1
|
Nagaoka M, Sakai Y, Nakajima M, Fukami T. Role of carboxylesterase and arylacetamide deacetylase in drug metabolism, physiology, and pathology. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116128. [PMID: 38492781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases (CES1 and CES2) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC), which are expressed primarily in the liver and/or gastrointestinal tract, hydrolyze drugs containing ester and amide bonds in their chemical structure. These enzymes often catalyze the conversion of prodrugs, including the COVID-19 drugs remdesivir and molnupiravir, to their pharmacologically active forms. Information on the substrate specificity and inhibitory properties of these enzymes, which would be useful for drug development and toxicity avoidance, has accumulated. Recently,in vitroandin vivostudies have shown that these enzymes are involved not only in drug hydrolysis but also in lipid metabolism. CES1 and CES2 are capable of hydrolyzing triacylglycerol, and the deletion of their orthologous genes in mice has been associated with impaired lipid metabolism and hepatic steatosis. Adeno-associated virus-mediated human CES overexpression decreases hepatic triacylglycerol levels and increases fatty acid oxidation in mice. It has also been shown that overexpression of CES enzymes or AADAC in cultured cells suppresses the intracellular accumulation of triacylglycerol. Recent reports indicate that AADAC can be up- or downregulated in tumors of various organs, and its varied expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Thus, CES and AADAC not only determine drug efficacy and toxicity but are also involved in pathophysiology. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of CES and AADAC in drug metabolism, physiology, and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Nagaoka
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Erazo-Oliveras A, Muñoz-Vega M, Salinas ML, Wang X, Chapkin RS. Dysregulation of cellular membrane homeostasis as a crucial modulator of cancer risk. FEBS J 2024; 291:1299-1352. [PMID: 36282100 PMCID: PMC10126207 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cellular membranes serve as an epicentre combining extracellular and cytosolic components with membranous effectors, which together support numerous fundamental cellular signalling pathways that mediate biological responses. To execute their functions, membrane proteins, lipids and carbohydrates arrange, in a highly coordinated manner, into well-defined assemblies displaying diverse biological and biophysical characteristics that modulate several signalling events. The loss of membrane homeostasis can trigger oncogenic signalling. More recently, it has been documented that select membrane active dietaries (MADs) can reshape biological membranes and subsequently decrease cancer risk. In this review, we emphasize the significance of membrane domain structure, organization and their signalling functionalities as well as how loss of membrane homeostasis can steer aberrant signalling. Moreover, we describe in detail the complexities associated with the examination of these membrane domains and their association with cancer. Finally, we summarize the current literature on MADs and their effects on cellular membranes, including various mechanisms of dietary chemoprevention/interception and the functional links between nutritional bioactives, membrane homeostasis and cancer biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Erazo-Oliveras
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Department of Nutrition; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
| | - Mónica Muñoz-Vega
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Department of Nutrition; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
| | - Michael L. Salinas
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Department of Nutrition; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Department of Nutrition; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Department of Nutrition; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Center for Environmental Health Research; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maestri A, Garagnani P, Pedrelli M, Hagberg CE, Parini P, Ehrenborg E. Lipid droplets, autophagy, and ageing: A cell-specific tale. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 94:102194. [PMID: 38218464 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Lipid droplets are the essential organelle for storing lipids in a cell. Within the variety of the human body, different cells store, utilize and release lipids in different ways, depending on their intrinsic function. However, these differences are not well characterized and, especially in the context of ageing, represent a key factor for cardiometabolic diseases. Whole body lipid homeostasis is a central interest in the field of cardiometabolic diseases. In this review we characterize lipid droplets and their utilization via autophagy and describe their diverse fate in three cells types central in cardiometabolic dysfunctions: adipocytes, hepatocytes, and macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Maestri
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Pedrelli
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine (Huddinge), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Medicine Unit of Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carolina E Hagberg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine (Huddinge), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Medicine Unit of Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewa Ehrenborg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thymiakou E, Xenikaki E, Kardassis D. Intestine-specific ablation of the Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4a (Hnf4a) gene in mice has minimal impact on serum lipids and ileum gene expression profile due to upregulation of its paralog Hnf4g. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159108. [PMID: 34973414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ablation of the gene encoding the nuclear receptor Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4a (Hnf4a) in the liver strongly affects HDL concentration, structure and functionality but the role of this receptor in the intestine, the second organ contributing to serum HDL levels, has been overlooked. In the present study we show that mice with intestine-specific ablation of Hnf4a (H4IntKO) had undetectable levels of ΗΝF4A in ileum, proximal and distal colon but normal expression in liver. H4IntKO mice presented normal serum lipid levels, HDL-C and particle size (α1-α3). The expression of the major HDL biogenesis genes Apoa1, Abca1, Lcat was not affected but there was significant increase in Apoc3 as well as in Hnf4g, a paralog of Hnf4a. RNA-sequencing identified metabolic pathways significantly affected by Hnf4a ablation such as type II diabetes, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and p53 signaling. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that HNF4G bound to various apolipoprotein gene promoters in control mice but its binding affinity was reduced in the ileum of H4IntKO mice suggesting a redundancy but also a cooperation between the two factors. In the distal colon of H4IntKO mice, where both HNF4A and HNF4G are absent and in a mouse model of DSS-induced colitis presenting decreased levels of HNF4A, most lipoprotein genes were strongly downregulated. In conclusion, Hnf4a ablation in mice does not significantly affect serum lipid levels or lipoprotein gene expression in ileum possibly due to compensatory effects by its paralog Hnf4g in this tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efstathia Thymiakou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71003, Greece; Gene Regulation and Epigenetics group, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Efsevia Xenikaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71003, Greece; Gene Regulation and Epigenetics group, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang C, Wang Y, Liang P, Chen Y, Zhuang Z, Zhang L, Yi Y, Liu L, Liu Q. ATP-Responsive Multifunctional Supramolecular Polymer as a Nonviral Vector for Boosting Cholesterol Removal from Lipid-Laden Macrophages. