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Kim B, Rothenberg ME, Sun X, Bachert C, Artis D, Zaheer R, Deniz Y, Rowe P, Cyr S. Neuroimmune interplay during type 2 inflammation: Symptoms, mechanisms, and therapeutic targets in atopic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:879-893. [PMID: 37634890 PMCID: PMC11215634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 inflammation is characterized by overexpression and heightened activity of type 2 cytokines, mediators, and cells that drive neuroimmune activation and sensitization to previously subthreshold stimuli. The consequences of altered neuroimmune activity differ by tissue type and disease; they include skin inflammation, sensitization to pruritogens, and itch amplification in atopic dermatitis and prurigo nodularis; airway inflammation and/or hyperresponsiveness, loss of expiratory volume, airflow obstruction and increased mucus production in asthma; loss of sense of smell in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps; and dysphagia in eosinophilic esophagitis. We describe the neuroimmune interactions that underlie the various sensory and autonomic pathologies in type 2 inflammatory diseases and present recent advances in targeted treatment approaches to reduce type 2 inflammation and its associated symptoms in these diseases. Further research is needed to better understand the neuroimmune mechanisms that underlie chronic, sustained inflammation and its related sensory pathologies in diseases associated with type 2 inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Kim
- Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Mark Lebwohl Center for Neuroinflammation and Sensation, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, Calif
| | - Claus Bachert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, International Airway Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - David Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Friedman Center for Nutrition and Inflammation, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY
| | | | - Yamo Deniz
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY
| | | | - Sonya Cyr
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY
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2
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Gupta S, Viotti A, Eichwald T, Roger A, Kaufmann E, Othman R, Ghasemlou N, Rafei M, Foster SL, Talbot S. Navigating the blurred path of mixed neuroimmune signaling. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:924-938. [PMID: 38373475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Evolution has created complex mechanisms to sense environmental danger and protect tissues, with the nervous and immune systems playing pivotal roles. These systems work together, coordinating local and systemic reflexes to restore homeostasis in response to tissue injury and infection. By sharing receptors and ligands, they influence the pathogenesis of various diseases. Recently, a less-explored aspect of neuroimmune communication has emerged: the release of neuropeptides from immune cells and cytokines/chemokines from sensory neurons. This article reviews evidence of this unique neuroimmune interplay and its impact on the development of allergy, inflammation, itch, and pain. We highlight the effects of this neuroimmune signaling on vital processes such as host defense, tissue repair, and inflammation resolution, providing avenues for exploration of the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic potential of this signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Gupta
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alice Viotti
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Tuany Eichwald
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anais Roger
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Eva Kaufmann
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rahmeh Othman
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nader Ghasemlou
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moutih Rafei
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Simmie L Foster
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Sebastien Talbot
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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3
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Klimek L, Werminghaus P, Casper I, Cuevas M. The pharmacotherapeutic management of allergic rhinitis in people with asthma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024; 25:101-111. [PMID: 38281139 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2024.2307476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Up to 90% of asthmatic patients have comorbid allergic rhinitis (AR). Although appropriate therapy of AR can improve asthma symptoms and management, AR is often underdiagnosed and under-treated in asthmatics.A non-systematic literature research was conducted on AR as a comorbidity and risk factor of asthma. Latest international publications in medical databases, international guidelines, and the Internet were reviewed. AREAS COVERED Based on the conducted literature research there is proved evidence of the necessity of diagnosis and treatment of AR in patients with asthma because it affects health care utilization. Therefore, it is recommended in national and global guidelines. EXPERT OPINION AR increases the risk of asthma development and contributes to the severity of an existing asthma. Early treatment of AR with drugs as intranasal steroids, antihistamines, leukotriene receptor antagonists, and especially allergen-specific immunotherapy can reduce the risk of asthma development and the concomitant medication use in addition to severity of symptoms in AR and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Klimek
- Center for Rhinology and Allergology Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | | | - Ingrid Casper
- Center for Rhinology and Allergology Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Mandy Cuevas
- Clinic and Policlinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Zhou Y, Chen R, Kong L, Sun Y, Deng J. Neuroimmune communication in allergic rhinitis. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1282130. [PMID: 38178883 PMCID: PMC10764552 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1282130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence rate of allergic rhinitis (AR) is high worldwide. The inhalation of allergens induces AR, which is an immunoglobulin E-mediated and type 2 inflammation-driven disease. Recently, the role of neuroimmune communication in AR pathogenesis has piqued the interest of the scientific community. Various neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), nerve growth factor (NGF), and neuromedin U (NMU), released via "axon reflexes" or "central sensitization" exert regulatory effects on immune cells to elicit "neurogenic inflammation," which contributes to nasal hyperresponsiveness (NHR) in AR. Additionally, neuropeptides can be produced in immune cells. The frequent colocalization of immune and neuronal cells at certain anatomical regions promotes the establishment of neuroimmune cell units, such as nerve-mast cells, nerve-type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), nerve-eosinophils and nerve-basophils units. Receptors expressed both on immune cells and neurons, such as TRPV1, TRPA1, and Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) mediate AR pathogenesis. This review focused on elucidating the mechanisms underlying neuroimmune communication in AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Jiaxing University Master Degree Cultivation Base, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
| | - Ru Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
| | - Lili Kong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Jiaxing University Master Degree Cultivation Base, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yaoyao Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Jiaxing University Master Degree Cultivation Base, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
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Kornfield J, De La Torre U, Mize E, Drake MG. Illuminating Airway Nerve Structure and Function in Chronic Cough. Lung 2023; 201:499-509. [PMID: 37985513 PMCID: PMC10673771 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-023-00659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Airway nerves regulate vital airway functions including bronchoconstriction, cough, and control of respiration. Dysregulation of airway nerves underlies the development and manifestations of airway diseases such as chronic cough, where sensitization of neural pathways leads to excessive cough triggering. Nerves are heterogeneous in both expression and function. Recent advances in confocal imaging and in targeted genetic manipulation of airway nerves have expanded our ability to visualize neural organization, study neuro-immune interactions, and selectively modulate nerve activation. As a result, we have an unprecedented ability to quantitatively assess neural remodeling and its role in the development of airway disease. This review highlights our existing understanding of neural heterogeneity and how advances in methodology have illuminated airway nerve morphology and function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kornfield
- OHSU Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Mail Code UHN67, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Ubaldo De La Torre
- OHSU Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Mail Code UHN67, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Emily Mize
- OHSU Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Mail Code UHN67, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Matthew G Drake
- OHSU Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Mail Code UHN67, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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Burns GL, Keely S. Understanding food allergy through neuroimmune interactions in the gastrointestinal tract. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2023; 131:576-584. [PMID: 37331592 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Food allergies are adverse immune reactions to food proteins in the absence of oral tolerance, and the incidence of allergies to food, including peanut, cow's milk, and shellfish, has been increasing globally. Although advancements have been made toward understanding the contributions of the type 2 immune response to allergic sensitization, crosstalk between these immune cells and neurons of the enteric nervous system is an area of emerging interest in the pathophysiology of food allergy, given the close proximity of neuronal cells of the enteric nervous system and type 2 effector cells, including eosinophils and mast cells. At mucosal sites, such as the gastrointestinal tract, neuroimmune interactions contribute to the sensing and response to danger signals from the epithelial barrier. This communication is bidirectional, as immune cells express receptors for neuropeptides and transmitters, and neurons express cytokine receptors, allowing for the detection of and response to inflammatory insults. In addition, it seems that neuromodulation of immune cells including mast cells, eosinophils, and innate lymphoid cells is critical for amplification of the type 2 allergic immune response. As such, neuroimmune interactions may be critical targets for future food allergy therapies. This review evaluates the contributions of local enteric neuroimmune interactions to the underlying immune response in food allergy and discusses considerations for future investigations into targeting neuroimmune pathways for treatment of food allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace L Burns
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Immune Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Keely
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Immune Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.
