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Zeleznik OA, Irvin SR, Samimi G, Trabert B. The Role of Statins in the Prevention of Ovarian and Endometrial Cancers. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2023; 16:191-197. [PMID: 37009709 PMCID: PMC10405632 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-22-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian and endometrial cancers are the most common gynecologic malignancies and emerging evidence suggests that lipid metabolism and subsequent inflammation are important etiologic factors for both tumors. Statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are the most widely prescribed lipid-lowering drugs in the United States and are used by 25% of adults aged 40+ years. In addition to their cardio-protective actions, statins have anti-inflammatory effects and have demonstrated antiproliferative and apoptotic properties in cancer cell lines, supporting a potential role in cancer prevention. To appropriately quantify potential public health impact of statin use for cancer prevention, there is a great need to understand the potential risk reduction among individuals at a higher risk of gynecologic cancers, the group that will likely need to be targeted to effectively balance risk/benefit of medications repurposed for cancer prevention. In this commentary, we focus on summarizing emerging evidence suggesting that the anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering mechanisms of statins may provide important cancer-preventive benefits for gynecologic cancers as well as outline important unanswered questions and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana A Zeleznik
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sarah R Irvin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Goli Samimi
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Britton Trabert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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2
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Takada K, Kashiwagi S, Iimori N, Kouhashi R, Yabumoto A, Goto W, Asano Y, Tauchi Y, Morisaki T, Ogisawa K, Shibutani M, Tanaka H, Maeda K. Impact of oral statin therapy on clinical outcomes in patients with cT1 breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:224. [PMID: 36894884 PMCID: PMC9999569 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10631-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A previous meta-analysis examining the relationship between statin use and breast cancer reported that the inhibitory effect of statins on breast cancer may be more pronounced in early-stage cases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of hyperlipidemia treatment at the time of breast cancer diagnosis and to examine its correlation with metastasis to axillary lymph nodes among patients with so-called cT1 breast cancer whose primary lesion was 2 cm or less and was pathologically evaluated by sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection. We also investigated the effects of hyperlipidemic drugs on the prognosis of patients with early-stage breast cancer. METHODS After excluding cases that did not meet the criteria, we analyzed data from 719 patients who were diagnosed with breast cancer, with a primary lesion of 2 cm or less identified by preoperative imaging, and who underwent surgery without preoperative chemotherapy. RESULTS Regarding hyperlipidemia drugs, no correlation was found between statin use and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.226), although a correlation was found between lipophilic statin use and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.042). Also, the disease-free survival periods were prolonged following treatment of hyperlipidemia (p = 0.047, hazard ratio: 0.399) and statin administration (p = 0.028, hazard ratio: 0.328). CONCLUSION In cT1 breast cancer, the results suggest that oral statin therapy may contribute to favorable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Takada
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Kashiwagi
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Nozomi Iimori
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Rika Kouhashi
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Akimichi Yabumoto
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Wataru Goto
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yuka Asano
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yukie Tauchi
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tamami Morisaki
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kana Ogisawa
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masatsune Shibutani
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Maeda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
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Postolache TT, Medoff DR, Brown CH, Fang LJ, Upadhyaya SK, Lowry CA, Miller M, Kreyenbuhl JA. Lipophilic vs. hydrophilic statins and psychiatric hospitalizations and emergency room visits in US Veterans with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Pteridines 2021; 32:48-69. [PMID: 34887622 PMCID: PMC8654264 DOI: 10.1515/pteridines-2020-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective – Psychiatric hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits are costly, stigmatizing, and often ineffective. Given the immune and kynurenine activation in bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia, as well as the immune-modulatory effects of statins, we aimed to compare the relative risk (RRs) of psychiatric hospitalizations and ED visits between individuals prescribed lipophilic vs. hydrophilic statins vs. no statins. We hypothesized (a) reduced rates of hospitalization and ER utilization with statins versus no statins and (b) differences in outcomes between statins, as lipophilia increases the capability to penetrate the blood–brain barrier with potentially beneficial neuroimmune, antioxidant, neuroprotective, neurotrophic, and endothelial stabilizing effects, and, in contrast, potentially detrimental decreases in brain cholesterol concentrations leading to serotoninergic dysfunction, changes in membrane lipid composition, thus affecting ion channels and receptors. Methods – We used VA service utilization data from October 1, 2010 to September 30, 2015. The RRs for psychiatric hospitalization and ED visits, were estimated using robust Poisson regression analyses. The number of individuals analyzed was 683,129. Results – Individuals with schizophrenia and BD who received prescriptions for either lipophilic or hydrophilic statins had a lower RR of psychiatric hospitalization or ED visits relative to nonstatin controls. Hydrophilic statins were significantly associated with lower RRs of psychiatric hospitalization but not of ED visits, compared to lipophilic statins. Conclusion – The reduction in psychiatric hospitalizations in statin users (vs. nonusers) should be interpreted cautiously, as it carries a high risk of confounding by indication. While the lower RR of psychiatric hospitalizations in hydrophilic statins relative to the lipophilic statins is relatively bias free, the finding bears replication in a specifically designed study. If replicated, important clinical implications for personalizing statin treatment in patients with mental illness, investigating add-on statins for improved therapeutic control, and mechanistic exploration for identifying new treatment targets are natural next steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodor T Postolache
- VISN 5 Capitol Health Care Network Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America; Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Denver, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Deborah R Medoff
- VISN 5 Capitol Health Care Network Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Division of Psychiatric Services Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Clayton H Brown
- VISN 5 Capitol Health Care Network Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Li Juan Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Psychiatric Services Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Sanjaya K Upadhyaya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Denver, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Integrative Physiology, Center for Neuroscience, Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Michael Miller
- Department of Medicine, VAMC Baltimore and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States of America
| | - Julie A Kreyenbuhl
- VISN 5 Capitol Health Care Network Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Division of Psychiatric Services Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
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Vigneau AL, Rico C, Boerboom D, Paquet M. Statins downregulate YAP and TAZ and exert anti-cancer effects in canine mammary tumour cells. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 20:437-448. [PMID: 34881506 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary tumours (CMTs) are the most common neoplasms in intact bitches, and few chemotherapeutic options are available for highly invasive and metastatic tumours. Recent studies have shown the potential involvement of dysregulated Hippo signalling in CMT development and progression. Statins can activate the Hippo pathway by blocking protein geranylgeranylation (GGylation), resulting in decreased expression and activity of the transcriptional co-activators YAP and TAZ. In this study, we therefore sought to determine if statins could exert anti-cancer effects in CMT cells. Our results demonstrate that Atorvastatin and Fluvastatin are cytotoxic to two CMT cell lines (CMT9 and CMT47), with ED50 values ranging from 0.95 to 23.5 μM. Both statins acted to increase apoptosis and promote cell cycle arrest. Both statins also decreased YAP and TAZ expression and reduced the mRNA levels of key Hippo transcriptional target genes known to be involved in breast cancer progression and chemoresistance (CYR61, CTGF and RHAMM). Moreover, both statins effectively inhibited cell migration and anchorage independent growth, but did not influence matrix invasion. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that statins act upon the Hippo pathway in CMT cells to counteract several molecular and cellular hallmarks of cancer. These findings suggest that targeting the Hippo pathway with statins represents a novel and promising approach for the treatment canine mammary gland cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laurence Vigneau
- Département de Pathologie et de Microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charlène Rico
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Derek Boerboom
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marilène Paquet
- Département de Pathologie et de Microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Vinci P, Panizon E, Tosoni LM, Cerrato C, Pellicori F, Mearelli F, Biasinutto C, Fiotti N, Di Girolamo FG, Biolo G. Statin-Associated Myopathy: Emphasis on Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11687. [PMID: 34769118 PMCID: PMC8583847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Statins are the first-choice therapy for dyslipidemias and are considered the cornerstone of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in both primary and secondary prevention. Despite the statin-therapy-mediated positive effects on cardiovascular events, patient compliance is often poor. Statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS) are the most common side effect associated with treatment discontinuation. SAMS, which range from mild-to-moderate muscle pain, weakness, or fatigue to potentially life-threatening rhabdomyolysis, are reported by 10% to 25% of patients receiving statin therapy. There are many risk factors associated with patient features and hypolipidemic agents that seem to increase the risk of developing SAMS. Due to the lack of a "gold standard", the diagnostic test for SAMS is based on a clinical criteria score, which is independent of creatine kinase (CK) elevation. Mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of SAMS remain almost unclear, though a high number of risk factors may increase the probability of myotoxicity induced by statin therapy. Some of these, related to pharmacokinetic properties of statins and to concomitant therapies or patient characteristics, may affect statin bioavailability and increase vulnerability to high-dose statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierandrea Vinci
- Clinica Medica, Cattinara Hospital, Department of Medical Surgical ad Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (E.P.); (L.M.T.); (C.C.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (N.F.); (F.G.D.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Emiliano Panizon
- Clinica Medica, Cattinara Hospital, Department of Medical Surgical ad Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (E.P.); (L.M.T.); (C.C.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (N.F.); (F.G.D.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Letizia Maria Tosoni
- Clinica Medica, Cattinara Hospital, Department of Medical Surgical ad Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (E.P.); (L.M.T.); (C.C.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (N.F.); (F.G.D.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Carla Cerrato
- Clinica Medica, Cattinara Hospital, Department of Medical Surgical ad Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (E.P.); (L.M.T.); (C.C.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (N.F.); (F.G.D.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Federica Pellicori
- Clinica Medica, Cattinara Hospital, Department of Medical Surgical ad Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (E.P.); (L.M.T.); (C.C.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (N.F.); (F.G.D.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Filippo Mearelli
- Clinica Medica, Cattinara Hospital, Department of Medical Surgical ad Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (E.P.); (L.M.T.); (C.C.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (N.F.); (F.G.D.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Chiara Biasinutto
- SC Assistenza Farmaceutica, Cattinara Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Nicola Fiotti
- Clinica Medica, Cattinara Hospital, Department of Medical Surgical ad Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (E.P.); (L.M.T.); (C.C.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (N.F.); (F.G.D.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Filippo Giorgio Di Girolamo
- Clinica Medica, Cattinara Hospital, Department of Medical Surgical ad Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (E.P.); (L.M.T.); (C.C.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (N.F.); (F.G.D.G.); (G.B.)
- SC Assistenza Farmaceutica, Cattinara Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Gianni Biolo
- Clinica Medica, Cattinara Hospital, Department of Medical Surgical ad Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (E.P.); (L.M.T.); (C.C.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (N.F.); (F.G.D.G.); (G.B.)