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:5048-5063. [PMID: 34648280 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Specific delivery of NCEH1 plasmid is a promising approach to boost the cholesterol removal from lipid-laden macrophages for antiatherosclerosis. Polyethylenimine (PEI) is one of the most efficient gene carriers among nonviral vectors. However, the high transfection activity of PEI is always accompanied by profound cytotoxicity. To tackle the paradox between transfection efficiency and safety, we constructed a novel ATP-responsive multifunctional supramolecular polymer by cross-linking functionalized low-molecular-weight PEI via a boronic ester bond for NCEH1 plasmid delivery. The supramolecular polymer could condense NCEH1 plasmids to form stable nanosized polyplexes when the w/w ratios of the polymer and gene were higher than 2. ATP-triggered degradation of the polymer and pDNA release were characterized by a series of studies, including 1H NMR, 31P NMR, XPS, agarose gel electrophoresis, and ethidium bromide exclusion tests. In addition, the changes in particle size and morphology were observed in the presence of ATP. Interestingly, the supramolecular polymer showed broad spectrum antioxidant activities by measuring the elimination rates of different reactive oxygen species. In addition, the supramolecular polymer displayed a high buffering capability and good cytocompatibility as demonstrated by the results of the buffering capacity, a hemolysis assay, and a cytotoxicity test. Importantly, it was revealed that the supramolecular polymer/NCEH1 plasmid polyplex formulated at a w/w ratio of 20 was most effective in enhancing cholesterol removal from lipid-laden macrophages and reducing the accumulation of lipid droplets as evidenced by transfection study, cholesterol efflux assay, and oil red O staining studies. Collectively, the ATP-responsive multifunctional supramolecular polymer holds great potential for safe and efficient gene delivery for antiatherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Peiyi Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Ziming Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yankui Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Grabner GF, Xie H, Schweiger M, Zechner R. Lipolysis: cellular mechanisms for lipid mobilization from fat stores. Nat Metab 2021; 3:1445-1465. [PMID: 34799702 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The perception that intracellular lipolysis is a straightforward process that releases fatty acids from fat stores in adipose tissue to generate energy has experienced major revisions over the last two decades. The discovery of new lipolytic enzymes and coregulators, the demonstration that lipophagy and lysosomal lipolysis contribute to the degradation of cellular lipid stores and the characterization of numerous factors and signalling pathways that regulate lipid hydrolysis on transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels have revolutionized our understanding of lipolysis. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms that facilitate intracellular fatty-acid mobilization, drawing on canonical and noncanonical enzymatic pathways. We summarize how intracellular lipolysis affects lipid-mediated signalling, metabolic regulation and energy homeostasis in multiple organs. Finally, we examine how these processes affect pathogenesis and how lipolysis may be targeted to potentially prevent or treat various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hao Xie
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lian J, van der Veen JN, Watts R, Jacobs RL, Lehner R. Carboxylesterase 1d (Ces1d) does not contribute to cholesteryl ester hydrolysis in the liver. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100093. [PMID: 34153284 PMCID: PMC8287225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the central organ regulating cholesterol synthesis, storage, transport, and elimination. Mouse carboxylesterase 1d (Ces1d) and its human ortholog CES1 have been described to possess lipase activity and play roles in hepatic triacylglycerol metabolism and VLDL assembly. It has been proposed that Ces1d/CES1 might also catalyze cholesteryl ester (CE) hydrolysis in the liver and thus be responsible for the hydrolysis of HDL-derived CE; this could contribute to the final step in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway, wherein cholesterol is secreted from the liver into bile and feces, either directly or after conversion to water-soluble bile salts. However, the proposed function of Ces1d/CES1 as a CE hydrolase is controversial. In this study, we interrogated the role hepatic Ces1d plays in cholesterol homeostasis using liver-specific Ces1d-deficient mice. We rationalized that if Ces1d is a major hepatic CE hydrolase, its absence would (1) reduce in vivo RCT flux and (2) provoke liver CE accumulation after a high-cholesterol diet challenge. We found that liver-specific Ces1d-deficient mice did not show any difference in the flux of in vivo HDL-to-feces RCT nor did it cause additional liver CE accumulation after high-fat, high-cholesterol Western-type diet feeding. These findings challenge the importance of Ces1d as a major hepatic CE hydrolase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Lian
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Jelske N van der Veen
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Russell Watts
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - René L Jacobs
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Lehner
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ghosh SS, Wang J, Yannie PJ, Cooper RC, Sandhu YK, Kakiyama G, Korzun WJ, Ghosh S. Over-Expression of Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase Attenuates Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2021; 128:1646-1659. [PMID: 33834851 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.317144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha S Ghosh
- Internal Medicine (S.S.G., J.W., Y.K.S., G.K., S.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Jing Wang
- Internal Medicine (S.S.G., J.W., Y.K.S., G.K., S.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Paul J Yannie
- Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond (P.J.Y., G.K., S.G.)
| | | | - Yashnoor K Sandhu
- Internal Medicine (S.S.G., J.W., Y.K.S., G.K., S.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Internal Medicine (S.S.G., J.W., Y.K.S., G.K., S.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Medical Center, Richmond, VA.,Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond (P.J.Y., G.K., S.G.)
| | - William J Korzun
- Clinical and Laboratory Sciences (W.J.K.), Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Internal Medicine (S.S.G., J.W., Y.K.S., G.K., S.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Medical Center, Richmond, VA.,Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond (P.J.Y., G.K., S.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
He H, Wang J, Yannie PJ, Korzun WJ, Yang H, Ghosh S. Nanoparticle-based "Two-pronged" approach to regress atherosclerosis by simultaneous modulation of cholesterol influx and efflux. Biomaterials 2020; 260:120333. [PMID: 32853832 PMCID: PMC7530139 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Reduction of lipoprotein uptake by macrophages and stimulation of cholesterol efflux are two essential steps required for atherosclerotic plaque regression. We used the optimized mannose-functionalized dendrimeric nanoparticle (mDNP)-based platform for macrophage-specific delivery of therapeutics to simultaneously deliver SR-A siRNA (to reduce LDL uptake) and LXR ligand (LXR-L, to stimulate cholesterol efflux) - a novel "Two-pronged" approach to facilitate plaque regression. mDNP-mediated delivery of SR-A siRNA led to a significant reduction in SR-A expression with a corresponding decrease in uptake of oxLDL. Delivery of LXR-L increased expression of ABCA1/G1 and cholesterol efflux. Combined delivery of siRNA and LXR-L led to a significantly greater decrease in macrophage cholesterol content compared to either treatment alone. Administration of this in vitro optimized formulation of mDNP complexed with SR-A-siRNA and LXR-L (Two-pronged complex) to atherosclerotic LDLR-/- mice fed western diet (TD88137) led to significant regression of atherosclerotic plaques with a corresponding decrease in aortic cholesterol content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang He
- Department of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA; Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Paul J Yannie
- Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA
| | - William J Korzun
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences VCU Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Hu Yang
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA; Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sukhorukov VN, Khotina VA, Chegodaev YS, Ivanova E, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN. Lipid Metabolism in Macrophages: Focus on Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080262. [PMID: 32752275 PMCID: PMC7459513 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of lipid homeostasis and its impairment are of crucial importance for atherogenesis, and their understanding is necessary for successful development of new therapeutic approaches. In the arterial wall, macrophages play a prominent role in intracellular lipid accumulation, giving rise to foam cells that populate growing atherosclerotic plaques. Under normal conditions, macrophages are able to process substantial amounts of lipids and cholesterol without critical overload of the catabolic processes. However, in atherosclerosis, these pathways become inefficient, leading to imbalance in cholesterol and lipid metabolism and disruption of cellular functions. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge on the involvement of macrophage lipid metabolism in atherosclerosis development, including both the results of recent studies and classical concepts, and provide a detailed description of these processes from the moment of lipid uptake with lipoproteins to cholesterol efflux.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasily N. Sukhorukov
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, 3 Tsyurupy Str., 117418 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.K.); (I.A.S.); (A.N.O.)
