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Wang T, Zhu Y, Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Wu J, Huang G, Xu J. Cystatin C and sarcopenia index are associated with cardiovascular and all-cause death among adults in the United States. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1972. [PMID: 39044229 PMCID: PMC11267836 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the association of cystatin C, serum creatinine and sarcopenia index with cardiovascular and all-cause death in general population. METHODS Data of participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) from 1999 to 2004 were used and all participants were followed up regularly until December 31, 2019. Multivariable Cox analysis was used to investigate the association of cystatin C, serum creatinine and sarcopenia index with cardiovascular and all-cause death. Restricted cubic spline was conducted to evaluate the nonlinear association. RESULTS A total of 9894 participants with a mean age of 45.64 years were enrolled and followed up for a mean duration of 15.62 ± 4.68 years. Approximately 50.3% were male and there were a total of 2681 all-cause deaths and 691 cardiovascular deaths recorded during the follow-up period. In final adjusted model, compared with the first quartile of cystatin C (< 0.659 mg/L), the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause death increased 2.36-fold and 1.71-fold for participants in the fourth quartile (≥ 0.877 mg/L) (HR: 3.36, 95% CI: 2.06-5.46, P < 0.001; HR: 2.71, 95% CI: 2.17-3.38, P < 0.001; respectively). Furthermore, a higher sarcopenia index (< 88.41 vs. ≥125.52) was associated with the reduced risk of cardiovascular death (HR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.31-0.53, P < 0.001) as well as all-cause death (HR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.35-0.49, P < 0.001). Additionally, restricted cubic splines showed that there was a nonlinear relationship between sarcopenia index levels and all-cause death while there was a linear relationship between sarcopenia index levels and cardiovascular death. CONCLUSIONS Higher sarcopenia index was associated with the decreased risk of cardiovascular and all-cause death in general population in the United States. Elevated cystatin C was positively associated with cardiovascular and all-cause death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbo Wang
- The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, 610014, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxin Zhu
- The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, 610014, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, 610014, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, 610014, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Geriatric, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, 610014, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, 610014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Junbo Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, 610014, Sichuan, China.
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Zhou L, Wu J, Wei Z, Zheng Y. Legumain in cardiovascular diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10121. [PMID: 39104790 PMCID: PMC11298360 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, having become a global public health problem, so the pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of CVDs need further study. Legumain is a powerful enzyme that is widely distributed in mammals and plays an important role in a variety of biological processes. Recent research suggests that legumain is associated with the occurrence and progression of CVDs. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of legumain in the pathogenesis of CVDs. The role of legumain in CVDs, such as carotid atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, aortic aneurysms and dissection, is discussed. The potential applications of legumain as a biomarker of these diseases are also explored. By understanding the role of legumain in the pathogenesis of CVDs, we aim to support new therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zairong Wei
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yuehong Zheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Choi M, Toscano C, Edman MC, de Paiva CS, Hamm-Alvarez SF. The Aging Lacrimal Gland of Female C57BL/6J Mice Exhibits Multinucleate Macrophage Infiltration Associated With Lipid Dysregulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:1. [PMID: 38829671 PMCID: PMC11156205 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.6.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Loss of function of the lacrimal gland (LG), which produces the aqueous tear film, is implicated in age-related dry eye. To better understand this deterioration, we evaluated changes in lipid metabolism and inflammation in LGs from an aging model. Methods LG sections from female C57BL/6J mice of different ages (young, 2-3 months; intermediate, 10-14 months; old, ≥24 months) were stained with Oil Red-O or Toluidine blue to detect lipids. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis and western blotting of LG lysates determined differences in the expression of genes and proteins related to lipid metabolism. A photobleaching protocol to quench age-related autofluorescence was used in LG sections to evaluate changes in immunofluorescence associated with NPC1, NPC2, CTSL, and macrophages (F4/80, CD11b) with age using confocal fluorescence microscopy. Results Old LGs showed increased lipids prominent in basal aggregates in acinar cells and in extra-acinar sites. LG gene expression of Npc1, Npc2, Lipa, and Mcoln2, encoding proteins involved in lipid metabolism, was increased with age. NPC1 was also significantly increased in old LGs by western blotting. In photobleached LG sections, confocal fluorescence microscopy imaging of NPC1, NPC2, and CTSL immunofluorescence showed age-associated enrichment in macrophages labeled to detect F4/80. Although mononuclear macrophages were detectable in LG at all ages, this novel multinucleate macrophage population containing NPC1, NPC2, and CTSL and enriched in F4/80 and some CD11b was increased with age at extra-acinar sites. Conclusions Lipid-metabolizing proteins enriched in F4/80-positive multinucleated macrophages are increased in old LGs adjacent to sites of lipid deposition in acini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchang Choi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Cindy Toscano
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Maria C. Edman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Cintia S. de Paiva
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Sarah F. Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
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Cheetham CJ, McKelvey MC, McAuley DF, Taggart CC. Neutrophil-Derived Proteases in Lung Inflammation: Old Players and New Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5492. [PMID: 38791530 PMCID: PMC11122108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil-derived proteases are critical to the pathology of many inflammatory lung diseases, both chronic and acute. These abundant enzymes play roles in key neutrophil functions, such as neutrophil extracellular trap formation and reactive oxygen species release. They may also be released, inducing tissue damage and loss of tissue function. Historically, the neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) have been the main subject of neutrophil protease research. Despite highly promising cell-based and animal model work, clinical trials involving the inhibition of NSPs have shown mixed results in lung disease patients. As such, the cutting edge of neutrophil-derived protease research has shifted to proteases that have had little-to-no research in neutrophils to date. These include the cysteine and serine cathepsins, the metzincins and the calpains, among others. This review aims to outline the previous work carried out on NSPs, including the shortcomings of some of the inhibitor-orientated clinical trials. Our growing understanding of other proteases involved in neutrophil function and neutrophilic lung inflammation will then be discussed. Additionally, the potential of targeting these more obscure neutrophil proteases will be highlighted, as they may represent new targets for inhibitor-based treatments of neutrophil-mediated lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coby J. Cheetham
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (C.J.C.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Michael C. McKelvey
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (C.J.C.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Daniel F. McAuley
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK;
| | - Clifford C. Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (C.J.C.); (M.C.M.)
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Maheshwari S, Patel BM. Unravelling the role of cathepsins in cardiovascular diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:579. [PMID: 38668953 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09518-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomal cathepsins as a regulatory medium have been assessed as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of various cardiac diseases such as abdominal aortic aneurysm, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, etc. They are ubiquitous lysosomal proteases with papain-like folded protein structures that are involved in a variety of physiological processes, such as the digestion of proteins, activation of pro-inflammatory molecules, degradation of extracellular matrix components, and maturation of peptide hormones. Cathepsins are classified into three major groups: cysteine cathepsins, aspartic cathepsins, and serine-threonine cathepsins. Each of these groups is further divided into subgroups based on their substrate specificity, structural characteristics, and biochemical properties. Several studies suggest that cathepsins control the degradation of ECM components such as collagen and elastin fibres. These enzymes are highly expressed in macrophages and inflammatory cells, and their upregulation has been demonstrated to be critical in the progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Additionally, increased cathepsin activity has been linked to increased vascular inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which are associated with CVDs. Specifically, the inhibition of cathepsins may reduce the release of pro-apoptotic mediators such as caspase-3 and PARP-1, which are thought to contribute to plaque instability. The potential of cathepsins as biomarkers and therapeutic targets has also been supported by the identification of potential cathepsin inhibitors, which could be used to modulate the activities of cathepsins in a range of diseases. This review shall familiarise the readers with the role of cysteinyl cathepsins and their inhibitors in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhoomika M Patel
- School of Medico-Legal Studies, National Forensic Sciences University, Sector 9, Gandhinagar, 382007, India.
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Pečar Fonović U, Kos J, Mitrović A. Compensational role between cathepsins. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00085-3. [PMID: 38663456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Cathepsins, a family of lysosomal peptidases, play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by regulating protein turnover and degradation as well as many specific regulatory actions that are important for proper cell function and human health. Alterations in the activity and expression of cathepsins have been observed in many diseases such as cancer, inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, bone remodelling-related conditions and others. These changes are not exclusively harmful, but rather appear to be a compensatory response on the lack of one cathepsin in order to maintain tissue integrity. The upregulation of specific cathepsins in response to the inhibition or dysfunction of other cathepsins suggests a fine-tuned system of proteolytic balance and understanding the compensatory role of cathepsins may improve therapeutic potential of cathepsin's inhibitors. Selectively targeting one cathepsin or modulating their activity could offer new treatment strategies for a number of diseases. This review emphasises the need for comprehensive research into cathepsin biology in the context of disease. The identification of the specific cathepsins involved in compensatory responses, the elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanisms and the development of targeted interventions could lead to innovative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urša Pečar Fonović
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Janko Kos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Ana Mitrović
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Jansen I, Cahalane R, Hengst R, Akyildiz A, Farrell E, Gijsen F, Aikawa E, van der Heiden K, Wissing T. The interplay of collagen, macrophages, and microcalcification in atherosclerotic plaque cap rupture mechanics. Basic Res Cardiol 2024; 119:193-213. [PMID: 38329498 PMCID: PMC11008085 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-024-01033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque cap overlying a lipid pool and/or necrotic core can lead to thrombotic cardiovascular events. In essence, the rupture of the plaque cap is a mechanical event, which occurs when the local stress exceeds the local tissue strength. However, due to inter- and intra-cap heterogeneity, the resulting ultimate cap strength varies, causing proper assessment of the plaque at risk of rupture to be lacking. Important players involved in tissue strength include the load-bearing collagenous matrix, macrophages, as major promoters of extracellular matrix degradation, and microcalcifications, deposits that can exacerbate local stress, increasing tissue propensity for rupture. This review summarizes the role of these components individually in tissue mechanics, along with the interplay between them. We argue that to be able to improve risk assessment, a better understanding of the effect of these individual components, as well as their reciprocal relationships on cap mechanics, is required. Finally, we discuss potential future steps, including a holistic multidisciplinary approach, multifactorial 3D in vitro model systems, and advancements in imaging techniques. The obtained knowledge will ultimately serve as input to help diagnose, prevent, and treat atherosclerotic cap rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel Cahalane
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group (MMDRG), Biomedical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ranmadusha Hengst
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Akyildiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomechanical Engineering, Technical University Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Farrell
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Gijsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomechanical Engineering, Technical University Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kim van der Heiden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar Wissing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Liang T, Zhu L, Yang J, Huang X, Lv M, Liu S, Wen Z, Su L, Zhou L. Identification of Key Genes Mediated by N6-Methyladenosine Methyltransferase METTL3 in Ischemic Stroke via Bioinformatics Analysis and Experiments. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00991-w. [PMID: 38135832 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00991-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methyltransferase METTL3 has been demonstrated to function in mediating m6A modification, but its role in ischemic stroke (IS) has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to explore the downstream mechanism of METTL3-mediated m6A modification in IS. GSE16561 and GSE22255 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database for analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and it was found that METTL3 mRNA was downregulated in IS. Then quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to verify the downregulation of METTL3 mRNA in the peripheral blood of IS patients and the cortexes of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion mice. By combining DEGs with the m6A-downregulated genes in GSE142386 which performed methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) on METTL3-deficient and control endothelial cells, a total of 131 genes were identified as the METTL3-mediated m6A-modified genes in IS. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis showed that the genes were mainly involved in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, MAPK signaling pathway and NF-kappa B signaling pathway. CTSS and SBK1 were further screened as the key METTL3-mediated m6A-modified genes by random forest model and PCR validation. The ROC curve analysis showed that the combination with CTSS and SBK1 was of good diagnostic value for IS, with the AUC of 0.810, sensitivity of 0.780, and specificity of 0.773. Overall, we found that METTL3-mediated m6A modification may influence the occurrence and development of IS by participating in inflammation-related biological processes, and two key m6A-modified genes mediated by METTL3 (CTSS and SBK1) can be used as diagnostic biomarkers for IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Liang
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Lulu Zhu
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jialei Yang
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaolan Huang
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Miao Lv
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Shengying Liu
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Zheng Wen
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Su
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Lifang Zhou
- Liuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Liuzhou, 545005, Guangxi, China.