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7
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Klimek L, Werminghaus P, Bergmann C, Hagemann J, Huppertz T, Bärhold F, Klimek F, Dziadziulia K, Casper I, Polk ML, Cuevas M, Gröger M, Becker S. [Neuroimmunology of allergic rhinitis part 2 : Interactions of neurons and immune cells and neuroimmunological units]. HNO 2023:10.1007/s00106-023-01304-y. [PMID: 37171595 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-023-01304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated, type‑2 inflammatory disease. neuropeptides are released by neurons and interact with immune cells. Via colocalization, neuroimmune cell units such as nerve-mast cell units, nerve-type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) units, nerve-eosinophil units, and nerve-basophil units are formed. Markedly elevated tryptase levels were found in nasal lavage fluid and were strongly associated with neuropeptide levels. A close anatomical connection allows bidirectional communication between immune and neuronal cells. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and transient receptor potential ankyrin repeat 1 (TRPA1) are critically involved in immunological reactions in the setting of allergic rhinitis. Neuroimmunological communication plays an important role in the inflammatory process, so that allergic rhinitis can no longer be considered a purely immunological disease, but rather a combined neuroimmunological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Klimek
- Zentrum für Rhinologie und Allergologie Wiesbaden, An den Quellen 10, 65183, Wiesbaden, Deutschland.
| | - P Werminghaus
- Praxis für Hals‑, Nasen‑, Ohrenheilkunde und Allergologie, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - C Bergmann
- Praxis für Hals‑, Nasen‑, Ohrenheilkunde, Klinik RKM 740, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - J Hagemann
- Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Deutschland
| | - T Huppertz
- Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Deutschland
| | - F Bärhold
- Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinik Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - F Klimek
- Zentrum für Rhinologie und Allergologie Wiesbaden, An den Quellen 10, 65183, Wiesbaden, Deutschland
| | - K Dziadziulia
- Zentrum für Rhinologie und Allergologie Wiesbaden, An den Quellen 10, 65183, Wiesbaden, Deutschland
| | - I Casper
- Zentrum für Rhinologie und Allergologie Wiesbaden, An den Quellen 10, 65183, Wiesbaden, Deutschland
| | - M-L Polk
- Klinik und Poliklinik für HNO-Heilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - M Cuevas
- Klinik und Poliklinik für HNO-Heilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - M Gröger
- Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinik München, München, Deutschland
| | - S Becker
- Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinik Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
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Eosinophils in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Key Contributors to Neuro-Immune Crosstalk and Potential Implications in Disorders of Brain-Gut Interaction. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101644. [PMID: 35626681 PMCID: PMC9139532 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are innate immune granulocytes actively involved in defensive responses and in local and systemic inflammatory processes. Beyond these effector roles, eosinophils are fundamental to maintaining homeostasis in the tissues they reside. Gastrointestinal eosinophils modulate barrier function and mucosal immunity and promote tissue development through their direct communication with almost every cellular component. This is possible thanks to the variety of receptors they express and the bioactive molecules they store and release, including cytotoxic proteins, cytokines, growth factors, and neuropeptides and neurotrophines. A growing body of evidence points to the eosinophil as a key neuro-immune player in the regulation of gastrointestinal function, with potential implications in pathophysiological processes. Eosinophil–neuron interactions are facilitated by chemotaxis and adhesion molecules, and the mediators released may have excitatory or inhibitory effects on each cell type, with physiological consequences dependent on the type of innervation involved. Of special interest are the disorders of the brain–gut interaction (DBGIs), mainly functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), in which mucosal eosinophilia and eosinophil activation have been identified. In this review, we summarize the main roles of gastrointestinal eosinophils in supporting gut homeostasis and the evidence available on eosinophil–neuron interactions to bring new insights that support the fundamental role of this neuro-immune crosstalk in maintaining gut health and contributing to the pathophysiology of DBGIs.
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Ceulemans M, Jacobs I, Wauters L, Vanuytsel T. Immune Activation in Functional Dyspepsia: Bystander Becoming the Suspect. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:831761. [PMID: 35557605 PMCID: PMC9087267 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.831761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI), formerly termed functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID), are highly prevalent although exact pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. Intestinal immune activation has been recognized, but increasing evidence supports a pivotal role for an active inflammatory state in these disorders. In functional dyspepsia (FD), marked eosinophil and mast cell infiltration has been repeatedly demonstrated and associations with symptoms emphasize the relevance of an eosinophil-mast cell axis in FD pathophysiology. In this Review, we highlight the importance of immune activation in DGBI with a focus on FD. We summarize eosinophil biology in both homeostasis and inflammatory processes. The evidence for immune activation in FD is outlined with attention to alterations on both cellular and molecular level, and how these may contribute to FD symptomatology. As DGBI are complex and multifactorial conditions, we shed light on factors associated to, and potentially influencing immune activation, including bidirectional gut-brain interaction, allergy and the microbiota. Crucial studies reveal a therapeutic benefit of treatments targeting immune activation, suggesting that specific anti-inflammatory therapies could offer renewed hope for at least a subset of DGBI patients. Lastly, we explore the future directions for DGBI research that could advance the field. Taken together, emerging evidence supports the recognition of FD as an immune-mediated organic-based disorder, challenging the paradigm of a strictly functional nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ceulemans
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Jacobs
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucas Wauters
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Vanuytsel
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Tim Vanuytsel,
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Vafaee F, Shirzad S, Shamsi F, Boskabady MH. Neuroscience and treatment of asthma, new therapeutic strategies and future aspects. Life Sci 2021; 292:120175. [PMID: 34826435 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Asthma is an airway inflammatory disease that is affected by neurological and psychological factors. The aim of present review is to investigating the relationship between neural functions and neurobiological changes and asthma symptoms. MAIN METHODS The information in this article is provided from articles published in English and reputable database using appropriate keywords from 1970 to October 2020. KEY FINDINGS The symptoms of asthma such as cough, difficult breathing, and mucus secretion get worse when a person is suffering from stress, anxiety, and depression. The function of the insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis changes in response to stress and psychological disease; then the stress hormones are produced from neuroendocrine system, which leads to asthma exacerbation. The evidence represents that psychological therapies or neurological rehabilitation reduces the inflammation through modulating the activity of neurocircuitry and the function of brain centers involved in asthma. Moreover, the neurotrophins and neuropeptides are the key mediators in the neuro-immune interactions, which secrete from the airway nerves in response to brain signals, and they could be the target of many new therapies in asthma. SIGNIFICANCE This review provides an insight into the vital role of the central and peripheral nervous system in development and exacerbation of asthma and provides practical approaches and strategies on neural networks to improve the airway inflammation and asthma severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Vafaee
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shima Shirzad
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shamsi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Neuroscience Laboratory (Brain, Cognition and Behavior), Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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11
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Drake MG, Cook M, Fryer AD, Jacoby DB, Scott GD. Airway Sensory Nerve Plasticity in Asthma and Chronic Cough. Front Physiol 2021; 12:720538. [PMID: 34557110 PMCID: PMC8452850 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.720538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway sensory nerves detect a wide variety of chemical and mechanical stimuli, and relay signals to circuits within the brainstem that regulate breathing, cough, and bronchoconstriction. Recent advances in histological methods, single cell PCR analysis and transgenic mouse models have illuminated a remarkable degree of sensory nerve heterogeneity and have enabled an unprecedented ability to test the functional role of specific neuronal populations in healthy and diseased lungs. This review focuses on how neuronal plasticity contributes to development of two of the most common airway diseases, asthma and chronic cough, and discusses the therapeutic implications of emerging treatments that target airway sensory nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Drake
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Madeline Cook
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Allison D. Fryer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - David B. Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Gregory D. Scott
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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12
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Folci M, Ramponi G, Arcari I, Zumbo A, Brunetta E. Eosinophils as Major Player in Type 2 Inflammation: Autoimmunity and Beyond. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1347:197-219. [PMID: 34031864 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are a subset of differentiated granulocytes which circulate in peripheral blood and home in several body tissues. Along with their traditional relevance in helminth immunity and allergy, eosinophils have been progressively attributed important roles in a number of homeostatic and pathologic situations. This review aims at summarizing available evidence about eosinophils functions in homeostasis, infections, allergic and autoimmune disorders, and solid and hematological cancers.Their structural and biological features have been described, along with their physiological behavior. This includes their chemokines, cytokines, granular contents, and extracellular traps. Besides, pathogenic- and eosinophilic-mediated disorders have also been addressed, with the aim of highlighting their role in Th2-driven inflammation. In allergy, eosinophils are implicated in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. They are also fundamentally involved in autoimmune disorders such as eosinophilic esophagitis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, acute and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. In infections, eosinophils are involved in protection not only from parasites but also from fungi, viruses, and bacteria. In solid cancers, local eosinophilic infiltration is variably associated with an improved or worsened prognosis, depending on the histotype. In hematologic neoplasms, eosinophilia can be the consequence of a dysregulated cytokine production or the result of mutations affecting the myeloid lineage.Recent experimental evidence was thoroughly reviewed, with findings which elicit a complex role for eosinophils, in a tight balance between host defense and tissue damage. Eventually, emerging evidence about eosinophils in COVID-19 infection was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Folci
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Ramponi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Arcari
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Aurora Zumbo
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Brunetta
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
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13
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Klose CSN, Veiga-Fernandes H. Neuroimmune interactions in peripheral tissues. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1602-1614. [PMID: 33895990 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimmune interactions have been revealed to be at the centre stage of tissue defence, organ homeostasis, and organismal physiology. Neuronal and immune cell subsets have been shown to colocalize in discrete tissue environments, forming neuroimmune cell units that constitute the basis for bidirectional interactions. These multitissue units drive coordinated neuroimmune responses to local and systemic signals, which represents an important challenge to our current views of mucosal physiology and immune regulation. In this review, we focus on the impact of reciprocal neuroimmune interactions, focusing on the anatomy of neuronal innervation and on the neuronal regulation of immune cells in peripheral tissues. Finally, we shed light on recent studies that explore how neuroimmune interactions maximise sensing and integration of environmental aggressions, modulating immune function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph S N Klose
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, 12203, Germany
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14
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Interactions of Eosinophils with Nerves. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33486736 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1095-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Eosinophils affect nerve structure and function in organs such as lungs and skin, which contributes to disease pathogenesis. We have developed methods for culturing primary sensory and parasympathetic neurons in multiple species and have refined these techniques for coculture with eosinophils. Eosinophil-nerve coculture has been an essential tool for testing interactions between these cell types. Here we describe methods for coculturing primary parasympathetic ganglia, vagal sensory nerves, and dorsal root sensory nerves with eosinophils.
