decreased RV-induced disruption of tight junctions in HNE cells. Furthermore, wogonin significantly decreased RV-induced phosphorylation of Akt/NF-κB and ERK1/2. Additionally, RV-induced generation of reactive oxygen species and RV-induced up-regulation of the production of inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and IL-6 were diminished by wogonin in HNE cells. CONCLUSION Wogonin inhibits HRV-induced tight junction disruption via the suppression of inflammatory responses and phosphorylation of Akt/NF-κB and ERK1/2 in HNE cells. These finds will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Ah Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, 21 Namdong-daero 774beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Jung
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, 21 Namdong-daero 774beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sook Choi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, 21 Namdong-daero 774beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Tae Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, 21 Namdong-daero 774beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Bansal A, Mostafa MM, Kooi C, Sasse SK, Michi AN, Shah SV, Leigh R, Gerber AN, Newton R. Interplay between nuclear factor-κB, p38 MAPK and glucocorticoid receptor signaling synergistically induces functional TLR2 in lung epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101747. [PMID: 35189144 PMCID: PMC8942839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
While glucocorticoids act via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR; NR3C1) to reduce the expression of many inflammatory genes, repression is not an invariable outcome. Here, we explore synergy occurring between synthetic glucocorticoids (dexamethasone and budesonide) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL1B and TNF) on the expression of the toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). This effect is observed in epithelial cell lines and both undifferentiated and differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cells (pHBECs). In A549 cells, IL1B-plus-glucocorticoid–induced TLR2 expression required nuclear factor (NF)-κB and GR. Likewise, in A549 cells, BEAS-2B cells, and pHBECs, chromatin immunoprecipitation identified GR- and NF-κB/p65-binding regions ∼32 kb (R1) and ∼7.3 kb (R2) upstream of the TLR2 gene. Treatment of BEAS-2B cells with TNF or/and dexamethasone followed by global run-on sequencing confirmed transcriptional activity at these regions. Furthermore, cloning R1 or R2 into luciferase reporters revealed transcriptional activation by budesonide or IL1B, respectively, while R1+R2 juxtaposition enabled synergistic activation by IL1B and budesonide. In addition, small-molecule inhibitors and siRNA knockdown showed p38α MAPK to negatively regulate both IL1B-induced TLR2 expression and R1+R2 reporter activity. Finally, agonism of IL1B-plus-dexamethasone–induced TLR2 in A549 cells and pHBECs stimulated NF-κB- and interferon regulatory factor-dependent reporter activity and chemokine release. We conclude that glucocorticoid-plus-cytokine-driven synergy at TLR2 involves GR and NF-κB acting via specific enhancer regions, which combined with the inhibition of p38α MAPK promotes TLR2 expression. Subsequent inflammatory effects that occur following TLR2 agonism may be pertinent in severe neutrophilic asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, where glucocorticoid-based therapies are less efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Bansal
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mahmoud M Mostafa
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cora Kooi
- Department of Medicine and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah K Sasse
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Aubrey N Michi
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Suharsh V Shah
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Leigh
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anthony N Gerber
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert Newton
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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10
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Abstract
Pandemics caused by respiratory viruses have impacted millions of lives and caused massive destruction to global infrastructure. With their emergence, it has become a priority to develop platforms to rapidly dissect host/pathogen interactions, develop diagnostics, and evaluate therapeutics. Traditional viral culture methods do not faithfully recapitulate key aspects of infection. Tissue engineering as a discipline has developed techniques to produce three-dimensional human tissues which can serve as platforms to study respiratory viruses in vitro. In this chapter, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been used as a representative respiratory virus motivating the use of tissue engineering to generate in vitro culture models. SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology, traditional cell culture, tissue engineering-based cell culture, and future directions for the field are highlighted.
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11
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Watkinson RL, Looi K, Laing IA, Cianferoni A, Kicic A. Viral Induced Effects on a Vulnerable Epithelium; Lessons Learned From Paediatric Asthma and Eosinophilic Oesophagitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:773600. [PMID: 34912343 PMCID: PMC8666438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.773600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelium is integral to the protection of many different biological systems and for the maintenance of biochemical homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that particular children have epithelial vulnerabilities leading to dysregulated barrier function and integrity, that resultantly contributes to disease pathogenesis. These epithelial vulnerabilities likely develop in utero or in early life due to various genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Although various epithelia are uniquely structured with specific function, prevalent allergic-type epithelial diseases in children potentially have common or parallel disease processes. These include inflammation and immune response dysregulation stemming from atypical epithelial barrier function and integrity. Two diseases where aetiology and pathogenesis are potentially linked to epithelial vulnerabilities include Paediatric Asthma and Eosinophilic Oesophagitis (EoE). For example, rhinovirus C (RV-C) is a known risk factor for paediatric asthma development and is known to disrupt respiratory epithelial barrier function causing acute inflammation. In addition, EoE, a prevalent atopic condition of the oesophageal epithelium, is characterised by similar innate immune and epithelial responses to viral injury. This review examines the current literature and identifies the gaps in the field defining viral-induced effects on a vulnerable respiratory epithelium and resulting chronic inflammation, drawing from knowledge generated in acute wheezing illness, paediatric asthma and EoE. Besides highlighting the importance of epithelial structure and barrier function in allergic disease pathogenesis regardless of specific epithelial sub-types, this review focuses on the importance of examining other parallel allergic-type disease processes that may uncover commonalities driving disease pathogenesis. This in turn may be beneficial in the development of common therapeutics for current clinical management and disease prevention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Watkinson
- Division of Paediatrics, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kevin Looi
- Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Ingrid A Laing
- Division of Paediatrics, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Antonella Cianferoni
- Pediatrics Department, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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12
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Cao X, Xin H, Zhang H, Liu J, Pan S, Du Y, Feng B, Quan Z, Guan L, Shen F, Liu Z, Wang D, Zhang B, Guan X, Yan J, Jin Q, Gao L. The Association Between Mycobacteria-Specific Antigen-Induced Cytokines and Host Response to Latent Tuberculosis Infection Treatment in a Chinese Population. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:716900. [PMID: 34484159 PMCID: PMC8415003 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.716900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Exploring biomarkers monitoring latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) treatment effectiveness would benefit optimizing the therapeutic regimen. This study aims to identify potential mycobacteria-specific antigen-induced cytokines associated with host responses to preventive treatment. Methods Based on a randomized controlled trial on LTBI treatment among individuals with chest radiography abnormalities suggestive of prior tuberculosis (TB), the dynamically changed cytokine levels in QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT) supernatants were estimated during the treatment by bead-based multiplex assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results In total, 63 treated participants and 32 untreated controls were included in the study. The levels of 13 background-corrected mycobacteria-specific antigen-stimulated cytokines [basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF), growth-regulated oncogene (GRO)-α, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1ra, IL-12 (p70), stem cell factor (SCF), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), IL-8, interferon (IFN)-α2, IL-5, IL-12 (p40), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and IL-17A] were found to be statistically different between before and after treatment in treated participants, while no statistically differences were observed in untreated controls. Among these 13 cytokines, the level of IL-8 was significantly lower in the QFT reversed group than that in the non-reversed group (p = 0.028) among treated participants, while such a difference was not found for untreated controls (p = 0.292). Conclusion Our results suggested that the lower level of mycobacteria-specific antigen-induced IL-8 might be associated with the host’s positive response to LTBI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Henan Xin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shouguo Pan
- The Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Zhongmu County, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Du
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boxuan Feng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhusheng Quan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Guan
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei Shen
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zisen Liu
- The Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Zhongmu County, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dakuan Wang
- The Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Zhongmu County, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- The Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Zhongmu County, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xueling Guan
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiaoxia Yan