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Chen J, Shen J, Pan Y, Jing J, Wang Y, Wei T, Lyu L. Association of serum cystatin C level with coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden: a comprehensive analysis of observational studies and genetic study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:499. [PMID: 37817071 PMCID: PMC10563279 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Epidemiological studies show that high circulating cystatin C is associated with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), independent of creatinine-based renal function measurements. However, the relationship between serum cystatin C level and coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden is limited. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between circulating cystatin C and coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden. METHODS This study was a cross-sectional study based on China community population. Measurements of plaque burden were based on the segment-involvement score (SIS) and segment stenosis score (SSS), which derived from the Coronary Artery Tree Model Depicting Coronary Artery Plaque Scores. Logistic regression model was used to demonstrate the association between cystatin C level and coronary artery plaque burden. Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were conducted to assess the causal effect of cystatin C level on coronary atherosclerosis risk. RESULTS A total of 3,043 objects were included in the present study. The odds risks (OR) of severe plaque burden in the highest serum cystatin C levels (OR: 2.50; Cl:1.59-3.91; P < 0.001) and medium-level cystatin C levels (OR: 1.86; 95% Cl: 1.21-2.88; P = 0.005) were significantly higher after fulled adjusted confounders compared with the lowest levels of serum cystatin C by SSS. The MR analysis showed that genetic predicted cystatin C levels was associated with an increased risk of coronary atherosclerosis (OR, 1.004; 95% CI, 1.002-1.006, P < 0.001) . CONCLUSION Elevated serum cystatin C levels were associated with coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden. Cystatin C levels had a causal effect on an increased risk of coronary atherosclerosis at the genetic level. WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIC?: Coronary artery disease is currently the most common cardiovascular disease and the leading global cause of mortality. Previous studies reported that higher serum cystatin C levels were associated with an increased risk for future cardiovascular events, independent of the normal creatinine levels or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values. The presence of high-risk coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, the association between serum cystatin C and coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden is not very clear. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS?: Our study demonstrated that the elevated serum cystatin C levels were associated with coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden. In addition, we found that serum cystatin C levels had a causal effect on an increased risk of coronary atherosclerosis at the genetic level. HOW THIS STUDY MIGHT AFFECT RESEARCH, PRACTICE OR POLICY?: Current research finds that serum cystatin C levels were associated with coronary atherosclerosis. The metabolic pathway of cystatin C could be a target for new therapies against CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiayi Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Lishui Central Hospital, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical university, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuesong Pan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Tiemin Wei
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lingchun Lyu
- Department of Cardiology, Lishui Central Hospital, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical university, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
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Xiao Z, Li Y, Xiong L, Liao J, Gao Y, Luo Y, Wang Y, Chen T, Yu D, Wang T, Zhang C, Chen Z. Recent Advances in Anti-Atherosclerosis and Potential Therapeutic Targets for Nanomaterial-Derived Drug Formulations. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302918. [PMID: 37698552 PMCID: PMC10582432 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the leading cause of death worldwide, is responsible for ≈17.6 million deaths globally each year. Most therapeutic drugs for atherosclerosis have low delivery efficiencies and significant side effects, and this has hampered the development of effective treatment strategies. Diversified nanomaterials can improve drug properties and are considered to be key for the development of improved treatment strategies for atherosclerosis. The pathological mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis is summarized, rationally designed nanoparticle-mediated therapeutic strategies, and potential future therapeutic targets for nanodelivery. The content of this study reveals the potential and challenges of nanoparticle use for the treatment of atherosclerosis and highlights new effective design ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Xiao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ RepairSchool of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Yi Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ RepairSchool of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Liyan Xiong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ RepairSchool of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Jun Liao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ RepairSchool of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Yijun Gao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ RepairSchool of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Yunchun Luo
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ RepairSchool of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Yun Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ RepairSchool of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Ting Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ RepairSchool of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Dahai Yu
- Weihai Medical Area970 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLAWeihai264200China
| | - Tingfang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ RepairSchool of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ RepairSchool of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Zhe‐Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSt. John's UniversityNew York11439USA
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11
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Cheng XW, Narisawa M, Wang H, Piao L. Overview of multifunctional cysteinyl cathepsins in atherosclerosis-based cardiovascular disease: from insights into molecular functions to clinical implications. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:91. [PMID: 37202785 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl cathepsins (CTSs) are widely known to have a proteolysis function that mediates recycling of unwanted proteins in endosomes and lysosomes, and investigation of CTSs has greatly improved with advances in live-imaging techniques both in vivo and in vitro, leading to three key findings. (1) CTSs are relocated from the lysosomes to other cellular spaces (i.e., cytosol, nucleus, nuclear membrane, plasma membrane, and extracellular milieu). (2) In addition to acidic cellular compartments, CTSs also exert biological activity in neutral environments. (3) CTSs also exert multiple nontraditional functions in, for example, extracellular matrix metabolism, cell signaling transduction, protein processing/trafficking, and cellular events. Various stimuli regulate the expression and activities of CTSs in vivo and vitro-e.g., inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, neurohormones, and growth factors. Accumulating evidence has confirmed the participation of CTSs in vascular diseases characterized by atherosclerosis, plaque rupture, thrombosis, calcification, aneurysm, restenosis/in-stent-restenosis, and neovasel formation. Circulating and tissue CTSs are promising as biomarkers and as a diagnostic imaging tool in patients with atherosclerosis-based cardiovascular disease (ACVD), and pharmacological interventions with their specific and non-specific inhibitors, and cardiovascular drugs might have potential for the therapeutic targeting of CTSs in animals. This review focuses on the update findings on CTS biology and the involvement of CTSs in the initiation and progression of ACVD and discusses the potential use of CTSs as biomarkers and small-molecule targets to prevent deleterious nontraditional functions in ACVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital, 1327 Juzijie, Yanjin, Jilin, 133000, People's Republic of China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Stress and Cardiovascular Disease, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanjin, 133000, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Stress and Cardiovascular Disease, Yanbian University Hospital, 1327 Juzijie, Yanji, Jilin PR. 133000, China.
| | - Megumi Narisawa
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichiken, 4668550, Japan
| | - Hailong Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital, 1327 Juzijie, Yanjin, Jilin, 133000, People's Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Stress and Cardiovascular Disease, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanjin, 133000, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei Piao
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital, 1327 Juzijie, Yanjin, Jilin, 133000, People's Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Stress and Cardiovascular Disease, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanjin, 133000, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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The cathepsin-S/protease-activated receptor-(PAR)-2 axis drives chronic allograft vasculopathy and is a molecular target for therapeutic intervention. Transpl Immunol 2023; 77:101782. [PMID: 36608832 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin S (CatS) and proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-2 are involved in the remodelling of vascular walls and neointima formation as well as in alloantigen presentation and T-cell priming. Therefore, we hypothesized that CatS/PAR-2 inhibition/deficiency would attenuate chronic allograft vasculopathy. METHODS Heterotopic aortic murine transplantation was performed from C57BL/6J donors to C57BL/6J recipients (syngeneic control group), Balb/c to C57BL/6J without treatment (allogenic control group), Balb/c to C57BL/6J with twice daily oral CatS inhibitor (allogenic treatment group) and Balb/c to Par2-/- C57BL/6J (allogenic knockout group). The recipients were sacrificed on day 28 and the grafts were harvested for histological analysis and RT-qPCR. RESULTS After 28 days, mice of the allogenic control group exhibited significant neointima formation and massive CD8 T-cell infiltration into the neointima while the syngeneic control group showed negligible allograft vasculopathy. The mRNA expression level of CatS in allografts was 5-fold of those in syngeneic grafts. Neointima formation and therefore intima/media-ratio were significantly decreased in the treatment and knockout group in comparison to the allogenic control group. Mice in treatment group also displayed significantly fewer CD8 T cells in the neointima compared with allogeneic controls. Additionally, treatment with the CatS inhibitor and PAR2-deficiency decreased mRNA-levels of interleukins and cytokines. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our data indicate that inhibiting CatS and PAR-2 deficiency led to a marked reduction of neointima formation and associated inflammation in a murine heterotopic model for allograft vasculopathy.