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15
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Pincus AB, Fryer AD, Jacoby DB. Mini review: Neural mechanisms underlying airway hyperresponsiveness. Neurosci Lett 2021; 751:135795. [PMID: 33667601 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neural changes underly hyperresponsiveness in asthma and other airway diseases. Afferent sensory nerves, nerves within the brainstem, and efferent parasympathetic nerves all contribute to airway hyperresponsiveness. Inflammation plays a critical role in these nerve changes. Chronic inflammation and pre-natal exposures lead to increased airway innervation and structural changes. Acute inflammation leads to shifts in neurotransmitter expression of afferent nerves and dysfunction of M2 muscarinic receptors on efferent nerve endings. Eosinophils and macrophages drive these changes through release of inflammatory mediators. Novel tools, including optogenetics, two photon microscopy, and optical clearing and whole mount microscopy, allow for improved studies of the structure and function of airway nerves and airway hyperresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra B Pincus
- Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, BRB 440, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Allison D Fryer
- Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, BRB 440, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - David B Jacoby
- Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, BRB 440, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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16
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Mattes J, Collison A. Fetal Eosinophils Get on the Nerves of Airways. Early Origins of Bronchoconstriction. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:407-408. [PMID: 31899662 PMCID: PMC7110970 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0438ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Mattes
- Paediatric Respiratory and Sleep MedicineJohn Hunter Children's HospitalNew Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australiaand.,Priority Research Centre GrowUpWellUniversity of NewcastleNew Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam Collison
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWellUniversity of NewcastleNew Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
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17
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Kim HJ, Jung Y. The Emerging Role of Eosinophils as Multifunctional Leukocytes in Health and Disease. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e24. [PMID: 32655972 PMCID: PMC7327148 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are terminally differentiated cytotoxic effector cells that have a role in parasitic infections and allergy by releasing their granule-derived cytotoxic proteins. However, an increasing number of recent observations indicate that eosinophils are not only associated with the pathogenesis of a wide range of diseases, but also contribute to the maintenance of homeostatic responses in previously underappreciated diverse tissues, such as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and adipose tissue. In this review, we describe biological characteristics of eosinophils, as their developmental properties, permissive proliferation and survival, degranulation activity, and migration properties enable them to distribute to both homeostatic and inflamed tissues. We describe pathologic aspects of eosinophils with a role in asthma and in various GI diseases, including eosinophilic GI disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, and radiation-induced enteropathy. Finally, we discuss the beneficial role of eosinophils, which contribute to the resolution of pathogenic conditions and to the modulation of homeostatic biologic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - YunJae Jung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
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18
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Lebold KM, Drake MG, Hales-Beck LB, Fryer AD, Jacoby DB. IL-5 Exposure In Utero Increases Lung Nerve Density and Airway Reactivity in Adult Offspring. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:493-502. [PMID: 31821769 PMCID: PMC7110978 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0214oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by airway hyperreactivity and inflammation. In the lungs, parasympathetic and sensory nerves control airway tone and induce bronchoconstriction. Dysregulation of these nerves results in airway hyperreactivity. Humans with eosinophilic asthma have significantly increased sensory nerve density in airway epithelium, suggesting that type 2 cytokines and inflammatory cells promote nerve growth. Similarly, mice with congenital airway eosinophilia also have airway hyperreactivity and increased airway sensory nerve density. Here, we tested whether this occurs during development. We show that transgenic mice that overexpress IL-5, a cytokine required for eosinophil hematopoiesis, give birth to wild-type offspring that have significantly increased airway epithelial nerve density and airway hyperreactivity that persists into adulthood. These effects are caused by in utero exposure to maternal IL-5 and resulting fetal eosinophilia. Allergen exposure of these adult wild-type offspring results in severe airway hyperreactivity, leading to fatal reflex bronchoconstriction. Our results demonstrate that fetal exposure to IL-5 is a developmental origin of airway hyperreactivity, mediated by hyperinnervation of airway epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Lebold
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Matthew G Drake
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Lauren B Hales-Beck
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Allison D Fryer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - David B Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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19
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Lebold KM, Jacoby DB, Drake MG. Inflammatory mechanisms linking maternal and childhood asthma. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:113-121. [PMID: 32040236 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr1219-338r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and remodeling. Asthma often develops during childhood and causes lifelong decrements in lung function and quality of life. Risk factors for childhood asthma are numerous and include genetic, epigenetic, developmental, and environmental factors. Uncontrolled maternal asthma during pregnancy exposes the developing fetus to inflammatory insults, which further increase the risk of childhood asthma independent of genetic predisposition. This review focuses on the role of maternal asthma in the development of asthma in offspring. We will present maternal asthma as a targetable and modifiable risk factor for childhood asthma and discuss the mechanisms by which maternal inflammation increases childhood asthma risk. Topics include how exposure to maternal asthma in utero shapes structural lung development with a special emphasis on airway nerves, how maternal type-2 cytokines such as IL-5 activate the fetal immune system, and how changes in lung and immune cell development inform responses to aero-allergens later in life. Finally, we highlight emerging evidence that maternal asthma establishes a unique "asthma signature" in the airways of children, leading to novel mechanisms of airway hyperreactivity and inflammatory cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Lebold
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - David B Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew G Drake
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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20
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Roula D, Theiler A, Luschnig P, Sturm GJ, Tomazic PV, Marsche G, Heinemann A, Sturm EM. Apolipoprotein A-IV acts as an endogenous anti-inflammatory protein and is reduced in treatment-naïve allergic patients and allergen-challenged mice. Allergy 2020; 75:392-402. [PMID: 31408538 PMCID: PMC7065107 DOI: 10.1111/all.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Recent studies pointed to a crucial role for apolipoproteins in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. However, the role of apolipoprotein‐IV (ApoA‐IV) in allergic inflammation has not been addressed thoroughly thus far. Objective Here, we explored the anti‐inflammatory effects and underlying signaling pathways of ApoA‐IV on eosinophil effector function in vitro and in vivo. Methods Migratory responsiveness, Ca2+‐flux and apoptosis of human peripheral blood eosinophils were assessed in vitro. Allergen‐driven airway inflammation was assessed in a mouse model of acute house dust mite‐induced asthma. ApoA‐IV serum levels were determined by ELISA. Results Recombinant ApoA‐IV potently inhibited eosinophil responsiveness in vitro as measured by Ca2+‐flux, shape change, integrin (CD11b) expression, and chemotaxis. The underlying molecular mechanism involved the activation of Rev‐ErbA‐α and induced a PI3K/PDK1/PKA‐dependent signaling cascade. Systemic application of ApoA‐IV prevented airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airway eosinophilia in mice following allergen challenge. ApoA‐IV levels were decreased in serum from allergic patients compared to healthy controls. Conclusion Our data suggest that ApoA‐IV is an endogenous anti‐inflammatory protein that potently suppresses effector cell functions in eosinophils. Thus, exogenously applied ApoA‐IV may represent a novel pharmacological approach for the treatment of allergic inflammation and other eosinophil‐driven disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Roula
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto‐Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Anna Theiler
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto‐Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Petra Luschnig
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto‐Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Gunter J. Sturm
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
- Allergy Outpatient Clinic Reumannplatz Vienna Austria
| | | | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto‐Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto‐Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Eva M. Sturm
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto‐Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
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21
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Nie Z, Maung JN, Jacoby DB, Fryer AD. Lung eosinophils increase vagus nerve-mediated airway reflex bronchoconstriction in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L242-L251. [PMID: 31746625 PMCID: PMC7052679 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00040.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils mediate airway hyperresponsiveness by increasing vagally mediated reflex bronchoconstriction. Here, we tested whether circulating or airway eosinophils change nerve function. Airway resistance in response to aerosolized 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, 10-300 mM) was measured in wild-type mice or transgenic mice that overexpress IL5 in T cells (+IL5T), overexpress IL5 in airway epithelium (+IL5AE), or overexpress IL5 but are devoid of eosinophils (+IL5AE/-Eos). Inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), blood, and bone marrow were quantified. Blood eosinophils were increased in +IL5T and +IL5AE mice compared with wild-type mice. +IL5T mice had increased eosinophils in bone marrow while +IL5AE mice had increased eosinophils in BAL. Eosinophils surrounding large airways were significantly increased only in +IL5AE mice. With intact vagal innervation, aerosolized 5-HT significantly increased airway resistance in +IL5AE mice. 5-HT-induced bronchoconstriction was blocked by vagotomy or atropine, demonstrating that it was mediated via a vagal reflex. Airway resistance was not increased in +IL5AE/-Eos mice, demonstrating that it required lung eosinophils, but was not affected by increased bone marrow or blood eosinophils or by increased IL5 in the absence of eosinophils. Eosinophils did not change M3 function on airway smooth muscle, since airway responses to methacholine in vagotomized mice were not different among strains. Eosinophils surrounding large airways were sufficient, even in the absence of increased IL5 or external insult, to increase vagally mediated reflex bronchoconstriction. Specifically blocking or reducing eosinophils surrounding large airways may effectively inhibit reflex hyperresponsiveness mediated by vagus nerves in eosinophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenying Nie