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Voss L, Guttek K, Reddig A, Reinhold A, Voss M, Simeoni L, Schraven B, Reinhold D. Pitavastatin Is a Highly Potent Inhibitor of T-Cell Proliferation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080727. [PMID: 34451823 PMCID: PMC8399298 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Repositioning of approved drugs is an alternative time- and cost-saving strategy to classical drug development. Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors that are usually used as cholesterol-lowering medication, and they also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, we observed that the addition of Pitavastatin at nanomolar concentrations inhibits the proliferation of CD3/CD28 antibody-stimulated human T cells of healthy donors in a dose-dependent fashion. The 50% inhibition of proliferation (IC50) were 3.6 and 48.5 nM for freshly stimulated and pre-activated T cells, respectively. In addition, Pitavastatin suppressed the IL-10 and IL-17 production of stimulated T cells. Mechanistically, we found that treatment of T cells with doses <1 µM of Pitavastatin induced hyperphosphorylation of ERK1/2, and activation of caspase-9, -3 and -7, thus leading to apoptosis. Mevalonic acid, cholesterol and the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 reversed this Pitavastatin-mediated ERK1/2 activation and apoptosis of T cells. In summary, our results suggest that Pitavastatin is a highly potent inhibitor of T-cell proliferation, which induces apoptosis via pro-apoptotic ERK1/2 activation, thus representing a potential repositioning candidate for the treatment of T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Voss
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (L.V.); (K.G.); (A.R.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (L.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Karina Guttek
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (L.V.); (K.G.); (A.R.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (L.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Annika Reddig
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (L.V.); (K.G.); (A.R.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (L.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Annegret Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (L.V.); (K.G.); (A.R.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (L.S.); (B.S.)
- Health Campus Immunology, Infection and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Fakulty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Voss
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (L.V.); (K.G.); (A.R.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (L.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Luca Simeoni
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (L.V.); (K.G.); (A.R.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (L.S.); (B.S.)
- Health Campus Immunology, Infection and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Fakulty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (L.V.); (K.G.); (A.R.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (L.S.); (B.S.)
- Health Campus Immunology, Infection and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Fakulty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (L.V.); (K.G.); (A.R.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (L.S.); (B.S.)
- Health Campus Immunology, Infection and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Fakulty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-391-6715857
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7
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Dubińska-Magiera M, Migocka-Patrzałek M, Lewandowski D, Daczewska M, Jagla K. Zebrafish as a Model for the Study of Lipid-Lowering Drug-Induced Myopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5654. [PMID: 34073503 PMCID: PMC8198905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced myopathies are classified as acquired myopathies caused by exogenous factors. These pathological conditions develop in patients without muscle disease and are triggered by a variety of medicaments, including lipid-lowering drugs (LLDs) such as statins, fibrates, and ezetimibe. Here we summarise the current knowledge gained via studies conducted using various models, such as cell lines and mammalian models, and compare them with the results obtained in zebrafish (Danio rerio) studies. Zebrafish have proven to be an excellent research tool for studying dyslipidaemias as a model of these pathological conditions. This system enables in-vivo characterization of drug and gene candidates to further the understanding of disease aetiology and develop new therapeutic strategies. Our review also considers important environmental issues arising from the indiscriminate use of LLDs worldwide. The widespread use and importance of drugs such as statins and fibrates justify the need for the meticulous study of their mechanism of action and the side effects they cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Dubińska-Magiera
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland; (M.D.-M.); (M.M.-P.); (D.L.)
| | - Marta Migocka-Patrzałek
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland; (M.D.-M.); (M.M.-P.); (D.L.)
| | - Damian Lewandowski
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland; (M.D.-M.); (M.M.-P.); (D.L.)
| | - Małgorzata Daczewska
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland; (M.D.-M.); (M.M.-P.); (D.L.)
| | - Krzysztof Jagla
- Genetics Reproduction and Development Institute (iGReD), INSERM 1103, CNRS 6293, University of Clermont Auvergne, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Hu X, Li H, Zhao X, Zhou R, Liu H, Sun Y, Fan Y, Shi Y, Qiao S, Liu S, Liu H, Zhang S. Multi-omics study reveals that statin therapy is associated with restoration of gut microbiota homeostasis and improvement in outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Theranostics 2021; 11:5778-5793. [PMID: 33897881 PMCID: PMC8058718 DOI: 10.7150/thno.55946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Prior chronic treatment with statins has been shown to be associated with more favorable outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Specific changes in the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites have been shown to influence the progression of coronary artery disease. However, the critical microbial and metabolomic changes associated with the cardiovascular protective effects of statins in ACS remain elusive. Methods: In the present study, we performed 16S rRNA sequencing and serum metabolomic analysis in 36 ACS patients who had received chronic statin treatment, 67 ACS patients who had not, and 30 healthy volunteers. A follow-up study was conducted. Metagenomic functional prediction of important bacterial taxa was achieved using PICRUSt2. Results: Statins modulated the gut microbiome of ACS patients towards a healthier status, i.e., reducing potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Parabacteroides merdae but increasing beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum, Anaerostipes hadrus and Ruminococcus obeum. Moreover, prior chronic statin therapy was associated with improved outcome in ACS patients. Multi-omics analysis revealed that specific changes in bacterial taxa were associated with disease severity or outcomes either directly or by mediating metabolites such as fatty acids and prenol lipids. Finally, we discovered that important taxa associated with statins were correlated with fatty acid- and isoprenoid-related pathways that were predicted by PICRUSt2. Conclusions: Our study suggests that statin treatment might benefit ACS patients by modulating the composition and function of the gut microbiome, which might result in improved circulating metabolites and reduced metabolic risk. Our findings provide new insights for understanding the heterogenic roles of statins in ACS patients through host gut microbiota metabolic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Hu
- Department of Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Hanyu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Honghong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Yueshen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Shi
- Department of Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangjiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
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9
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The Role of Structure and Biophysical Properties in the Pleiotropic Effects of Statins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228745. [PMID: 33228116 PMCID: PMC7699354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are a class of drugs used to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and are amongst the most prescribed medications worldwide. Most statins work as a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), but statin intolerance from pleiotropic effects have been proposed to arise from non-specific binding due to poor enzyme-ligand sensitivity. Yet, research into the physicochemical properties of statins, and their interactions with off-target sites, has not progressed much over the past few decades. Here, we present a concise perspective on the role of statins in lowering serum cholesterol levels, and how their reported interactions with phospholipid membranes offer a crucial insight into the mechanism of some of the more commonly observed pleiotropic effects of statin administration. Lipophilicity, which governs hepatoselectivity, is directly related to the molecular structure of statins, which dictates interaction with and transport through membranes. The structure of statins is therefore a clinically important consideration in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. This review integrates the recent biophysical studies of statins with the literature on the physiological effects and provides new insights into the mechanistic cause of statin pleiotropy, and prospective means of understanding the cholesterol-independent effects of statins.
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10
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Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 regulates lipid homeostasis and drives oncogenic signaling resulting in breast cancer progression. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:75. [PMID: 32660617 PMCID: PMC7359014 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background PGRMC1 (progesterone receptor membrane component 1) is a highly conserved heme binding protein, which is overexpressed especially in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer and plays an important role in breast carcinogenesis. Nevertheless, little is known about the mechanisms by which PGRMC1 drives tumor progression. The aim of our study was to investigate the involvement of PGRMC1 in cholesterol metabolism to detect new mechanisms by which PGRMC1 can increase lipid metabolism and alter cancer-related signaling pathways leading to breast cancer progression. Methods The effect of PGRMC1 overexpression and silencing on cellular proliferation was examined in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model. Next, we investigated the interaction of PGRMC1 with enzymes involved in the cholesterol synthesis pathway such as CYP51, FDFT1, and SCD1. Further, the impact of PGRMC1 expression on lipid levels and expression of enzymes involved in lipid homeostasis was examined. Additionally, we assessed the role of PGRMC1 in key cancer-related signaling pathways including EGFR/HER2 and ERα signaling. Results Overexpression of PGRMC1 resulted in significantly enhanced proliferation. PGRMC1 interacted with key enzymes of the cholesterol synthesis pathway, alters the expression of proteins, and results in increased lipid levels. PGRMC1 also influenced lipid raft formation leading to altered expression of growth receptors in membranes of breast cancer cells. Analysis of activation of proteins revealed facilitated ERα and EGFR activation and downstream signaling dependent on PGRMC1 overexpression in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer cells. Depletion of cholesterol and fatty acids induced by statins reversed this growth benefit. Conclusion PGRMC1 may mediate proliferation and progression of breast cancer cells potentially by altering lipid metabolism and by activating key oncogenic signaling pathways, such as ERα expression and activation, as well as EGFR signaling. Our present study underlines the potential of PGRMC1 as a target for anti-cancer therapy.
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11
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Statin inhibits large hepatitis delta antigen-Smad3 -twist-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and hepatitis D virus secretion. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:65. [PMID: 32434501 PMCID: PMC7240974 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection may induce fulminant hepatitis in chronic hepatitis B patients (CHB) or rapid progression of CHB to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. There is no effective treatment for HDV infection. HDV encodes small delta antigens (S-HDAg) and large delta antigens (L-HDAg). S-HDAg is essential for HDV replication. Prenylated L-HDAg plays a key role in HDV assembly. Previous studies indicate that L-HDAg transactivates transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), possibly leading to liver fibrosis. However, the mechanism is unclear. Methods The mechanisms of the activation of Twist promoter by L-HDAg were investigated by luciferase reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and co-immunoprecipitation analysis. ELISA and Western blotting were used to analyze L-HDAg prenylation, TGF-β secretion, expression of EMT markers, and to evaluate efficacy of statins for HDV treatment. Results We found that L-HDAg activated Twist expression, TGF-β expression and consequently induced EMT, based on its interaction with Smad3 on Twist promoter. The treatment of statin, a prenylation inhibitor, resulted in reduction of Twist promoter activity, TGF-β expression, and EMT, and reduces the release of HDV virions into the culture medium. Conclusions We demonstrate that L-HDAg activates EMT via Twist and TGF-β activation. Treatment with statins suppressed Twist expression, and TGF-β secretion, leading to downregulation of EMT. Our findings clarify the mechanism of HDV-induced EMT, and provide a basis for possible novel therapeutic strategies against HDV infection.
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12
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Bolandghamat S, Behnam-Rassouli M. Recent Findings on the Effects of Pharmacological Agents on the Nerve Regeneration after Peripheral Nerve Injury. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:1154-1163. [PMID: 32379588 PMCID: PMC7709152 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200507084024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) are accompanied with neuropathic pain and functional disability. Despite improvements in surgical repair techniques in recent years, the functional recovery is yet unsatisfied. Indeed a successful nerve repair depends not only on the surgical strategy but also on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in traumatic nerve injury. In contrast to all strategies suggested for nerve repair, pharmacotherapy is a cheap, accessible and non-invasive treatment that can be used immediately after nerve injury. This study aimed to review the effects of some pharmacological agents on the nerve regeneration after traumatic PNI evaluated by functional, histological and electrophysiological assessments. In addition, some cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for their therapeutic actions, restricted to neural tissue, are suggested. These findings can not only help to find better strategies for peripheral nerve repair, but also to identify the neuropathic effects of various medications and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Bolandghamat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
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13
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Pravastatin and Simvastatin Pretreatment in Combination with Pyrimethamine and Sulfadiazine Reduces Infection Process of Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites (RH Strain) in HeLa Cells. Acta Parasitol 2019; 64:612-616. [PMID: 31286354 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan from phylum Apicomplexa, which causes the toxoplasmosis infection; this one exhibits an apicoplast organelle which assists in the metabolism of isoprenoids and other pivotal mediators for the parasite survival. Statins are drugs that inhibit cholesterol synthesis, blocking the conversion of the substrate HMG-CoA to mevalonate, thus preventing the initial processes of the biosynthesis of these precursors, both in humans and parasite. Our goal was to verify whether the Toxoplasma gondii (RH strain) tachyzoites form pretreated with pravastatin and simvastatin in association with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine at low concentrations could affect the infection processes, suggesting direct action on protozoa intracellular proliferation through the inhibition of isoprenoids in the parasite's apicoplast. METHODS To have the adhesion, infection, and parasite proliferation during experimental infection investigated, HeLa cells (105) were subjected to a 24-hour infection by T. gondii tachyzoites forms of RH strain (5 × 105) pretreated for 30 min with pravastatin and/or simvastatin combined or not with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine. RESULTS Combined with conventional drugs at low concentrations pravastatin and simvastatin inhibit the adhesion, invasion, and intracellular proliferation of T. gondii in HeLa cells which are similar to the positive control. CONCLUSION Pravastatin and simvastatin in association with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine at low concentrations can be regarded as a promising, effective alternative to toxoplasmosis treatment with reduced side effects.