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13
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Janiszewski T, Kołt S, Ciastoń I, Vizovisek M, Poręba M, Turk B, Drąg M, Kozieł J, Kasperkiewicz P. Investigation of osteoclast cathepsin K activity in osteoclastogenesis and bone loss using a set of chemical reagents. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:159-174.e8. [PMID: 36696904 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CatK) is a lysosomal cysteine protease whose highest expression is found in osteoclasts, which are the cells responsible for bone resorption. Investigations of the functions and physiological relevance of CatK have often relied on antibody-related techniques, which makes studying its activity patterns a challenging task. Hence, we developed a set of chemical tools for the investigation of CatK activity. We show that our probe is a valuable tool for monitoring the proteolytic activation of CatK during osteoclast formation. Moreover, we demonstrate that our inhibitor of CatK impedes osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption and that CatK is stored in its active form in osteoclasts within their lysosomal compartment and mainly in the ruffled borders of osteoclasts. Given that our probe recognizes active CatK within living cells without exhibiting any observed cytotoxicity in the several models tested, we expect that it would be well suited to theranostic applications in CatK-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Janiszewski
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sonia Kołt
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Ciastoń
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Matej Vizovisek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marcin Poręba
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marcin Drąg
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Kozieł
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Kasperkiewicz
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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14
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Senjor E, Kos J, Nanut MP. Cysteine Cathepsins as Therapeutic Targets in Immune Regulation and Immune Disorders. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020476. [PMID: 36831012 PMCID: PMC9953096 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins, as the most abundant proteases found in the lysosomes, play a vital role in several processes-such as protein degradation, changes in cell signaling, cell morphology, migration and proliferation, and energy metabolism. In addition to their lysosomal function, they are also secreted and may remain functional in the extracellular space. Upregulation of cathepsin expression is associated with several pathological conditions including cancer, neurodegeneration, and immune-system dysregulation. In this review, we present an overview of cysteine-cathepsin involvement and possible targeting options for mitigation of aberrant function in immune disorders such as inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and immune response in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Senjor
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milica Perišić Nanut
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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15
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Abstract
RNA is not always a faithful copy of DNA. Advances in tools enabling the interrogation of the exact RNA sequence have permitted revision of how genetic information is transferred. We now know that RNA is a dynamic molecule, amenable to chemical modifications of its four canonical nucleotides by dedicated RNA-binding enzymes. The ever-expanding catalogue of identified RNA modifications in mammals has led to a burst of studies in the past 5 years that have explored the biological relevance of the RNA modifications, also known as epitranscriptome. These studies concluded that chemical modification of RNA nucleotides alters several properties of RNA molecules including sequence, secondary structure, RNA-protein interaction, localization and processing. Importantly, a plethora of cellular functions during development, homeostasis and disease are controlled by RNA modification enzymes. Understanding the regulatory interface between a single-nucleotide modification and cellular function will pave the way towards the development of novel diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic tools for the management of diseases, including cardiovascular disease. In this Review, we use two well-studied and abundant RNA modifications - adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing and N6-methyladenosine RNA methylation - as examples on which to base the discussion about the current knowledge on installation or removal of RNA modifications, their effect on biological processes related to cardiovascular health and disease, and the potential for development and application of epitranscriptome-based prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic tools for cardiovascular disease.
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16
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Biasizzo M, Javoršek U, Vidak E, Zarić M, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins: A long and winding road towards clinics. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101150. [PMID: 36283280 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical research often focuses on properties that differentiate between diseased and healthy tissue; one of the current focuses is elevated expression and altered localisation of proteases. Among these proteases, dysregulation of cysteine cathepsins can frequently be observed in inflammation-associated diseases, which tips the functional balance from normal physiological to pathological manifestations. Their overexpression and secretion regularly exhibit a strong correlation with the development and progression of such diseases, making them attractive pharmacological targets. But beyond their mostly detrimental role in inflammation-associated diseases, cysteine cathepsins are physiologically highly important enzymes involved in various biological processes crucial for maintaining homeostasis and responding to different stimuli. Consequently, several challenges have emerged during the efforts made to translate basic research data into clinical applications. In this review, we present both physiological and pathological roles of cysteine cathepsins and discuss the clinical potential of cysteine cathepsin-targeting strategies for disease management and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Biasizzo
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Javoršek
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Vidak
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miki Zarić
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 113, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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17
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Smyth P, Sasiwachirangkul J, Williams R, Scott CJ. Cathepsin S (CTSS) activity in health and disease - A treasure trove of untapped clinical potential. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101106. [PMID: 35868042 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amongst the lysosomal cysteine cathepsin family of proteases, cathepsin S (CTSS) holds particular interest due to distinctive properties including a normal restricted expression profile, inducible upregulation and activity at a broad pH range. Consequently, while CTSS is well-established as a member of the proteolytic cocktail within the lysosome, degrading unwanted and damaged proteins, it has increasingly been shown to mediate a number of distinct, more selective roles including antigen processing and antigen presentation, and cleavage of substrates both intra and extracellularly. Increasingly, aberrant CTSS expression has been demonstrated in a variety of conditions and disease states, marking it out as both a biomarker and potential therapeutic target. This review seeks to contextualise CTSS within the cysteine cathepsin family before providing an overview of the broad range of pathologies in which roles for CTSS have been identified. Additionally, current clinical progress towards specific inhibitors is detailed, updating the position of the field in exploiting this most unique of proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Smyth
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Jutharat Sasiwachirangkul
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Rich Williams
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Christopher J Scott
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK.
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18
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Stepien KL, Bajdak-Rusinek K, Fus-Kujawa A, Kuczmik W, Gawron K. Role of Extracellular Matrix and Inflammation in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911078. [PMID: 36232377 PMCID: PMC9569530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is one of the most dangerous cardiovascular diseases, occurring mainly in men over the age of 55 years. As it is asymptomatic, patients are diagnosed very late, usually when they suffer pain in the abdominal cavity. The late detection of AAA contributes to the high mortality rate. Many environmental, genetic, and molecular factors contribute to the development and subsequent rupture of AAA. Inflammation, apoptosis of smooth muscle cells, and degradation of the extracellular matrix in the AAA wall are believed to be the major molecular processes underlying AAA formation. Until now, no pharmacological treatment has been implemented to prevent the formation of AAA or to cure the disease. Therefore, it is important that patients are diagnosed at a very early stage of the disease. Biomarkers contribute to the assessment of the concentration level, which will help to determine the level and rate of AAA development. The potential biomarkers today include homocysteine, cathepsins, osteopontin, and osteoprotegerin. In this review, we describe the major aspects of molecular processes that take place in the aortic wall during AAA formation. In addition, biomarkers, the monitoring of which will contribute to the prompt diagnosis of AAA patients over the age of 55 years, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina L. Stepien
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Medykow 18 Street, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-208-8388
| | - Karolina Bajdak-Rusinek
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Medykow 18 Street, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Fus-Kujawa
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Medykow 18 Street, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Wacław Kuczmik
- Department of General, Vascular Surgery, Angiology and Phlebology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Ziolowa 45/47 Street, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gawron
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Medykow 18 Street, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
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The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase in Inflammation with a Focus on Infectious Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810546. [PMID: 36142454 PMCID: PMC9500641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in extracellular matrix remodeling through the degradation of extracellular matrix components and are also involved in the inflammatory response by regulating the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. Dysregulation in the inflammatory response and changes in the extracellular matrix by MMPs are related to the development of various diseases including lung and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, numerous studies have been conducted to understand the role of MMPs in disease pathogenesis. MMPs are involved in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases through a dysregulation of the activity and expression of MMPs. In this review, we discuss the role of MMPs in infectious diseases and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, we present the potential of MMPs as therapeutic targets in infectious diseases.
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20
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Cathepsin S Levels and Survival Among Patients With Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 80:998-1010. [PMID: 36049808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS) are at high residual risk for long-term cardiovascular (CV) mortality. Cathepsin S (CTSS) is a lysosomal cysteine protease with elastolytic and collagenolytic activity that has been involved in atherosclerotic plaque rupture. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the following: 1) the prognostic value of circulating CTSS measured at patient admission for long-term mortality in NSTE-ACS; and 2) its additive value over the GRACE (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events) risk score. METHODS This was a single-center cohort study, consecutively recruiting patients with adjudicated NSTE-ACS (n = 1,112) from the emergency department of an academic hospital. CTSS was measured in serum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All-cause mortality at 8 years was the primary endpoint. CV death was the secondary endpoint. RESULTS In total, 367 (33.0%) deaths were recorded. CTSS was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR for highest vs lowest quarter of CTSS: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.34-2.66; P < 0.001) and CV death (HR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.15-5.77; P = 0.021) after adjusting for traditional CV risk factors, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, left ventricular ejection fraction, high-sensitivity troponin-T, revascularization and index diagnosis (unstable angina/ non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction). When CTSS was added to the GRACE score, it conferred significant discrimination and reclassification value for all-cause mortality (Delta Harrell's C: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.012-0.047; P = 0.001; and net reclassification improvement = 0.202; P = 0.003) and CV death (AUC: 0.056; 95% CI: 0.017-0.095; P = 0.005; and net reclassification improvement = 0.390; P = 0.001) even after additionally considering high-sensitivity troponin-T and left ventricular ejection fraction. CONCLUSIONS Circulating CTSS is a predictor of long-term mortality and improves risk stratification of patients with NSTE-ACS over the GRACE score.
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Xu J, Zhong Y, Yin H, Linneman J, Luo Y, Xia S, Xia Q, Yang L, Huang X, Kang K, Wang J, Niu Y, Li L, Gou D. Methylation-mediated silencing of PTPRD induces pulmonary hypertension by promoting pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell migration via the PDGFRB/PLCγ1 axis. J Hypertens 2022; 40:1795-1807. [PMID: 35848503 PMCID: PMC9451921 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pulmonary hypertension is a lethal disease characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling and is mediated by abnormal proliferation and migration of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) is the most potent mitogen for PASMCs and is involved in vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension development. Therefore, the objective of our study is to identify novel mechanisms underlying vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension. METHODS We explored the effects and mechanisms of PTPRD downregulation in PASMCs and PTPRD knockdown rats in pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxia. RESULTS We demonstrated that PTPRD is dramatically downregulated in PDGF-BB-treated PASMCs, pulmonary arteries from pulmonary hypertension rats, and blood and pulmonary arteries from lung specimens of patients with hypoxic pulmonary arterial hypertension (HPAH) and idiopathic PAH (iPAH). Subsequently, we found that PTPRD was downregulated by promoter methylation via DNMT1. Moreover, we found that PTPRD knockdown altered cell morphology and migration in PASMCs via modulating focal adhesion and cell cytoskeleton. We have demonstrated that the increase in cell migration is mediated by the PDGFRB/PLCγ1 pathway. Furthermore, under hypoxic condition, we observed significant pulmonary arterial remodeling and exacerbation of pulmonary hypertension in heterozygous PTPRD knock-out rats compared with the wild-type group. We also demonstrated that HET group treated with chronic hypoxia have higher expression and activity of PLCγ1 in the pulmonary arteries compared with wild-type group. CONCLUSION We propose that PTPRD likely plays an important role in the process of pulmonary vascular remodeling and development of pulmonary hypertension in vivo .