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jessica N Maung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - David B Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Allison D Fryer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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22
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23
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New aspects of neuroinflammation and neuroimmune crosstalk in the airways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 142:1415-1422. [PMID: 30409249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimmune interaction has long been discussed in the pathogenesis of allergic airway diseases, such as allergic asthma. Mediators released during inflammation can alter the function of both sensory and parasympathetic neurons innervating the airways. Evidence has been provided that the inflammatory response can be altered by various mediators that are released by sensory and parasympathetic neurons and vice versa. Our aim is to demonstrate recent developments in the reciprocal neuroimmune interaction and to include, if available, data from in vivo and clinical studies.
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24
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Pease JE, Williams TJ. Eosinophils on trial. Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 48:490-492. [PMID: 29701922 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James E Pease
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,MRC-Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy J Williams
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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25
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Kandikattu HK, Upparahalli Venkateshaiah S, Mishra A. Synergy of Interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-18 in eosinophil mediated pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 47:83-98. [PMID: 31126874 PMCID: PMC6781864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are circulating granulocytes that have pleiotropic effects in response to inflammatory signals in the body. In response to allergens or pathogens, exposure eosinophils are recruited in various organs that execute pathological immune responses. IL-5 plays a key role in the differentiation, development, and survival of eosinophils. Eosinophils are involved in a variety of allergic diseases including asthma, dermatitis and various gastrointestinal disorders (EGID). IL-5 signal transduction involves JAK-STAT-p38MAPK-NFκB activation and executes extracellular matrix remodeling, EMT transition and immune responses in allergic diseases. IL-18 is a classical cytokine also involved in immune responses and has a critical role in inflammasome pathway. We recently identified the IL-18 role in the generation, transformation, and maturation of (CD101+CD274+) pathogenic eosinophils. In, addition, several other cytokines like IL-2, IL-4, IL-13, IL-21, and IL-33 also contribute in advancing eosinophils associated immune responses in innate and adaptive immunity. This review discusses with a major focus (1) Eosinophils and its constituents, (2) Role of IL-5 and IL-18 in eosinophils development, transformation, maturation, signal transduction of IL-5 and IL-18, (3) The role of eosinophils in allergic disorders and (4) The role of several other associated cytokines in promoting eosinophils mediated allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanth Kumar Kandikattu
- Department of Medicine, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Centre (TEDC), Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Sathisha Upparahalli Venkateshaiah
- Department of Medicine, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Centre (TEDC), Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Anil Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Centre (TEDC), Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States.
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26
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Chesné J, Cardoso V, Veiga-Fernandes H. Neuro-immune regulation of mucosal physiology. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:10-20. [PMID: 30089849 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal barriers constitute major body surfaces that are in constant contact with the external environment. Mucosal sites are densely populated by a myriad of distinct neurons and immune cell types that sense, integrate and respond to multiple environmental cues. In the recent past, neuro-immune interactions have been reported to play central roles in mucosal health and disease, including chronic inflammatory conditions, allergy and infectious diseases. Discrete neuro-immune cell units act as building blocks of this bidirectional multi-tissue cross-talk, ensuring mucosal tissue health and integrity. Herein, we will focus on reciprocal neuro-immune interactions in the airways and intestine. Such neuro-immune cross-talk maximizes sensing and integration of environmental aggressions, which can be considered an important paradigm shift in our current views of mucosal physiology and immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Chesné
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vânia Cardoso
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038, Lisboa, Portugal
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27
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Filippone RT, Robinson AM, Jovanovska V, Stavely R, Apostolopoulos V, Bornstein JC, Nurgali K. Targeting eotaxin-1 and CCR3 receptor alleviates enteric neuropathy and colonic dysfunction in TNBS-induced colitis in guinea pigs. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13391. [PMID: 29968270 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accumulation of eosinophils is mediated by the chemokine receptor-3 (CCR3)-eotaxin axis. Increased expression of eotaxin and its receptor is associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Activation of eosinophils causes the release of cationic proteins that are neurotoxic such as eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN). Damage to enteric neurons alters neurally controlled functions of the gut correlated with intestinal inflammation. We hypothesized that inhibition of the CCR3-eotaxin axis will prevent inflammation-induced functional changes to the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS Hartley guinea pigs were administered with trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS; 30 mg/kg in 30% ethanol) intrarectally to induce colitis. A CCR3 receptor antagonist (SB 328437 [SB3]) was injected intraperitoneally 1 hour postinduction of colitis. Animals were euthanized 7 days post-treatment and colon tissues were collected for ex vivo studies. The EDN-positive eosinophils in the colon, indicating eosinophil activation, were quantified by immunohistochemistry. Effects of SB3 treatment on gross morphological damage, enteric neuropathy, and colonic dysmotility were determined by histology, immunohistochemistry, and organ bath experiments. KEY RESULTS The number of EDN-positive eosinophils was significantly increased in the lamina propria in close proximity to myenteric ganglia in inflamed colon. The TNBS-induced inflammation caused significant damage to colonic architecture and inhibition of colonic motility. Treatment with SB3 antagonist attenuated inflammation-associated morphological damage in the colon, reduced infiltration of EDN-positive eosinophils and restored colonic motility to levels comparable to control and sham-treated guinea pigs. CONCLUSION & INFERENCES This is the first study demonstrating that inhibition of CCR3-eotaxin axis alleviates enteric neuropathy and restores functional changes in the gut associated with TNBS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Filippone
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - A M Robinson
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - V Jovanovska
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - R Stavely
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - V Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - J C Bornstein
- Department of Physiology, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - K Nurgali
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Regenerative, Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Department of Medicine Western Health, Melbourne University, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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28
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Drake MG, Scott GD, Blum ED, Lebold KM, Nie Z, Lee JJ, Fryer AD, Costello RW, Jacoby DB. Eosinophils increase airway sensory nerve density in mice and in human asthma. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaar8477. [PMID: 30185653 PMCID: PMC6592848 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar8477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In asthma, airway nerve dysfunction leads to excessive bronchoconstriction and cough. It is well established that eosinophils alter nerve function and that airway eosinophilia is present in 50 to 60% of asthmatics. However, the effects of eosinophils on airway nerve structure have not been established. We tested whether eosinophils alter airway nerve structure and measured the physiological consequences of those changes. Our results in humans with and without eosinophilic asthma showed that airway innervation and substance P expression were increased in moderate persistent asthmatics compared to mild intermittent asthmatics and healthy subjects. Increased innervation was associated with a lack of bronchodilator responsiveness and increased irritant sensitivity. In a mouse model of eosinophilic airway inflammation, the increase in nerve density and airway hyperresponsiveness were mediated by eosinophils. Our results implicate airway nerve remodeling as a key mechanism for increased irritant sensitivity and exaggerated airway responsiveness in eosinophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Drake
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Gregory D Scott
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Emily D Blum
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Katherine M Lebold
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Zhenying Nie
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Allison D Fryer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Richard W Costello
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David B Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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29