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14
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Diverse Action of Selected Statins on Skeletal Muscle Cells-An Attempt to Explain the Protective Effect of Geranylgeraniol (GGOH) in Statin-Associated Myopathy (SAM). J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050694. [PMID: 31100888 PMCID: PMC6572681 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study is centered on molecular mechanisms of the cytoprotective effect of geranylgeraniol (GGOH) in skeletal muscle harmed by statin-associated myopathy (SAM). GGOH via autophagy induction was purportedly assumed to prevent skeletal muscle viability impaired by statins, atorvastatin (ATR) or simvastatin (SIM). The C2C12 cell line was used as the ‘in vitro’ model of muscle cells at different stages of muscle formation, and the effect of ATR or SIM on the cell viability, protein expression and mitochondrial respiration were tested. Autophagy seems to be important for the differentiation of muscle cells; however, it did not participate in the observed GGOH cytoprotective effects. We showed that ATR- and SIM-dependent loss in cell viability was reversed by GGOH co-treatment, although GGOH did not reverse the ATR-induced drop in the cytochrome c oxidase protein expression level. It has been unambiguously revealed that the mitochondria of C2C12 cells are not sensitive to SIM, although ATR effectively inhibits mitochondrial respiration. GGOH restored proper mitochondria functioning. Apoptosis might, to some extent, explain the lower viability of statin-treated myotubes as the pan-caspase inhibitor, N-Benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp(O-Me) fluoromethyl ketone (Z-VAD-FMK), partly reversed ATR- or SIM-induced cytotoxic effects; however, it does not do so in conjunction with caspase-3. It appears that the calpain inhibitor, N-Acetyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-norleucinal (ALLM), restored the viability that was reduced by ATR and SIM (p< 0.001). GGOH prevents SAM, in part, as a consequence of a caspase-3 independent pathway, probably by calpain system inactivation.
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15
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Bertolio R, Napoletano F, Mano M, Maurer-Stroh S, Fantuz M, Zannini A, Bicciato S, Sorrentino G, Del Sal G. Sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 couples mechanical cues and lipid metabolism. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1326. [PMID: 30902980 PMCID: PMC6430766 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are a family of transcription factors that regulate lipid biosynthesis and adipogenesis by controlling the expression of several enzymes required for cholesterol, fatty acid, triacylglycerol and phospholipid synthesis. In vertebrates, SREBP activation is mainly controlled by a complex and well-characterized feedback mechanism mediated by cholesterol, a crucial bio-product of the SREBP-activated mevalonate pathway. In this work, we identified acto-myosin contractility and mechanical forces imposed by the extracellular matrix (ECM) as SREBP1 regulators. SREBP1 control by mechanical cues depends on geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, another key bio-product of the mevalonate pathway, and impacts on stem cell fate in mouse and on fat storage in Drosophila. Mechanistically, we show that activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by ECM stiffening and geranylgeranylated RhoA-dependent acto-myosin contraction inhibits SREBP1 activation. Our results unveil an unpredicted and evolutionary conserved role of SREBP1 in rewiring cell metabolism in response to mechanical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Bertolio
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Napoletano
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Miguel Mano
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences (DBS), National University of Singapore (NUS), 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Marco Fantuz
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste, Italy.,International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zannini
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvio Bicciato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sorrentino
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste, Italy. .,Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Giannino Del Sal
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy. .,IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16-20139, Milan, Italy.
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16
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Bruinsmann FA, Pigana S, Aguirre T, Dadalt Souto G, Garrastazu Pereira G, Bianchera A, Tiozzo Fasiolo L, Colombo G, Marques M, Raffin Pohlmann A, Stanisçuaski Guterres S, Sonvico F. Chitosan-Coated Nanoparticles: Effect of Chitosan Molecular Weight on Nasal Transmucosal Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E86. [PMID: 30781722 PMCID: PMC6409859 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery to the brain represents a challenge, especially in the therapy of central nervous system malignancies. Simvastatin (SVT), as with other statins, has shown potential anticancer properties that are difficult to exploit in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present work the physico⁻chemical, mucoadhesive, and permeability-enhancing properties of simvastatin-loaded poly-ε-caprolactone nanocapsules coated with chitosan for nose-to-brain administration were investigated. Lipid-core nanocapsules coated with chitosan (LNCchit) of different molecular weight (MW) were prepared by a novel one-pot technique, and characterized for particle size, surface charge, particle number density, morphology, drug encapsulation efficiency, interaction between surface nanocapsules with mucin, drug release, and permeability across two nasal mucosa models. Results show that all formulations presented adequate particle sizes (below 220 nm), positive surface charge, narrow droplet size distribution (PDI < 0.2), and high encapsulation efficiency. Nanocapsules presented controlled drug release and mucoadhesive properties that are dependent on the MW of the coating chitosan. The results of permeation across the RPMI 2650 human nasal cell line evidenced that LNCchit increased the permeation of SVT. In particular, the amount of SVT that permeated after 4 hr for nanocapsules coated with low-MW chitosan, high-MW chitosan, and control SVT was 13.9 ± 0.8 μg, 9.2 ± 1.2 µg, and 1.4 ± 0.2 µg, respectively. These results were confirmed by SVT ex vivo permeation across rabbit nasal mucosa. This study highlighted the suitability of LNCchit as a promising strategy for the administration of simvastatin for a nose-to-brain approach for the therapy of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Aline Bruinsmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil.
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Stefania Pigana
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Tanira Aguirre
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 900500-170, Brazil.
| | - Gabriele Dadalt Souto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Garrastazu Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil.
| | - Annalisa Bianchera
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Laura Tiozzo Fasiolo
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy.
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Gaia Colombo
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Magno Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS 96203-000, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Raffin Pohlmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil.
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil.
| | - Fabio Sonvico
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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17
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Kim SW, Kang HJ, Jhon M, Kim JW, Lee JY, Walker AJ, Agustini B, Kim JM, Berk M. Statins and Inflammation: New Therapeutic Opportunities in Psychiatry. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:103. [PMID: 30890971 PMCID: PMC6413672 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, which are widely used to treat hypercholesterolemia, have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. These are thought to be responsible for the potential effects of statins on various psychiatric disorders. In this study, we comprehensively review the literature to investigate the effects of statins on various psychiatric disorders including depression, schizophrenia, and dementia. In addition, we review adverse effects and drug interactions of statins to give clinically useful information guiding statin use in the psychiatric field. Statins seem useful in reducing depression, particularly in patients with physical disorders such as cardiovascular disease. In patients with schizophrenia, negative symptoms may be reduced by adjuvant statin therapy. Studies on cohorts at risk for dementia have generally shown protective effects of statins, while those on treatment for dementia show inconsistent results. In conclusion, statins used in combination with conventional psychotropic medications may be effective for various psychiatric disorders including depression, schizophrenia, and dementia. Further study is required to determine optimal doses and duration of statin use for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hee-Ju Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Min Jhon
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ju-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Adam J Walker
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruno Agustini
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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18
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Chhonker YS, Haney SL, Bala V, Holstein SA, Murry DJ. Simultaneous Quantitation of Isoprenoid Pyrophosphates in Plasma and Cancer Cells Using LC-MS/MS. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123275. [PMID: 30544938 PMCID: PMC6321327 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprenoids (IsoP) are an important class of molecules involved in many different cellular processes including cholesterol synthesis. We have developed a sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of three key IsoPs in bio-matrices, geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). LC-MS/MS analysis was performed using a Nexera UPLC System connected to a LCMS-8060 (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, MD) with a dual ion source. The electrospray ionization source was operated in the negative MRM mode. The chromatographic separation and detection of analytes was achieved on a reversed phase ACCQ-TAG Ultra C18 (1.7 µm, 100 mm × 2.1 mm I.D.) column. The mobile phase consisted of (1) a 10 mM ammonium carbonate with 0.1% ammonium hydroxide in water, and (2) a 0.1% ammonium hydroxide in acetonitrile/methanol (75/25). The flow rate was set to 0.25 mL/min in a gradient condition. The limit of quantification was 0.04 ng/mL for all analytes with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.998 or better and a total run time of 12 min. The inter- and intra-day accuracy (85–115%) precision (<15%), and recovery (40–90%) values met the acceptance criteria. The validated method was successfully applied to quantitate basal concentrations of GPP, FPP and GGPP in human plasma and in cultured cancer cell lines. Our LC-MS/MS method may be used for IsoP quantification in different bio-fluids and to further investigate the role of these compounds in various physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal S Chhonker
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Staci L Haney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Veenu Bala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001, India.
| | - Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Daryl J Murry
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Statin drugs have been used for more than two decades to treat hypercholesterolemia and as cardio-preventive drugs, resulting in a marked decrease in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Statins halt hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis by inhibiting the rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR). The mevalonate pathway regulates a host of biochemical processes in addition to cholesterol production. Attenuation of these pathways is likely responsible for the myriad benefits of statin therapy beyond cholesterol reduction - the so-called pleiotropic effects of statins. Chief amongst these purported effects is anti-cancer activity. A considerable body of preclinical, epidemiologic and clinical evidence shows that statins impair proliferation of breast cancer cells and reduce the risk of breast cancer recurrence. Potential mechanisms for this effect have been explored in laboratory models, but remain poorly understood and require further investigation. The number of clinical trials assessing the putative clinical benefit of statins in breast cancer is increasing. Currently, a total of 30 breast cancer/statin trials are listed at the global trial identifier website clinicaltrials.gov. Given the compelling evidence from performed trials in a variety of clinical settings, there have been calls for a clinical trial of statins in the adjuvant breast cancer setting. It would be imperative for such a trial to incorporate tumour biomarkers predictive of statin response in its design and analysis plan. Ongoing translational clinical trials aimed at biomarker discovery will help identify, which breast cancer patients are most likely to benefit from adjuvant statin therapy, and will add valuable clinical knowledge to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Borgquist
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - O Bjarnadottir
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - S Kimbung
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - T P Ahern
- Departments of Surgery and Biochemistry, The Robert Larner, MD College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Geranylgeraniol Prevents Statin-Dependent Myotoxicity in C2C12 Muscle Cells through RAP1 GTPase Prenylation and Cytoprotective Autophagy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6463807. [PMID: 29951166 PMCID: PMC5987243 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6463807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the cytotoxic effects of statins (atorvastatin (ATR) and simvastatin (SIM), resp.) and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MβCD), at their respective IC50 concentrations, on muscle regeneration in the in vitro model of murine C2C12 myoblasts. Cotreatment with mevalonate (MEV), farnesol (FOH), geranylgeraniol (GGOH), or water-soluble cholesterol (Chol-PEG) was employed to determine whether the statin-dependent myotoxicity resulted from the lower cholesterol levels or the attenuated synthesis of intermediates of mevalonate pathway. Our findings demonstrated that while GGOH fully reverted the statin-mediated cell viability in proliferating myoblasts, Chol-PEG exclusively rescued MβCD-induced toxicity in myocytes. Statins caused loss of prenylated RAP1, whereas the GGOH-dependent positive effect was accompanied by loss of nonprenylated RAP1. Geranylgeranyltransferases are essential for muscle cell survival as inhibition with GGTI-286 could not be reversed by GGOH cotreatment. The increase in cell viability correlated with elevated AKT 1(S463) and GSK-3β(S9) phosphorylations. Slight increase in the levels of autophagy markers (Beclin 1, MAP LC-3IIb) was found in response to GGOH cotreatment. Autophagy rose time-dependently during myogenesis and was inhibited by statins and MβCD. Statins and MβCD also suppressed myogenesis and neither nonsterol isoprenoids nor Chol-PEG could reverse this effect. These results point to GGOH as the principal target of statin-dependent myotoxicity, whereas plasma membrane cholesterol deposit is ultimately essential to restore viability of MβCD-treated myocytes. Overall, this study unveils for the first time a link found between the GGOH- and Chol-PEG-dependent reversal of statin- or MβCD-mediated myotoxicity and cytoprotective autophagy, respectively.
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Rye MB, Bertilsson H, Andersen MK, Rise K, Bathen TF, Drabløs F, Tessem MB. Cholesterol synthesis pathway genes in prostate cancer are transcriptionally downregulated when tissue confounding is minimized. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:478. [PMID: 29703166 PMCID: PMC5922022 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4373-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between cholesterol and prostate cancer has been extensively studied for decades, where high levels of cellular cholesterol are generally associated with cancer progression and less favorable outcomes. However, the role of in vivo cellular cholesterol synthesis in this process is unclear, and data on the transcriptional activity of cholesterol synthesis pathway genes in tissue from prostate cancer patients are inconsistent. METHODS A common problem with cancer tissue data from patient cohorts is the presence of heterogeneous tissue which confounds molecular analysis of the samples. In this study we present a general method to minimize systematic confounding from stroma tissue in any prostate cancer cohort comparing prostate cancer and normal samples. In particular we use samples assessed by histopathology to identify genes enriched and depleted in prostate stroma. These genes are then used to assess stroma content in tissue samples from other prostate cancer cohorts where no histopathology is available. Differential expression analysis is performed by comparing cancer and normal samples where the average stroma content has been balanced between the sample groups. In total we analyzed seven patient cohorts with prostate cancer consisting of 1713 prostate cancer and 230 normal tissue samples. RESULTS When stroma confounding was minimized, differential gene expression analysis over all cohorts showed robust and consistent downregulation of nearly all genes in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Additional Gene Ontology analysis also identified cholesterol synthesis as the most significantly altered metabolic pathway in prostate cancer at the transcriptional level. CONCLUSION The surprising observation that cholesterol synthesis genes are downregulated in prostate cancer is important for our understanding of how prostate cancer cells regulate cholesterol levels in vivo. Moreover, we show that tissue heterogeneity explains the lack of consistency in previous expression analysis of cholesterol synthesis genes in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Beck Rye
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 8905, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helena Bertilsson
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 8905, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Urology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maria K. Andersen
- MI Lab, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kjersti Rise
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 8905, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tone F. Bathen
- MI Lab, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Finn Drabløs
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 8905, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - May-Britt Tessem
- Clinic of Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
- MI Lab, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Li X, Zhou J. Impact of postdiagnostic statin use on ovarian cancer mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84:1109-1120. [PMID: 29453799 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To comprehensively evaluate the association between postdiagnostic statin use and mortality of ovarian cancer (OC) patients. METHODS Using a comprehensive strategy, multiple databases (Medline, Embase and Web of Science) were systematically searched to identify observational studies that examined the correlation between statin use and OC mortality up to 31 December 2017. The studies were independently reviewed and selected based on predetermined selection criteria. Data were extracted independently and in duplicate. The risk of bias was evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality were summarized with a profile likelihood random effects model. RESULTS Of 269 studies, eight cohort studies of 19 904 OC patients met the inclusion criteria. Postdiagnostic statin use was inversely associated with all-cause mortality/overall survival (summarized HR = 0.74; 95%CI = 0.63-0.87; I2 = 55%; n = 7) and cancer-specific mortality (summarized HR = 0.87; 95%CI = 0.80-0.95; I2 = 0%; n = 3) of OC patients. These findings were consistent by subgroup analyses stratified by study and patient characteristics as well as adjustments made for potential confounders. A meta-regression analysis found no effect of modification by these variables. Of note, similar significant inverse effects were also observed when increasing the intensity (highest vs. lowest) of postdiagnostic statin use (summarized HR = 0.84; 95%CI = 0.74-0.96; I2 = 0%; n = 3). CONCLUSION Postdiagnostic statin use can improve the survival of patients with OC. Further prospective cohort and randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm the therapeutic role of statin use on the outcome of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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23
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Desai P, Wallace R, Anderson ML, Howard BV, Ray R, Wu C, Safford M, Martin LW, Schlecht N, Liu S, Cirillo D, Jay A, Manson JE, Simon MS. An analysis of the effect of statins on the risk of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in the Women's Health Initiative cohort. Cancer Med 2018; 7:2121-2130. [PMID: 29608241 PMCID: PMC5943473 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins have been shown to induce a phosphoprotein signature that modifies MYC (myelocytomatosis viral oncogene) activation and to have anti‐inflammatory activity that may impact the risk of Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). We analyzed the relationship between statins and risk of NHL using data from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). The study population included 161,563 postmenopausal women ages 50–79 years from which 712 cases of NHL were diagnosed after 10.8 years of follow‐up. Information on statin use and other risk factors was collected by self‐ and interviewer‐administered questionnaires. Multivariable‐adjusted HR and 95% CI evaluating the relationship between statin use at baseline, as well as in a time‐dependent manner and risk of NHL, were computed from Cox proportional hazards analyses. A separate analysis was performed for individual NHL subtypes: diffuse large B‐Cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (n = 228), follicular lymphoma (n = 169), and small lymphocytic lymphoma (n = 74). All statistical tests were two‐sided. There was no significant association between use of statins at baseline and risk of NHL (HR 0.85, 95% C.I. 0.67–1.08). However, in the multivariable‐adjusted time‐dependent models, statin use was associated with a borderline lower risk of NHL (HR 0.81, 95% C.I. 0.66–1.00). Considering subtypes of NHL, statin use was associated with a lower risk of DLBCL (HR 0.62, 95% C.I. 0.42–0.91). This effect was driven by lipophilic statins (HR 0.62, 95% C.I. 0.40–0.96). In the WHI, statins were associated with a lower overall risk of DLBCL, particularly attributable to lipophilic statins. These results may have impact on primary or secondary prevention of NHL, particularly DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinkal Desai
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Robert Wallace
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Barbara V Howard
- MedStar Health Research Institute and Georgetown/Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Roberta Ray
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chunyuan Wu
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Lisa W Martin
- George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | - Simin Liu
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Dominic Cirillo
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Allison Jay
- St John Providence Hospital, Warren, Michigan
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael S Simon
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Talbot D, (Chris) Delaney JA, Sandfort V, Herrington DM, McClelland RL. Importance of the lipid-related pathways in the association between statins, mortality, and cardiovascular disease risk: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2018; 27:365-372. [PMID: 29405501 PMCID: PMC5937846 DOI: 10.1002/pds.4393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Estimating how much of the impact of statins on coronary heart diseases (CHD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and mortality risk is attributable to their effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and triglycerides. METHODS A semi-parametric g-formula estimator together with data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (a prospective multi-center cohort study) was utilized to perform a mediation analysis. A total of 5280 participants, men and women of various race/ethnicities from multiple sites across the United States, were considered in the current study. RESULTS The adherence adjusted total relative risk reduction (RRR) estimate (95% confidence interval) of statins on CHD was 14% (-16%, 37%), and the indirect component through LDL was 23% (-4%, 58%). For CVD, the total RRR was 23% (2%, 40%), and the indirect component through LDL was 5% (-13%, 25%). The total RRR of mortality was 18% (-1%, 35%), and the indirect component through LDL was -4% (-17%, 12%). The estimated indirect components through HDL and triglycerides were close to zero with narrow confidence intervals for all 3 outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The estimated effect of statins on mortality, CVD, and CHD appeared to be independent of their estimated effect on HDL and triglycerides. Our study provides evidence that the preventive effect of statins on CHD could be attributed in large part to their effect on LDL. Our g-formula estimator is a promising approach to elucidate pathways, even if it is hard to make firm conclusions for the LDL pathway on mortality and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Talbot
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
- Unité santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, CHU de Québec – Université Laval research center, Québec, Qc, Canada
| | | | | | - David M. Herrington
- Heart and Vascular Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Robyn L McClelland
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
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Bock CH, Jay AM, Dyson G, Beebe-Dimmer JL, Cote ML, Hou L, Howard BV, Desai P, Purrington K, Prentice R, Simon MS. The effect of genetic variants on the relationship between statins and breast cancer in postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative observational study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 167:741-749. [PMID: 29063981 PMCID: PMC5809196 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Statins have been postulated to have chemopreventive activity against breast cancer. We evaluated whether germline genetic polymorphisms modified the relationship between statins and breast cancer risk using data from the Women's Health Initiative. We evaluated these interactions using both candidate gene and agnostic genome-wide approaches. METHODS To identify candidate gene-statin interactions, we tested interactions between 22 SNPS in nine candidate genes implicated in the effect of statins on lipid metabolism in 1687 cases and 1687 controls. We then evaluated statin use interaction with the remaining 30,380 SNPs available in this sample from the CGEMS GWAS study. RESULTS After adjusting for multiple comparisons, no SNP interactions with statin usage and risk of breast cancer were statistically significant in either the candidate genes or genome-wide approaches. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence of SNP interactions with statin usage for breast cancer risk in a population of 3374 individuals. These results suggest that genome-wide common genetic variants do not moderate the association between statin usage and breast cancer in the population of women in the Women's Health Initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn H Bock