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - Haoyang Yin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - John Linneman
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yixuan Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - Sijian Xia
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - Qinyi Xia
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - Lei Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - Xingtao Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - Kang Kang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - Jun Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - Yanqin Niu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - Li Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - Deming Gou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
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22
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Navneet S, Rohrer B. Elastin turnover in ocular diseases: A special focus on age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2022; 222:109164. [PMID: 35798060 PMCID: PMC9795808 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) and its turnover play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Elastin, a critical protein component of the ECM, not only provides structural and mechanical support to tissues, but also mediates several intracellular and extracellular molecular signaling pathways. Abnormal turnover of elastin has pathological implications. In the eye elastin is a major structural component of Bruch's membrane (BrM), a critical ECM structure separating the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from the choriocapillaris. Reduced integrity of macular BrM elastin, increased serum levels of elastin-derived peptides (EDPs), and elevated elastin antibodies have been reported in AMD. Existing reports suggest that elastases, the elastin-degrading enzymes secreted by RPE, infiltrating macrophages or neutrophils could be involved in BrM elastin degradation, thus contributing to AMD pathogenesis. EDPs derived from elastin degradation can increase inflammatory and angiogenic responses in tissues, and the elastin antibodies are shown to play roles in immune cell activity and complement activation. This review summarizes our current understanding on the elastases/elastin fragments-mediated mechanisms of AMD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Navneet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Bärbel Rohrer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Division of Research, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Comparative Analysis of Arterial Compliance in Mice Genetically Null for Cathepsins K, L, or S. J Biomech 2022; 143:111266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Zou N, Liu R, Li C. Cathepsin K+ Non-Osteoclast Cells in the Skeletal System: Function, Models, Identity, and Therapeutic Implications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:818462. [PMID: 35912093 PMCID: PMC9326176 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.818462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (Ctsk) is a cysteine protease of the papain superfamily initially identified in differentiated osteoclasts; it plays a critical role in degrading the bone matrix. However, subsequent in vivo and in vitro studies based on animal models elucidate novel subpopulations of Ctsk-expressing cells, which display markers and properties of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells. This review introduces the function, identity, and role of Ctsk+ cells and their therapeutic implications in related preclinical osseous disorder models. It also summarizes the available in vivo models for studying Ctsk+ cells and their progeny. Further investigations of detailed properties and mechanisms of Ctsk+ cells in transgenic models are required to guide potential therapeutic targets in multiple diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanyu Zou
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changjun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Changjun Li,
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25
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Chen J, Yang Y, Dai C, Wang Y, Zeng R, Liu Q. Serum cystatin C is associated with the prognosis in acute myocardial infarction patients after coronary revascularization: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22:156. [PMID: 35392813 PMCID: PMC8991719 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-022-02599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Our study aimed to assess the association between serum cystatin C levels and prognosis in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients after coronary reconstructive surgery. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library up to January 21, 2022 without language restriction. Outcomes were major cardiovascular events (MACEs) and mortality. The risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were merged by random-effect models. Results We included 8 studies with a total of 7,394 subjects in our meta-analysis. Our meta-analysis showed that higher-level of serum cystatin C levels were associated with higher risk of MACEs (RR = 2.52, 95% CI 1.63–3.89, P < 0.001) and mortality (RR = 2.64, 95% CI 1.66–4.19, P < 0.001) in AMI patients after coronary revascularization. Subgroup analysis showed that the serum cystatin C levels were associated with significantly higher risk of MACEs (RR = 2.72, 95% CI 1.32–5.60, P = 0.006) and mortality (RR = 2.98, 95% CI 1.21–7.37, P = 0.020) in AMI patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, in AMI patients after coronary artery bypass surgery, there were no significantly higher risk of MACEs (RR = 2.41, 95% CI 0.98–5.93, P = 0.05) and mortality (RR = 3.15, 95% CI 0.76–13.03, P = 0.10). Further subgroup analysis showed that this significantly higher risk of MACEs and mortality did not change with the study sample size, study population area or study follow-up time. Conclusion The meta-analysis demonstrated that higher serum cystatin C levels were associated with significantly higher risk of MACEs and mortality in AMI patients after PCI. It is a biomarker for risk stratification for predicting the prognosis in AMI patients after PCI. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12872-022-02599-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Yang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuxing Dai
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yimin Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China. .,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China.
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26
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Abstract
The intimate involvement of pathogens with the heightened risk for developing certain cancers is an area of research that has captured a great deal of attention over the last 10 years. One firmly established paradigm that highlights this aspect of disease progression is in the instance of Helicobacter pylori infection and the contribution it makes in elevating the risk for developing gastric cancer. Whilst the molecular mechanisms that pinpoint the contribution that this microorganism inflicts towards host cells during gastric cancer initiation have come into greater focus, another picture that has also emerged is one that implicates the host's immune system, and the chronic inflammation that can arise therefrom, as being a central contributory factor in disease progression. Consequently, when taken with the underlying role that the extracellular matrix plays in the development of most cancers, and how this dynamic can be modulated by proteases expressed from the tumor or inflammatory cells, a complex and detailed relationship shared between the individual cellular components and their surroundings is coming into focus. In this review article, we draw attention to the emerging role played by the cathepsin proteases in modulating the stage-specific progression of Helicobacter pylori-initiated gastric cancer and the underlying immune response, while highlighting the therapeutic significance of this dynamic and how it may be amenable for novel intervention strategies within a basic research or clinical setting.
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27
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Sofogianni A, Tziomalos K, Koletsa T, Pitoulias AG, Skoura L, Pitoulias GA. Using Serum Biomarkers for Identifying Unstable Carotid Plaque: Update of Current Evidence. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1899-1903. [PMID: 33183188 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201112094734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Carotid atherosclerosis is responsible for a great proportion of ischemic strokes. Early identification of unstable or vulnerable carotid plaques, and therefore, of patients at high risk for stroke, is of significant medical and socioeconomical value. We reviewed the current literature and discussed the potential role of the most important serum biomarkers in identifying patients with carotid atherosclerosis who are at high risk for atheroembolic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areti Sofogianni
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tziomalos
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Triantafyllia Koletsa
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Apostolos G Pitoulias
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Second Department of Surgery, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, G. Gennimatas Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lemonia Skoura
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios A Pitoulias
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Second Department of Surgery, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, G. Gennimatas Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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28
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Kumric M, Borovac JA, Ticinovic Kurir T, Martinovic D, Frka Separovic I, Baric L, Bozic J. Role of Matrix Gla Protein in the Complex Network of Coronary Artery Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:737. [PMID: 34440481 PMCID: PMC8398385 DOI: 10.3390/life11080737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is widely recognized as one of the most important clinical entities. In recent years, a large body of accumulated data suggest that coronary artery calcification, a process highly prevalent in patients with CAD, occurs via well-organized biologic processes, rather than passively, as previously regarded. Matrix Gla protein (MGP), a vitamin K-dependent protein, emerged as an important inhibitor of both intimal and medial vascular calcification. The functionality of MGP hinges on two post-translational modifications: phosphorylation and carboxylation. Depending on the above-noted modifications, various species of MGP may exist in circulation, each with their respective level of functionality. Emerging data suggest that dysfunctional species of MGP, markedly, dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated MGP, might find its application as biomarkers of microvascular health, and assist in clinical decision making with regard to initiation of vitamin K supplementation. Hence, in this review we summarized the current knowledge with respect to the role of MGP in the complex network of vascular calcification with concurrent inferences to CAD. In addition, we discussed the effects of warfarin use on MGP functionality, with concomitant implications to coronary plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Kumric
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.K.); (J.A.B.); (T.T.K.); (D.M.); (I.F.S.)
| | - Josip A. Borovac
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.K.); (J.A.B.); (T.T.K.); (D.M.); (I.F.S.)
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Tina Ticinovic Kurir
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.K.); (J.A.B.); (T.T.K.); (D.M.); (I.F.S.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Dinko Martinovic
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.K.); (J.A.B.); (T.T.K.); (D.M.); (I.F.S.)
| | - Ivan Frka Separovic
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.K.); (J.A.B.); (T.T.K.); (D.M.); (I.F.S.)
| | - Ljupka Baric
- Institute of Emergency Medicine of Split-Dalmatia County (ZHM SDZ), Spinčićeva 1, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Josko Bozic
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.K.); (J.A.B.); (T.T.K.); (D.M.); (I.F.S.)
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Kim SH, Monticone RE, McGraw KR, Wang M. Age-associated proinflammatory elastic fiber remodeling in large arteries. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 196:111490. [PMID: 33839189 PMCID: PMC8154723 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Elastic fibers are the main components of the extracellular matrix of the large arterial wall. Elastic fiber remodeling is an intricate process of synthesis and degradation of the core elastin protein and microfibrils accompanied by the assembly and disassembly of accessory proteins. Age-related morphological, structural, and functional proinflammatory remodeling within the elastic fiber has a profound effect upon the integrity, elasticity, calcification, amyloidosis, and stiffness of the large arterial wall. An age-associated increase in arterial stiffness is a major risk factor for the pathogenesis of diseases of the large arteries such as hypertensive and atherosclerotic vasculopathy. This mini review is an update on the key molecular, cellular, functional, and structural mechanisms of elastic fiber proinflammatory remodeling in large arteries with aging. Targeting structural and functional integrity of the elastic fiber may be an effective approach to impede proinflammatory arterial remodeling with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyuk Kim
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institution on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center (BRC), 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Robert E Monticone
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institution on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center (BRC), 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Kimberly R McGraw
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institution on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center (BRC), 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institution on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center (BRC), 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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30
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Balint B, Hergalant S, Camadro JM, Blaise S, Vanalderwiert L, Lignières L, Guéant-Rodriguez RM, Guéant JL. Fetal Programming by Methyl Donor Deficiency Produces Pathological Remodeling of the Ascending Aorta. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1928-1941. [PMID: 33827257 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Balint
- UMR Inserm 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition, Génetique et Exposition aux Risques Environmentaux) (B.B., S.H., R.-M.G.-R., J.-L.G.), Université de Lorraine, France
| | - Sébastien Hergalant
- UMR Inserm 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition, Génetique et Exposition aux Risques Environmentaux) (B.B., S.H., R.-M.G.-R., J.-L.G.), Université de Lorraine, France
| | - Jean-Michel Camadro
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France (J.-M.C., L.L.)