- Russian Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, 15-a 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 121552 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-915-393-3263
| | - Victoria A. Khotina
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, 3 Tsyurupy Str., 117418 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.K.); (I.A.S.); (A.N.O.)
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Angiopathology, 8 Baltiyskaya Str., 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ekaterina Ivanova
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Igor A. Sobenin
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, 3 Tsyurupy Str., 117418 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.K.); (I.A.S.); (A.N.O.)
- Russian Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, 15-a 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 121552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, 3 Tsyurupy Str., 117418 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.K.); (I.A.S.); (A.N.O.)
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Angiopathology, 8 Baltiyskaya Str., 125315 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Patient hiPSCs Identify Vascular Smooth Muscle Arylacetamide Deacetylase as Protective against Atherosclerosis. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:147-157.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
12
|
Su H, Yang Y, Zou J, Cheng Y, Yang Y, Wu J, Pollak P, Yang Y. Transcriptome analysis of the ovary of beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua under different exposures of cadmium stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126372. [PMID: 32169707 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is becoming an increasingly serious problem globally, and cadmium pollution ranks first in the world. Reproduction in insects is affected by cadmium stress in a dose-dependent manner. However, no previous studies have examined the molecular mechanisms underlying the influence of cadmium exposure on insect reproduction. In this study, RNA-Seq was used to investigate changes in ovary gene expression in newly emerged female beet army worms. The beet armyworms were reared under 4 cadmium concentrations: 0 mg/kg (control), low 0.2 mg/kg (L), medium 12.8 mg/kg (M) and high 51.2 mg/kg (H). Compared with the control (CK), a total of 3453 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in L cadmium stress, including 1791 up-regulated and 1662 down-regulated candidates; in L versus M groups, 982 up-regulated and 658 down-regulated DEGs; and in M versus H groups, 6508 up-regulated and 2000 down-regulated DEGs were identified and the expression patterns of ten genes were verified by q PCR. Many of the identified DEGs were relevant to juvenile hormone and molting hormone biosynthesis, insulin secretion, estrogen signaling, amino acid metabolism and lipid biosynthesis. These data will provide a molecular prospective to understand the ecological risk of heavy metal pollution and are a resource for selecting key genes as targets in gene-editing/silencing technologies for sustainable pest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honghua Su
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Jincheng Zou
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Yuqing Cheng
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Jiaojiao Wu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Patrick Pollak
- Entomology Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yizhong Yang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yvan-Charvet L, Bonacina F, Guinamard RR, Norata GD. Immunometabolic function of cholesterol in cardiovascular disease and beyond. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1393-1407. [PMID: 31095280 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation represents the driving feature of many diseases, including atherosclerosis, cancer, autoimmunity and infections. It is now established that metabolic processes shape a proper immune response and within this context the alteration in cellular cholesterol homeostasis has emerged as a culprit of many metabolic abnormalities observed in chronic inflammatory diseases. Cholesterol accumulation supports the inflammatory response of myeloid cells (i.e. augmentation of toll-like receptor signalling, inflammasome activation, and production of monocytes and neutrophils) which is beneficial in the response to infections, but worsens diseases associated with chronic metabolic inflammation including atherosclerosis. In addition to the innate immune system, cells of adaptive immunity, upon activation, have also been shown to undergo a reprogramming of cellular cholesterol metabolism, which results in the amplification of inflammatory responses. Aim of this review is to discuss (i) the molecular mechanisms linking cellular cholesterol metabolism to specific immune functions; (ii) how cellular cholesterol accumulation sustains chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis; (iii) the immunometabolic profile of patients with defects of genes affecting cholesterol metabolism including familial hypercholesterolaemia, cholesteryl ester storage disease, Niemann-Pick type C, and immunoglobulin D syndrome/mevalonate kinase deficiency. Available data indicate that cholesterol immunometabolism plays a key role in directing immune cells function and set the stage for investigating the repurposing of existing 'metabolic' drugs to modulate the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Yvan-Charvet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) Oncoage, Nice, France
| | - Fabrizia Bonacina
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rodolphe Renè Guinamard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) Oncoage, Nice, France
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) Oncoage, Nice, France.,Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, E. Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Macrophage polarisation associated with atherosclerosis differentially affects their capacity to handle lipids. Atherosclerosis 2020; 305:10-18. [PMID: 32592946 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lipid-rich foam cell macrophages drive atherosclerosis via several mechanisms, including inflammation, lipid uptake, lipid deposition and plaque vulnerability. The atheroma environment shapes macrophage function and phenotype; anti-inflammatory macrophages improve plaque stability while pro-inflammatory macrophages promote rupture. Current evidence suggests a variety of macrophage phenotypes occur in atherosclerotic plaques with local lipids, cytokines, oxidised phospholipids and pathogenic stimuli altering their phenotype. In this study, we addressed differential functioning of macrophage phenotypes via a systematic analysis of in vitro polarised, human monocyte-derived macrophage phenotypes, focussing on molecular events that regulate foam-cell formation. METHODS We examined transcriptomes, protein levels and functionally determined lipid handling and foam cell formation capacity in macrophages polarised with IFNγ+LPS, IL-4, IL-10, oxPAPC and CXCL4. RESULTS RNA sequencing of differentially polarised macrophages revealed distinct gene expression changes, with enrichment in atherosclerosis and lipid-associated pathways. Analysis of lipid processing activity showed IL-4 and IL-10 macrophages have higher lipid uptake and foam cell formation activities, while inflammatory and oxPAPC macrophages displayed lower foam cell formation. Inflammatory macrophages showed low lipid uptake, while higher lipid uptake in oxPAPC macrophages was matched by increased lipid efflux capacity. CONCLUSIONS Atherosclerosis-associated macrophage polarisation dramatically affects lipid handling capacity underpinned by major transcriptomic changes and altered protein levels in lipid-handling gene expression. This leads to phenotype-specific differences in LDL uptake, cellular cholesterol levels and cholesterol efflux, informing how the plaque environment influences atherosclerosis progression by influencing macrophage phenotypes.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, with atherosclerosis as the major underlying factor, remains the leading cause of death worldwide. It is well established that cholesterol ester-enriched foam cells are the hallmark of atherosclerotic plaques. Multiple lines of evidence support that enhancing foam cell cholesterol efflux by HDL (high-density lipoprotein) particles, the first step of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), is a promising antiatherogenic strategy. Yet, excitement towards the therapeutic potential of manipulating RCT for the treatment of cardiovascular disease has faded because of the lack of the association between cardiovascular disease risk and what was typically measured in intervention trials, namely HDL cholesterol, which has an inconsistent relationship to HDL function and RCT. In this review, we will summarize some of the potential reasons for this inconsistency, update the mechanisms of RCT, and highlight conditions in which impaired HDL function or RCT contributes to vascular disease. On balance, the evidence still argues for further research to better understand how HDL functionality contributes to RCT to develop prevention and treatment strategies to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Ouimet
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa, Canada (M.O.)
| | - Tessa J Barrett
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York (T.J.B., E.A.F.)