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Allison M Jay
- St. John Health System, Van Elslander Cancer Center, 19229 Mack Ave, Grosse Pointe Woods, MI, 48236, USA
| | - Gregory Dyson
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Jennifer L Beebe-Dimmer
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Michele L Cote
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 675 North St. Clair, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Barbara V Howard
- Medstar Health Research Institute and Georgetown/Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science, 6525 Belcrest Road, Suite 700, Hyattsville, MD, 20782, USA
| | - Pinkal Desai
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Kristen Purrington
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Ross Prentice
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Michael S Simon
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
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Hiroi Y, Noma K, Kim HH, Sladojevic N, Tabit CE, Li Y, Soydan G, Salomone S, Moskowitz MA, Liao JK. Neuroprotection Mediated by Upregulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Rho-Associated, Coiled-Coil-Containing Kinase 2 Deficient Mice. Circ J 2018; 82:1195-1204. [PMID: 29353861 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-17-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rho-associated kinases (ROCK1 and ROCK2) are important regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Because the phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor-1A1 (eEF1A1) by ROCK2 is critical for eNOS expression, we hypothesized that this molecular pathway may play a critical role in neuroprotection following focal cerebral ischemia.Methods and Results:Adult male wild-type (WT) and mutant ROCK2 and eNOS-/-mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and cerebral infarct size, neurological deficit and absolute cerebral blood flow were measured. In addition, aortic endothelium-dependent response to acetylcholine, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and sodium nitroprusside were assessed ex vivo. Endothelial cells from mouse brain or heart were used to measure eNOS and eEF1A activity, as well as NO production and eNOS mRNA half-life. In global hemizygous ROCK2+/-and endothelial-specific EC-ROCK2-/-mice, eNOS mRNA stability and eNOS expression were increased, which correlated with enhanced endothelium-dependent relaxation and neuroprotection following focal cerebral ischemia. Indeed, when ROCK2+/-mice were place on an eNOS-/-background, the neuroprotective effects observed in ROCK2+/-mice were abolished. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the phosphorylation of eEF1A1 by ROCK2 is physiologically important for eNOS expression and NO-mediated neuroprotection, and suggest that targeting endothelial ROCK2 and eEF1A may have therapeutic benefits in ischemic stroke and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Hiroi
- Vascular Medicine Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Kensuke Noma
- Vascular Medicine Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Hyung-Hwan Kim
- Vascular Medicine Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School.,Department of Radiology, Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Nikola Sladojevic
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago
| | - Corey E Tabit
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago
| | - Yuxin Li
- Vascular Medicine Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Guray Soydan
- Department of Radiology, Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Salvatore Salomone
- Department of Radiology, Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Michael A Moskowitz
- Department of Radiology, Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - James K Liao
- Vascular Medicine Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School.,Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago
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Saeedi Saravi SS, Saeedi Saravi SS, Arefidoust A, Dehpour AR. The beneficial effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in the processes of neurodegeneration. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:949-965. [PMID: 28578514 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins, cholesterol lowering drugs, have been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects in other conditions such as primary and progressing neurodegenerative diseases beyond their original role. Observation that statins ameliorate the neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and cerebral ischemic stroke, the neuroprotective effects of these drugs are thought to be linked to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-excitotoxic properties. Despite the voluminous literature on the clinical advantages of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Co-enzyme A reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors (statins) in cardiovascular system, the neuroprotective effects and the underlying mechanisms are little understood. Hence, the present review tries to provide a critical overview on the statin-induced neuroprotection, which are presumed to be associated with the ability to reduce cholesterol, Amyloid-β and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) levels, decrease reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) formation, inhibit excitotoxicity, modulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and increase cerebral blood perfusion. This review is also aimed to illustrate that statins protect neurons against the neuro-inflammatory processes through balancing pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines. Ultimately, the beneficial role of statins in ameliorating the development of PD, AD, MS and cerebral ischemic stroke has been separately reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Sobhan Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Alireza Arefidoust
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Pascapurnama DN, Labayo HKM, Dapat I, Nagarajegowda DD, Zhao J, Zhang J, Yamada O, Kikuchi H, Egawa S, Oshima Y, Chagan-Yasutan H, Hattori T. Induction of Osteopontin by Dengue Virus-3 Infection in THP-1 Cells: Inhibition of the Synthesis by Brefelamide and Its Derivative. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:521. [PMID: 28405192 PMCID: PMC5370276 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional matricellular protein produced by a broad range of cells including osteoclasts, macrophages, T cells, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. OPN modulates various physiological and pathological events such as inflammation, wound healing, and bone formation and remodeling. Dengue virus (DENV) infection causes an increase in plasma OPN levels, which is correlated with the severity of symptoms and coagulation abnormalities. DENV infection also induces OPN gene expression in human macrophages. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of brefelamide and its methyl ether derivative on DENV-3 by measuring changes in OPN levels in human THP-1 and 293T cell lines infected at different multiplicities of infection and post-infection time points. OPN mRNA expression and viral RNA were detected by reverse transcriptase quantitative real-time PCR, whereas protein level was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found that viral copy number was higher in 293T than in THP-1 cells. However, THP-1 constitutively expressed higher levels of OPN mRNA and protein, which were enhanced by DENV-3 infection. Brefelamide and its derivative suppressed OPN production in DENV-3 infected THP-1 cells; the effective doses of these compounds had no effect on uninfected cells, indicating low cytotoxicity. These results suggest that brefelamide and its methyl ether derivative have therapeutic effects in preventing inflammation, coagulopathy, and fibrinolysis caused by OPN upregulation induced by DENV-3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyshelly N Pascapurnama
- Division of International Cooperation for Disaster Medicine, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Hannah K M Labayo
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Isolde Dapat
- Division of Disaster-related Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Divya D Nagarajegowda
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Jingge Zhao
- Division of Disaster-related Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Jing Zhang
- Research and Development Center, FUSO Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamada
- Research and Development Center, FUSO Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinichi Egawa
- Division of International Cooperation for Disaster Medicine, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Oshima
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Haorile Chagan-Yasutan
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan; Division of Disaster-related Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Toshio Hattori
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan; Division of Disaster-related Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan; Graduate School of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International UniversityTakahashi, Japan
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29
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Effect of pravastatin on the survival of patients with advanced gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4379-84. [PMID: 26735890 PMCID: PMC4826212 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives A fluoropyrimidine plus cisplatin combined with surgery is standard first-line treatment for advanced gastric cancer. We evaluated the effect of pravastatin on overall survival in patients with advanced gastric cancer in a prospective cohort study. Methods At the time of surgery, we assigned 60 patients with advanced gastric cancer (stage III or IV) to receive standard first-line treatment (control group) or standard first-line treatment plus pravastatin at a dose of 40 mg once daily (pravastatin group). The minimum follow-up period was 4 years and the maximum of 6 years. Results The mean of age was 66 years and the TNM stage was III and IV in 65% and 35% of patients, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups (control vs pravastatin) in median overall survival (15 vs 14 months; P = 0.8). Predictors of survival were the stage (hazard ratio of death stage IV (III stage as reference): 4.4; 95% CI: 2–9.7; p < 0.05) and older age (hazard ratio of death ≥ 65 years (< 65 years as reference): 2.8; 95% CI: 1.3–6; p < 0.05). Conclusions Pravastatin did not improve outcome in patients with advanced gastric cancer.
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Orsoni A, Thérond P, Tan R, Giral P, Robillard P, Kontush A, Meikle PJ, Chapman MJ. Statin action enriches HDL3 in polyunsaturated phospholipids and plasmalogens and reduces LDL-derived phospholipid hydroperoxides in atherogenic mixed dyslipidemia. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:2073-2087. [PMID: 27581680 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p068585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherogenic mixed dyslipidemia associates with oxidative stress and defective HDL antioxidative function in metabolic syndrome (MetS). The impact of statin treatment on the capacity of HDL to inactivate LDL-derived, redox-active phospholipid hydroperoxides (PCOOHs) in MetS is indeterminate. Insulin-resistant, hypertriglyceridemic, hypertensive, obese males were treated with pitavastatin (4 mg/day) for 180 days, resulting in marked reduction in plasma TGs (-41%) and LDL-cholesterol (-38%), with minor effects on HDL-cholesterol and apoAI. Native plasma LDL (baseline vs. 180 days) was oxidized by aqueous free radicals under mild conditions in vitro either alone or in the presence of the corresponding pre- or poststatin HDL2 or HDL3 at authentic plasma mass ratios. Lipidomic analyses revealed that statin treatment i) reduced the content of oxidizable polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine (PUPC) species containing DHA and linoleic acid in LDL; ii) preferentially increased the content of PUPC species containing arachidonic acid (AA) in small, dense HDL3; iii) induced significant elevation in the content of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) plasmalogens containing AA and DHA in HDL3; and iv) induced formation of HDL3 particles with increased capacity to inactivate PCOOH with formation of redox-inactive phospholipid hydroxide. Statin action attenuated LDL oxidability Concomitantly, the capacity of HDL3 to inactivate redox-active PCOOH was enhanced relative to HDL2, consistent with preferential enrichment of PE plasmalogens and PUPC in HDL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexina Orsoni
- Clinical Biochemistry Service, APHP, HUPS, Bicêtre University Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Patrice Thérond
- Clinical Biochemistry Service, APHP, HUPS, Bicêtre University Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Lip(Sys) Department, Atherosclerosis: Cholesterol Homeostasis and Macrophage Trafficking, Paris-Sud University and Paris-Saclay University, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Ricardo Tan
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Philippe Giral
- Service of Endocrinology-Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Paul Robillard
- INSERM UMR-S939, Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis, and University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anatol Kontush
- INSERM UMR-S1166 and University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M John Chapman
- Clinical Biochemistry Service, APHP, HUPS, Bicêtre University Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France .,Service of Endocrinology-Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S939, Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis, and University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
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Current Treatment of Dyslipidemia: A New Paradigm for Statin Drug Use and the Need for Additional Therapies. Drugs 2016; 75:1187-99. [PMID: 26115727 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-015-0428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in most countries, with the high prevalence currently driven by dual epidemics of obesity and diabetes. Statin drugs, the most effective, evidence-based agents to prevent and treat this disease, have a central role in management and are advised in all published guidelines. The 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) cholesterol and assessment guidelines ('new ACC/AHA guidelines') emphasized global cardiovascular (CV) risk reduction as opposed to targeting low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, stressed the use of statins in two dose intensities, utilized a new risk calculator using pooled cohort equations, and lowered the risk cutoff for initiation of statin therapy. Although there were major strengths of the new ACC/AHA guidelines, substantial controversy followed their release, particulars of which are discussed in this review. They were generally regarded as improvements in an ongoing transition using evidenced-based data for maximum patient benefit. Several guidelines, other than the ACC/AHA guidelines, currently provide practitioners with choices, some depending on practice locations. Cholesterol control with statin drugs is used in all paradigms. However, some patients respond inadequately, approximately 15% are intolerant, and other factors prevent attaining cholesterol goals in as many as 40% of patients. Even after treatment, substantial residual risk for ongoing major events remains. Another readily available modality that can rival statin drugs in effectiveness is vast improvement in diet and lifestyle within the general population; however, despite great effort, existing programs to implement such changes have failed. Hence, despite unrivaled success, there is great need for additional drugs to prevent and treat CHD, whether as monotherapy or in combination with statin drugs. New American guidelines do not discuss or recommend any nonstatin drugs for CHD, and the US FDA has moved away from approving drugs based solely on changes in surrogates in the absence of clinical outcomes trials. Both have significantly altered the realities of developing pharmacotherapies and cardiology practice.