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Zhang H, Li F, Li WW, Stary C, Clark JD, Xu S, Xiong X. The inflammasome as a target for pain therapy. Br J Anaesth 2018; 117:693-707. [PMID: 27956668 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aew376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-1 family of cytokines are potent inducers of inflammation and pain. Proteolytic activation of this family of cytokines is under the control of several innate immune receptors that coordinate to form large multiprotein signalling platforms, termed inflammasomes. Recent evidence suggests that a wide range of inflammatory diseases, cancers, and metabolic and autoimmune disorders, in which pain is a common complaint, may be coordinated by inflammasomes. Activation of inflammasomes results in cleavage of caspase-1, which subsequently induces downstream initiation of several potent pro-inflammatory cascades. Therefore, it has been proposed that targeting inflammasome activity may be a novel and effective therapeutic strategy for these pain-related diseases. The purpose of this narrative review article is to provide the reader with an overview of the activation and regulation of inflammasomes and to investigate the potential therapeutic role of inflammasome inhibition in the treatment of diseases characterized by pain, including the following: complex regional pain syndrome, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, chronic prostatitis, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and fibromyalgia. We conclude that the role of the inflammasome in pain-associated diseases is likely to be inflammasome subtype and disease specific. The currently available evidence suggests that disease-specific targeting of the assembly and activity of the inflammasome complex may be a novel therapeutic opportunity for the treatment of refractory pain in many settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - F Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - W-W Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - C Stary
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J D Clark
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - S Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - X Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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Drake MG, Lebold KM, Roth-Carter QR, Pincus AB, Blum ED, Proskocil BJ, Jacoby DB, Fryer AD, Nie Z. Eosinophil and airway nerve interactions in asthma. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:61-67. [PMID: 29633324 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr1117-426r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway eosinophils are increased in asthma and are especially abundant around airway nerves. Nerves control bronchoconstiction and in asthma, airway hyperreactivity (where airways contract excessively to inhaled stimuli) develops when eosinophils alter both parasympathetic and sensory nerve function. Eosinophils release major basic protein, which is an antagonist of inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors on parasympathetic nerves. Loss of M2 receptor inhibition potentiates parasympathetic nerve-mediated bronchoconstriction. Eosinophils also increase sensory nerve responsiveness by lowering neurons' activation threshold, stimulating nerve growth, and altering neuropeptide expression. Since sensory nerves activate parasympathetic nerves via a central neuronal reflex, eosinophils' effects on both sensory and parasympathetic nerves potentiate bronchoconstriction. This review explores recent insights into mechanisms and effects of eosinophil and airway nerve interactions in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Drake
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Katherine M Lebold
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Quinn R Roth-Carter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Alexandra B Pincus
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Emily D Blum
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Becky J Proskocil
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - David B Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Allison D Fryer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Zhenying Nie
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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31
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Gazzola M, Mailhot-Larouche S, Beucher C, Bossé Y. The underlying physiological mechanisms whereby anticholinergics alleviate asthma. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:433-441. [PMID: 29414243 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms whereby anticholinergics improve asthma outcomes, such as lung function, symptoms, and rate of exacerbation, can be numerous. The most obvious is by affecting the contraction of airway smooth muscle (ASM). The acetylcholine released from the cholinergic nerves is the most important bronchoconstrictor that sets the baseline degree of contractile activation of ASM in healthy individuals. Although the degree of ASM's contractile activation can also be fine-tuned by a plethora of other bronchoconstrictors and bronchodilators in asthma, blocking the ceaseless effect of acetylcholine on ASM by anticholinergics reduces, at any given moment, the overall degree of contractile activation. Because the relationships that exist between the degree of contractile activation, ASM force, ASM shortening, airway narrowing, airflow resistance, and respiratory resistance are not linear, small decreases in the contractile activation of ASM can be greatly amplified and thus translate into important benefits to a patient's well-being. Plus, many inflammatory and remodeling features that are often found in asthmatic lungs synergize with the contractile activation of ASM to increase respiratory resistance. This review recalls that the proven effectiveness of anticholinergics in the treatment of asthma could be merely attributed to a small reduction in the contractile activation of ASM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Gazzola
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, affiliated with Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada.,Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, affiliated with Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Samuel Mailhot-Larouche
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, affiliated with Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada.,Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, affiliated with Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Clémentine Beucher
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, affiliated with Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada.,Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, affiliated with Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Ynuk Bossé
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, affiliated with Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada.,Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, affiliated with Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
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32
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Wicher SA, Lawson KL, Jacoby DB, Fryer AD, Drake MG. Ozone-induced eosinophil recruitment to airways is altered by antigen sensitization and tumor necrosis factor- α blockade. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13538. [PMID: 29242307 PMCID: PMC5742702 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ozone is an atmospheric pollutant that causes lung inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Ozone's effects occur in two distinct phases that are mediated by different populations of eosinophils. In the acute phase 1 day after exposure, mature airway-resident eosinophils alter parasympathetic nerve function that results in airway hyperresponsiveness. At this time point, the severity of hyperresponsiveness correlates with the number of eosinophils in close proximity to airway nerves, but not with eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage. Three days later, newly divided eosinophils are recruited to airways by a tumor necrosis factor-α-dependent mechanism. These new eosinophils paradoxically attenuate ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. Ozone's effects on airway tissue eosinophils and nerve-associated eosinophils 3 days after exposure are unknown. Thus, we tested ozone's effects on eosinophils in airway subepithelium and around airway nerves 1 and 3 days after ozone in nonsensitized and ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs with or without the tumor necrosis factor-α antagonist, etanercept, and compared changes in eosinophils with ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. More eosinophils were present in small, noncartilaginous airways and along small airway nerves compared to large cartilaginous airways in all treatment groups. The number of airway and nerve-associated eosinophils were unaffected 1 day after ozone exposure, whereas significantly fewer airway eosinophils were present 3 days later. Airway and nerve-associated eosinophils were also decreased in small airways 3 days after ozone in sensitized animals. These changes were blocked by etanercept. Airway eosinophils, but not nerve-associated or bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophils correlated with airway hyperresponsiveness 3 days after ozone. Our findings indicate ozone causes persistent alterations in airway eosinophils and reinforce the importance of characterizing eosinophils' effects within distinct airway compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Wicher
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Katy L Lawson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - David B Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Allison D Fryer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Matthew G Drake
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Abstract
Eosinophils are a minority circulating granulocyte classically viewed as being involved in host defense against parasites and promoting allergic reactions. However, a series of new regulatory functions for these cells have been identified in the past decade. During homeostasis, eosinophils develop in the bone marrow and migrate from the blood into target tissues following an eotaxin gradient, with interleukin-5 being a key cytokine for eosinophil proliferation, survival, and priming. In multiple target tissues, eosinophils actively regulate a variety of immune functions through their vast arsenal of granule products and cytokines, as well as direct cellular interaction with cells in proximity. The immunologic regulation of eosinophils extends from innate immunity to adaptive immunity and also involves non-immune cells. Herein, we summarize recent findings regarding novel roles of murine and human eosinophils, focusing on interactions with other hematopoietic cells. We also review new experimental tools available and remaining questions to uncover a greater understanding of this enigmatic cell.
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Roy-O'Reilly M, Ritzel RM, Conway SE, Staff I, Fortunato G, McCullough LD. CCL11 (Eotaxin-1) Levels Predict Long-Term Functional Outcomes in Patients Following Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2017. [PMID: 28634890 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Circulating levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine C-C motif chemokine 11 (CCL11, also known as eotaxin-1) are increased in several animal models of neuroinflammation, including traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease. Increased levels of CCL11 have also been linked to decreased neurogenesis in mice. We hypothesized that circulating CCL11 levels would increase following ischemic stroke in mice and humans, and that higher CCL11 levels would correlate with poor long-term recovery in patients. As predicted, circulating levels of CCL11 in both young and aged mice increased significantly 24 h after experimental stroke. However, ischemic stroke patients showed decreased CCL11 levels compared to controls 24 h after stroke. Interestingly, lower post-stroke CCL11 levels were predictive of increased stroke severity and independently predictive of poorer functional outcomes in patients 12 months after ischemic stroke. These results illustrate important differences in the peripheral inflammatory response to ischemic stroke between mice and human patients. In addition, it suggests CCL11 as a candidate biomarker for the prediction of acute and long-term functional outcomes in ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Roy-O'Reilly
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Sarah E Conway
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA
| | - Ilene Staff
- Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA
| | | | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA.