| | | | | | - Laurent Lignières
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France (J.-M.C., L.L.)
| | - Rosa-Maria Guéant-Rodriguez
- UMR Inserm 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition, Génetique et Exposition aux Risques Environmentaux) (B.B., S.H., R.-M.G.-R., J.-L.G.), Université de Lorraine, France
- Department of Molecular Medicine and National Center of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, University Hospital Center (R.-M.G.-R., J.-L.G.), Université de Lorraine, France
| | - Jean-Louis Guéant
- UMR Inserm 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition, Génetique et Exposition aux Risques Environmentaux) (B.B., S.H., R.-M.G.-R., J.-L.G.), Université de Lorraine, France
- Department of Molecular Medicine and National Center of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, University Hospital Center (R.-M.G.-R., J.-L.G.), Université de Lorraine, France
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31
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Deficiency of cysteinyl cathepsin K suppresses the development of experimental intimal hyperplasia in response to chronic stress. J Hypertens 2021; 38:1514-1524. [PMID: 32205563 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic psychological stress (CPS) is linked to cardiovascular disease initiation and progression. Given that cysteinyl cathepsin K (CatK) participates in vascular remodeling and atherosclerotic plaque growth in several animal models, we investigated the role of CatK in the development of experimental neointimal hyperplasia in response to chronic stress. METHODS AND RESULTS At first, male wild-type (CatK) mice that underwent carotid ligation injury were subjected to chronic immobilization stress. On postoperative and stressed day 14, the results demonstrated that stress accelerated injury-induced neointima hyperplasia. On day 4, stressed mice showed following: increased levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, gp91phox, toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), TLR4, and CatK mRNAs or/and proteins, oxidative stress production, aorta-derived smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration, and macrophage infiltration as well as targeted intracellular proliferating-related molecules. Stressed mice showed increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 mRNA expressions and activities and elastin disruption in the injured carotid arteries. Second, CatK and CatK deficiency (CatK) mice received ligation injury and stress to explore the role of CatK. The stress-induced harmful changes were prevented by CatK. Finally, CatK mice that had undergone ligation surgery were randomly assigned to one of two groups and administered vehicle or CatK inhibitor for 14 days. Pharmacological CatK intervention produced a vascular benefit. CONCLUSION These data indicate that CatK deletion protects against the development of experimental neointimal hyperplasia via the attenuation of inflammatory overaction, oxidative stress production, and VSMC proliferation, suggesting that CatK is a novel therapeutic target for the management of CPS-related restenosis after intravascular intervention therapies.
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32
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Bollavaram K, Leeman TH, Lee MW, Kulkarni A, Upshaw SG, Yang J, Song H, Platt MO. Multiple sites on SARS-CoV-2 spike protein are susceptible to proteolysis by cathepsins B, K, L, S, and V. Protein Sci 2021; 30:1131-1143. [PMID: 33786919 PMCID: PMC8138523 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS‐CoV‐2 is the coronavirus responsible for the COVID‐19 pandemic. Proteases are central to the infection process of SARS‐CoV‐2. Cleavage of the spike protein on the virus's capsid causes the conformational change that leads to membrane fusion and viral entry into the target cell. Since inhibition of one protease, even the dominant protease like TMPRSS2, may not be sufficient to block SARS‐CoV‐2 entry into cells, other proteases that may play an activating role and hydrolyze the spike protein must be identified. We identified amino acid sequences in all regions of spike protein, including the S1/S2 region critical for activation and viral entry, that are susceptible to cleavage by furin and cathepsins B, K, L, S, and V using PACMANS, a computational platform that identifies and ranks preferred sites of proteolytic cleavage on substrates, and verified with molecular docking analysis and immunoblotting to determine if binding of these proteases can occur on the spike protein that were identified as possible cleavage sites. Together, this study highlights cathepsins B, K, L, S, and V for consideration in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and presents methodologies by which other proteases can be screened to determine a role in viral entry. This highlights additional proteases to be considered in COVID‐19 studies, particularly regarding exacerbated damage in inflammatory preconditions where these proteases are generally upregulated. PDB Code(s): 6VYB, 4Z2A, 5F02, 4P6E, 5TUN, 2IPP and 3H6S;
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Affiliation(s)
- Keval Bollavaram
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tiffanie H Leeman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maggie W Lee
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Akhil Kulkarni
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sophia G Upshaw
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jiabei Yang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Biomedical Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hannah Song
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Manu O Platt
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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33
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Chen JY, Wu YP, Li CY, Jheng HF, Kao LZ, Yang CC, Leu SY, Lien IC, Weng WT, Tai HC, Chiou YW, Tang MJ, Tsai PJ, Tsai YS. PPARγ activation improves the microenvironment of perivascular adipose tissue and attenuates aortic stiffening in obesity. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:22. [PMID: 33781257 PMCID: PMC8008548 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00720-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity-related cardiovascular risk, end points, and mortality are strongly related to arterial stiffening. Current therapeutic approaches for arterial stiffening are not focused on direct targeting within the vessel. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) surrounding the artery has been shown to modulate vascular function and inflammation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activation significantly decreases arterial stiffness and inflammation in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Thus, we hypothesized that PPARγ activation alters the PVAT microenvironment, thereby creating a favorable environment for the attenuation of arterial stiffening in obesity. Methods Obese ob/ob mice were used to investigate the effect of PPARγ activation on the attenuation of arterial stiffening. Various cell types, including macrophages, fibroblasts, adipocytes, and vascular smooth muscle cells, were used to test the inhibitory effect of pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, on the expression of elastolytic enzymes. Results PPARγ activation by pioglitazone effectively attenuated arterial stiffening in ob/ob mice. This beneficial effect was not associated with the repartitioning of fat from or changes in the browning of the PVAT depot but was strongly related to improvement of the PVAT microenvironment, as evidenced by reduction in the expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative factors. Pioglitazone treatment attenuated obesity-induced elastin fiber fragmentation and elastolytic activity and ameliorated the obesity-induced upregulation of cathepsin S and metalloproteinase 12, predominantly in the PVAT. In vitro, pioglitazone downregulated Ctss and Mmp12 in macrophages, fibroblasts, and adipocytes—cell types residing within the adventitia and PVAT. Ultimately, several PPARγ binding sites were found in Ctss and Mmp12 in Raw 264.7 and 3T3-L1 cells, suggesting a direct regulatory mechanism by which PPARγ activation repressed the expression of Ctss and Mmp-12 in macrophages and fibroblasts. Conclusions PPARγ activation attenuated obesity-induced arterial stiffening and reduced the inflammatory and oxidative status of PVAT. The improvement of the PVAT microenvironment further contributed to the amelioration of elastin fiber fragmentation, elastolytic activity, and upregulated expression of Ctss and Mmp12. Our data highlight the PVAT microenvironment as an important target against arterial stiffening in obesity and provide a novel strategy for the potential clinical use of PPARγ agonists as a therapeutic against arterial stiffness through modulation of PVAT function. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-021-00720-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yi Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Pin Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Yi Li
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huei-Fen Jheng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Research and Development Division, National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ling-Zhen Kao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Chun Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sy-Ying Leu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - I-Chia Lien
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Tsan Weng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Haw-Chih Tai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Wei Chiou
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Jer Tang
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yau-Sheng Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC. .,International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC. .,Center of Clinical Medicine Research, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
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Marques ARA, Ramos C, Machado-Oliveira G, Vieira OV. Lysosome (Dys)function in Atherosclerosis-A Big Weight on the Shoulders of a Small Organelle. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:658995. [PMID: 33855029 PMCID: PMC8039146 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.658995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive insidious chronic disease that underlies most of the cardiovascular pathologies, including myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. The malfunctioning of the lysosomal compartment has a central role in the etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Lysosomes are the degradative organelles of mammalian cells and process endogenous and exogenous substrates in a very efficient manner. Dysfunction of these organelles and consequent inefficient degradation of modified low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and apoptotic cells in atherosclerotic lesions have, therefore, numerous deleterious consequences for cellular homeostasis and disease progression. Lysosome dysfunction has been mostly studied in the context of the inherited lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). However, over the last years it has become increasingly evident that the consequences of this phenomenon are more far-reaching, also influencing the progression of multiple acquired human pathologies, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). During the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, the lysosomal compartment of the various cells constituting the arterial wall is under severe stress, due to the tremendous amounts of lipoproteins being processed by these cells. The uncontrolled uptake of modified lipoproteins by arterial phagocytic cells, namely macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), is the initial step that triggers the pathogenic cascade culminating in the formation of atheroma. These cells become pathogenic "foam cells," which are characterized by dysfunctional lipid-laden lysosomes. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the origin and impact of the malfunctioning of the lysosomal compartment in plaque cells. We further analyze how the field of LSD research may contribute with some insights to the study of CVDs, particularly how therapeutic approaches that target the lysosomes in LSDs could be applied to hamper atherosclerosis progression and associated mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- André R A Marques
- iNOVA4Health, Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristiano Ramos
- iNOVA4Health, Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gisela Machado-Oliveira
- iNOVA4Health, Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Otília V Vieira