- The Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Zhongmu County, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Chen Y, Lear TB, Evankovich JW, Larsen MB, Lin B, Alfaras I, Kennerdell JR, Salminen L, Camarco DP, Lockwood KC, Tuncer F, Liu J, Myerburg MM, McDyer JF, Liu Y, Finkel T, Chen BB. A high-throughput screen for TMPRSS2 expression identifies FDA-approved compounds that can limit SARS-CoV-2 entry. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3907. [PMID: 34162861 PMCID: PMC8222394 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) is the pathogenic coronavirus responsible for the global pandemic of COVID-19 disease. The Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 attaches to host lung epithelial cells through the cell surface receptor ACE2, a process dependent on host proteases including TMPRSS2. Here, we identify small molecules that reduce surface expression of TMPRSS2 using a library of 2,560 FDA-approved or current clinical trial compounds. We identify homoharringtonine and halofuginone as the most attractive agents, reducing endogenous TMPRSS2 expression at sub-micromolar concentrations. These effects appear to be mediated by a drug-induced alteration in TMPRSS2 protein stability. We further demonstrate that halofuginone modulates TMPRSS2 levels through proteasomal-mediated degradation that involves the E3 ubiquitin ligase component DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 1 (DCAF1). Finally, cells exposed to homoharringtonine and halofuginone, at concentrations of drug known to be achievable in human plasma, demonstrate marked resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection in both live and pseudoviral in vitro models. Given the safety and pharmacokinetic data already available for the compounds identified in our screen, these results should help expedite the rational design of human clinical trials designed to combat active COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Chen
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Travis B Lear
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John W Evankovich
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mads B Larsen
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bo Lin
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Irene Alfaras
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Laura Salminen
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel P Camarco
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Ferhan Tuncer
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael M Myerburg
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John F McDyer
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Toren Finkel
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Bill B Chen
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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14
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Sweet SC. Community-Acquired Respiratory Viruses Post-Lung Transplant. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 42:449-459. [PMID: 34030206 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Survival in lung transplant recipients (LTRs) lags behind heart, liver, and kidney transplant, in part due to the direct and indirect effects of infection. LTRs have increased susceptibility to infection due to the combination of a graft continually exposed to the outside world, multiple mechanisms for impaired mucus clearance, and immunosuppression. Community-acquired respiratory viral infections (CARVs) are common in LTRs. Picornaviruses have roughly 40% cumulative incidence followed by respiratory syncytial virus and coronaviruses. Although single-center retrospective and prospective series implicate CARV in rejection and mortality, conclusive evidence for and well-defined mechanistic links to long-term outcome are lacking. Treatment of viral infections can be challenging except for influenza. Future studies are needed to develop better treatments and clarify the links between CARV and long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart C Sweet
- Division of Allergy and Pulmonary Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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15
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Laura G, Liu Y, Fernandes K, Willis-Owen SAG, Ito K, Cookson WO, Moffatt MF, Zhang Y. ORMDL3 regulates poly I:C induced inflammatory responses in airway epithelial cells. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21:167. [PMID: 34001091 PMCID: PMC8127224 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oroscomucoid 3 (ORMDL3) has been linked to susceptibility of childhood asthma and respiratory viral infection. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) is a synthetic analog of viral double-stranded RNA, a toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligand and mimic of viral infection. METHODS To investigate the functional role of ORMDL3 in the poly I:C-induced inflammatory response in airway epithelial cells, ORMDL3 knockdown and over-expression models were established in human A549 epithelial cells and primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. The cells were stimulated with poly I:C or the Th17 cytokine IL-17A. IL-6 and IL-8 levels in supernatants, mRNA levels of genes in the TLR3 pathway and inflammatory response from cell pellets were measured. ORMDL3 knockdown models in A549 and BEAS-2B epithelial cells were then infected with live human rhinovirus (HRV16) followed by IL-6 and IL-8 measurement. RESULTS ORMDL3 knockdown and over-expression had little influence on the transcript levels of TLR3 in airway epithelial cells. Time course studies showed that ORMDL3-deficient A549 and NHBE cells had an attenuated IL-6 and IL-8 response to poly I:C stimulation. A549 and NHBE cells over-expressing ORMDL3 released relatively more IL-6 and IL-8 following poly I:C stimulation. IL-17A exhibited a similar inflammatory response in ORMDL3 knockdown and over-expressing cells, but co-stimulation of poly I:C and IL-17A did not significantly enhance the IL-6 and IL-8 response. Transcript abundance of IFNB following poly I:C stimulation was not significantly altered by ORMDL3 knockdown or over-expression. Dampening of the IL-6 response by ORMDL3 knockdown was confirmed in HRV16 infected BEAS-2B and A549 cells. CONCLUSIONS ORMDL3 regulates the viral inflammatory response in airway epithelial cells via mechanisms independent of the TLR3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Laura
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Yi Liu
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Kieran Fernandes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | | | - Kazuhiro Ito
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, UK.,Pulmocide Ltd., London, WC2A 1AP, UK
| | - William O Cookson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Miriam F Moffatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Youming Zhang
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, UK.
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16
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Wang K, Jiang L, Hu A, Sun C, Zhou L, Huang Y, Chen Q, Dong J, Zhou X, Zhang F. Vertebral-specific activation of the CX3CL1/ICAM-1 signaling network mediates non-small-cell lung cancer spinal metastasis by engaging tumor cell-vertebral bone marrow endothelial cell interactions. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:4770-4789. [PMID: 33754027 PMCID: PMC7978319 DOI: 10.7150/thno.54235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The spine is one of the most common metastatic sites of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and NSCLC spinal metastasis results in serious consequences. Metastatic extravasation of disseminated cancer cells including increased invasiveness, adhesion and transendothelial migration is crucial for tumor metastasis. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying NSCLC spinal metastasis based on the C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1- (CX3CL1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1- (ICAM-1) mediated signaling network. Methods: Immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR were conducted to detect the distribution of CX3CL1/ICAM-1 in different organs. Transwell, adhesion, and transendothelial migration assays were performed to evaluate the regulatory effects of CX3CL1/ICAM-1 on NSCLC cell invasion, adhesion, and transendothelial migration in vitro. A spontaneous spinal metastasis mouse model was established via injection of NSCLC cells into the left cardiac ventricle of NOD/SCID mice. The effects of CX3CL1/ICAM-1 on NSCLC spinal metastasis in vivo were validated using bioluminescent, micro-computerized tomography, immunohistochemistry and histological analyses. Results: CX3CL1 expression was specifically higher in vertebral bone compared with limb bones and lung tissue, and was associated with NSCLC spinal metastasis. Mechanically, vertebral bone marrow endothelial cells (VBMECs) enhanced NSCLC cell invasion via CX3CL1 signaling-mediated activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Furthermore, we found that VBMECs effectively induced ICAM-1-dependent NSCLC cell adhesion in coordination with platelets through the CX3CL1/ICAM-1/LFA-1 pathway. Meanwhile, CX3CL1 enhanced NSCLC cell transendothelial migration by increasing permeability of VBMECs via ICAM-1-dependent activation of the Src/GEF-H1 pathway. Interestingly, NSCLC cells were indicated to promote CX3CL1 secretion of VBMECs through MAPK14/ADMA17-dependent CX3CL1 release and NF-κB-dependent CX3CL1 synthesis. Based on these findings, we revealed a novel feedback cycle between circulating NSCLC cells and VBMECs mediated by CX3CL1/ICAM-1 signaling. Further disengagement of the CX3CL1/ICAM-1-mediated feedback cycle in vivo significantly restricted metastasis and prolonged mouse survival. Conclusions: Our results indicated a unique feedback cycle between circulating NSCLC cells and VBMECs mediated by CX3CL1/ICAM-1 signaling, which is necessary for NSCLC spinal metastasis. This work provides a new perspective for underlying the mechanisms of NSCLC spinal metastasis and indicates potential novel targets for the prevention of NSCLC spinal metastasis.
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17
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Michi AN, Love ME, Proud D. Rhinovirus-Induced Modulation of Epithelial Phenotype: Role in Asthma. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111328. [PMID: 33227953 PMCID: PMC7699223 DOI: 10.3390/v12111328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses have been linked both to the susceptibility of asthma development and to the triggering of acute exacerbations. Given that the human airway epithelial cell is the primary site of human rhinovirus (HRV) infection and replication, the current review focuses on how HRV-induced modulation of several aspects of epithelial cell phenotype could contribute to the development of asthma or to the induction of exacerbations. Modification of epithelial proinflammatory and antiviral responses are considered, as are alterations in an epithelial barrier function and cell phenotype. The contributions of the epithelium to airway remodeling and to the potential modulation of immune responses are also considered. The potential interactions of each type of HRV-induced epithelial phenotypic changes with allergic sensitization and allergic phenotype are also considered in the context of asthma development and of acute exacerbations.