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Edwards MR, Saglani S, Schwarze J, Skevaki C, Smith JA, Ainsworth B, Almond M, Andreakos E, Belvisi MG, Chung KF, Cookson W, Cullinan P, Hawrylowicz C, Lommatzsch M, Jackson D, Lutter R, Marsland B, Moffatt M, Thomas M, Virchow JC, Xanthou G, Edwards J, Walker S, Johnston SL. Addressing unmet needs in understanding asthma mechanisms: From the European Asthma Research and Innovation Partnership (EARIP) Work Package (WP)2 collaborators. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/5/1602448. [PMID: 28461300 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02448-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous, complex disease with clinical phenotypes that incorporate persistent symptoms and acute exacerbations. It affects many millions of Europeans throughout their education and working lives and puts a heavy cost on European productivity. There is a wide spectrum of disease severity and control. Therapeutic advances have been slow despite greater understanding of basic mechanisms and the lack of satisfactory preventative and disease modifying management for asthma constitutes a significant unmet clinical need. Preventing, treating and ultimately curing asthma requires co-ordinated research and innovation across Europe. The European Asthma Research and Innovation Partnership (EARIP) is an FP7-funded programme which has taken a co-ordinated and integrated approach to analysing the future of asthma research and development. This report aims to identify the mechanistic areas in which investment is required to bring about significant improvements in asthma outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rene Lutter
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Marsland
- University of Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Georgina Xanthou
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Diny NL, Rose NR, Čiháková D. Eosinophils in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:484. [PMID: 28496445 PMCID: PMC5406413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are multifunctional granulocytes that contribute to initiation and modulation of inflammation. Their role in asthma and parasitic infections has long been recognized. Growing evidence now reveals a role for eosinophils in autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the function of eosinophils in inflammatory bowel diseases, neuromyelitis optica, bullous pemphigoid, autoimmune myocarditis, primary biliary cirrhosis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and other autoimmune diseases. Clinical studies, eosinophil-targeted therapies, and experimental models have contributed to our understanding of the regulation and function of eosinophils in these diseases. By examining the role of eosinophils in autoimmune diseases of different organs, we can identify common pathogenic mechanisms. These include degranulation of cytotoxic granule proteins, induction of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, release of proteases degrading extracellular matrix, immune modulation through cytokines, antigen presentation, and prothrombotic functions. The association of eosinophilic diseases with autoimmune diseases is also examined, showing a possible increase in autoimmune diseases in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis, hypereosinophilic syndrome, and non-allergic asthma. Finally, we summarize key future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Diny
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Noel R Rose
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Fryer AD, Jacoby DB, Wicher SA. Protective Role of Eosinophils and TNFa after Ozone Inhalation. Res Rep Health Eff Inst 2017; 2017:1-41. [PMID: 29659241 PMCID: PMC7266380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exposure to ozone induces deleterious responses in the airways that include shortness of breath, inflammation, and bronchoconstriction. People with asthma have increased airway sensitivity to ozone and other irritants. Dr. Allison Fryer and colleagues addressed how exposure to ozone affects the immune and physiological responses in guinea pigs. Guinea pigs are considered a useful animal model for studies of respiratory and physiological responses in humans; their response to airborne allergens is similar to that in humans and shares some features of allergic asthma. Fryer and colleagues had previously observed that within 24 hours of exposure, ozone not only induced bronchoconstriction but also stimulated the production of new cells in the bone marrow, where all white blood cells develop. As a result of ozone exposure, increased numbers of newly synthesized white blood cells, particularly eosinophils, moved into the blood and lungs. The central hypothesis of the current study was that newly synthesized eosinophils recruited to the lungs 3 days after ozone exposure were beneficial to the animals because they reduced ozoneinduced bronchoconstriction. The investigators also hypothesized that the beneficial effect seen in normal (nonsensitized) animals was lost in animals that had been injected with an allergen, ovalbumin (sensitized). They also planned to explore the effects of inhibitors of certain cytokines (cellsignaling molecules). Immune responses in sensitized animals are dominated by a Th2 pattern, which is characterized by the synthesis of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-5, and IL-13) and the Th2 subset of CD4+ T lymphocytes and the cells they activate (predominantly eosinophils, and B lymphocytes that switch to making immunoglobulin E [IgE]). Thus, sensitized animals were used as a model of allergic humans, whose immune responses tend to be dominated by IgE. Approach Fryer and colleagues exposed normal and sensitized (allergic) guinea pigs to 2 ppm ozone or filtered air for 4 hours and measured changes in cell numbers and airway responses 1 or 3 days later. They counted the numbers of eosinophils and other white blood cells (macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes) in bone marrow, blood, and bronchoalveolar lung lavage fluid. The investigators also measured important physiological responses, including bronchoconstriction. Some animals were pretreated with etanercept and monoclonal anti-IL-5, which block tumor necrosis factor-a (TNFa) and IL-5, respectively. TNFa and IL-5 blockers have been used to treat patients with asthma. A key feature of the study was a technique to distinguish which white blood cells were synthesized after exposure from those that already existed, by injecting animals with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). BrdU is a thymidine analogue that is incorporated into the DNA of dividing cells, serving as a marker of newly produced cells. Therefore, a snapshot can be obtained of the proportion of newly synthesized (BrdU-positive) versus pre-existing (BrdU-negative) cell types. Key results 1. Allergic and normal animals differed in the time course of bronchoconstriction and changes in cell types after ozone exposure. In normal animals, bronchoconstriction increased substantially at day 1 but decreased by day 3 after ozone exposure. In contrast, in allergic animals bronchoconstriction remained high at day 3. Ozone also increased the percentage of newly formed, BrdU2 positive eosinophils in the bone marrow and lungs of normal but not allergic animals. 2. Pretreatment with the TNFa blocker etanercept had complex effects, which differed between normal and allergic animals. In normal animals, etanercept decreased ozone-induced new synthesis of eosinophils in the bone marrow and blocked eosinophil migration to the lung; it also increased bronchoconstriction at day 3 (relative to day 1 without etanercept). In allergic animals, etanercept had no effect on any cell type in the bone marrow or lung after exposure to ozone and did not change bronchoconstriction compared with allergic animals not treated with etanercept. Etanercept tended to increase the numbers of blood monocytes and lymphocytes in air- and ozone-exposed normal and allergic animals at day 3, but had no effect on eosinophils in blood at this time point. This was one of the few statistically significant findings in the blood of exposed animals in the study. 3. Anti-IL-5 reduced bronchoconstriction at day 3 after exposure of allergic animals to ozone. In contrast, bronchoconstriction was greatly increased in normal animals treated with anti-IL-5. Conclusions Fryer and colleagues explored the airway and cellular responses in guinea pigs exposed to ozone. The HEI Review Committee, which conducted an independent review of the study, agreed that the findings supported the authors’ hypothesis (1) that exposure to ozone stimulates production of eosinophils in bone marrow, (2) that these newly formed eosinophils migrate to the lungs, and (3) that those eosinophils play a delayed but potentially beneficial role in reducing ozone-induced inflammation in the airways of healthy normal animals, but not in allergen-sensitized animals. The Committee also agreed that guinea pigs were a good model for studying responses to an allergen, because a major subtype of asthma (the high Th2 or allergic type) is associated with high levels of eosinophils in the blood. A novel finding was that the TNFa blocker etanercept decreased ozone-induced formation of eosinophils in the bone marrow and blocked eosinophil migration to the lung in normal animals. However, because injecting etanercept had little effect on eosinophils and did not decrease bronchoconstriction in allergic guinea pigs, the potential for treating patients with allergic asthma with TNFa blockers is uncertain. This is consistent with the poor performance of TNFa blockers in clinical studies of asthma treatment. Blocking the cytokine IL-5 with an anti-IL-5 antibody substantially decreased bronchoconstriction in sensitized animals. This suggests that therapies targeting IL-5 and eosinophils would be promising in at least some types of asthma. The Committee expressed caution toward experiments with cytokine blockers, both in animal models and humans, because such blockers are often not specific to a particular cell type and may differ at different sites in the body. Without further detailed confirmation of the effects of the blockers, interpreting these experiments can be challenging. The Committee concluded that the study by Fryer and colleagues raises several intriguing directions for future research, including exploring ways in which newly formed eosinophils differ from pre-existing ones, and how such findings apply to humans with allergy or asthma.