- iNOVA4Health, Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Dhaouadi N, Nehme A, Faour WH, Feugier P, Cerutti C, Kacem K, Eid AH, Li JY, Zibara K. Transforming growth factor-β1 inhibits interleukin-1β-induced expression of inflammatory genes and Cathepsin S activity in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 35:979-988. [PMID: 33683760 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN This study investigated the opposite mechanisms by which IL-1β and TGF-β1 modulated the inflammatory and migratory phenotypes in cultured human intimal vascular smooth muscle cells vSMCs. MATERIALS AND TREATMENT Primary human vSMCs, obtained from twelve hypertensive patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy, were incubated for 24 hours with either 40 pM TGF-β1, or 1 nmol/L IL-1β, or their combination in presence or absence of anti-TGF-β neutralizing antibody. METHODS The expression levels of matrix metalloproteases and their inhibitors, and the elastolytic enzyme cathepsin S (CTSS) and its inhibitor cystatin C were evaluated with RT-PCR. CTSS activity was measured by fluorometry. RESULTS TGF-β1 reversed IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS, CXCL6, IL1R1, MMP12, and CTSS, while upregulated TIMP2 expression. Furthermore, anti-TGF-β neutralizing antibody abrogated TGF-β effects. Combination with IL-1β and TGF-β1 induced the expression of IL1α, IL1β, IL1R1, and CTSS, but suppressed CST3 expression. CTSS expression in the combination treatment was higher than that of cells treated with anti-TGF-β antibodies alone. Moreover, IL-1β-induced CTSS enzymatic activity was reduced when human vSMCs were co-treated with TGF-β, whereas this reduction was abrogated by anti-TGF-β neutralizing antibody. CONCLUSION TGF-β1 abrogated IL-1β-induced expression of inflammatory genes and elastolytic activity in cultured human vSMCs. Thus, TGF-β1 can play a crucial role in impairing IL-1β-induced vascular inflammation and damage involved in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedra Dhaouadi
- EA 4173 Génomique Fonctionnelle de l'Hypertension Artérielle, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Unité de Physiologie Intégrée, Laboratoire de Pathologies Vasculaires, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Ali Nehme
- EA 4173 Génomique Fonctionnelle de l'Hypertension Artérielle, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wissam H Faour
- Gilbert & Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Patrick Feugier
- EA 4173 Génomique Fonctionnelle de l'Hypertension Artérielle, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Cerutti
- EA 4173 Génomique Fonctionnelle de l'Hypertension Artérielle, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Kamel Kacem
- Unité de Physiologie Intégrée, Laboratoire de Pathologies Vasculaires, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Ali H Eid
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jacques-Yuan Li
- EA 4173 Génomique Fonctionnelle de l'Hypertension Artérielle, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Kazem Zibara
- PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Biology, Faculty of sciences - I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Kim KM, Lee JY, Jeon BH, Quan KT, Na M, Nam KW, Chae S. Extract of Curcuma zedoaria R. prevents atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Nutr Res Pract 2021; 15:319-328. [PMID: 34093973 PMCID: PMC8155225 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2021.15.3.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Curcuma zedoaria R. (Zingiberaceae) has been used to treat headache, fever, and hypertension-related symptoms in Asian countries, including Korea, China, and Japan. We investigated whether dietary intake of a C. zedoaria extract (CzE) affected atherosclerosis in vivo. MATERIALS/METHODS Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice (n = 32) were fed a normal diet (ND), a high-cholesterol diet (HCD), an HCD containing CzE (100 mg/kg/day), or an HCD containing simvastatin (10 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks. The anti-atherosclerotic effects were evaluated by observing changes in fatty streak lesions, immunohistochemical analysis, ex vivo fluorescence imaging, lipid profiles, and western blot analysis. RESULTS The CzE-fed group showed a 41.6% reduction of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, CzE significantly reduced the levels of serum triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, the chemokine (C-X3-C-motif) ligand 1, the adhesion molecules vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin; down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, high mobility group box-1, and cathepsin levels in the aortic sinuses and aortas of ApoE−/− mice were also observed. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the inclusion of a water extract of C. zedoaria in a HCD is closely correlated with reducing the risk of vascular inflammatory diseases in an ApoE mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Mo Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.,Department of Korean Life Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Byeong Hwa Jeon
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Khong Trong Quan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - MinKyun Na
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Kung-Woo Nam
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Sungwook Chae
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.,Department of Korean Life Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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Heo SC, Kim YN, Choi Y, Joo JY, Hwang JJ, Bae MK, Kim HJ. Elevated Expression of Cathepsin K in Periodontal Ligament Fibroblast by Inflammatory Cytokines Accelerates Osteoclastogenesis via Paracrine Mechanism in Periodontal Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E695. [PMID: 33445732 PMCID: PMC7828200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CTSK) is a cysteine protease that is mainly produced from mature osteoclasts and contributes to the destruction of connective tissues and mineralized matrix as a consequence of periodontal disease (PD). However, few studies have reported its regulatory role in osteoclastogenesis-supporting cells in inflammatory conditions. Here, we investigated the role of CTSK in osteoclastogenesis-supporting cells, focusing on the modulation of paracrine function. Microarray data showed that CTSK was upregulated in PD patients compared with healthy individuals, which was further supported by immunohistochemistry and qPCR analyses performed with human gingival tissues. The expression of CTSK in the osteoclastogenesis-supporting cells, including dental pulp stem cells, gingival fibroblasts, and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) was significantly elevated by treatment with inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα and IL-1β. Moreover, TNFα stimulation potentiated the PDLF-mediated osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow-derived macrophages. Interestingly, small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of CTSK in PDLF noticeably attenuated the TNFα-triggered upregulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and RANKL/osteoprotegerin ratio, thereby abrogating the enhanced osteoclastogenesis-supporting activity of PDLF. Collectively, these results suggest a novel role of CTSK in the paracrine function of osteoclastogenesis-supporting cells in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Chul Heo
- Department of Oral Physiology, Periodontal Diseases Signaling Network Research Center, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.C.H.); (Y.N.K.); (Y.C.); (M.-K.B.)
| | - Yu Na Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, Periodontal Diseases Signaling Network Research Center, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.C.H.); (Y.N.K.); (Y.C.); (M.-K.B.)
| | - YunJeong Choi
- Department of Oral Physiology, Periodontal Diseases Signaling Network Research Center, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.C.H.); (Y.N.K.); (Y.C.); (M.-K.B.)
| | - Ji-Young Joo
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Jae Joon Hwang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology and Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Moon-Kyoung Bae
- Department of Oral Physiology, Periodontal Diseases Signaling Network Research Center, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.C.H.); (Y.N.K.); (Y.C.); (M.-K.B.)
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, Periodontal Diseases Signaling Network Research Center, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.C.H.); (Y.N.K.); (Y.C.); (M.-K.B.)
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Jing Y, Shi J, Lu B, Zhang W, Yang Y, Wen J, Hu R, Yang Z, Wang X. Association of Circulating Cathepsin S and Cardiovascular Disease Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Community-Based Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:615913. [PMID: 33746900 PMCID: PMC7973458 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.615913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin S, as an adipokine, was reported to play a critical role in various disease, including atherosclerosis and diabetes. The present study aims to elucidate the relationship between circulating cathepsin S and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS A total of 339 type 2 diabetes individuals were enrolled in this cross-sectional community-based study. Basic information, medical and laboratory data were collected. Serum cathepsin S levels were assessed by ELISA. RESULTS Compared to the CVD (-) group, levels of serum cathepsin S were significantly higher in the CVD (+) group, with the median 23.68 ng/ml (18.54-28.02) and 26.81 ng/ml (21.19-37.69) respectively (P < 0.001). Moreover, patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) had substantially higher levels of serum cathepsin S than those with stable angina pectoris (SAP), with the median 34.65 ng/ml (24.33-42.83) and 25.52 ng/ml (20.53-31.47) respectively (P < 0.01). The spearman correlation analysis showed that circulating cathepsin S was correlated with several cardiovascular risk factors. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that circulating cathepsin S was an independent risk factor for CVD (all P < 0.001) after adjustment for potential confounders. Restricted cubic spline analysis showed circulating cathepsin S had a linearity association with CVD. In addition, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated that the area under curve (AUC) values of cathepsin S was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.75-0.84, P < 0.001), with the optimal cutoff value of cathepsin 26.28 ng/ml. CONCLUSION Circulating cathepsin S was significantly higher in the CVD (+) group than that in the CVD (-) one among type 2 diabetes. The increased serum cathepsin S levels were associated with increased risks of CVD, even after adjusting for potential confounders. Thus, cathepsin S might be a potential diagnostic biomarker for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jing
- Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yehong Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renming Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhen Yang, ; Xuanchun Wang,
| | - Xuanchun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhen Yang, ; Xuanchun Wang,
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Osborn EA, Albaghdadi M, Libby P, Jaffer FA. Molecular Imaging of Atherosclerosis. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Osteopontin Predicts Three-Month Outcome in Stroke Patients Treated by Reperfusion Therapies. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9124028. [PMID: 33322093 PMCID: PMC7763291 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9124028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing a prognosis at hospital admission after stroke is a major challenge. Inflammatory processes, hemostasis, vascular injury, and tissue remodeling are all involved in the early response to stroke. This study analyzes whether 22 selected biomarkers, sampled at admission, predict clinical outcomes in 153 stroke patients treated by thrombolysis and mechanical endovascular treatment (MET). Biomarkers were related to hemostasis (u-plasminogen activator/urokinase (uPA/urokinase), serpin E1/PAI-1, serpin C1/antithrombin-III, kallikrein 6/neurosin, alpha 2-macroglobulin), inflammation[myloperoxidase (MPO), chemokine ligand 2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 chemokine (CCL2/MCP-1), adiponectin, resistin, cell-free DNA (cDNA), CD40 Ligand (CD40L)], endothelium activation (Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (CD31/PECAM-1)], and tissue remodeling (total cathepsin S, osteopontin, cystatin C, neuropilin-1, matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2), matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP-3), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP-13)]. Correlations between their levels and excellent neurological improvement (ENI) at 24 h and good outcomes (mRS 0-2) at three months were tested. Osteopontin and favorable outcomes reached the significance level (p = 0.008); the adjusted OR per SD increase in log-transformed osteopontin was 0.34 (95%CI, 0.18-0.62). The relationship between total cathepsin S and MPO with ENI, was borderline of significance (p = 0.064); the adjusted OR per SD increase in log-transformed of total cathepsin S and MPO was 0.54 (95%CI, 0.35-0.81) and 0.51 (95%CI, 0.32-0.80), respectively. In conclusion, osteopontin levels predicted three-month favorable outcomes, supporting the use of this biomarker as a complement of clinical and radiological parameters for predicting stroke prognosis.