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18
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Hossain FMA, Choi JY, Uyangaa E, Park SO, Eo SK. The Interplay between Host Immunity and Respiratory Viral Infection in Asthma Exacerbation. Immune Netw 2019; 19:e31. [PMID: 31720042 PMCID: PMC6829071 DOI: 10.4110/in.2019.19.e31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is one of the most common and chronic diseases characterized by multidimensional immune responses along with poor prognosis and severity. The heterogeneous nature of asthma may be attributed to a complex interplay between risk factors (either intrinsic or extrinsic) and specific pathogens such as respiratory viruses, and even bacteria. The intrinsic risk factors are highly correlated with asthma exacerbation in host, which may be mediated via genetic polymorphisms, enhanced airway epithelial lysis, apoptosis, and exaggerated viral replication in infected cells, resulting in reduced innate immune response and concomitant reduction of interferon (types I, II, and III) synthesis. The canonical features of allergic asthma include strong Th2-related inflammation, sensitivity to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), eosinophilia, enhanced levels of Th2 cytokines, goblet cell hyperplasia, airway hyper-responsiveness, and airway remodeling. However, the NSAID-resistant non-Th2 asthma shows a characteristic neutrophilic influx, Th1/Th17 or even mixed (Th17-Th2) immune response and concurrent cytokine streams. Moreover, inhaled corticosteroid-resistant asthma may be associated with multifactorial innate and adaptive responses. In this review, we will discuss the findings of various in vivo and ex vivo models to establish the critical heterogenic asthmatic etiologies, host-pathogen relationships, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, and subsequent mechanisms underlying asthma exacerbation triggered by respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea.,Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Erdenebileg Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Seong Ok Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
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19
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Warner SM, Wiehler S, Michi AN, Proud D. Rhinovirus replication and innate immunity in highly differentiated human airway epithelial cells. Respir Res 2019; 20:150. [PMID: 31299975 PMCID: PMC6626354 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human rhinovirus (HRV) infections are the primary cause of the common cold and are a major trigger for exacerbations of lower airway diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Although human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE) are the natural host for HRV infections, much of our understanding of how HRV replicates and induces host antiviral responses is based on studies using non-airway cell lines (e.g. HeLa cells). The current study examines the replication cycle of HRV, and host cell responses, in highly differentiated cultures of HBE. Methods Highly differentiated cultures of HBE were exposed to initial infectious doses ranging from 104 to 101 50% tissue culture-infective dose (TCID50) of purified HRV-16, and responses were monitored up to 144 h after infection. Viral genomic RNA and negative strand RNA template levels were monitored, along with levels of type I and II interferons and selected antivirals. Results Regardless of initial infectious dose, relatively constant levels of both genomic and negative strand RNA are generated during replication, with negative strand copy numbers being10,000-fold lower than those of genomic strands. Infections were limited to a small percentage of ciliated cells and did not result in any overt signs of epithelial death. Importantly, regardless of infectious dose, HRV-16 infections were cleared by HBE in the absence of immune cells. Levels of type I and type III interferons (IFNs) varied with initial infectious dose, implying that factors other than levels of double-stranded RNA regulate IFN induction, but the time-course of HRV-16 clearance HBE was the same regardless of levels of IFNs produced. Patterns of antiviral viperin and ISG15 expression suggest they may be generated in an IFN-independent manner during HRV-16 infections. Conclusions These data challenge a number of aspects of dogma generated from studies in HeLa cells and emphasize the importance of appropriate cell context when studying HRV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Warner
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Shahina Wiehler
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Aubrey N Michi
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - David Proud
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
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20
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Panda D, Gjinaj E, Bachu M, Squire E, Novatt H, Ozato K, Rabin RL. IRF1 Maintains Optimal Constitutive Expression of Antiviral Genes and Regulates the Early Antiviral Response. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1019. [PMID: 31156620 PMCID: PMC6529937 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral defense at mucosal sites depends on interferons (IFN) and IFN stimulated genes (ISGs), either of which may be constitutively expressed to maintain an “antiviral state” (AVS). However, the mechanisms that govern the AVS are poorly defined. Using a BEAS-2B respiratory epithelial cell line deficient in IRF1, we demonstrate higher susceptibility to infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and influenza virus. IRF1-mediated restriction of VSV is IFN-independent, as blockade of types I and III IFNs and JAK-STAT signaling before infection did not affect VSV infection of either parent or IRF1 KO cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed that IRF1 regulates constitutive expression of ~300 genes, including antiviral ISGs: OAS2, BST2, and RNASEL and knockdown of any of these IRF1-dependent genes increased VSV infection. Additionally, IRF1 enhances rapid expression of IFNβ and IFNλ after stimulation with poly I:C and also regulates ISG expression. Mechanistically, IRF1 enhances recruitment of BRD4 to promotor-enhancer regions of ISGs for rapid expression and maintains levels of histone H3K4me1 for optimal constitutive expression. Finally, IRF1 also regulates constitutive expression of TLR2 and TLR3 and promotes signaling through these pattern recognition receptors (PRR). These data reveal multiple roles for IRF1 toward effective anti-viral responses by maintaining IFN-independent constitutive expression of anti-viral ISGs and supporting early IFN-dependent responses to PRR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasis Panda
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Erisa Gjinaj
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Mahesh Bachu
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Erica Squire
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Hilary Novatt
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Keiko Ozato
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ronald L Rabin
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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21
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Jubrail J, Africano-Gomez K, Herit F, Baturcam E, Mayer G, Cunoosamy DM, Kurian N, Niedergang F. HRV16 Impairs Macrophages Cytokine Response to a Secondary Bacterial Trigger. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2908. [PMID: 30619272 PMCID: PMC6305396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus is frequently seen as an upper respiratory tract infection but growing evidence proves the virus can cause lower respiratory tract infections in patients with chronic inflammatory lung diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In addition to airway epithelial cells, macrophages are crucial for regulating inflammatory responses to viral infections. However, the response of macrophages to HRV has not been analyzed in detail. We used in vitro monocyte-derived human macrophages to study the cytokine secretion of macrophages in response to the virus. Our results showed that macrophages were competent at responding to HRV, as a robust cytokine response was detected. However, after subsequent exposure to non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) or to LPS, HRV-treated macrophages secreted reduced levels of pro-inflammatory or regulatory cytokines. This “paralyzed” phenotype was not mimicked if the macrophages were pre-treated with LPS or CpG instead of the virus. These results begin to deepen our understanding into why patients with COPD show HRV-induced exacerbations and why they mount a defective response toward NTHi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Jubrail
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Kshanti Africano-Gomez
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Floriane Herit
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Engin Baturcam
- IMED Biotech Unit, Target and Translational Science, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gaell Mayer
- Clinical Development, Respiratory Inhalation & Oral Development, GMD, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Danen Mootoosamy Cunoosamy
- IMED Biotech Unit, Target and Translational Science, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nisha Kurian
- Precision Medicine & Genomics, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Florence Niedergang
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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22
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Targeting of the Nasal Mucosa by Japanese Encephalitis Virus for Non-Vector-Borne Transmission. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01091-18. [PMID: 30282716 PMCID: PMC6258954 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01091-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
JEV, a main cause of severe viral encephalitis in humans, has a complex ecology composed of a mosquito-waterbird cycle and a cycle involving pigs, which amplifies virus transmission to mosquitoes, leading to increased human cases. JEV can be transmitted between pigs by contact in the absence of arthropod vectors. Moreover, virus or viral RNA is found in oronasal secretions and the nasal epithelium. Using nasal mucosa tissue explants and three-dimensional porcine nasal epithelial cells cultures and macrophages as ex vivo and in vitro models, we determined that the nasal epithelium could be a route of entry as well as exit for the virus. Infection of nasal epithelial cells resulted in apical and basolateral virus shedding and release of monocyte recruiting chemokines and therefore infection and replication in macrophages, which is favored by epithelial-cell-derived cytokines. The results are relevant to understand the mechanism of non-vector-borne direct transmission of JEV. The mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes severe central nervous system diseases and cycles between Culex mosquitoes and different vertebrates. For JEV and some other flaviviruses, oronasal transmission is described, but the mode of infection is unknown. Using nasal mucosal tissue explants and primary porcine nasal epithelial cells (NEC) at the air-liquid interface (ALI) and macrophages as ex vivo and in vitro models, we determined that the nasal epithelium could represent the route of entry and exit for JEV in pigs. Porcine NEC at the ALI exposed to with JEV resulted in apical and basolateral virus shedding and release of monocyte recruiting chemokines, indicating infection and replication in macrophages. Moreover, macrophages stimulated by alarmins, including interleukin-25, interleukin-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, were more permissive to the JEV infection. Altogether, our data are important to understand the mechanism of non-vector-borne direct transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus in pigs. IMPORTANCE JEV, a main cause of severe viral encephalitis in humans, has a complex ecology composed of a mosquito-waterbird cycle and a cycle involving pigs, which amplifies virus transmission to mosquitoes, leading to increased human cases. JEV can be transmitted between pigs by contact in the absence of arthropod vectors. Moreover, virus or viral RNA is found in oronasal secretions and the nasal epithelium. Using nasal mucosa tissue explants and three-dimensional porcine nasal epithelial cells cultures and macrophages as ex vivo and in vitro models, we determined that the nasal epithelium could be a route of entry as well as exit for the virus. Infection of nasal epithelial cells resulted in apical and basolateral virus shedding and release of monocyte recruiting chemokines and therefore infection and replication in macrophages, which is favored by epithelial-cell-derived cytokines. The results are relevant to understand the mechanism of non-vector-borne direct transmission of JEV.