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Wang F, Baba N, Shen Y, Yamashita T, Tsuru E, Tsuda M, Maeda N, Sagara Y. CCL11 promotes migration and proliferation of mouse neural progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:26. [PMID: 28173860 PMCID: PMC5297016 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia induces massive brain damage during the perinatal period, resulting in long-term consequences to central nervous system structural and functional maturation. Although neural progenitor cells (NPCs) migrate through the parenchyma and home in to injury sites in the rodent brain, the molecular mechanisms are unknown. We examined the role of chemokines in mediating NPC migration after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. METHODS Nine-day-old mice were exposed to a 120-minute hypoxia following unilateral carotid occlusion. Chemokine levels were quantified in mouse brain extract. Migration and proliferation assays were performed using embryonic and infant mouse NPCs. RESULTS The neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury resulted in an ipsilateral lesion, which was extended to the cortical and striatal areas. NPCs migrated toward an injured area, where a marked increase of CC chemokines was detected. In vitro studies showed that incubation of NPCs with recombinant mouse CCL11 promoted migration and proliferation. These effects were partly inhibited by a CCR3 antagonist, SB297006. CONCLUSIONS Our data implicate an important effect of CCL11 for mouse NPCs. The effective activation of NPCs may offer a promising strategy for neuroregeneration in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Nobuyasu Baba
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yuan Shen
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Yamashita
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Emi Tsuru
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.,Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Science Research Center, Kochi University Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsuda
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.,Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Science Research Center, Kochi University Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Nagamasa Maeda
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kochi University Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sagara
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
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Veiga-Fernandes H, Mucida D. Neuro-Immune Interactions at Barrier Surfaces. Cell 2017; 165:801-11. [PMID: 27153494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multidirectional interactions between the nervous and immune systems have been documented in homeostasis and pathologies ranging from multiple sclerosis to autism, and from leukemia to acute and chronic inflammation. Recent studies have addressed this crosstalk using cell-specific targeting, novel sequencing, imaging, and analytical tools, shedding light on unappreciated mechanisms of neuro-immune regulation. This Review focuses on neuro-immune interactions at barrier surfaces-mostly the gut, but also including the skin and the airways, areas densely populated by neurons and immune cells that constantly sense and adapt to tissue-specific environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Veiga-Fernandes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Edifício Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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40
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Tay A, Kunze A, Jun D, Hoek E, Di Carlo D. The Age of Cortical Neural Networks Affects Their Interactions with Magnetic Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:3559-67. [PMID: 27228954 PMCID: PMC5300772 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing use of nanotechnology in neuroscience, the characterization of interactions between magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and primary cortical neural networks remains underdeveloped. In particular, how the age of primary neural networks affects MNP uptake and endocytosis is critical when considering MNP-based therapies for age-related diseases. Here, primary cortical neural networks are cultured up to 4 weeks and with CCL11/eotaxin, an age-inducing chemokine, to create aged neural networks. As the neural networks are aged, their association with membrane-bound starch-coated ferromagnetic nanoparticles (fMNPs) increases while their endocytic mechanisms are impaired, resulting in reduced internalization of chitosan-coated fMNPs. The age of the neurons also negates the neuroprotective effects of chitosan coatings on fMNPs, attributing to decreased intracellular trafficking and increased colocalization of MNPs with lysosomes. These findings demonstrate the importance of age and developmental stage of primary neural cells when developing in vitro models for fMNP therapeutics targeting age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Tay
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025, United States
| | - Anja Kunze
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025, United States
| | - Dukwoo Jun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025, United States
| | - Eric Hoek
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025, United States
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025, United States
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025, United States
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41
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Travers J, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophils in mucosal immune responses. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:464-75. [PMID: 25807184 PMCID: PMC4476057 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils, multifunctional cells that contribute to both innate and adaptive immunity, are involved in the initiation, propagation, and resolution of immune responses, including tissue repair. They achieve this multifunctionality by expression of a diverse set of activation receptors, including those that directly recognize pathogens and opsonized targets, and by their ability to store and release preformed cytotoxic mediators that participate in host defense, to produce a variety of de novo pleotropic mediators and cytokines, and to interact directly and indirectly with diverse cell types, including adaptive and innate immunocytes and structural cells. Herein, we review the basic biology of eosinophils and then focus on new emerging concepts about their role in mucosal immune homeostasis, particularly maintenance of intestinal IgA. We review emerging data about their development and regulation and describe new concepts concerning mucosal eosinophilic diseases. We describe recently developed therapeutic strategies to modify eosinophil levels and function and provide collective insight about the beneficial and detrimental functions of these enigmatic cells.
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Roth-Carter QR, Jacoby DB, Nie Z. Interactions of eosinophils with nerves. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1178:215-29. [PMID: 24986620 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1016-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Coculture of eosinophils and nerves is a powerful tool in determining the interactions between the two cell types. We have developed methods for culture of parasympathetic ganglia and dorsal root ganglia from humans, and we have further refined the technique to coculture with eosinophils. Here we describe methods for coculturing primary parasympathetic ganglia or dorsal root ganglia with eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn R Roth-Carter
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L334, 97239-3098, Portland, OR, USA,
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Santoni G, Cardinali C, Morelli MB, Santoni M, Nabissi M, Amantini C. Danger- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns recognition by pattern-recognition receptors and ion channels of the transient receptor potential family triggers the inflammasome activation in immune cells and sensory neurons. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:21. [PMID: 25644504 PMCID: PMC4322456 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies show that the activation of the innate immune system and inflammatory mechanisms play an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. The innate immune system is present in almost all multicellular organisms and its activation occurs in response to pathogens or tissue injury via pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Intracellular pathways, linking immune and inflammatory response to ion channel expression and function, have been recently identified. Among ion channels, the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a major family of non-selective cation-permeable channels that function as polymodal cellular sensors involved in many physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of interactions between immune cells and PRRs and ion channels of TRP families with PAMPs and DAMPs to provide new insights into the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. TRP channels have been found to interfere with innate immunity via both nuclear factor-kB and procaspase-1 activation to generate the mature caspase-1 that cleaves pro-interleukin-1β cytokine into the mature interleukin-1β. Sensory neurons are also adapted to recognize dangers by virtue of their sensitivity to intense mechanical, thermal and irritant chemical stimuli. As immune cells, they possess many of the same molecular recognition pathways for danger. Thus, they express PRRs including Toll-like receptors 3, 4, 7, and 9, and stimulation by Toll-like receptor ligands leads to induction of inward currents and sensitization in TRPs. In addition, the expression of inflammasomes in neurons and the involvement of TRPs in central nervous system diseases strongly support a role of TRPs in inflammasome-mediated neurodegenerative pathologies. This field is still at its beginning and further studies may be required. Overall, these studies highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting the inflammasomes in proinflammatory, autoinflammatory and metabolic disorders associated with undesirable activation of the inflammasome by using specific TRP antagonists, anti-human TRP monoclonal antibody or different molecules able to abrogate the TRP channel-mediated inflammatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Santoni
- School of Pharmacy, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy.
| | - Claudio Cardinali
- School of Pharmacy, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, 00185, Italy.
| | - Maria Beatrice Morelli
- School of Pharmacy, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, 00185, Italy.
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Department of Medical Oncology, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, 60126, Italy.
| | - Massimo Nabissi
- School of Pharmacy, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy.
| | - Consuelo Amantini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy.