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Kaur G, Phillips CL, Wong K, McLachlan AJ, Saini B. Timing of Administration: For Commonly-Prescribed Medicines in Australia. Pharmaceutics 2016; 8:pharmaceutics8020013. [PMID: 27092523 PMCID: PMC4932476 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics8020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronotherapy involves the administration of medication in coordination with the body's circadian rhythms to maximise therapeutic effectiveness and minimise/avoid adverse effects. The aim of this study is to investigate the "time of administration" recommendations on chronotherapy for commonly-prescribed medicines in Australia. This study also aimed to explore the quality of information on the timing of administration presented in drug information sources, such as consumer medicine information (CMI) and approved product information (PI). Databases were searched for original research studies reporting on the impact of "time of administration" of the 30 most commonly-prescribed medicines in Australia for 2014. Further, time of administration recommendations from drug information sources were compared to the evidence from chronotherapy trials. Our search revealed 27 research studies, matching the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In 56% (n = 15) of the research studies, the therapeutic effect of the medicine varied with the time of administration, i.e., supported chronotherapy. For some medicines (e.g., simvastatin), circadian-based optimal administration time was evident in the information sources. Overall, dedicated studies on the timing of administration of medicines are sparse, and more studies are required. As it stands, information provision to consumers and health professionals about the optimal "time" to take medications lags behind emerging evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Kaur
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia.
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia.
| | - Craig L Phillips
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia.
- Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney NSW 2065, Australia.
| | - Keith Wong
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia.
- Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Andrew J McLachlan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia.
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital, Concord, NSW 2137, Australia.
| | - Bandana Saini
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia.
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Carrascal Y, Arnold RJ, De la Fuente L, Revilla A, Sevilla T, Arce N, Laguna G, Pareja P, Blanco M. Efficacy of atorvastatin in prevention of atrial fibrillation after heart valve surgery in the PROFACE trial (PROphylaxis of postoperative atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac surgEry). J Arrhythm 2016; 32:191-7. [PMID: 27354864 PMCID: PMC4913150 DOI: 10.1016/j.joa.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the efficacy of perioperative atorvastatin administration for prophylaxis of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after heart valve surgery. Methods Our study included 90 patients with heart valve disease who were scheduled to undergo elective cardiac surgery. Cases with previous AF or preoperative beta-blocker therapy were excluded. Patients were randomized into the atorvastatin group, which included 47 patients who received 40 mg/day of atorvastatin 7 days before and after the surgery and the control group, which included 43 patients. Primary endpoint was the occurrence of POAF. Secondary endpoints included modifications in the preoperative and postoperative levels of the markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP]), myocardial injury (ultrasensitive troponin T and creatinine phosphokinase MB [CPK-MB]), and cardiac dysfunction (pro-brain natriuretic peptide [proBNP]) related to POAF and changes in the echocardiographic parameters, such as atrial electromechanical interval, A wave, E/A ratio, and Doppler imaging systolic velocity wave amplitude, related to POAF. Results No relationship between atorvastatin administration and reduction in the incidence of POAF was observed (42.6% in the atorvastatin vs. 30.2% in the control group) (p=0.226). No difference in the levels of CPK-MB, ultrasensitive troponin T, CRP, or proBNP and in the analyzed echocardiographic parameter was detected between both groups. Conclusions Atorvastatin in the described dose, was not adequate for the prophylaxis of POAF after heart valve surgery. It was ineffective in controlling the inflammatory phenomena, myocardial injury, and echocardiographic predictors of POAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Carrascal
- Cardiac Surgery Department, University Hospital, Avda. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 347005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Roman J Arnold
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital, Avda. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 347005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Luis De la Fuente
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital, Avda. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 347005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ana Revilla
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital, Avda. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 347005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Teresa Sevilla
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital, Avda. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 347005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Nuria Arce
- Cardiac Surgery Department, University Hospital, Avda. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 347005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Gregorio Laguna
- Cardiac Surgery Department, University Hospital, Avda. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 347005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pilar Pareja
- Cardiac Surgery Department, University Hospital, Avda. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 347005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Miriam Blanco
- Cardiac Surgery Department, University Hospital, Avda. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 347005 Valladolid, Spain
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Simon MS, Desai P, Wallace R, Wu C, Howard BV, Martin LW, Schlecht N, Liu S, Jay A, LeBlanc ES, Rohan T, Manson J. Prospective analysis of association between statins and pancreatic cancer risk in the Women's Health Initiative. Cancer Causes Control 2016; 27:415-23. [PMID: 26857832 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-016-0717-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are associated with a lower risk of pancreatic cancer. METHODS The population included 160,578 postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) in which 385 incident cases of pancreatic cancer were identified over an average of 8.69 (SD ±4.59) years. All diagnoses were confirmed by medical record and pathology review. Information on statin use and other risk factors was collected at baseline and during follow-up. Multivariable-adjusted hazards ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) evaluating the relationship between prior statin use (at baseline only as well as in a time-dependent manner) and risk of pancreatic cancer were computed from Cox proportional hazards regression analyses after adjusting for appropriate confounders. We also evaluated the effect of statin type, potency, lipophilic status, and duration of use. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Statins were used at baseline by 12,243 (7.5 %) women. The annualized rate of pancreatic cancer in statin users and nonusers, respectively, was 0.0298 versus 0.0271 %. The multivariable-adjusted HR for statin users versus nonusers at baseline was 0.92 and 95 % CI 0.57-1.48. In a time-dependent model, the HR for low-potency statins was 0.46, 95 % CI 0.20-1.04. There was no significant effect seen by statin lipophilicity or duration of use. CONCLUSIONS There was no significant relationship between statins and pancreatic cancer risk in the WHI; however, there was a marginal inverse association noted for low-potency statins. Analyses of larger numbers of cases are needed to further explore this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Simon
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R, 4221 HWCRC, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Pinkal Desai
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Wallace
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Chunyuan Wu
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Barbara V Howard
- MedStar Health Research Institute and Georgetown/Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Simin Liu
- UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Allison Jay
- St John's Hospital and Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Erin S LeBlanc
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente NW, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Thomas Rohan
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - JoAnn Manson
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Kolawole EM, McLeod JJA, Ndaw V, Abebayehu D, Barnstein BO, Faber T, Spence AJ, Taruselli M, Paranjape A, Haque TT, Qayum AA, Kazmi QA, Wijesinghe DS, Sturgill JL, Chalfant CE, Straus DB, Oskeritzian CA, Ryan JJ. Fluvastatin Suppresses Mast Cell and Basophil IgE Responses: Genotype-Dependent Effects. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1461-70. [PMID: 26773154 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell (MC)- and basophil-associated inflammatory diseases are a considerable burden to society. A significant portion of patients have symptoms despite standard-of-care therapy. Statins, used to lower serum cholesterol, have immune-modulating activities. We tested the in vitro and in vivo effects of statins on IgE-mediated MC and basophil activation. Fluvastatin showed the most significant inhibitory effects of the six statins tested, suppressing IgE-induced cytokine secretion among mouse MCs and basophils. The effects of fluvastatin were reversed by mevalonic acid or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphatase, and mimicked by geranylgeranyl transferase inhibition. Fluvastatin selectively suppressed key FcεRI signaling pathways, including Akt and ERK. Although MCs and basophils from the C57BL/6J mouse strain were responsive to fluvastatin, those from 129/SvImJ mice were completely resistant. Resistance correlated with fluvastatin-induced upregulation of the statin target HMG-CoA reductase. Human MC cultures from eight donors showed a wide range of fluvastatin responsiveness. These data demonstrate that fluvastatin is a potent suppressor of IgE-mediated MC activation, acting at least partly via blockade of geranyl lipid production downstream of HMG-CoA reductase. Importantly, consideration of statin use for treating MC-associated disease needs to incorporate genetic background effects, which can yield drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Victor Ndaw
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Daniel Abebayehu
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Brian O Barnstein
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Travis Faber
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Andrew J Spence
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Marcela Taruselli
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Anuya Paranjape
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Tamara T Haque
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Amina A Qayum
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Qasim A Kazmi
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | | | - Jamie L Sturgill
- Department of Family and Community Health, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Charles E Chalfant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298; Research and Development, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298; Virginia Commonwealth University Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298; and
| | - David B Straus
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Carole A Oskeritzian
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - John J Ryan
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284;
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A statin-loaded reconstituted high-density lipoprotein nanoparticle inhibits atherosclerotic plaque inflammation. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3065. [PMID: 24445279 PMCID: PMC4001802 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key feature of atherosclerosis and a target for therapy. Statins have potent anti-inflammatory properties but these cannot be fully exploited with oral statin therapy due to low systemic bioavailability. Here we present an injectable reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL) nanoparticle carrier vehicle that delivers statins to atherosclerotic plaques. We demonstrate the anti-inflammatory effect of statin-rHDL in vitro and show this effect is mediated through inhibition of the mevalonate pathway. We also apply statin-rHDL nanoparticles in vivo in an apolipoprotein E-knockout mouse model of atherosclerosis and show they accumulate in atherosclerotic lesions where they directly affect plaque macrophages. Finally we demonstrate that a three-month low-dose statin-rHDL treatment regimen inhibits plaque inflammation progression, while a one-week high-dose regimen markedly decreases inflammation in advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Statin-rHDL represents a novel potent atherosclerosis nanotherapy that directly affects plaque inflammation.
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The role of statins in patients after heart transplantation. POLISH JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 2015; 12:42-7. [PMID: 26336477 PMCID: PMC4520517 DOI: 10.5114/kitp.2015.50567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that statin therapy initiated early after heart transplantation improves the short- and long-term prognosis, leading to a reduction in the incidence of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), acute rejection episodes and significantly lowers the incidence of cancer in this patient population. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of statins in patients after heart transplantation are complex; the effectiveness of statins is associated not only with their hypolipemic action, but also with their pleiotropic properties. Statins have been shown to exert protective and therapeutic effects against cancer because they act as antiproliferative agents, promoting apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis. Moreover, they reduce the number of circulating monocytes, which inhibits the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, growth factors, adhesion molecules, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases, preventing chronic rejection and CAV. For these reasons, statins should be used as part of standard therapy in patients after heart transplantation.