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23
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Song JH, Shim A, Kim YJ, Ahn JH, Kwon BE, Pham TT, Lee J, Chang SY, Ko HJ. Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Pochonin D, a Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitor, against Rhinovirus Infection. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:576-583. [PMID: 29715717 PMCID: PMC6254639 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are one of the major causes of common cold in humans and are also associated with acute asthma and bronchial illness. Heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90), a molecular chaperone, is an important host factor for the replication of single-strand RNA viruses. In the current study, we examined the effect of the Hsp90 inhibitor pochonin D, in vitro and in vivo, using a murine model of human rhinovirus type 1B (HRV1B) infection. Our data suggested that Hsp90 inhibition significantly reduced the inflammatory cytokine production and lung damage caused by HRV1B infection. The viral titer was significantly lowered in HRV1B-infected lungs and in Hela cells upon treatment with pochonin D. Infiltration of innate immune cells including granulocytes and monocytes was also reduced in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) by pochonin D treatment after HRV1B infection. Histological analysis of the lung and respiratory tract showed that pochonin D protected the mice from HRV1B infection. Collectively, our results suggest that the Hsp90 inhibitor, pochonin D, could be an attractive antiviral therapeutic for treating HRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyoung Song
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Aeri Shim
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Jeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hee Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Eun Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy Trang Pham
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongkook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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24
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Bradley MJ, Baird DE, Peterson PG, Baird MD, Elster EA, Rodriguez CJ. Primary Pulmonary Thrombus in Combat Casualties: Is Treatment Necessary? Am Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/000313481808400640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe the natural history of primary pulmonary thrombus (PPT) in combat casualties. This was a retrospective study of casualties treated at a major military treatment facility from 2010 to 2012. Patients with a downrange chest CTwere included. CTs were reviewed by two independent, blinded radiologists to confirm PPTon initial imaging. Follow-up CTs, if obtained, were also independently reviewed to determine the extent of clot burden. Two hundred and forty-nine casualties with a downrange, acceptable quality chest CT were included. 9 per cent (23/249) of patients sustained PPT. Thirty nine per cent (9/23) were initially treated with therapeutic anticoagulation (AC). Conversely, 61 per cent (14/23) arrived to our military treatment facility without AC. Seven arriving without AC-developed pulmonary symptoms during their hospitalization and had interval chest CTs. Of those, three had no evidence of pulmonary thrombus. The other four had subsegmental filling defects and three were started AC whereas one had an IVC (Inferior Vena Cava) filter inserted. In total, 11/23 (48%) PPT patients were managed without AC and discharged without complications. This is the first study attempting to look at PPT natural history. There were no adverse sequelae from managing PPT without AC. Further studies are warranted to further characterize PPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Bradley
- Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center/Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dean E. Baird
- Department of Radiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul G. Peterson
- Department of Radiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Eric A. Elster
- Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center/Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carlos J. Rodriguez
- Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center/Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
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25
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Respiratory Viruses and Other Relevant Viral Infections in the Lung Transplant Recipient. LUNG TRANSPLANTATION 2018. [PMCID: PMC7123387 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-91184-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
As advances occur in surgical technique, postoperative care, and immunosuppressive therapy, the rate of mortality in the early postoperative period following lung transplantation continues to decline. With the improvements in immediate and early posttransplant mortality, infections and their sequel as well as rejection and chronic allograft dysfunction are increasingly a major cause of posttransplant mortality. This chapter will focus on infections by respiratory viruses and other viral infections relevant to lung transplantation, including data regarding the link between viral infections and allograft dysfunction.
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26
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Ağaç D, Gill MA, Farrar JD. Adrenergic Signaling at the Interface of Allergic Asthma and Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:736. [PMID: 29696025 PMCID: PMC5904268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Upper respiratory viral infections are a major etiologic instigator of allergic asthma, and they drive severe exacerbations of allergic inflammation in the lower airways of asthma sufferers. Rhinovirus (RV), in particular, is the main viral instigator of these pathologies. Asthma exacerbations due to RV infections are the most frequent reasons for hospitalization and account for the majority of morbidity and mortality in asthma patients. In both critical care and disease control, long- and short-acting β2-agonists are the first line of therapeutic intervention, which are used to restore airway function by promoting smooth muscle cell relaxation in bronchioles. While prophylactic use of β2-agonists reduces the frequency and pathology of exacerbations, their role in modulating the inflammatory response is only now being appreciated. Adrenergic signaling is a component of the sympathetic nervous system, and the natural ligands, epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE), regulate a multitude of autonomic functions including regulation of both the innate and adaptive immune response. NE is the primary neurotransmitter released by post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate most all peripheral tissues including lung and secondary lymphoid organs. Thus, the adrenergic signaling pathways are in direct contact with both the central and peripheral immune compartments. We present a perspective on how the adrenergic signaling pathway controls immune function and how β2-agonists may influence inflammation in the context of virus-induced asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Ağaç
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Michelle A Gill
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - J David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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27
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Kallvik E, Toivonen L, Peltola V, Kaljonen A, Simberg S. Respiratory Tract Infections and Voice Quality in 4-Year-old Children in the STEPS Study. J Voice 2018; 33:801.e21-801.e25. [PMID: 29506899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Health-related factors are part of the multifactorial background of dysphonia in children. Respiratory tract infections affect the same systems and structures that are used for voice production. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the number of respiratory tract infections or the viral etiology were significant predictors for a more hoarse voice quality. METHODS The participants were 4-year-old children who participated in the multidisciplinary STEPS study (Steps to the Healthy Development and Well-being of Children) where they were followed up from pregnancy or birth to 4 years of age. Data were collected through questionnaires and a health diary filled in by the parents. Some of the children were followed up more intensively for respiratory tract infections during the first 2 years of life, and nasal swab samples were taken at the onset of respiratory symptoms. Our participants were 489 of these children who had participated in the follow-up for at least 1 year and for whom data on respiratory tract infections and data on voice quality were available. RESULTS The number of hospitalizations due to respiratory tract infections was a significant predictor for a more hoarse voice quality. Neither the number of rhinovirus infections nor the number of respiratory syncytial virus infections was statistically significant predictors for a more hoarse voice quality. CONCLUSIONS Based on our results, we would suggest including questions on the presence of respiratory tract infections that have led to hospitalization in the pediatric voice anamnesis. Whether the viral etiology of respiratory tract infections is of importance or not requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kallvik
- Logopedics, Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology, Abo Akademi University, Åbo, Finland; Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research (Cyri), University of Turku, Åbo, Finland.
| | - Laura Toivonen
- Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research (Cyri), University of Turku, Åbo, Finland; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Åbo, Finland
| | - Ville Peltola
- Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research (Cyri), University of Turku, Åbo, Finland; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Åbo, Finland
| | - Anne Kaljonen
- Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research (Cyri), University of Turku, Åbo, Finland
| | - Susanna Simberg
- Logopedics, Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology, Abo Akademi University, Åbo, Finland; Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research (Cyri), University of Turku, Åbo, Finland; Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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28
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Looi K, Buckley AG, Rigby PJ, Garratt LW, Iosifidis T, Zosky GR, Larcombe AN, Lannigan FJ, Ling KM, Martinovich KM, Kicic-Starcevich E, Shaw NC, Sutanto EN, Knight DA, Kicic A, Stick SM. Effects of human rhinovirus on epithelial barrier integrity and function in children with asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:513-524. [PMID: 29350877 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchial epithelial tight junctions (TJ) have been extensively assessed in healthy airway epithelium. However, no studies have yet assessed the effect of human rhinovirus (HRV) infection on the expression and resultant barrier function in epithelial tight junctions (TJ) in childhood asthma. OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of HRV infection on airway epithelial TJ expression and barrier function in airway epithelial cells (AECs) of children with and without asthma. Furthermore, to test the hypothesis that barrier integrity and function is compromised to a greater extent by HRV in AECs from asthmatic children. METHODS Primary AECs were obtained from children with and without asthma, differentiated into air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures and infected with rhinovirus. Expression of claudin-1, occludin and zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) was assessed via qPCR, immunocytochemistry (ICC), in-cell western (ICW) and confocal microscopy. Barrier function was assessed by transepithelial electrical resistance (TER; RT ) and permeability to fluorescent dextran. RESULTS Basal TJ gene expression of claudin-1 and occludin was significantly upregulated in asthmatic children compared to non-asthmatics; however, no difference was seen with ZO-1. Interestingly, claudin-1, occludin and ZO-1 protein expression was significantly reduced in AEC of asthmatic children compared to non-asthmatic controls suggesting possible post-transcriptional inherent differences. HRV infection resulted in a transient dissociation of TJ and airway barrier integrity in non-asthmatic children. Although similar dissociation of TJ was observed in asthmatic children, a significant and sustained reduction in TJ expression concurrent with both a significant decrease in TER and an increase in permeability in asthmatic children was observed. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates novel intrinsic differences in TJ gene and protein expression between AEC of children with and without asthma. Furthermore, it correlates directly the relationship between HRV infection and the resultant dissociation of epithelial TJ that causes a continued altered barrier function in children with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Looi
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - A G Buckley