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Neighbour H, Boulet LP, Lemiere C, Sehmi R, Leigh R, Sousa AR, Martin J, Dallow N, Gilbert J, Allen A, Hall D, Nair P. Safety and efficacy of an oral CCR3 antagonist in patients with asthma and eosinophilic bronchitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:508-16. [PMID: 24286456 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several chemokines, notably eotaxin, mediate the recruitment of eosinophils into tissues via the CCR3 receptor. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the role of CCR3 agonists in asthma by observing the effect of a small molecule antagonist of the CCR3 receptor (GW766994) on sputum eosinophil counts in patients with eosinophilic asthma. METHODS Clinical and physiological outcomes, the chemotactic activity of sputum supernatant for eosinophils and the presence of eosinophil progenitors in sputum and blood samples were also studied. RESULTS In a double-blind parallel group study, 60 patients with asthma were randomized to 300 mg of GW766994 twice daily or matching placebo for 10 days followed by prednisone 30 mg for 5 days. Of these patients, 53 had a sputum eosinophil count > 4.9% at baseline. Despite plasma concentrations of drug consistent with > 90% receptor occupancy during the dosing period, the CCR3 antagonist did not significantly reduce eosinophils or eosinophil progenitor cells (CD34(+) 45(+) IL-5Rα(+)) in sputum or in blood. The ex vivo chemotactic effect of sputum supernatants on eosinophils was attenuated by GW766944 compared to placebo. There was no improvement in FEV1 ; however, there was a modest but statistically significant improvement in PC20 methacholine (0.66 doubling dose) and ACQ scores, (0.43). Whilst the improvement in PC20 is statistically significant, it is not of clinical significance. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In conclusion, this study calls into question the role of CCR3 in airway eosinophilia in asthma and suggests that other cellular mechanisms mediated by the CCR3 receptor may contribute to airway hyperresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Neighbour
- Division of Respirology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Asthma is a common medical condition affecting 300 million people worldwide. Airway inflammation, smooth muscle bronchoconstriction leading to airflow obstruction, and mucous hypersecretion are clinical hallmarks of asthma. The NHLBI Expert Panel Report 3 recommends inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) for patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) target gene transcription through their interactions with the glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR) at the glucocorticoid response element (GRE). The GC/GR complex enhances anti-inflammatory but inhibits pro-inflammatory mediator production. Classically, asthma has been described as a Th2-associated eosinophil-predominant disease, but recently alternative models have been described including a Th17-mediated neutrophil-predominant phenotype resulting in patients with more severe disease who may be less responsive to steroids. Additional mechanisms of steroid resistance include increased activity of GR phosphorylating kinases which modify the interactions of GR with transcription factors to inhibit the ability of GR to bind with GRE, leading to an increase in pro-inflammatory gene transcription. Oxidative stress also affects the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory gene transcription through the modification of transcription factors and cofactors (such as PI3K) leading to the inhibition of histone deacetylase 2. Continued investigations into the mechanisms behind glucocorticoid resistance will lead to novel treatments that improve control of severe refractory asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Trevor
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine Department of Medicine The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
| | - J. S. Deshane
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine Department of Medicine The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
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Toda M, Nakamura T, Ohbayashi M, Ikeda Y, Dawson M, Aye CC, Miyazaki D, Ono SJ. Mechanisms of leukocyte trafficking in allergic diseases: insights into new therapies targeting chemokines and chemokine receptors. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 3:351-64. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.3.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Verhein KC, Salituro FG, Ledeboer MW, Fryer AD, Jacoby DB. Dual p38/JNK mitogen activated protein kinase inhibitors prevent ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity in guinea pigs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75351. [PMID: 24058677 PMCID: PMC3776780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone exposure causes airway hyperreactivity and increases hospitalizations resulting from pulmonary complications. Ozone reacts with the epithelial lining fluid and airway epithelium to produce reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation products, which then activate cell signaling pathways, including the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Both p38 and c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK) are MAPK family members that are activated by cellular stress and inflammation. To test the contribution of both p38 and JNK MAPK to ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity, guinea pigs were pretreated with dual p38 and JNK MAPK inhibitors (30 mg/kg, ip) 60 minutes before exposure to 2 ppm ozone or filtered air for 4 hours. One day later airway reactivity was measured in anesthetized animals. Ozone caused airway hyperreactivity one day post-exposure, and blocking p38 and JNK MAPK completely prevented ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity. Blocking p38 and JNK MAPK also suppressed parasympathetic nerve activity in air exposed animals, suggesting p38 and JNK MAPK contribute to acetylcholine release by airway parasympathetic nerves. Ozone inhibited neuronal M2 muscarinic receptors and blocking both p38 and JNK prevented M2 receptor dysfunction. Neutrophil influx into bronchoalveolar lavage was not affected by MAPK inhibitors. Thus p38 and JNK MAPK mediate ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity through multiple mechanisms including prevention of neuronal M2 receptor dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten C. Verhein
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Mark W. Ledeboer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Allison D. Fryer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - David B. Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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Zhang Z, Sferra TJ, Eroglu Y. T cell co-stimulatory molecules: a co-conspirator in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic esophagitis? Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:1497-506. [PMID: 23456499 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) has become a common gastrointestinal disease. It is characterized by severe eosinophil infiltration in the esophagus. EoE is strongly associated with food allergy, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and other allergic diseases. T lymphocytes, especially Th2 cells, play an instrumental role in the development of allergic inflammation. Recent studies have shown that the ligation of co-stimulatory molecules contributes to the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of T cells. In this review, we will discuss the growing evidence of co-stimulatory molecules including OX40, Light, and HVEM in the pathogenesis of Th2-driven EoE. Our goal is to provide the rationale for the development of novel therapy therapies that target co-stimulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11000 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Thornton MA, Akasheh N, Walsh MT, Moloney M, Sheahan PO, Smyth CM, Walsh RM, Morgan RM, Curran DR, Walsh MT, Gleich GJ, Costello RW. Eosinophil recruitment to nasal nerves after allergen challenge in allergic rhinitis. Clin Immunol 2013; 147:50-57. [PMID: 23518598 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In allergen challenged animal models, eosinophils localize to airway nerves leading to vagally-mediated hyperreactivity. We hypothesized that in allergic rhinitis eosinophils recruited to nasal nerves resulted in neural hyperreactivity. Patients with persistent allergic rhinitis (n=12), seasonal allergic rhinitis (n=7) and controls (n=10) were studied. Inferior nasal turbinate biopsies were obtained before, 8 and 48h after allergen challenge. Eight hours after allergen challenge eosinophils localized to nerves in both rhinitis groups; this was sustained through 48h. Bradykinin challenge, with secretion collection on the contralateral side, was performed to demonstrate nasal nerve reflexes. Twenty fourhours after allergen challenge, bradykinin induced a significant increase in secretions, indicating nasal hyperreactivity. Histological studies showed that nasal nerves expressed both vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 26 (CCL-26). Hence, after allergen challenge eosinophils are recruited and retained at nerves and so may be a mechanism for neural hyperreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Thornton
- Department of Otolaryngology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Nadim Akasheh
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Marie-Therese Walsh
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Michael Moloney
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Patrick O Sheahan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Claire M Smyth
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Rory McConn Walsh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ross M Morgan
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - David R Curran
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Michael T Walsh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Gerald J Gleich
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132, USA
| | - Richard W Costello
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
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β2-Agonists inhibit TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression in human airway parasympathetic neurons. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44780. [PMID: 23049757 PMCID: PMC3458032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Major basic protein released from eosinophils to airway parasympathetic nerves blocks inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors on the parasympathetic nerves, increasing acetylcholine release and potentiating reflex bronchoconstriction. Recruitment of eosinophils to airway parasympathetic neurons requires neural expression of both intercellular adhesion molecular-1 (ICAM-1) and eotaxin. We have shown that inflammatory cytokines induce eotaxin and ICAM-1 expression in parasympathetic neurons. Objective To test whether the β2 agonist albuterol, which is used to treat asthma, changes TNF-alpha-induced eotaxin and ICAM-1 expression in human parasympathetic neurons. Methods Parasympathetic neurons were isolated from human tracheas and grown in serum-free medium for one week. Cells were incubated with either (R)-albuterol (the active isomer), (S)-albuterol (the inactive isomer) or (R,S)-albuterol for 90 minutes before adding 2 ng/ml TNF-alpha for another 4 hours (for mRNA) or 24 hours (for protein). Results and Conclusions Baseline expression of eotaxin and ICAM-1 were not changed by any isomer of albuterol as measured by real time RT-PCR. TNF-alpha induced ICAM-1 expression was significantly inhibited by (R)-albuterol in a dose dependent manner, but not by (S) or (R,S)-albuterol. Eotaxin expression was not changed by TNF-alpha or by any isomer of albuterol. The β-receptor antagonist propranolol blocked the inhibitory effect of (R)-albuterol on TNF-alpha-induced ICAM-1 expression. Clinical Implication The suppressive effect of (R)-albuterol on neural ICAM-1 expression may be an additional mechanism for decreasing bronchoconstriction, since it would decrease eosinophil recruitment to the airway nerves.
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