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York (T.J.B., E.A.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xu Y, Zhu Y, Bawa FC, Hu S, Pan X, Yin L, Zhang Y. Hepatocyte-Specific Expression of Human Carboxylesterase 1 Attenuates Diet-Induced Steatohepatitis and Hyperlipidemia in Mice. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:527-539. [PMID: 32258948 PMCID: PMC7109343 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents have at least five carboxylesterase 1 (Ces1) genes, whereas there is only one CES1 gene in humans, raising the question as to whether human CES1 and mouse Ces1 genes share the same functions. In this study, we investigate the role of human CES1 in the development of steatohepatitis or dyslipidemia in C57BL/6 mice. Hepatocyte-specific expression of human CES1 prevented Western diet or alcohol-induced steatohepatitis and hyperlipidemia. Mechanistically, human CES1 induced lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation, leading to a reduction in hepatic triglyceride and free fatty acid levels. Human CES1 also reduced hepatic-free cholesterol levels and induced low-density lipoprotein receptor. In addition, human CES1 induced hepatic lipoprotein lipase and apolipoprotein C-II expression. Conclusion: Hepatocyte-specific overexpression of human CES1 attenuates diet-induced steatohepatitis and hyperlipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown OH
| | - Yingdong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown OH
| | - Fathima Cassim Bawa
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown OH
| | - Shuwei Hu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown OH
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown OH
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown OH
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown OH
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ghosh SS, Wang J, Yannie PJ, Sandhu YK, Korzun WJ, Ghosh S. Dietary Supplementation with Galactooligosaccharides Attenuates High-Fat, High-Cholesterol Diet-Induced Glucose Intolerance and Disruption of Colonic Mucin Layer in C57BL/6 Mice and Reduces Atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- Mice. J Nutr 2020; 150:285-293. [PMID: 31586202 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A Western-type diet (WD), rich in fat and cholesterol but deficient in fiber, induces development of diabetes and atherosclerosis. Colonic bacteria use the gut's mucous lining as an alternate energy source during periods of fiber deficiency, resulting in intestinal barrier erosion. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that supplementing a WD with galactooligosaccharide (GOS) fiber would attenuate WD-induced mucin layer disruption and attenuate development of metabolic diseases. METHODS C57BL/6 mice (both sexes, 8-10 wk of age) were fed a standard rodent diet (TD7012, reference) or a high-fat, high-cholesterol-containing WD (TD88137, 21% fat, 0.15% cholesterol, 19.5% caesin) or a WD supplemented with 5% GOS fiber (TD170432, WD + GOS) for 16 wk. WD-fed mice that were gavaged daily with curcumin (100 mg/kg) served as positive controls. Glucose tolerance, colonic mucin layer, gene expression, and circulating macrophage/neutrophil levels were determined. Hyperlipidemic Ldlr-/- mice (both sexes, 8-10 wk of age) fed a WD with or without GOS supplementation (for 16 wk) were used to assess plasma LPS and atherosclerosis. Effects of dietary supplementation on different parameters were compared for each genotype. RESULTS Compared with a WD, glucose tolerance was significantly improved in male C57BL/6 mice fed a WD + GOS (mean ± SEM: AUC = 53.6 ± 43.9 compared with 45.4 ± 33.3 g ⋅ min/dL; P = 0.015). Continuity of colonic mucin layer (MUC-2 expression) was improved in mice receiving GOS supplementation, indicating improved intestinal barrier. GOS supplementation also reduced circulating macrophages (30% decrease) and neutrophils (60% decrease), suggesting diminished systemic inflammation. In Ldlr-/- mice, GOS supplementation significantly reduced plasma LPS concentrations (mean ± SEM: 0.81 ± 0.43 EU/mL compared with 0.32 ± 0.26 EU/mL, P < 0.0001, in females and 0.56 ± 0.24 EU/mL compared with 0.34 ± 0.12 EU/mL, P = 0.036, in males), improved glucose tolerance in male mice, and attenuated atherosclerotic lesion area (mean ± SEM: 54.2% ± 6.19% compared with 43.0% ± 35.12%, P = 0.0006, in females and 54.6% ± 3.99% compared with 43.1% ± 8.11%, P = 0.003, in males). CONCLUSIONS GOS fiber supplementation improves intestinal barrier in C57BL/6 and Ldlr-/- mice and significantly attenuates WD-induced metabolic diseases and, therefore, may represent a novel strategy for management of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Paul J Yannie
- Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yashnoor K Sandhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - William J Korzun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.,Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang D, Yang Y, Lei Y, Tzvetkov NT, Liu X, Yeung AWK, Xu S, Atanasov AG. Targeting Foam Cell Formation in Atherosclerosis: Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:596-670. [PMID: 31554644 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.017178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foam cell formation and further accumulation in the subendothelial space of the vascular wall is a hallmark of atherosclerotic lesions. Targeting foam cell formation in the atherosclerotic lesions can be a promising approach to treat and prevent atherosclerosis. The formation of foam cells is determined by the balanced effects of three major interrelated biologic processes, including lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification, and cholesterol efflux. Natural products are a promising source for new lead structures. Multiple natural products and pharmaceutical agents can inhibit foam cell formation and thus exhibit antiatherosclerotic capacity by suppressing lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification, and/or promoting cholesterol ester hydrolysis and cholesterol efflux. This review summarizes recent findings on these three biologic processes and natural products with demonstrated potential to target such processes. Discussed also are potential future directions for studying the mechanisms of foam cell formation and the development of foam cell-targeted therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Yang Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Yingnan Lei
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Xingde Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Andy Wai Kan Yeung
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Suowen Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Herrero-Fernandez B, Gomez-Bris R, Somovilla-Crespo B, Gonzalez-Granado JM. Immunobiology of Atherosclerosis: A Complex Net of Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5293. [PMID: 31653058 PMCID: PMC6862594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, and atherosclerosis the principal factor underlying cardiovascular events. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by endothelial dysfunction, intimal lipid deposition, smooth muscle cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and necrosis, and local and systemic inflammation, involving key contributions to from innate and adaptive immunity. The balance between proatherogenic inflammatory and atheroprotective anti-inflammatory responses is modulated by a complex network of interactions among vascular components and immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T, B, and foam cells; these interactions modulate the further progression and stability of the atherosclerotic lesion. In this review, we take a global perspective on existing knowledge about the pathogenesis of immune responses in the atherosclerotic microenvironment and the interplay between the major innate and adaptive immune factors in atherosclerosis. Studies such as this are the basis for the development of new therapies against atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Herrero-Fernandez
- LamImSys Lab. Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raquel Gomez-Bris
- LamImSys Lab. Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Jose Maria Gonzalez-Granado