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Dick M, MacDonald K, Tardif JC, Leask RL. The effect of simvastatin treatment on endothelial cell response to shear stress and tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulation. Biomed Eng Online 2015; 14:58. [PMID: 26091905 PMCID: PMC4475335 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-015-0057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Statin drugs are one of the most commonly prescribed pharmaceuticals by physicians. By blocking the rate-limiting step in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, statins inhibit cholesterol synthesis, which benefits patient health. However, since many other important cellular processes are regulated within this pathway, they may also be influenced by statin therapy. These pleiotropic effects of statins have not been fully investigated, but are believed to positively influence endothelial cells (ECs), which line the vasculature in a confluent monolayer. Few studies have considered the effect of blood flow on ECs and how this may augment EC response to statins. Methods In this study, the effect of statin treatment on ECs is investigated for cells stimulated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), an inflammatory cytokine that promotes an atheroprone endothelium. Additionally, ECs are exposed to a physiologically relevant wall shear stress (WSS) of 12.5 dynes/cm2 using a three-dimensional tissue culture model to provide a realistic hemodynamic environment. ECs are analyzed for morphology using light microscopy as well as cytoskeletal structure and alignment using confocal microscopy. Statistical analysis is performed on the results using both the one-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni post-tests and the two-tailed t test. Results We have shown that statin treatment caused cells to adapt to a rounded, atheroprone morphology, with a significantly higher shape index. Oppositely, TNF-α stimulation caused cells to elongate to an atheroprotective morphology, with a significantly lower shape index. WSS and TNF-α were unable to reverse any statin-induced cell rounding or F-actin disruption. Conclusion Further work is therefore needed to determine why statin drugs cause cells to have an atheroprone morphology, but an atheroprotective genotype, and why TNF-α stimulation causes an atheroprotective morphology, but an atheroprone genotype. Despite the morphological changes due to statins or stimulation, ECs still respond to WSS. Understanding how statins influence ECs will allow for more targeted treatments for hypercholestemia and potentially other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Dick
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B2, Canada. .,Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, QC, H1T 1C8, Canada.
| | - Katherine MacDonald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B2, Canada.
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, QC, H1T 1C8, Canada.
| | - Richard L Leask
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B2, Canada. .,Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, QC, H1T 1C8, Canada.
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Ruthman CA, Festic E. Emerging therapies for the prevention of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2015; 9:173-87. [PMID: 26002528 DOI: 10.1177/1753465815585716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) carries significant risk of morbidity and mortality. To date, pharmacological therapy has been largely ineffective for patients with ARDS. We present our personal review aimed at outlining current and future directions for the pharmacological prevention of ARDS. Several available risk-stratification or prediction score strategies for identification of patients at risk of ARDS have been reported. Although not ready for clinical everyday use, they are and will be instrumental in the ongoing and future trials of pharmacoprevention of ARDS.Several systemic medications established the potential role in ARDS prevention based on the preclinical studies and observational data. Due to potential for systemic adverse effects to neutralize any pharmacological benefits of systemic therapy, inhaled medications appear particularly attractive candidates for ARDS prevention. This is because of their direct delivery to the site of proposed action (lungs), while the pulmonary epithelial surface is still functional.We postulate that overall morbidity and mortality rates from ARDS in the future will be contingent upon decreasing the overall incidence of ARDS through effective identification of those at risk and early application of proven supportive care and pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Ruthman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Emir Festic
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224 USA
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Zambrano T, Hirata MH, Cerda Á, Dorea EL, Pinto GA, Gusukuma MC, Bertolami MC, Salazar LA, Hirata RDC. Impact of 3'UTR genetic variants in PCSK9 and LDLR genes on plasma lipid traits and response to atorvastatin in Brazilian subjects: a pilot study. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:5978-5988. [PMID: 26131194 PMCID: PMC4483840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypercholesterolemia is a complex trait, resulting from a genetic interaction with lifestyle habits. Polymorphisms are a major source of genetic heterogeneity, and variations in 2 key cholesterol homeostasis genes; low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9), lead to dyslipidemia. So, we investigated the relation of 2 variants located in the 3'-UTR (3'-untranslated region) of LDLR (rs14158, G>A) and PCSK9 (rs17111557, C>T) with lipid profile and atorvastatin response. METHODS SNP influence on lipid profile was assessed in hypercholesterolemic patients (HC; n = 89) using atorvastatin (10 mg/day/4 weeks) and in normolipidemic subjects (NL; n = 171). Genotyping was completed through real-time PCR using TaqMan assays. RESULTS rs14158 G allele was higher in HC than in NL group (P = 0.043). NL subjects carrying the T allele of the PCSK9 variant had lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) than C allele carriers (P = 0.009). There was no association between LDLR and PCSK9 SNPs and atorvastatin response. Additionally, the PCSK9 variant creates a microRNA interaction site, which could implicate an epigenetic mechanism in PCSK9-dependent HDL-C regulation. CONCLUSIONS The rs14158 SNP contributes to hypercholesterolemia. Also, a putative microRNA regulation may influence HDL-C variability observed in rs17111557 carriers. Cholesterol-lowering response to atorvastatin is not influenced by LDLR and PCSK9 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Zambrano
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La FronteraTemuco, Chile
| | | | - Álvaro Cerda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La FronteraTemuco, Chile
| | - Egidio L Dorea
- University Hospital, University of Sao PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gelba A Pinto
- University Hospital, University of Sao PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luis A Salazar
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La FronteraTemuco, Chile
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Desai P, Lehman A, Chlebowski RT, Kwan ML, Arun M, Manson JE, Lavasani S, Wasswertheil-Smoller S, Sarto GE, LeBoff M, Cauley J, Cote M, Beebe-Dimmer J, Jay A, Simon MS. Statins and breast cancer stage and mortality in the Women's Health Initiative. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 26:529-39. [PMID: 25736184 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0530-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the association between statins and breast cancer stage and mortality in the Women's Health Initiative. METHODS The study population included 128,675 postmenopausal women aged 50-79 years, out of which there were 7,883 newly diagnosed cases of in situ (19%), local (61%)-, regional (19%)- and distant (1%)-stage breast cancer and 401 deaths due to breast cancer after an average of 11.5 (SD = 3.7) years of follow-up. Stage was coded using SEER criteria and was stratified into early (in situ and local)- versus late (regional and distant)-stage disease. Information on statins and other risk factors were collected by self- and interviewer-administered questionnaires. Cause of death was based on medical record review. Multivariable-adjusted hazards ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) evaluating the relationship between statin use (at baseline only and in a time-dependent manner) and diagnosis of late-stage breast cancer and breast cancer-specific mortality were computed from Cox proportional hazards analyses after adjusting for appropriate confounders. RESULTS Statins were used by 10,474 women (8%) at baseline. In the multivariable-adjusted time-dependent model, use of lipophilic statins was associated with a reduction in diagnosis of late-stage breast cancer (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.64-0.98, p = 0.035) which was also significant among women with estrogen receptor-positive disease (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.56-0.93, p = 0.012). Breast cancer mortality was marginally lower in statin users compared with nonusers (HR 0.59, 95 % CI 0.32-1.06, p = 0.075). CONCLUSIONS Prior statin use is associated with lower breast cancer stage at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinkal Desai
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Dou X, Wei J, Sun A, Shao G, Childress C, Yang W, Lin Q. PBK/TOPK mediates geranylgeranylation signaling for breast cancer cell proliferation. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:27. [PMID: 25745361 PMCID: PMC4349756 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PDZ binding-kinase (PBK) (also named T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK)), a serine/threonine kinase, is tightly controlled in normal tissues but elevated in many tumors, and functions in tumorigenesis and metastasis. However, the signaling that regulates expression of PBK in cancer cells remains elusive. Here we show that atorvastatin (Lipitor), an inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl co-enzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase that is a rate-limiting enzyme of mevalonate pathway, down-regulates expression of PBK by impairing protein geranylgeranylation. The shRNA knockdown demonstrated that Yes-associated protein (YAP) mediates geranylgeranylation-regulated expression of PBK. Importantly, atorvastatin or the geranylgeranyltransferase I inhibitor GGTI-298 inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation through inactivation of YAP signaling and down-regulation of PBK. These findings have defined a new signaling pathway that regulated expression of PBK and identified PBK as a downstream target of the Hippo-YAP signaling, uncoverd a mechanism underlying the anti-cancer effect by inhibition of mevalonate pathway and geranylgeranylation, and provided a potential target for breast cancer targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Dou
- School of Medical Sciences and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu China
| | - Jing Wei
- School of Medical Sciences and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu China
| | - Aiqin Sun
- School of Medical Sciences and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu China
| | - Genbao Shao
- School of Medical Sciences and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu China
| | - Chandra Childress
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, 100 N. Academy Avenue, Danville, PA17822 USA
| | - Wannian Yang
- School of Medical Sciences and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu China ; Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, 100 N. Academy Avenue, Danville, PA17822 USA
| | - Qiong Lin
- School of Medical Sciences and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu China ; Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, 100 N. Academy Avenue, Danville, PA17822 USA
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Zhao J, Zhang X, Dong L, Wen Y, Cui L. The many roles of statins in ischemic stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:564-74. [PMID: 25977681 PMCID: PMC4428028 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x12666140923210929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of human death. Endothelial dysfunction, thrombogenesis, inflammatory and oxidative stress damage, and angiogenesis play an important role in cerebral ischemic pathogenesis and represent a target for prevention and treatment. Statins have been found to improve endothelial function, modulate thrombogenesis, attenuate inflammatory and oxidative stress damage, and facilitate angiogenesis far beyond lowering cholesterol levels. Statins have also been proved to significantly decrease cardiovascular risk and to improve clinical outcome. Could statins be the new candidate agent for the prevention and therapy in ischemic stroke? In recent years, a vast expansion in the understanding of the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and the pleiotropic effects of statins has occurred and clinical trials involving statins for the prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke have begun. These facts force us to revisit ischemic stroke and consider new strategies for prevention and treatment. Here, we survey the important developments in the non-lipid dependent pleiotropic effects and clinical effects of statins in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
- Hebei collaborative innovation center for cerebro-vascular disease, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Neurology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Lipeng Dong
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | | | - Lili Cui
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
- Hebei collaborative innovation center for cerebro-vascular disease, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