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis (CMCA), University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - P J Rigby
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis (CMCA), University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - L W Garratt
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - T Iosifidis
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - G R Zosky
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hohart, TAS, Australia
| | - A N Larcombe
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia.,Occupation and Environment, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - F J Lannigan
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine, Notre Dame University, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - K-M Ling
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - K M Martinovich
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - E Kicic-Starcevich
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - N C Shaw
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - E N Sutanto
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - D A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A Kicic
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Occupation and Environment, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - S M Stick
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA, Australia
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29
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Xi Y, Troy NM, Anderson D, Pena OM, Lynch JP, Phipps S, Bosco A, Upham JW. Critical Role of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Regulating Gene Expression and Innate Immune Responses to Human Rhinovirus-16. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1351. [PMID: 29118754 PMCID: PMC5660993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Though human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are usually innocuous viruses, they can trigger serious consequences in certain individuals, especially in the setting of impaired interferon (IFN) synthesis. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are key IFN producing cells, though we know little about the role of pDC in HRV-induced immune responses. Herein, we used gene expression microarrays to examine HRV-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy people, in combination with pDC depletion, to assess whether observed gene expression patterns were pDC dependent. As expected, pDC depletion led to a major reduction in IFN-α release. This was associated with profound differences in gene expression between intact PBMC and pDC-depleted PBMC, and major changes in upstream regulators: 70–80% of the HRV activated genes appeared to be pDC dependent. Real-time PCR confirmed key changes in gene expression, in which the following selected genes were shown to be highly pDC dependent: the transcription factor IRF7, both IL-27 chains (IL-27p28 and EBI3), the alpha chain of the IL-15 receptor (IL-15RA) and the IFN-related gene IFI27. HRV-induced IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-27 protein synthesis were also highly pDC dependent. Supplementing pDC-depleted cultures with recombinant IL-15, IFN-γ, IL-27, or IL-6 was able to restore the IFN-α response, thereby compensating for the absence of pDC. Though pDC comprise only a minority population of migratory leukocytes, our findings highlight the profound extent to which these cells contribute to the immune response to HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xi
- Lung and Allergy Research Center, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Niamh M Troy
- Systems Immunology, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Denise Anderson
- Systems Immunology, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Olga M Pena
- Lung and Allergy Research Center, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason P Lynch
- Respiratory Immunology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon Phipps
- Respiratory Immunology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Systems Immunology, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - John W Upham
- Lung and Allergy Research Center, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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30
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Perng DW, Chen PK. The Relationship between Airway Inflammation and Exacerbation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2017; 80:325-335. [PMID: 28905537 PMCID: PMC5617848 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2017.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with abnormal inflammatory response and airflow limitation. Acute exacerbation involves increased inflammatory burden leading to worsening respiratory symptoms, including dyspnea and sputum production. Some COPD patients have frequent exacerbations (two or more exacerbations per year). A substantial proportion of COPD patients may remain stable without exacerbation. Bacterial and viral infections are the most common causative factors that breach airway stability and lead to exacerbation. The increasing prevalence of exacerbation is associated with deteriorating lung function, hospitalization, and risk of death. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of airway inflammation in COPD and discuss how bacterial or viral infection, temperature, air pollution, eosinophilic inflammation, and concomitant chronic diseases increase airway inflammation and the risk of exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diahn Warng Perng
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pei Ku Chen
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Shariff S, Shelfoon C, Holden NS, Traves SL, Wiehler S, Kooi C, Proud D, Leigh R. Human Rhinovirus Infection of Epithelial Cells Modulates Airway Smooth Muscle Migration. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56:796-803. [PMID: 28257236 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0252oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway remodeling, a characteristic feature of asthma, begins in early life. Recurrent human rhinovirus (HRV) infections are a potential inciting stimulus for remodeling. One component of airway remodeling is an increase in airway smooth muscle cell (ASMC) mass with a greater proximity of the ASMCs to the airway epithelium. We asked whether human bronchial epithelial cells infected with HRV produced mediators that are chemotactic for ASMCs. ASMC migration was investigated using the modified Boyden Chamber and the xCELLigence Real-Time Cell Analyzer (ACEA Biosciences Inc., San Diego, CA). Multiplex bead analysis was used to measure HRV-induced epithelial chemokine release. The chemotactic effects of CCL5, CXCL8, and CXCL10 were also examined. Supernatants from HRV-infected epithelial cells caused ASMC chemotaxis. Pretreatment of ASMCs with pertussis toxin abrogated chemotaxis, as did treatment with formoterol, forskolin, or 8-bromo-cAMP. CCL5, CXCL8, and CXCL10 were the most up-regulated chemokines produced by HRV-infected airway epithelial cells. When recombinant CCL5, CXCL8, and CXCL10 were used at levels found in epithelial supernatants, they induced ASMC chemotaxis similar to that seen with epithelial cell supernatants. When examined individually, CCL5 was the most effective chemokine in causing ASMC migration, and treatment of supernatant from HRV-infected epithelial cells with anti-CCL5 antibodies significantly attenuated ASMC migration. These findings suggest that HRV-induced CCL5 can induce ASMC chemotaxis and thus may contribute to the pathogenesis of airway remodeling in patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Shariff
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher Shelfoon
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Neil S Holden
- 2 School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom; and
| | - Suzanne L Traves
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shahina Wiehler
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cora Kooi
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Proud
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Leigh
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,3 Department of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Minor DM, Proud D. Role of human rhinovirus in triggering human airway epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Respir Res 2017; 18:110. [PMID: 28558698 PMCID: PMC5450126 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Structural changes in the airways, collectively referred to as airway remodeling, are a characteristic feature of asthma, and are now known to begin in early life. Human rhinovirus (HRV)-induced wheezing illnesses during early life are a potential inciting stimulus for remodeling. Increased deposition of matrix proteins causes thickening of the lamina reticularis, which is a well-recognized component of airway remodeling. Increased matrix protein deposition is believed to be due to the presence of increased numbers of activated mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts/myofibroblasts) in the subepithelial region of asthmatic airways. The origin of these increased mesenchymal cells is not clear, but one potential contributor is the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We hypothesized that HRV infection may help to induce EMT. Methods We used the BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells line, which uniformly expresses the major group HRV receptor, to examine the effects of stimulation with HRV alone, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), alone, and the combination, on induction of changes consistent with EMT. Western blotting was used to examine expression of epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypic marker proteins and selected signaling molecules. Cell morphology was also examined. Results In this study, we show that two different strains of HRV, which use two different cellular receptors, are each capable of triggering phenotypic changes consistent with EMT. Moreover, both HRV serotypes synergistically induced changes consistent with EMT when used in the presence of TGF-β1. Morphological changes were also most pronounced with the combination of HRV and TGF-β1. Viral replication was not essential for phenotypic changes. The synergistic interactions between HRV and TGF-β1 were mediated, at least in part, via activation of mitogen activated protein kinase pathways, and via induction of the transcription factor SLUG. Conclusions These data support a role for HRV in the induction of EMT, which may contribute to matrix protein deposition and thickening of the lamina reticularis in airways of patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Minor
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, HRIC 4C50-54, 3280 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - David Proud
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, HRIC 4AC60, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
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GM-CSF produced by the airway epithelium is required for sensitization to cockroach allergen. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:705-715. [PMID: 27731325 PMCID: PMC5389932 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells are among the first to encounter inhaled allergens and can initiate allergic responses by producing pro-Th2 innate cytokines. In this study, we investigated the role of epithelial-derived cytokines in sensitization to a clinically relevant allergen, cockroach allergen (CRA). Among the epithelial-derived cytokines, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) had a central role in the initiation of Th2 allergic responses to CRA. We show that initial exposure to CRA directly activated airway epithelial cells through a TLR4-MyD88-dependent pathway and MyD88 signaling in epithelial cells induced upregulation of GM-CSF during sensitization. Epithelial-derived GM-CSF was required for allergic sensitization and selectively restored Th2 responses in the absence of MyD88. Thus, we demonstrate that epithelial-derived GM-CSF is a critical early signal during allergic sensitization to CRA.
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Maciejewski BA, Jamieson KC, Arnason JW, Kooi C, Wiehler S, Traves SL, Leigh R, Proud D. Rhinovirus-bacteria coexposure synergistically induces CCL20 production from human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L731-L740. [PMID: 28283475 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00362.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are triggered by viral or bacterial pathogens, with human rhinovirus (HRV) and nontypeable Hemophilus influenzae (NTHI) among the most commonly detected pathogens. Patients who suffer from concomitant viral and bacterial infection have more severe exacerbations. The airway epithelial cell is the initial site of viral and bacterial interactions, and CCL20 is an epithelial chemokine that attracts immature dendritic cells to the airways and can act as an antimicrobial. As such, it contributes to innate and adaptive immune responses to infection. We used primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells and the BEAS-2B cell line to examine the effects of bacterial-viral coexposure, as well as each stimulus alone, on epithelial expression of CXCL8 and, in particular, CCL20. HRV-bacterial coexposure induced synergistic production of CXCL8 and CCL20 compared with the sum of each stimulus alone. Synergistic induction of CCL20 did not require viral replication and occurred with two different HRV serotypes that use different viral receptors. Synergy was also seen with either NTHI or Pseudomonas aeruginosa Synergistic induction of CCL20 was transcriptionally regulated. Although NF-κB was required for transcription, it did not regulate synergy, but NF-IL-6 did appear to contribute. Among MAPK inhibitors studied, neither SB203580 nor PD98059 had any effect on synergy, whereas U0126 prevented synergistic induction of CCL20 by HRV and bacteria, apparently via "off-target" effects. Thus bacterial-viral coexposure synergistically increases innate immune responses compared with individual infections. We speculate that this increased inflammatory response leads to worse clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Maciejewski