- LamImSys Lab. Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gu X, Xie S, Hong D, Ding Y. An in vitro model of foam cell formation induced by a stretchable microfluidic device. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7461. [PMID: 31097769 PMCID: PMC6522483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43902-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a variety of animal models of atherosclerosis have been developed, these models are time-consuming and costly. Here, we describe an in vitro model to induce foam cell formation in the early stage of atherosclerosis. This model is based on a three-dimension co-culture system in a stretchable microfluidic device. An elastic membrane embedded in the microfluidic device is capable of delivering nonuniform strain to vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and monocytes adhering thereto, which are intended to mimic the biological environment of blood vessels. Under low-density lipoprotein and stretch treatment, foam cell formation was successfully induced in co-culture with changes in mRNA and protein expression of some related key factors. Subsequently, the model was used to assess the inhibitory effect of atorvastatin on foam cell formation. The results obtained indicate that atorvastatin has a significantly dose-dependent inhibition of foam cell formation, which can be explained by the changes in mRNA and protein expression of the related factors. In principle, the model can be used to study the role of different types of cells in the formation of foam cells, as well as the evaluation of anti-atherosclerotic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Gu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shijie Xie
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dandan Hong
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongsheng Ding
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang J, Yannie PJ, Ghosh SS, Ghosh S. Regulation of interleukin-1 beta secretion from macrophages via modulation of potassium ion (K + ) channel activity. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1166-1178. [PMID: 31026357 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A causal relationship exists between macrophage cholesterol levels and inflammation, for example, Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion. A decrease in intracellular K+ is essential for inflammasome activation/IL-1β secretion and, herein, we examined the hypothesis that cellular cholesterol affects K+ -channel activity and K+ -efflux using mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPMs) and human/THP1 macrophages. An increase in cellular cholesterol led to a significant increase in K+ currents (> 350% in both MPM and THP1). Enhancing cholesterol efflux returned K+ currents back to basal levels with corresponding increase in intracellular K+ (11.2-14.5%) and reduced IL-1β secretion (32-62%). These data demonstrate a novel mechanism by which cellular cholesterol modulates inflammation/inflammasome via regulation of K+ -channel activity and intracellular K+ levels. Attenuation of IL-1β secretion by Nateglinide/Repaglinide further suggests involvement of Kir6 channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Paul J Yannie
- Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.,Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yu XH, Zhang DW, Zheng XL, Tang CK. Cholesterol transport system: An integrated cholesterol transport model involved in atherosclerosis. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 73:65-91. [PMID: 30528667 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the pathological basis of most cardiovascular disease (CVD), is closely associated with cholesterol accumulation in the arterial intima. Excessive cholesterol is removed by the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway, representing a major antiatherogenic mechanism. In addition to the RCT, other pathways are required for maintaining the whole-body cholesterol homeostasis. Thus, we propose a working model of integrated cholesterol transport, termed the cholesterol transport system (CTS), to describe body cholesterol metabolism. The novel model not only involves the classical view of RCT but also contains other steps, such as cholesterol absorption in the small intestine, low-density lipoprotein uptake by the liver, and transintestinal cholesterol excretion. Extensive studies have shown that dysfunctional CTS is one of the major causes for hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Currently, several drugs are available to improve the CTS efficiently. There are also several therapeutic approaches that have entered into clinical trials and shown considerable promise for decreasing the risk of CVD. In recent years, a variety of novel findings reveal the molecular mechanisms for the CTS and its role in the development of atherosclerosis, thereby providing novel insights into the understanding of whole-body cholesterol transport and metabolism. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in this area with an emphasis on the therapeutic potential of targeting the CTS in CVD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhong S, Li L, Zhang YL, Zhang L, Lu J, Guo S, Liang N, Ge J, Zhu M, Tao Y, Wu YC, Yin H. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 interactions with LDLR and AMPK regulate foam cell formation. J Clin Invest 2018; 129:252-267. [PMID: 30375985 DOI: 10.1172/jci122064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme detoxifying acetaldehyde and endogenous lipid aldehydes; previous studies suggest a protective role of ALDH2 against cardiovascular disease (CVD). Around 40% of East Asians carrying the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) ALDH2 rs671 have an increased incidence of CVD. However, the role of ALDH2 in CVD beyond alcohol consumption remains poorly defined. Here we report that ALDH2/LDLR double knockout (DKO) mice have decreased atherosclerosis compared with LDLR-KO mice, whereas ALDH2/APOE-DKO mice have increased atherosclerosis, suggesting an unexpected interaction of ALDH2 with LDLR. Further studies demonstrate that in the absence of LDLR, AMPK phosphorylates ALDH2 at threonine 356 and enables its nuclear translocation. Nuclear ALDH2 interacts with HDAC3 and represses transcription of a lysosomal proton pump protein ATP6V0E2, critical for maintaining lysosomal function, autophagy, and degradation of oxidized low-density lipid protein. Interestingly, an interaction of cytosolic LDLR C-terminus with AMPK blocks ALDH2 phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear translocation, whereas ALDH2 rs671 mutant in human macrophages attenuates this interaction, which releases ALDH2 to the nucleus to suppress ATP6V0E2 expression, resulting in increased foam cells due to impaired lysosomal function. Our studies reveal a novel role of ALDH2 and LDLR in atherosclerosis and provide a molecular mechanism by which ALDH2 rs671 SNP increases CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, China
| | - Luxiao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhong Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyuan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningning Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjiang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Yongzhen Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Cheng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyong Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ghosh SS, He H, Wang J, Korzun W, Yannie PJ, Ghosh S. Intestine-specific expression of human chimeric intestinal alkaline phosphatase attenuates Western diet-induced barrier dysfunction and glucose intolerance. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13790. [PMID: 30058275 PMCID: PMC6064712 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cell derived alkaline phosphatase (IAP) dephosphorylates/detoxifies bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the gut lumen. We have earlier demonstrated that consumption of high-fat high-cholesterol containing western type-diet (WD) significantly reduces IAP activity, increases intestinal permeability leading to increased plasma levels of LPS and glucose intolerance. Furthermore, oral supplementation with curcumin that increased IAP activity improved intestinal barrier function as well as glucose tolerance. To directly test the hypothesis that targeted increase in IAP would protect against WD-induced metabolic consequences, we developed intestine-specific IAP transgenic mice where expression of human chimeric IAP is under the control of intestine-specific villin promoter. This chimeric human IAP contains domains from human IAP and human placental alkaline phosphatase, has a higher turnover number, narrower substrate specificity, and selectivity for bacterial LPS. Chimeric IAP was specifically and uniformly overexpressed in these IAP transgenic (IAPTg) mice along the entire length of the intestine. While IAP activity reduced from proximal P1 segment to distal P9 segment in wild-type (WT) mice, this activity was maintained in the IAPTg mice. Dietary challenge with WD impaired glucose tolerance in WT mice and this intolerance was attenuated in IAPTg mice. Significant decrease in fecal zonulin, a marker for intestinal barrier dysfunction, in WD fed IAPTg mice and a corresponding decrease in translocation of orally administered nonabsorbable 4 kDa FITC dextran to plasma suggests that IAP overexpression improves intestinal barrier function. Thus, targeted increase in IAP activity represents a novel strategy to improve WD-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and glucose intolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongliang He