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Khraishah H, Jaffer FA. Intravascular Molecular Imaging: Near-Infrared Fluorescence as a New Frontier. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:587100. [PMID: 33330648 PMCID: PMC7719823 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.587100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite exciting advances in structural intravascular imaging [intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT)] that have enabled partial assessment of atheroma burden and high-risk features associated with acute coronary syndromes, structural-based imaging modalities alone do not comprehensively phenotype the complex pathobiology of atherosclerosis. Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) is an emerging molecular intravascular imaging modality that allows for in vivo visualization of pathobiological and cellular processes at atheroma plaque level, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and abnormal endothelial permeability. Established intravascular NIRF imaging targets include macrophages, cathepsin protease activity, oxidized low-density lipoprotein and abnormal endothelial permeability. Structural and molecular intravascular imaging provide complementary information about plaque microstructure and biology. For this reason, integrated hybrid catheters that combine NIRF-IVUS or NIRF-OCT have been developed to allow co-registration of morphological and molecular processes with a single pullback, as performed for standalone IVUS or OCT. NIRF imaging is approaching application in clinical practice. This will be accelerated by the use of FDA-approved indocyanine green (ICG), which illuminates lipid- and macrophage-rich zones of permeable atheroma. The ability to comprehensively phenotype coronary pathobiology in patients will enable a deeper understanding of plaque pathobiology, improve local and patient-based risk prediction, and usher in a new era of personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Khraishah
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Farouc A Jaffer
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Wellman Center for Photomedicine and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Karakus A, Tütüncü A, Çamcı S, Uğuz B, Özmen G, Arı H, Demir M. A New Perspective for Isolated Coronary Artery Ectasia: Cystatin C. Cureus 2020; 12:e11053. [PMID: 33224650 PMCID: PMC7676437 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pathophysiology of isolated coronary artery ectasia (iCAE) has not been clearly identified, although multiple abnormalities, including arteritis, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular destruction, have been reported. In this study, we aimed to analyze serum cystatin C concentrations in patients with iCAE and controls. Methods Forty-seven patients with iCAE (mean age: 55.9 ± 11.5) and 32 individuals with normal coronary angiography (mean age: 57.8.1 ± 9.6) were included in the study. Plasma cystatin C levels were measured by using the principle of particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (PETIA). Results Serum cystatin C concentrations were significantly lower in patients with iCAE compared with the control group (0.98 ± 0.17 mg/L versus 1.17 ± 2.6 mg/L, p-value = 0.001). A significantly positive relationship was found between serum cystatin C levels and creatinine and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in both groups (r-value = 0.288, p-value = 0.005, r-value = 0.143, p-value = 0.007, respectively). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, serum cystatin C level found to be a significant predictor for the presence of iCAE (OR: 0.837, CI: 95% (0.341 - 1.637), p-value = 0.013). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis determined that a cystatin C value < 1.02 mg/L had a sensitivity of 56% and a specificity of 78% for the prediction of ectasia. Conclusion We conclude that cystatin C independently can be a useful predictor for the presence of iCAE.
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Camardo A, Carney S, Ramamurthi A. Assessing the targeting and fate of cathepsin k antibody-modified nanoparticles in a rat abdominal aortic aneurysm model. Acta Biomater 2020; 112:225-233. [PMID: 32504690 PMCID: PMC10755341 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), a prototypic proteolytic cardiovascular disorder, are localized expansions of the aortal wall. Chronically upregulated and overexpressed proteases irreversibly degrade and disrupt the elastic matrix, which provides stretch and recoil properties to the aortal wall. Adult vascular smooth muscle cells are inherently unable to produce sufficient elastin to form new elastic fibers to naturally repair the aortal wall and the AAA continues to grow until fatal rupture. Surgical intervention is reserved for AAAs with a high risk of rupture, but there is currently no treatment for small, still growing AAAs. We have previously developed matrix regenerative PEG-PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) with pro-elastogenic and anti-proteolytic properties that act synergistically with a released therapeutic. However, strategies are required to effectively deliver these NPs to the disease site to avail of these benefits. We have identified cathepsin K, a protease overexpressed in AAA tissue, as a potential substrate for antibody based active targeting. We sought to assess the safety and biocompatibility of NPs with anti-cathepsin K antibodies conjugated to the NP surface (cat K Ab-NPs) and then assess their biodistribution and retention in both the targeted aorta and non-target organs in a rat AAA model. In this work, we show that cat K Ab-NPs can selectively target the aneurysmal aorta in a rat AAA model. However, there is unwanted NP uptake and retention in non-target organs that can be addressed in future work. Still, cathepsin K is a viable target for active delivery of NPs in an AAA model. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We have previously developed elastic matrix regenerative polymer nanoparticles (NPs), but require strategies to efficiently target the disease site. Antibodies against cathepsin K, an overexpressed protease in abdominal aortic aneurysms, have been conjugated to the NP surface to act as a targeting moiety. In this work, we assessed NP safety and in vivo biodistribution in an aneurysmal rat model and demonstrated positive targeting and retention for up to 2 weeks within the aortal wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Camardo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sarah Carney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Anand Ramamurthi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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The relationship between neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and in-stent restenosis in superficial femoral artery. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:225491. [PMID: 32583853 PMCID: PMC7332680 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between an increase in the pre- and post-operative neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and superficial femoral artery in-stent restenosis (ISR) rate. We recruited 199 patients that underwent superficial femoral artery stenting for lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans at our hospital from March 2015 to July 2018. Patients were divided into two groups according to the occurrence of ISR within 1 year (group 1, ISR and group 2, Non-ISR). The after NLR (NLRafter) and NLR change ratio (NLRratio) (P<0.001) were significantly higher in group 1. A NLRafter > 4.3 was associated with an odds ratio of 1.946 (95% CI [1.51–2.50]; P<0.001) for the presence of ISR. A NLRratio > 37.5% was associated with an odds ratio of 3.6 (95% CI [2.03–6.36]; P<0.001) for occurrence of ISR. A NLRafter level > 4.3 had 75% sensitivity and 76% specificity for the prediction of ISR, as identified by the ROC curve. A NLRratio level > 37.5% predicted ISR with 77% sensitivity and 60% specificity. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that NLRratio was the strongest independent predictor of ISR (P<0.001). In conclusions, NLRratio could be used as a prognostic marker in superficial femoral artery stents.
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Jana S, Chute M, Hu M, Winkelaar G, Owen CA, Oudit GY, Kassiri Z. ADAM (a Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase) 15 Deficiency Exacerbates Ang II (Angiotensin II)-Induced Aortic Remodeling Leading to Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1918-1934. [PMID: 32522006 PMCID: PMC7370975 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective: ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) 15—a membrane-bound metalloprotease from the ADAM (disintegrin and metalloproteinase) family—has been linked to endothelial permeability, inflammation, and metastasis. However, its function in aortic aneurysm has not been explored. We aimed to determine the function of ADAM15 in the pathogenesis of aortic remodeling and aneurysm formation. Approach and Results: Male Adam15-deficient and WT (wild type) mice (10 weeks old), on standard laboratory diet, received Ang II (angiotensin II; 1.5 mg/kg per day) or saline (Alzet pump) for 2 or 4 weeks. Ang II increased ADAM15 in WT aorta, while Adam15-deficiency resulted in abdominal aortic aneurysm characterized by loss of medial smooth muscle cells (SMCs), elastin fragmentation, inflammation, but unaltered Ang II–mediated hypertension. In the abdominal aortic tissue and primary aortic SMCs culture, Adam15 deficiency decreased SMC proliferation, increased apoptosis, and reduced contractile properties along with F-actin depolymerization to G-actin. Ang II triggered a markedly greater increase in THBS (thrombospondin) 1 in Adam15-deficient aorta, primarily the medial layer in vivo, and in aortic SMC in vitro; increased SSH1 (slingshot homolog 1) phosphatase activity and cofilin dephosphorylation that promoted F-actin depolymerization and G-actin accumulation. rhTHBS1 (recombinant THBS1) alone was sufficient to activate the cofilin pathway, increase G-actin, and induce apoptosis of aortic SMCs, confirming the key role of THBS1 in this process. Further, in human abdominal aortic aneurysm specimens, decreased ADAM15 was associated with increased THBS1 levels and loss of medial SMCs. Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate a key role for ADAM15 in abdominal aortic aneurysm through regulating the SMC function, thereby placing ADAM15 in a critical position as a potential therapeutic target for abdominal aortic aneurysm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Jana
- From the Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center (S.J., M.C., M.H., G.Y.O., Z.K.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Michael Chute
- From the Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center (S.J., M.C., M.H., G.Y.O., Z.K.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Mei Hu
- From the Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center (S.J., M.C., M.H., G.Y.O., Z.K.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Gerrit Winkelaar
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Alberta and Northern Alberta Vascular Center, Grey Nuns Hospital, Edmonton, Canada (G.W.)
| | - Caroline A Owen
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.A.O.)