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Chang TI, Kang HY, Kim KS, Lee SH, Nam BY, Paeng J, Kim S, Park JT, Yoo TH, Kang SW, Han SH. The effect of statin on epithelial-mesenchymal transition in peritoneal mesothelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109628. [PMID: 25275561 PMCID: PMC4183618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Statins have recently been highlighted for their pleiotropic actions distinct from cholesterol-lowering effects. Despite this interest, it is currently unknown whether statin therapy inhibits peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Methods In vitro, human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) were exposed to 5.6 mM glucose (NG) or 100 mM glucose (HG) with or without simvastatin (1 µM). In vivo, PD catheters were inserted into 32 Sprague-Dawley rats, and saline (C, n = 16) or 4.25% peritoneal dialysis fluid (PDF) (PD, n = 16) was infused for 4 weeks. Eight rats from each group were treated with 5 mg/kg/day of simvastatin intraperitoneally. Changes in the protein expression of EMT markers such as E-cadherin, α-SMA, Snail, and fibronectin in HPMCs and the peritoneum were evaluated by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence or immunohistochemical staining. We also explored whether activation of the mevalonate pathway and its downstream small GTPases were involved in dialysis-related peritoneal EMT and could be inhibited by statin treatment. Results Compared to NG cells, E-cadherin expression was significantly decreased, while α-SMA, Snail, and fibronectin expression were significantly increased in HPMCs exposed to HG, and these changes were abrogated by simvastatin (p<0.05). In addition, the cobblestone-like appearance of normal HPMCs was converted into a fibroblast-like morphology after HG treatment, which was reversed by simvastatin. These EMT-like changes were also observed in HPMCs treated with geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate (5 µM). HG significantly increased the protein expression of RhoA and Rac1 in the membrane fractions, and these increases were ameliorated by simvastatin (p<0.05). In PD rats, E-cadherin in the peritoneum was significantly decreased, whereas α-SMA, Snail, and fibronectin expression were significantly increased (p<0.05) compared to C rats. The thickness of the mesothelial layer in the peritoneum were also significantly greater in PD rats than in C rats (p<0.05). These changes of the peritoneum in PD rats were significantly attenuated by simvastatin. Conclusion This study demonstrated that PD-related EMT was mediated via the mevalonate pathway, and statin treatment inhibited the EMT changes in HG-treated HPMCs and PDF-stimulated PD rats. These findings suggest that statins may be a promising therapeutic strategy for preservation of peritoneal membrane integrity in long-term PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Ik Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, NHIS Medical Center, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-shi, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hye-Young Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Sik Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Ha Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Young Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisun Paeng
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seonghun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Tak Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin-Wook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Ball T, McCullough PA. Statins for the Prevention of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 127:165-71. [DOI: 10.1159/000363202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cheng WH, Ho WY, Chang CF, Lu PJ, Cheng PW, Yeh TC, Hong LZ, Sun GC, Hsiao M, Tseng CJ. Simvastatin induces a central hypotensive effect via Ras-mediated signalling to cause eNOS up-regulation. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:847-58. [PMID: 23889671 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Clinical studies indicate that statins have a BP-lowering effect in hypercholesterolemic individuals with hypertension. Specifically, statins modulate BP through the up-regulation of endothelial NOS (eNOS) activation in the brain. However, the signalling mechanisms through which statins enhance eNOS activation remain unclear. Therefore, we examined the possible signalling pathways involved in statin-mediated BP regulation in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To investigate the involvement of Ras and other signalling pathways in simvastatin-induced effects on BP, BP and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were determined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) before and after i.c.v. administration of simvastatin in the absence and presence of a Ras-specific inhibitor (farnesyl thiosalicylic acid, FTS), a geranylgeranyltransferase inhibitor (GGTI-2133), a PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) or a MAPK-ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor (PD98059). KEY RESULTS FTS significantly attenuated the decrease in BP and increased NO evoked by simvastatin and reversed the decrease in basal RSNA induced by simvastatin. Immunoblotting and pharmacological studies showed that inhibition of Ras activity by FTS significantly abolished simvastatin-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, ribosomal protein S6 kinase (RSK), Akt and decreased eNOS phosphorylation. Likewise, administration of Akt and ERK1/2 signalling inhibitors, LY294002 and PD98059, attenuated the reduction in BP evoked by simvastatin. Furthermore, i.c.v. simvastatin decreased Rac1 activation and the number of ROS-positive cells in the NTS. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Simvastatin modulates central BP control in the NTS of SHRs by increasing Ras-mediated activation of the PI3K-Akt and ERK1/2-RSK signalling pathways, which then up-regulates eNOS activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Han Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Habis M, Wroblewski K, Bradaric M, Ismail N, Yamada SD, Litchfield L, Lengyel E, Romero IL. Statin therapy is associated with improved survival in patients with non-serous-papillary epithelial ovarian cancer: a retrospective cohort analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104521. [PMID: 25118694 PMCID: PMC4131884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine whether statin use is associated with improved epithelial ovarian cancer (OvCa) survival. METHODS This is a single-institution retrospective cohort review of patients treated for OvCa between 1992 and 2013. Inclusion criteria were International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage I-IV OvCa. The primary exposures analyzed were hyperlipidemia and statin use. The primary outcomes were progression-free survival (PFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). RESULTS 442 patients met inclusion criteria. The cohort was divided into three groups: patients with hyperlipidemia who used statins (n = 68), patients with hyperlipidemia who did not use statins (n = 28), and patients without hyperlipidemia (n = 346). OvCa outcomes were evaluated. When we analyzed the entire cohort, we found no significant differences in PFS or DSS among the groups. The median PFS for hyperlipidemics using statins, hyperlipidemics not using statins, and non-hyperlipidemics was 21.7, 13.6, and 14.7 months, respectively (p = 0.69). Median DSS for hyperlipidemics using statins, hyperlipidemics not using statins, and non-hyperlipidemics was 44.2, 75.7, and 41.5 months, respectively (p = 0.43). These findings did not change after controlling for confounders. However, a secondary analysis revealed that, among patients with non-serous-papillary subtypes of OvCa, statin use was associated with a decrease in hazards of both disease recurrence (adjusted HR = 0.23, p = 0.02) and disease-specific death (adjusted HR = 0.23, p = 0.04). To augment the findings in the retrospective cohort, the histology-specific effects of statins were also evaluated in vitro using proliferation assays. Here, statin treatment of cell lines resulted in a variable level of cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION Statin use among patients with non-serous-papillary OvCa was associated with improvement in both PFS and DSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Habis
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology/Section of Gynecologic Oncology – Center for Integrative Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kristen Wroblewski
- Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michael Bradaric
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nadia Ismail
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology/Section of Gynecologic Oncology – Center for Integrative Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - S. Diane Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology/Section of Gynecologic Oncology – Center for Integrative Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lacey Litchfield
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology/Section of Gynecologic Oncology – Center for Integrative Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ernst Lengyel
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology/Section of Gynecologic Oncology – Center for Integrative Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Iris L. Romero
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology/Section of Gynecologic Oncology – Center for Integrative Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Parent MALT, Hottman DA, Cheng S, Zhang W, McMahon LL, Yuan LL, Li L. Simvastatin treatment enhances NMDAR-mediated synaptic transmission by upregulating the surface distribution of the GluN2B subunit. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:693-705. [PMID: 24687455 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The ramifications of statins on plasma cholesterol and coronary heart disease have been well documented. However, there is increasing evidence that inhibition of the mevalonate pathway may provide independent neuroprotective and procognitive pleiotropic effects, most likely via inhibition of isoprenoids, mainly farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). FPP and GGPP are the major donors of prenyl groups for protein prenylation. Modulation of isoprenoid availability impacts a slew of cellular processes including synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Our previous work has demonstrated that simvastatin (SV) administration improves hippocampus-dependent spatial memory, rescuing memory deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Treatment of hippocampal slices with SV enhances long-term potentiation (LTP), and this effect is dependent on the activation of Akt (protein kinase B). Further studies showed that SV-induced enhancement of hippocampal LTP is driven by depletion of FPP and inhibition of farnesylation. In the present study, we report the functional consequences of exposure to SV at cellular/synaptic and molecular levels. While application of SV has no effect on intrinsic membrane properties of CA1 pyramidal neurons, including hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide channel-mediated sag potentials, the afterhyperpolarization (AHP), and excitability, SV application potentiates the N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated contribution to synaptic transmission. In mouse hippocampal slices and human neuronal cells, SV treatment increases the surface distribution of the GluN2B subunit of the NMDAR without affecting cellular cholesterol content. We conclude that SV-induced enhancement of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus is likely mediated by augmentation of synaptic NMDAR components that are largely responsible for driving synaptic plasticity in the CA1 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Alexander L T Parent
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, McGuire Translational Research Facility, 2001 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Ozerkan F, Ozdogan O, Zoghi M, Nalbantgil S, Yavuzgil O, Remzi Önder M. Effects of atorvastatin 10 mg/d on insulin resistance: A 12-week, open-label study in hyperlipidemic patients. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2014; 67:44-54. [PMID: 24678082 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to their cholesterol-lowering effects, hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors ("statins") might have pleiotropic, nonlipid effects. Insulin resistance syndrome is known to increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. However, the effects of statins on insulin resistance are a subject of controversy. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effects of atorvastatin on insulin resistance in hyperlipidemic patients. METHODS This 12-week, prospective, nonrandomized, open-label study was conducted at the outpatient cardiology clinic, Ege University Medical School, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey. Hyperlipidemic patients aged ≥18 years with insulin resistance and no other components of the metabolic syndrome were included in the study. Atorvastatin 10 mg QD (after the evening meal) was administered by mouth (tablet) over a 12-week period. At baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment, insulin sensitivity was assessed using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index methodology. Serum lipid parameters and fasting levels of plasma glucose and insulin (FPG and FPI, respectively) were measured at the same 2 time points. The tolerability of atorvastatin was assessed using laboratory analysis and physical examination, including vital sign measurements. RESULTS Fifteen white patients (9 women, 6 men; mean [SD] age, 52 [8] years) participated in the study. No significant changes in HOMA index were found (mean [SD], 3.1 [1.5] vs 3.2 [1.9]). The lipid profile was improved significantly at 12 weeks compared with baseline (mean [SD] low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 173.2 [21.3] vs 110.8 [43.6] mg/dL; total cholesterol, 270.9 [21.5] vs 201.2 [46.7] mg/dL; and triglycerides, 269.5 [46.3] vs 205.5 [49.3] mg/dL; all, P < 0.001). No significant change in mean (SD) plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (45.5 [6.6] vs 43.7 [8.1] mg/dL) was found. In addition, no significant changes in FPG (85.3 [12.71 vs 84.8 [10.4] mg/dL), or FPI (13.5 [9.7] vs 13.9 [10.1] μU/mL) were found. None of the patients required withdrawal of medication due to an adverse event. CONCLUSION In this pilot study in hyperlipidemic patients with insulin resistance, 12 weeks of treatment with atorvastatin 10 mg QD was effective in controlling hyperlipidemia but did not reduce the severity of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Ozerkan
- Cardiology Department, Ege University Medical School, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Oner Ozdogan
- Cardiology Department, Ege University Medical School, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehdi Zoghi
- Cardiology Department, Ege University Medical School, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sanem Nalbantgil
- Cardiology Department, Ege University Medical School, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Oğuz Yavuzgil
- Cardiology Department, Ege University Medical School, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey
| | - M Remzi Önder
- Cardiology Department, Ege University Medical School, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey
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Badal SS, Danesh FR. New insights into molecular mechanisms of diabetic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 63:S63-83. [PMID: 24461730 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease remains a major microvascular complication of diabetes and the most common cause of chronic kidney failure requiring dialysis in the United States. Medical advances over the past century have substantially improved the management of diabetes mellitus and thereby have increased patient survival. However, current standards of care reduce but do not eliminate the risk of diabetic kidney disease, and further studies are warranted to define new strategies for reducing the risk of diabetic kidney disease. In this review, we highlight some of the novel and established molecular mechanisms that contribute to the development of the disease and its outcomes. In particular, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic kidney disease, with special emphasis on the mitochondrial oxidative stress and microRNA targets. Additionally, candidate genes associated with susceptibility to diabetic kidney disease and alterations in various cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors are addressed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn S Badal
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Farhad R Danesh
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Section of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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