- Department of Internal MedicineVCU Medical CenterRichmondVirginia
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Internal MedicineVCU Medical CenterRichmondVirginia
| | - William Korzun
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory SciencesVCU Medical CenterRichmondVirginia
| | | | - Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal MedicineVCU Medical CenterRichmondVirginia
- Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical CenterRichmondVirginia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xu S, Zhang X, Liu P. Lipid droplet proteins and metabolic diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1968-1983. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
26
|
He H, Wang J, Yannie PJ, Kakiyama G, Korzun WJ, Ghosh S. Sterol carrier protein-2 deficiency attenuates diet-induced dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis in mice. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9223-9231. [PMID: 29700117 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular cholesterol transport proteins move cholesterol to different subcellular compartments and thereby regulate its final metabolic fate. In hepatocytes, for example, delivery of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated cholesterol for bile acid synthesis or secretion into bile facilitates cholesterol elimination from the body (anti-atherogenic effect), whereas delivery for esterification and subsequent incorporation into apolipoprotein B-containing atherogenic lipoproteins (e.g. very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)) enhances cholesterol secretion into the systemic circulation (pro-atherogenic effect). Intracellular cholesterol transport proteins such as sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP2) should, therefore, play a role in regulating these pro- or anti-atherosclerotic processes. Here, we sought to evaluate the effects of SCP2 deficiency on the development of diet-induced atherosclerosis. We generated LDLR-/- mice deficient in SCP2/SCPx (LS) and examined the effects of this deficiency on Western diet-induced atherosclerosis. SCP2/SCPx deficiency attenuated atherosclerosis in LS mice by >80% and significantly reduced plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Investigation of the likely underlying mechanisms revealed a significant reduction in intestinal cholesterol absorption (given as an oral gavage) in SCP2/SCPx-deficient mice. Consistently, siRNA-mediated knockdown of SCP2 in intestinal cells significantly reduced cholesterol uptake. Furthermore, hepatic triglyceride/VLDL secretion from the liver or hepatocytes isolated from SCP2/SCPx-deficient mice was significantly reduced. These results indicate an important regulatory role for SCP2 deficiency in attenuating diet-induced atherosclerosis by limiting intestinal cholesterol absorption and decreasing hepatic triglyceride/VLDL secretion. These findings suggest targeted inhibition of SCP2 as a potential therapeutic strategy to reduce Western diet-induced dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Wang
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and
| | - Paul J Yannie
- the Hunter Homes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23249
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- the Hunter Homes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23249
| | - William J Korzun
- Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298 and
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and .,the Hunter Homes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23249
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
He H, Yuan Q, Bie J, Wallace RL, Yannie PJ, Wang J, Lancina MG, Zolotarskaya OY, Korzun W, Yang H, Ghosh S. Development of mannose functionalized dendrimeric nanoparticles for targeted delivery to macrophages: use of this platform to modulate atherosclerosis. Transl Res 2018; 193:13-30. [PMID: 29172034 PMCID: PMC6198660 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional macrophages underlie the development of several diseases including atherosclerosis where accumulation of cholesteryl esters and persistent inflammation are 2 of the critical macrophage processes that regulate the progression as well as stability of atherosclerotic plaques. Ligand-dependent activation of liver-x-receptor (LXR) not only enhances mobilization of stored cholesteryl ester but also exerts anti-inflammatory effects mediated via trans-repression of proinflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B. However, increased hepatic lipogenesis by systemic administration of LXR ligands (LXR-L) has precluded their therapeutic use. The objective of the present study was to devise a strategy to selectively deliver LXR-L to atherosclerotic plaque-associated macrophages while limiting hepatic uptake. Mannose-functionalized dendrimeric nanoparticles (mDNP) were synthesized to facilitate active uptake via the mannose receptor expressed exclusively by macrophages using polyamidoamine dendrimer. Terminal amine groups were used to conjugate mannose and LXR-L T091317 via polyethylene glycol spacers. mDNP-LXR-L was effectively taken up by macrophages (and not by hepatocytes), increased expression of LXR target genes (ABCA1/ABCG1), and enhanced cholesterol efflux. When administered intravenously to LDLR-/- mice with established plaques, significant accumulation of fluorescently labeled mDNP-LXR-L was seen in atherosclerotic plaque-associated macrophages. Four weekly injections of mDNP-LXR-L led to significant reduction in atherosclerotic plaque progression, plaque necrosis, and plaque inflammation as assessed by expression of nuclear factor kappa B target gene matrix metalloproteinase 9; no increase in hepatic lipogenic genes or plasma lipids was observed. These studies validate the development of a macrophage-specific delivery platform for the delivery of anti-atherosclerotic agents directly to the plaque-associated macrophages to attenuate plaque burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang He
- Dept. of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Va
| | - Quan Yuan
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, Va
| | - Jinghua Bie
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, Va
| | - Ryan L Wallace
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, Va
| | - Paul J Yannie
- Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Va
| | - Jing Wang
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, Va
| | | | - Olga Yu Zolotarskaya
- Dept. of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Va
| | - William Korzun
- Dept. of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, Va
| | - Hu Yang
- Dept. of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Va; Dept. of Pharmaceutics, VCU, Richmond, Va; Massey Cancer Center, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, Va