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- From the Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center (S.J., M.C., M.H., G.Y.O., Z.K.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute (G.Y.O.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- From the Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center (S.J., M.C., M.H., G.Y.O., Z.K.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Osaki T, Satoh M, Tanaka F, Tanno K, Takahashi Y, Nasu T, Sakata K, Morino Y, Sobue K, Sasaki M. The Value of a Cystatin C-based Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate for Cardiovascular Assessment in a General Japanese Population: Results From the Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Project. J Epidemiol 2020; 30:260-267. [PMID: 31130557 PMCID: PMC7217688 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20180274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have shown that high circulating cystatin C is associated with a risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) independent of creatinine-based renal function measurements. The present study investigated the comparison between the cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFRcys) and creatinine-based GFR (GFRcr) to determine whether these measurements are associated with CV biomarkers and elevated CVD risk in a general Japanese population. METHODS The Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization pooled individual participant data from a general population-based cohort study in Iwate prefecture (n = 29,375). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was estimated using the GFRcys, GFRcr and the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR). RESULTS The prevalence of CKD in the participants was found to be higher based on the GFRcr than the GFRcys. Multiple variable analyses after adjusting for baseline characteristics showed that high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were associated with the GFRcys. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve for identifying individuals with a high Suita score was higher for the GFRcys (AUROC = 0.68) than it was for the GFRcr (AUROC = 0.64, P < 0.001). The GFRcys provided reclassification improvement for the CVD risk prediction model by the GFRcr (net reclassification improvement = 0.341; integrated discrimination improvement = 0.018, respectively, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The GFRcys is more closely associated with CV biomarkers, including hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP levels, and a high Suita score than the GFRcr, and it provides additional value in the assessment of CVD risk using GFRcr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Osaki
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
- Division of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Mamoru Satoh
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
- Division of Biobank and Data Management, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
- Division of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Tanaka
- Division of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanno
- Division of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Takahito Nasu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Sakata
- Division of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
- Deputy Executive Director, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Morino
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kenji Sobue
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Makoto Sasaki
- Executive Director, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
- Division of Ultrahigh Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
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Matsunaga H, Ito K, Akiyama M, Takahashi A, Koyama S, Nomura S, Ieki H, Ozaki K, Onouchi Y, Sakaue S, Suna S, Ogishima S, Yamamoto M, Hozawa A, Satoh M, Sasaki M, Yamaji T, Sawada N, Iwasaki M, Tsugane S, Tanaka K, Arisawa K, Ikezaki H, Takashima N, Naito M, Wakai K, Tanaka H, Sakata Y, Morita H, Sakata Y, Matsuda K, Murakami Y, Akazawa H, Kubo M, Kamatani Y, Komuro I. Transethnic Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies Identifies Three New Loci and Characterizes Population-Specific Differences for Coronary Artery Disease. CIRCULATION-GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2020; 13:e002670. [PMID: 32469254 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.119.002670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies provided many biological insights into coronary artery disease (CAD), but these studies were mainly performed in Europeans. Genome-wide association studies in diverse populations have the potential to advance our understanding of CAD. METHODS We conducted 2 genome-wide association studies for CAD in the Japanese population, which included 12 494 cases and 28 879 controls and 2808 cases and 7261 controls, respectively. Then, we performed transethnic meta-analysis using the results of the coronary artery disease genome-wide replication and meta-analysis plus the coronary artery disease 1000 Genomes meta-analysis with UK Biobank. We then explored the pathophysiological significance of these novel loci and examined the differences in CAD-susceptibility loci between Japanese and Europeans. RESULTS We identified 3 new loci on chromosome 1q21 (CTSS), 10q26 (WDR11-FGFR2), and 11q22 (RDX-FDX1). Quantitative trait locus analyses suggested the association of CTSS and RDX-FDX1 with atherosclerotic immune cells. Tissue/cell type enrichment analysis showed the involvement of arteries, adrenal glands, and fat tissues in the development of CAD. We next compared the odds ratios of lead variants for myocardial infarction at 76 genome-wide significant loci in the transethnic meta-analysis and a moderate correlation between Japanese and Europeans, where 8 loci showed a difference. Finally, we performed tissue/cell type enrichment analysis using East Asian-frequent and European-frequent variants according to the risk allele frequencies and identified significant enrichment of adrenal glands in the East Asian-frequent group while the enrichment of arteries and fat tissues was found in the European-frequent group. These findings indicate biological differences in CAD susceptibility between Japanese and Europeans. CONCLUSIONS We identified 3 new loci for CAD and highlighted the genetic differences between the Japanese and European populations. Moreover, our transethnic analyses showed both shared and unique genetic architectures between the Japanese and Europeans. While most of the underlying genetic bases for CAD are shared, further analyses in diverse populations will be needed to elucidate variations fully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Matsunaga
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genomics & Informatics (H. Matsunaga, K.I., S.K., H. Ieki, K.O., Y.O.), Kanagawa.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (H. Matsunaga, S.N., H. Ieki, H.M., H.A., I.K.), University of Tokyo
| | - Kaoru Ito
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genomics & Informatics (H. Matsunaga, K.I., S.K., H. Ieki, K.O., Y.O.), Kanagawa
| | - Masato Akiyama
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis (M.A., A.T., S. Sakaue, Y.K.), Kanagawa
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis (M.A., A.T., S. Sakaue, Y.K.), Kanagawa.,Department of Genomic Medicine, Research Institute, National Cerebral & Cardiovascular Center, Osaka (A.T.)
| | - Satoshi Koyama
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genomics & Informatics (H. Matsunaga, K.I., S.K., H. Ieki, K.O., Y.O.), Kanagawa
| | - Seitaro Nomura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (H. Matsunaga, S.N., H. Ieki, H.M., H.A., I.K.), University of Tokyo.,Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science & Technologies (S.N.), University of Tokyo
| | - Hirotaka Ieki
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genomics & Informatics (H. Matsunaga, K.I., S.K., H. Ieki, K.O., Y.O.), Kanagawa.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (H. Matsunaga, S.N., H. Ieki, H.M., H.A., I.K.), University of Tokyo
| | - Kouichi Ozaki
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genomics & Informatics (H. Matsunaga, K.I., S.K., H. Ieki, K.O., Y.O.), Kanagawa.,Division for Genomic Medicine, Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriatrics & Gerontology, Obu (K.O.)
| | - Yoshihiro Onouchi
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genomics & Informatics (H. Matsunaga, K.I., S.K., H. Ieki, K.O., Y.O.), Kanagawa.,Department of Public Health, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine (Y.O.)
| | - Saori Sakaue
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis (M.A., A.T., S. Sakaue, Y.K.), Kanagawa
| | - Shinichiro Suna
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita (S. Suna, Yasushi Sakata)
| | - Soichi Ogishima
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (S.O., M.Y.), Tohoku University, Sendai
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (S.O., M.Y.), Tohoku University, Sendai
| | - Atsushi Hozawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology (A.H.), Tohoku University, Sendai
| | - Mamoru Satoh
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University (M. Satoh, M. Sasaki)
| | - Makoto Sasaki
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University (M. Satoh, M. Sasaki)
| | - Taiki Yamaji
- Division of Epidemiology (T.Y., N.S., M.I.), National Cancer Center, Tokyo
| | - Norie Sawada
- Division of Epidemiology (T.Y., N.S., M.I.), National Cancer Center, Tokyo
| | - Motoki Iwasaki
- Division of Epidemiology (T.Y., N.S., M.I.), National Cancer Center, Tokyo
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Center for Public Health Sciences (S.T.), National Cancer Center, Tokyo
| | - Keitaro Tanaka
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University (K.T.)
| | - Kokichi Arisawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School (K.A.)
| | - Hiroaki Ikezaki
- Department of Environmental Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka (H. Ikezaki)
| | - Naoyuki Takashima
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu (N.T.)
| | - Mariko Naito
- Department of Oral Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University (M.N.).,Department of Preventive Medicine (M.N., K.W.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine (M.N., K.W.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hideo Tanaka
- Department of Epidemiology (H.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine.,Division of Epidemiology & Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya (H.T.)
| | - Yasuhiko Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai (Yasuhiko Sakata)
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (H. Matsunaga, S.N., H. Ieki, H.M., H.A., I.K.), University of Tokyo
| | - Yasushi Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita (S. Suna, Yasushi Sakata)
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Department of Computational Biology & Medical Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences (K.M.), University of Tokyo
| | - Yoshinori Murakami
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Medical Science (Y.M.), University of Tokyo
| | - Hiroshi Akazawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (H. Matsunaga, S.N., H. Ieki, H.M., H.A., I.K.), University of Tokyo
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (M.K.), Kanagawa
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis (M.A., A.T., S. Sakaue, Y.K.), Kanagawa.,Kyoto-McGill International Collaborative School in Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan (Y.K.)
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (H. Matsunaga, S.N., H. Ieki, H.M., H.A., I.K.), University of Tokyo
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Brown R, Nath S, Lora A, Samaha G, Elgamal Z, Kaiser R, Taggart C, Weldon S, Geraghty P. Cathepsin S: investigating an old player in lung disease pathogenesis, comorbidities, and potential therapeutics. Respir Res 2020; 21:111. [PMID: 32398133 PMCID: PMC7216426 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated expression and activity of cathepsin S (CTSS), a lysosomal protease and a member of the cysteine cathepsin protease family, is linked to the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, including a number of conditions affecting the lungs. Extracellular CTSS has potent elastase activity and by processing cytokines and host defense proteins, it also plays a role in the regulation of inflammation. CTSS has also been linked to G-coupled protein receptor activation and possesses an important intracellular role in major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation. Modulated CTSS activity is also associated with pulmonary disease comorbidities, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. CTSS is expressed in a wide variety of immune cells and is biologically active at neutral pH. Herein, we review the significance of CTSS signaling in pulmonary diseases and associated comorbidities. We also discuss CTSS as a plausible therapeutic target and describe recent and current clinical trials examining CTSS inhibition as a means for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Brown
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sridesh Nath
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Alnardo Lora
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ghassan Samaha
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ziyad Elgamal
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Kaiser
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Clifford Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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49
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Lee SJ, Lee IK, Jeon JH. Vascular Calcification-New Insights Into Its Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082685. [PMID: 32294899 PMCID: PMC7216228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC), which is categorized by intimal and medial calcification, depending on the site(s) involved within the vessel, is closely related to cardiovascular disease. Specifically, medial calcification is prevalent in certain medical situations, including chronic kidney disease and diabetes. The past few decades have seen extensive research into VC, revealing that the mechanism of VC is not merely a consequence of a high-phosphorous and -calcium milieu, but also occurs via delicate and well-organized biologic processes, including an imbalance between osteochondrogenic signaling and anticalcific events. In addition to traditionally established osteogenic signaling, dysfunctional calcium homeostasis is prerequisite in the development of VC. Moreover, loss of defensive mechanisms, by microorganelle dysfunction, including hyper-fragmented mitochondria, mitochondrial oxidative stress, defective autophagy or mitophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, may all contribute to VC. To facilitate the understanding of vascular calcification, across any number of bioscientific disciplines, we provide this review of a detailed updated molecular mechanism of VC. This encompasses a vascular smooth muscle phenotypic of osteogenic differentiation, and multiple signaling pathways of VC induction, including the roles of inflammation and cellular microorganelle genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Joo Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea;
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea;
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea;
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-(53)-200-3182; Fax: +82-(53)-200-3155
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50
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Vizovišek M, Vidak E, Javoršek U, Mikhaylov G, Bratovš A, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins as therapeutic targets in inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:573-588. [PMID: 32228244 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1746765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Cysteine cathepsins are involved in the development and progression of numerous inflammation-associated diseases such as cancer, arthritis, bone and immune disorders. Consequently, there is a drive to progress research efforts focused on cathepsin use in diagnostics and as therapeutic targets in disease.Areas covered: This review discusses the potential of cysteine cathepsins as therapeutic targets in inflammation-associated diseases and recent advances in preclinical and clinical research. We describe direct targeting of cathepsins for treatment purposes and their indirect use in diagnostics.Expert opinion: The targeting of cysteine cathepsins has not translated into the clinic; this failure is attributed to off- and on-target side effects and/or the lack of companion biomarkers. This field now embraces developments in diagnostic imaging, the activation of prodrugs and antibody-drug conjugates for targeted drug delivery. The future lies in improved molecular tools and therapeutic concepts that will find a wide spectrum of uses in diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Vizovišek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Vidak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Javoršek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Georgy Mikhaylov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Bratovš
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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