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Kyla C Jamieson
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Jason W Arnason
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Cora Kooi
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Shahina Wiehler
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Suzanne L Traves
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Richard Leigh
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and.,Department of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Proud
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
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Looi K, Troy NM, Garratt LW, Iosifidis T, Bosco A, Buckley AG, Ling KM, Martinovich KM, Kicic-Starcevich E, Shaw NC, Sutanto EN, Zosky GR, Rigby PJ, Larcombe AN, Knight DA, Kicic A, Stick SM. Effect of human rhinovirus infection on airway epithelium tight junction protein disassembly and transepithelial permeability. Exp Lung Res 2016; 42:380-395. [PMID: 27726456 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2016.1235237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE No studies have assessed the effects of human rhinovirus (HRV) infection on epithelial tight junctions (TJs) and resultant barrier function. AIM OF THE STUDY To correlate viral infection with TJ disassembly, epithelial barrier integrity, and function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human airway epithelial cells were infected with HRV minor serotype 1B (HRV-1B) at various 50% tissue culture infectivity doses (TCID50) over 72 hours. HRV replication was assessed by quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) while cell viability and apoptosis were assessed by proliferation and apoptotic assays, respectively. Protein expression of claudin-1, occludin, and zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) was assessed using In-Cell™ Western assays. Transepithelial permeability assays were performed to assess effects on barrier functionality. RT2 Profiler focused qPCR arrays and pathway analysis evaluating associations between human TJ and antiviral response were performed to identify potential interactions and pathways between genes of interests. RESULTS HRV-1B infection affected viability that was both time and TCID50 dependent. Significant increases in apoptosis and viral replication post-infection correlated with viral titer. Viral infection significantly decreased claudin-1 protein expression at the lower TCID50, while a significant decrease in all three TJ protein expressions occurred at higher TCID50. Decrease in protein expression was concomitant with significant increases in epithelial permeability of fluorescein isothiocynate labeled-dextran 4 and 20 kDa. Analysis of focused qPCR arrays demonstrated a significant decrease in ZO-1 gene expression. Furthermore, network analysis between human TJ and antiviral response genes revealed possible interactions and regulation of TJ genes via interleukin (IL)-15 in response to HRV-1B infection. CONCLUSION HRV-1B infection directly alters human airway epithelial TJ expression leading to increased epithelial permeability potentially via an antiviral response of IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Looi
- a School of Paediatrics and Child Health , The University of Western Australia , Nedlands , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Niamh M Troy
- b Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Luke W Garratt
- a School of Paediatrics and Child Health , The University of Western Australia , Nedlands , Western Australia , Australia.,b Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Thomas Iosifidis
- a School of Paediatrics and Child Health , The University of Western Australia , Nedlands , Western Australia , Australia.,c Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine , School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia , Nedlands , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- b Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Alysia G Buckley
- d Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Kak-Ming Ling
- b Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Kelly M Martinovich
- b Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Elizabeth Kicic-Starcevich
- b Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Nicole C Shaw
- b Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Erika N Sutanto
- b Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Western Australia , Australia.,e Department of Respiratory Medicine , Princess Margaret Hospital for Children , Perth , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Graeme R Zosky
- f School of Medicine, Faculty of Health , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Tasmania , Australia
| | - Paul J Rigby
- d Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Alexander N Larcombe
- b Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- g School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , New South Wales , Australia.,h Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease , Hunter Medical Research Institute , Newcastle , New South Wales , Australia.,i Department of Anesthesiology , Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Anthony Kicic
- a School of Paediatrics and Child Health , The University of Western Australia , Nedlands , Western Australia , Australia.,b Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Western Australia , Australia.,c Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine , School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia , Nedlands , Western Australia , Australia.,e Department of Respiratory Medicine , Princess Margaret Hospital for Children , Perth , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Stephen M Stick
- a School of Paediatrics and Child Health , The University of Western Australia , Nedlands , Western Australia , Australia.,b Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Western Australia , Australia.,c Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine , School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia , Nedlands , Western Australia , Australia.,e Department of Respiratory Medicine , Princess Margaret Hospital for Children , Perth , Western Australia , Australia
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Schönrich G, Raftery MJ. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Go Viral. Front Immunol 2016; 7:366. [PMID: 27698656 PMCID: PMC5027205 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most numerous immune cells. Their importance as the first line of defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens is well described. In contrast, the role of neutrophils in controlling viral infections is less clear. Bacterial and fungal pathogens can stimulate neutrophils extracellular traps (NETs) in a process called NETosis. Although NETosis has previously been described as a special form of programmed cell death, there are forms of NET production that do not end with the demise of neutrophils. As an end result of NETosis, genomic DNA complexed with microbicidal proteins is expelled from neutrophils. These structures can kill pathogens or at least prevent their local spread within host tissue. On the other hand, disproportionate NET formation can cause local or systemic damage. Only recently, it was recognized that viruses can also induce NETosis. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which NETs are produced in the context of viral infection and how this may contribute to both antiviral immunity and immunopathology. Finally, we shed light on viral immune evasion mechanisms targeting NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Schönrich
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Martin J Raftery
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
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Yamaya M, Nomura K, Arakawa K, Nishimura H, Lusamba Kalonji N, Kubo H, Nagatomi R, Kawase T. Increased rhinovirus replication in nasal mucosa cells in allergic subjects is associated with increased ICAM-1 levels and endosomal acidification and is inhibited by L-carbocisteine. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2016; 4:166-181. [PMID: 27957326 PMCID: PMC4879463 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Increased viral replication and cytokine production may be associated with the pathogenesis of asthma attacks in rhinovirus (RV) infections. However, the association between increased RV replication and enhanced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), a receptor for a major RV group, in airway epithelial cells has remained unclear. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of mucolytics, which have clinical benefits in asthmatic subjects, are uncertain. Human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells were infected with type 14 rhinovirus (RV14), a major RV group. RV14 titers and cytokine concentrations, including interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐8, in supernatants, RV14 RNA replication and susceptibility to RV14 infection were higher in HNE cells obtained from subjects in the allergic group (allergic subjects) than in those from subjects in the non‐allergic group (non‐allergic subjects). ICAM‐1 expression and the number and fluorescence intensity of acidic endosomes from which RV14 RNA enters the cytoplasm were higher in HNE cells from allergic subjects, though substantial amounts of interferon (IFN)‐γ and IFN‐λ were not detected in the supernatant. The abundance of p50 and p65 subunits of transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) in nuclear extracts of the cells from allergic subjects was higher compared to non‐allergic subjects, and an inhibitor of NF‐κB, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, reduced the fluorescence intensity of acidic endosomes as well as RV titers and RNA. Furthermore, a mucolytic agent, L‐carbocisteine, reduced RV14 titers and RNA levels, cytokine release, ICAM‐1 expression, the fluorescence intensity of acidic endosomes, and NF‐κB activation. The increased RV14 replication observed in HNE cells from allergic subjects might be partly associated with enhanced ICAM‐1 expression and decreased endosomal pH through NF‐κB activation. L‐Carbocisteine inhibits RV14 infection by reducing ICAM‐1 and acidic endosomes and may, therefore, modulate airway inflammation caused by RV infection in allergic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuo Yamaya
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nomura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Kazuya Arakawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division Sendai Medical Center Sendai 983-8520 Japan
| | - Nadine Lusamba Kalonji
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kubo
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Ryoichi Nagatomi
- Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Kawase
- Laboratory of Rehabilitative Auditory Science Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering Sendai 980-8575 Japan
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Therapeutic and prophylactic activity of itraconazole against human rhinovirus infection in a murine model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23110. [PMID: 26976677 PMCID: PMC4791555 DOI: 10.1038/srep23110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV) is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold. There is a need for appropriate vaccines or therapeutic agents to treat HRV infection. In this study, we investigated whether itraconazole (ICZ) can protect cells from HRV-induced cytotoxicity. Replication of HRV1B was reduced by ICZ treatment in the lungs of HRV1B- as compared to vehicle-treated mice. The numbers of immune cells, including granulocytes and monocytes, were reduced in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by ICZ administration after HRV1B infection, corresponding to decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels in BALF. A histological analysis of lung tissue showed that ICZ suppressed inflammation caused by HRV1B infection. Interestingly, pretreatment of mice with ICZ in the form of a nasal spray had potent prophylactic antiviral activity. Cholesterol accumulation in the plasma membrane was observed upon HRV infection; ICZ blocked cholesterol trafficking to the plasma membrane, as well as resulted in its accumulation in subcellular compartments near the nucleus. These findings suggest that ICZ is a potential antiviral agent for the treatment of HRV infection, which can be adopted preventatively as well as therapeutically.