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, Va; Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Va.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Silencing carboxylesterase 1 in human THP-1 macrophages perturbs genes regulated by PPARγ/RXR and RAR/RXR: down-regulation of CYP27A1-LXRα signaling. Biochem J 2018; 475:621-642. [PMID: 29321244 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage foam cells store excess cholesterol as cholesteryl esters, which need to be hydrolyzed for cholesterol efflux. We recently reported that silencing expression of carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) in human THP-1 macrophages [CES1KD (THP-1 cells with CES1 expression knocked down) macrophages] reduced cholesterol uptake and decreased expression of CD36 and scavenger receptor-A in cells loaded with acetylated low-density lipoprotein (acLDL). Here, we report that CES1KD macrophages exhibit reduced transcription of cytochrome P45027A1 (CYP27A1) in nonloaded and acLDL-loaded cells. Moreover, levels of CYP27A1 protein and its enzymatic product, 27-hydroxycholesterol, were markedly reduced in CES1KD macrophages. Transcription of LXRα (liver X receptor α) and ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) was also decreased in acLDL-loaded CES1KD macrophages, suggesting reduced signaling through PPARγ-CYP27A1-LXRα. Consistent with this, treatment of CES1KD macrophages with agonists for PPARγ, RAR, and/or RAR/RXR partially restored transcription of CYP27A1 and LXRα, and repaired cholesterol influx. Conversely, treatment of control macrophages with antagonists for PPARγ and/or RXR decreased transcription of CYP27A1 and LXRα Pharmacologic inhibition of CES1 in both wild-type THP-1 cells and primary human macrophages also decreased CYP27A1 transcription. CES1 silencing did not affect transcript levels of PPARγ and RXR in acLDL-loaded macrophages, whereas it did reduce the catabolism of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Finally, the gene expression profile of CES1KD macrophages was similar to that of PPARγ knockdown cells following acLDL exposures, further suggesting a mechanistic link between CES1 and PPARγ. These results are consistent with a model in which abrogation of CES1 function attenuates the CYP27A1-LXRα-ABCA1 signaling axis by depleting endogenous ligands for the nuclear receptors PPARγ, RAR, and/or RXR that regulate cholesterol homeostasis.
Collapse
|
29
|
Xu J, Xu Y, Xu Y, Yin L, Zhang Y. Global inactivation of carboxylesterase 1 (Ces1/Ces1g) protects against atherosclerosis in Ldlr -/- mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17845. [PMID: 29259301 PMCID: PMC5736751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in the western world. Increased plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels are major risk factors for this disease. Carboxylesterase 1 (Ces1/Ces1g) has been shown to play a role in metabolic control. So far, the role of mouse Ces1/Ces1g deficiency in atherosclerosis is not elucidated. We generated Ces1/Ces1g−/− mice. Compared to wild-type mice, Ces1/Ces1g−/− mice had reduced plasma cholesterol levels. We then generated Ces1g−/−Ldlr−/− double knockout (DKO) mice, which were fed a Western diet for 16 weeks. Compared to Ldlr−/− mice, DKO mice displayed decreased plasma cholesterol and TG levels and reduced atherosclerotic lesions. Interestingly, knockdown of hepatic Ces1/Ces1g in Apoe−/− mice resulted in hyperlipidemia and exacerbated Western diet-induced atherogenesis. Mechanistically, global inactivation of Ces1/Ces1g inhibited intestinal cholesterol and fat absorption and Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 expression, and increased macrophage cholesterol efflux by inducing ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1) and ABCG1. Ces1/Ces1g ablation also promoted M2 macrophage polarization and induced hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and sterol 12α-hydroxylase expression. In conclusion, global loss of Ces1/Ces1g protects against the development of atherosclerosis by inhibiting intestinal cholesterol and triglyceride absorption and promoting macrophage cholesterol efflux.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiesi Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chistiakov DA, Melnichenko AA, Myasoedova VA, Grechko AV, Orekhov AN. Mechanisms of foam cell formation in atherosclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:1153-1165. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
31
|
Lian J, Nelson R, Lehner R. Carboxylesterases in lipid metabolism: from mouse to human. Protein Cell 2017; 9:178-195. [PMID: 28677105 PMCID: PMC5818367 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian carboxylesterases hydrolyze a wide range of xenobiotic and endogenous compounds, including lipid esters. Physiological functions of carboxylesterases in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis in vivo have been demonstrated by genetic manipulations and chemical inhibition in mice, and in vitro through (over)expression, knockdown of expression, and chemical inhibition in a variety of cells. Recent research advances have revealed the relevance of carboxylesterases to metabolic diseases such as obesity and fatty liver disease, suggesting these enzymes might be potential targets for treatment of metabolic disorders. In order to translate pre-clinical studies in cellular and mouse models to humans, differences and similarities of carboxylesterases between mice and human need to be elucidated. This review presents and discusses the research progress in structure and function of mouse and human carboxylesterases, and the role of these enzymes in lipid metabolism and metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Lian
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Randal Nelson
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Lehner
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disease in Western populations. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a more debilitating form of NAFLD characterized by hepatocellular injury and inflammation, which significantly increase the risk of end-stage liver and cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, there are no available drug therapies for NASH. Bile acids are physiological detergent molecules that are synthesized from cholesterol exclusively in the hepatocytes. Bile acids circulate between the liver and intestine, where they are required for cholesterol solubilization in the bile and dietary fat emulsification in the gut. Bile acids also act as signaling molecules that regulate metabolic homeostasis and inflammatory processes. Many of these effects are mediated by the bile acid-activated nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G protein-coupled receptor TGR5. Nutrient signaling regulates hepatic bile acid synthesis and circulating plasma bile acid concentrations, which in turn control metabolic homeostasis. The FXR agonist obeticholic acid has had beneficial effects on NASH in recent clinical trials. Preclinical studies have suggested that the TGR5 agonist and the FXR/TGR5 dual agonist are also potential therapies for metabolic liver diseases. Extensive studies in the past few decades have significantly improved our understanding of the metabolic regulatory function of bile acids, which has provided the molecular basis for developing promising bile acid-based therapeutic agents for NASH treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiangang Li
- Corresponding author: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
He H, Lancina MG, Wang J, Korzun WJ, Yang H, Ghosh S. Bolstering cholesteryl ester hydrolysis in liver: A hepatocyte-targeting gene delivery strategy for potential alleviation of atherosclerosis. Biomaterials 2017; 130:1-13. [PMID: 28349866 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current atherosclerosis treatment strategies primarily focus on limiting further cholesteryl esters (CE) accumulation by reducing endogenous synthesis of cholesterol in the liver. No therapy is currently available to enhance the removal of CE, a crucial step to reduce the burden of the existing disease. Given the central role of hepatic cholesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH) in the intrahepatic hydrolysis of CE and subsequent removal of the resulting free cholesterol (FC), in this work, we applied galactose-functionalized polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer generation 5 (Gal-G5) for hepatocyte-specific delivery of CEH expression vector. The data presented herein show the increased specific uptake of Gal-G5/CEH expression vector complexes (simply Gal-G5/CEH) by hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the upregulated CEH expression in the hepatocytes significantly enhanced the intracellular hydrolysis of high density lipoprotein-associated CE (HDL-CE) and subsequent conversion/secretion of hydrolyzed FC as bile acids (BA). The increased CEH expression in the liver significantly increased the flux of HDL-CE to biliary as well as fecal FC and BA. Meanwhile, Gal-G5 did not induce hepatic or renal toxicity. It was also not immunotoxic. Because of these encouraging pre-clinical testing results, using this safe and highly efficient hepatocyte-specific gene delivery platform to enhance the hepatic processes involved in cholesterol elimination is a promising strategy for the alleviation of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang He
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, United States
| | - Michael G Lancina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States
| | - William J Korzun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States
| | - Hu Yang
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, United States; Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States.