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Shelfoon C, Shariff S, Traves SL, Kooi C, Leigh R, Proud D. Chemokine release from human rhinovirus-infected airway epithelial cells promotes fibroblast migration. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:114-122.e4. [PMID: 26883463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thickening of the lamina reticularis, a feature of remodeling in the asthmatic airways, is now known to be present in young children who wheeze. Human rhinovirus (HRV) infection is a common trigger for childhood wheezing, which is a risk factor for subsequent asthma development. We hypothesized that HRV-infected epithelial cells release chemoattractants to recruit fibroblasts that could potentially contribute to thickening of the lamina reticularis. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate whether conditioned medium from HRV-infected epithelial cells can trigger directed migration of fibroblasts. METHODS Human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to medium alone or infected with HRV-16. Conditioned medium from both conditions were tested as chemoattractants for human bronchial fibroblasts in the xCELLigence cell migration apparatus. RESULTS HRV-conditioned medium was chemotactic for fibroblasts. Treatment of fibroblasts with pertussis toxin, an inhibitor of Gαi-coupled receptors, prevented their migration. Production of epithelial chemoattractants required HRV replication. Multiplex analysis of epithelial supernatants identified CXCL10, CXCL8, and CCL5 as Gαi-coupled receptor agonists of potential interest. Subsequent analysis confirmed that fibroblasts express CXCR3 and CXCR1 receptors and that CXCL10 and, to a lesser extent, CXCL8, but not CCL5, are major contributors to fibroblast migration caused by HRV-conditioned medium. CONCLUSION CXCL10 and CXCL8 produced from HRV-infected epithelial cells are chemotactic for fibroblasts. This raises the possibility that repeated HRV infections in childhood could contribute to the initiation and progression of airway remodeling in asthmatic patients by recruiting fibroblasts that produce matrix proteins and thicken the lamina reticularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Shelfoon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sami Shariff
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Suzanne L Traves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cora Kooi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Leigh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Proud
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Graser A, Ekici AB, Sopel N, Melichar VO, Zimmermann T, Papadopoulos NG, Taka S, Ferrazzi F, Vuorinen T, Finotto S. Rhinovirus inhibits IL-17A and the downstream immune responses in allergic asthma. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1183-92. [PMID: 26732679 PMCID: PMC7099698 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is known to mediate antimicrobial activity, but its role during rhinovirus (RV) infections and in asthma needs further investigation. Therefore, we addressed the role of IL-17A during allergic asthma and antiviral immune response in human and murine immunocompetent cells. In this study we found that asthmatic children with a RV infection in their upper airways have upregulated mRNA levels of the antiviral cytokine interferon type I (IFN)-β and the transcription factor T-box 21 (TBX21) and reduced levels of IL-17A protein in their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We also found that IL-17A inhibited RV1b replication in infected human lung epithelial cells A549. Furthermore, by using gene array analysis we discovered that targeted deletion of Il17a in murine lung CD4(+) T cells impaired Oas1g mRNA downstream of Ifnβ, independently from RV infection. Additionally, in PBMCs of children with a RV infection in their nasalpharyngeal fluid OAS1 gene expression was found downregulated. Finally RV1b inhibited IL-17A production in lung CD4(+) T cells in a setting of experimental asthma. These results indicate that the RV1b inhibits IL-17A in T helper type 17 cells and IL-17A clears RV1b infection in epithelial cells. In both cases IL-17A contributes to fend off RV1b infection by inducing genes downstream of interferon type I pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Graser
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Department of Molecular Pneumology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - A B Ekici
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Institute of Humangenetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - N Sopel
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Department of Molecular Pneumology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - V O Melichar
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Paediatric Pneumology-Allergology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Zimmermann
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Paediatric Pneumology-Allergology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - N G Papadopoulos
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - S Taka
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - F Ferrazzi
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Institute of Humangenetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Vuorinen
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - S Finotto
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Department of Molecular Pneumology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Simpson JL, Carroll M, Yang IA, Reynolds PN, Hodge S, James AL, Gibson PG, Upham JW. Reduced Antiviral Interferon Production in Poorly Controlled Asthma Is Associated With Neutrophilic Inflammation and High-Dose Inhaled Corticosteroids. Chest 2015; 149:704-13. [PMID: 26836898 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory disease in which host defense against respiratory viruses such as human rhinovirus (HRV) may be abnormal. This is a matter of some controversy, with some investigators reporting reduced type I interferon (IFN) synthesis and others suggesting that type I IFN synthesis is relatively normal in asthma. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the responsiveness of circulating mononuclear cells to HRV in a large cohort of participants with poorly controlled asthma and determine whether IFN-α and IFN-β synthesis varies across different inflammatory phenotypes. METHODS Eligible adults with asthma (n = 86) underwent clinical assessment, sputum induction, and blood sampling. Asthma inflammatory subtypes were defined by sputum cell count, and supernatant assessed for IL-1β. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were exposed to HRV serotype 1b, and IFN-α and IFN-β release was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Participants (mean age, 59 years; atopy, 76%) had suboptimal asthma control (mean asthma control questionnaire 6, 1.7). In those with neutrophilic asthma (n = 12), HRV1b-stimulated PBMCs produced significantly less IFN-α than PBMCs from participants with eosinophilic (n = 35) and paucigranulocytic asthma (n = 35). Sputum neutrophil proportion and the dose of inhaled corticosteroids were independent predictors of reduced IFN-α production after HRV1b exposure. CONCLUSIONS Antiviral type I IFN production is impaired in those with neutrophilic airway inflammation and in those prescribed high doses of inhaled corticosteroids. Our study is an important step toward identifying those with poorly controlled asthma who might respond best to inhaled IFN therapy during exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie L Simpson
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
| | - Melanie Carroll
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian A Yang
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Department of Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul N Reynolds
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Lung Research Laboratory, Hanson Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sandra Hodge
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Lung Research Laboratory, Hanson Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alan L James
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Peter G Gibson
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John W Upham
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Resveratrol inhibits rhinovirus replication and expression of inflammatory mediators in nasal epithelia. Antiviral Res 2015; 123:15-21. [PMID: 26296578 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRV), the cause of common colds, are the most frequent precipitants of acute exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as causes of other serious respiratory diseases. No vaccine or antiviral agents are available for the prevention or treatment of HRV infection. Resveratrol exerts antiviral effect against different DNA and RNA viruses. The antiviral effect of a new resveratrol formulation containing carboxymethylated glucan was analyzed in H1HeLa cell monolayers and ex vivo nasal epithelia infected with HRV-16. Virus yield was evaluated by plaque assay and expression of viral capsid proteins by Western blot. IL-10, IFN-β, IL-6, IL-8 and RANTES levels were evaluated by ELISA assay. ICAM-1 was assessed by Western blot and immunofluorescence. Resveratrol exerted a high, dose-dependent, antiviral activity against HRV-16 replication and reduced virus-induced secretion of IL-6, IL-8 and RANTES to levels similar to that of uninfected nasal epithelia. Basal levels of IL-6 and RANTES were also significantly reduced in uninfected epithelia confirming an anti-inflammatory effect of the compound. HRV-induced expression of ICAM-1 was reversed by resveratrol. Resveratrol may be useful for a therapeutic approach to reduce HRV replication and virus-induced cytokine/chemokine production.
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Saturni S, Contoli M, Spanevello A, Papi A. Models of Respiratory Infections: Virus-Induced Asthma Exacerbations and Beyond. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2015; 7:525-33. [PMID: 26333698 PMCID: PMC4605924 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2015.7.6.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections are one of the main health problems worldwide. They are a challenging field of study due to an intricate relationship between the pathogenicity of microbes and the host's defenses. To better understand mechanisms of respiratory infections, different models have been developed. A model is the reproduction of a disease in a system that mimics human pathophysiology. For this reason, the best models should closely resemble real-life conditions. Thus, the human model is the best. However, human models of respiratory infections have some disadvantages that limit their role. Therefore, other models, including animal, in vitro, and mathematical ones, have been developed. We will discuss advantages and limitations of available models and focus on models of viral infections as triggers of asthma exacerbations, viral infections being one of the most frequent causes of exacerbating disease. Future studies should focus on the interrelation of various models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Saturni
- Section of Respiratory Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Contoli
- Section of Respiratory Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonio Spanevello
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Fondazione Maugeri, Tradate, University of Varese, Italy
| | - Alberto Papi
- Section of Respiratory Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Lappas M. Double stranded viral RNA induces inflammation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle from pregnant women in vitro. Metabolism 2015; 64:642-53. [PMID: 25707553 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal peripheral insulin resistance and increased inflammation are two features of pregnancies complicated by pre-existing maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). There is now increasing evidence that activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling pathways by viral products may play a role in the pathophysiology of diabetes. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of the TLR3 ligand and viral dsRNA analogue polyinosinic polycytidilic acid (poly(I:C)) on inflammation and the insulin signalling pathway in skeletal muscle from pregnant women. MATERIALS/METHODS Human skeletal muscle tissue explants were performed to determine the effect of poly(I:C) on the expression and secretion of markers of inflammation, and the insulin signalling pathway and glucose uptake. RESULTS Poly(I:C) significantly increased the expression of a number of inflammatory markers in skeletal muscle from pregnant women. Specifically, there was an increase in the expression and/or secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, and IL-6 and the pro-inflammatory chemokines IL-8 and MCP-1. These effect of poly(I:C) appear to mediated via a number of signalling molecules including the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB, and the serine threonine kinases GSK3 and AMPKα. Additionally, poly(I:C) decreased insulin stimulated GLUT-4 expression and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle from pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro data presented in this study suggests that viral infection may contribute to the pathophysiology of pregnancies complicated by pre-existing maternal obesity and/or GDM. It should be noted that the in vitro studies cannot be directly used to infer the same outcomes in the intact subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Lappas
- Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
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Rohde G, Message SD, Haas JJ, Kebadze T, Parker H, Laza-Stanca V, Khaitov MR, Kon OM, Stanciu LA, Mallia P, Edwards MR, Johnston SL. CXC chemokines and antimicrobial peptides in rhinovirus-induced experimental asthma exacerbations. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 44:930-9. [PMID: 24673807 PMCID: PMC4403958 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the major triggers of asthma exacerbations. We have shown previously that lower respiratory tract symptoms, airflow obstruction, and neutrophilic airway inflammation were increased in experimental RV-induced asthma exacerbations. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that neutrophil-related CXC chemokines and antimicrobial peptides are increased and related to clinical, virologic, and pathologic outcomes in RV-induced exacerbations of asthma. METHODS Protein levels of antimicrobial peptides (SLPI, HNP 1-3, elafin, and LL-37) and neutrophil chemokines (CXCL1/GRO-α, CXCL2/GRO-β, CXCL5/ENA-78, CXCL6/GCP-2, CXCL7/NAP-2, and CXCL8/IL-8) were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of 10 asthmatics and 15 normal controls taken before, at day four during and 6 weeks post-experimental infection. RESULTS BAL HNP 1-3 and Elafin were higher, CXCL7/NAP-2 was lower in asthmatics compared with controls at day 4 (P = 0.035, P = 0.048, and P = 0.025, respectively). BAL HNP 1-3 and CXCL8/IL-8 were increased during infection (P = 0.003 and P = 0.011, respectively). There was a trend to increased BAL neutrophils at day 4 compared with baseline (P = 0.076). BAL HNP 1-3 was positively correlated with BAL neutrophil numbers at day 4. There were no correlations between clinical parameters and HNP1-3 or IL-8 levels. CONCLUSIONS We propose that RV infection in asthma leads to increased release of CXCL8/IL-8, attracting neutrophils into the airways where they release HNP 1-3, which further enhances airway neutrophilia. Strategies to inhibit CXCL8/IL-8 may be useful in treatment of virus-induced asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rohde
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma & Centre for Respiratory Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Leigh R, Proud D. Virus-induced modulation of lower airway diseases: pathogenesis and pharmacologic approaches to treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:185-98. [PMID: 25550230 PMCID: PMC7173263 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Uncomplicated upper respiratory viral infections are the most common cause of days lost from work and school and exert a major economic burden. In susceptible individuals, however, common respiratory viruses, particularly human rhinoviruses, also can have a major impact on diseases that involve the lower airways, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) and cystic fibrosis (CF). Respiratory virus-induced wheezing illnesses in early life are a significant risk factor for the subsequent development of asthma, and virus infections may also play a role in the development and progression of airway remodeling in asthma. It is clear that upper respiratory tract virus infections can spread to the lower airway and trigger acute attacks of asthma, COPD or CF. These exacerbations can be life-threatening, and exert an enormous burden on health care systems. In recent years we have gained new insights into the mechanisms by which respiratory viruses may induce acute exacerbations of lower airway diseases, as well as into host defense pathways that may regulate the outcomes to viral infections. In the current article we review the role of viruses in lower airway diseases, including our current understanding on pathways by which they may cause remodeling and trigger acute exacerbations. We also review the efficacy of current and emerging therapies used to treat these lower airway diseases on the outcomes due to viral infection, and discuss alternative therapeutic approaches for the management of virus-induced airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Leigh
- Airway Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Canada; Airway Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Canada
| | - David Proud
- Airway Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Canada.
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Pritchard AL, White OJ, Burel JG, Carroll ML, Phipps S, Upham JW. Asthma is associated with multiple alterations in anti-viral innate signalling pathways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106501. [PMID: 25203745 PMCID: PMC4159236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinovirus (HRV) infection is a major trigger for asthma exacerbations. Anti-viral immunity appears to be abnormal in asthma, with immune dysfunction reported in both airway structural cells and migratory, bone marrow derived cells. Though decreased capacity to produce anti-viral interferons (IFNs) has been reported in asthma, a detailed analysis of the molecular events involved has not been undertaken. OBJECTIVE To compare the molecular pathway controlling type I IFN synthesis in HRV-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from asthmatic and healthy subjects. METHODS PBMC from 22 allergic asthmatics and 20 healthy donors were cultured with HRV for 24 hours. Multiple components of the Toll-like receptor (TLR), IFN regulatory and NFκβ pathways were compared at the mRNA and protein level. RESULTS Multiple deficiencies in the innate immune response to HRV were identified in asthma, with significantly lower expression of IFNα, IFNβ and interferon stimulated genes than in healthy subjects. This was accompanied by reduced expression of intra-cellular signalling molecules including interferon regulatory factors (IRF1, IRF7), NF-κB family members (p50, p52, p65 and IκKα) and STAT1, and by reduced responsiveness to TLR7/TLR8 activation. These observations could not be attributed to alterations in the numbers of dendritic cell (DC) subsets in asthma or baseline expression of the viral RNA sensing receptors TLR7/TLR8. In healthy subjects, blocking the activity of type-I IFN or depleting plasmacytoid DC recapitulated many of the abnormalities observed in asthma. CONCLUSIONS Multiple abnormalities in innate anti-viral signalling pathways were identified in asthma, with deficiencies in both IFN-dependent and IFN-independent molecules identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia L. Pritchard
- Lung and Allergy Research Group, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Olivia J. White
- Lung and Allergy Research Group, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Julie G. Burel
- Lung and Allergy Research Group, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Melanie L. Carroll
- Lung and Allergy Research Group, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon Phipps
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John W. Upham
- Lung and Allergy Research Group, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Zaheer RS, Wiehler S, Hudy MH, Traves SL, Pelikan JB, Leigh R, Proud D. Human rhinovirus-induced ISG15 selectively modulates epithelial antiviral immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:1127-38. [PMID: 24448099 PMCID: PMC4137743 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV) infections trigger exacerbations of lower airway diseases. HRV infects human airway epithelial cells and induces proinflammatory and antiviral molecules that regulate the response to HRV infection. Interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene of 15 kDa (ISG15) has been shown to regulate other viruses. We now show that HRV-16 infection induces both intracellular epithelial ISG15 expression and ISG15 secretion in vitro. Moreover, ISG15 protein levels increased in nasal secretions of subjects with symptomatic HRV infections. HRV-16-induced ISG15 expression is transcriptionally regulated via an IFN regulatory factor pathway. ISG15 does not directly alter HRV replication but does modulate immune signaling via the viral sensor protein RIG-I to impact production of CXCL10, which has been linked to innate immunity to viruses. Extracellular ISG15 also alters CXCL10 production. We conclude that ISG15 has a complex role in host defense against HRV infection, and that additional studies are needed to clarify the role of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Zaheer
- Airway Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Wiehler
- Airway Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - M H Hudy
- Airway Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S L Traves
- Airway Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - J B Pelikan
- Airway Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - R Leigh
- Airway Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Airway Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - D Proud
- Airway Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,()
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Human rhinovirus 16 causes Golgi apparatus fragmentation without blocking protein secretion. J Virol 2014; 88:11671-85. [PMID: 25100828 PMCID: PMC4178721 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01170-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The replication of picornaviruses has been described to cause fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus that blocks the secretory pathway. The inhibition of major histocompatibility complex class I upregulation and cytokine, chemokine and interferon secretion may have important implications for host defense. Previous studies have shown that disruption of the secretory pathway can be replicated by expression of individual nonstructural proteins; however the situation with different serotypes of human rhinovirus (HRV) is unclear. The expression of 3A protein from HRV14 or HRV2 did not cause Golgi apparatus disruption or a block in secretion, whereas other studies showed that infection of cells with HRV1A did cause Golgi apparatus disruption which was replicated by the expression of 3A. HRV16 is the serotype most widely used in clinical HRV challenge studies; consequently, to address the issue of Golgi apparatus disruption for HRV16, we have systematically and quantitatively examined the effect of HRV16 on both Golgi apparatus fragmentation and protein secretion in HeLa cells. First, we expressed each individual nonstructural protein and examined their cellular localization and their disruption of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus architecture. We quantified their effects on the secretory pathway by measuring secretion of the reporter protein Gaussia luciferase. Finally, we examined the same outcomes following infection of cells with live virus. We demonstrate that expression of HRV16 3A and 3AB and, to a lesser extent, 2B caused dispersal of the Golgi structure, and these three nonstructural proteins also inhibited protein secretion. The infection of cells with HRV16 also caused significant Golgi apparatus dispersal; however, this did not result in the inhibition of protein secretion. IMPORTANCE The ability of replicating picornaviruses to influence the function of the secretory pathway has important implications for host defense. However, there appear to be differences between different members of the family and inconsistent results when comparing infection with live virus to expression of individual nonstructural proteins. We demonstrate that individual nonstructural HRV16 proteins, when expressed in HeLa cells, can both fragment the Golgi apparatus and block secretion, whereas viral infection fragments the Golgi apparatus without blocking secretion. This has major implications for how we interpret mechanistic evidence derived from the expression of single viral proteins.
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50
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Pulmonary embolism without deep venous thrombosis: De novo or missed deep venous thrombosis? J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014; 76:1270-4. [PMID: 24747459 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary embolus (PE) is thought to arise from a deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Recent data suggest that PE can present without DVT, inferring that PE can originate de novo (DNPE). We examined the relationship between DVT and PE in trauma patients screened for DVT with duplex sonography (DS). We sought to validate the incidence of PE without evidence of DVT and to examine the clinical significance of this entity. METHODS We reviewed the medical records of all trauma patients from July 2006 to December 2011 with PE who also had serial surveillance DS (groin to ankle). Demographics, severity of injury, interventions, signs and symptoms of PE, as well as chest computerized tomography findings were collected. Patients with no DS evidence of DVT either before or within 48 hours of PE diagnosis (DNPE) were compared with those with DVT (PE + DVT). RESULTS Of 11,330 patients evaluated by the trauma service, 2,881 patients received at least one DS. PE occurred in 31 of these patients (1.08%): 19 (61%) were DNPE, and 12 (39%) were PE + DVT. Compared with patients with PE + DVT, patients with DNPE were significantly younger and had more rib fractures, pulmonary contusions, infections, pulmonary symptoms, and peripherally located PEs on computerized tomography. CONCLUSION This is the first report of the clinical course of DNPE without embolic origin in a population with comprehensive duplex surveillance. In our series, DNPE seems to be more prevalent after trauma, to be clinically distinct from PE following DVT, and to likely represent a local response to injury or inflammation; however, further research is warranted to fully understand the pathophysiology of DNPE. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Care management study, level III.
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