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang J, Ghosh SS, Ghosh S. Curcumin improves intestinal barrier function: modulation of intracellular signaling, and organization of tight junctions. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 312:C438-C445. [PMID: 28249988 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00235.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Association between circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and metabolic diseases (such as type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis) has shifted the focus from high-fat high-cholesterol containing Western-type diet (WD)-induced changes in gut microbiota per se to release of gut bacteria-derived products (e.g., LPS) into circulation due to intestinal barrier dysfunction as the possible mechanism for the chronic inflammatory state underlying the development of these diseases. We demonstrated earlier that oral supplementation with curcumin attenuates WD-induced development of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Poor bioavailability of curcumin has precluded the establishment of a causal relationship between oral supplementation and it is in vivo effects. We hypothesized that curcumin attenuates WD-induced chronic inflammation and associated metabolic diseases by modulating the function of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the intestinal barrier function. The objective of the present study was to delineate the underlying mechanisms. The human IEC lines Caco-2 and HT-29 were used for these studies and modulation of direct as well as indirect effects of LPS on intracellular signaling as well as tight junctions were examined. Pretreatment with curcumin significantly attenuated LPS-induced secretion of master cytokine IL-1β from IECs and macrophages. Furthermore, curcumin also reduced IL-1β-induced activation of p38 MAPK in IECs and subsequent increase in expression of myosin light chain kinase involved in the phosphorylation of tight junction proteins and ensuing disruption of their normal arrangement. The major site of action of curcumin is, therefore, likely the IECs and the intestinal barrier, and by reducing intestinal barrier dysfunction, curcumin modulates chronic inflammatory diseases despite poor bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Siddhartha S Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Li J, Wang Y, Matye DJ, Chavan H, Krishnamurthy P, Li F, Li T. Sortilin 1 Modulates Hepatic Cholesterol Lipotoxicity in Mice via Functional Interaction with Liver Carboxylesterase 1. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:146-160. [PMID: 27881673 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.762005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a key role in cholesterol metabolism. Impaired hepatic cholesterol homeostasis causes intracellular free cholesterol accumulation and hepatocyte injury. Sortilin 1 (SORT1) is a lysosomal trafficking receptor that was identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) as a novel regulator of cholesterol metabolism in humans. Here we report that SORT1 deficiency protected against cholesterol accumulation-induced liver injury and inflammation in mice. Using an LC-MS/MS-based proteomics approach, we identified liver carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) as a novel SORT1-interacting protein. Mechanistic studies further showed that SORT1 may regulate CES1 lysosomal targeting and degradation and that SORT1 deficiency resulted in higher liver CES1 protein abundance. Previous studies have established an important role of hepatic CES1 in promoting intracellular cholesterol mobilization, cholesterol efflux, and bile acid synthesis. Consistently, high cholesterol atherogenic diet-challenged Sort1 knock-out mice showed less hepatic free cholesterol accumulation, increased bile acid synthesis, decreased biliary cholesterol secretion, and the absence of gallstone formation. SORT1 deficiency did not alter hepatic ceramide and fatty acid metabolism in high cholesterol atherogenic diet-fed mice. Finally, knockdown of liver CES1 in mice markedly increased the susceptibility to high cholesterol diet-induced liver injury and abolished the protective effect against cholesterol lipotoxicity in Sort1 knock-out mice. In summary, this study identified a novel SORT1-CES1 axis that regulates cholesterol-induced liver injury, which provides novel insights that improve our current understanding of the molecular links between SORT1 and cholesterol metabolism. This study further suggests that therapeutic inhibition of SORT1 may be beneficial in improving hepatic cholesterol homeostasis in metabolic and inflammatory liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jibiao Li
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 and
| | - Yifeng Wang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 and
| | - David J Matye
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 and
| | - Hemantkumar Chavan
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 and
| | - Partha Krishnamurthy
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 and
| | - Feng Li
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Tiangang Li
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 and
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang J, Bie J, Ghosh S. Intracellular cholesterol transport proteins enhance hydrolysis of HDL-CEs and facilitate elimination of cholesterol into bile. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1712-9. [PMID: 27381048 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m069682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While HDL-associated unesterified or free cholesterol (FC) is thought to be rapidly secreted into the bile, the fate of HDL-associated cholesteryl esters (HDL-CEs) that represent >80% of HDL-cholesterol, is only beginning to be understood. In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that intracellular cholesterol transport proteins [sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) and fatty acid binding protein-1 (FABP1)] not only facilitate CE hydrolase-mediated hydrolysis of HDL-CEs, but also enhance elimination of cholesterol into bile. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of FABP1 or SCP2 in primary hepatocytes significantly increased hydrolysis of HDL-[(3)H]CE, reduced resecretion of HDL-CE-derived FC as nascent HDL, and increased its secretion as bile acids. Consistently, the flux of [(3)H]cholesterol from HDL-[(3)H]CE to biliary bile acids was increased by overexpression of SCP2 or FABP1 in vivo and reduced in SCP2(-/-) mice. Increased flux of HDL-[(3)H]CE to biliary FC was noted with FABP1 overexpression and in SCP2(-/-) mice that have increased FABP1 expression. Lack of a significant decrease in the flux of HDL-[(3)H]CE to biliary FC or bile acids in FABP1(-/-) mice indicates the likely compensation of its function by an as yet unidentified mechanism. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that FABP1 and SCP2 facilitate the preferential movement of HDL-CEs to bile for final elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Jinghua Bie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang DD, Jin Q, Hou J, Feng L, Li N, Li SY, Zhou Q, Zou LW, Ge GB, Wang JG, Yang L. Highly sensitive and selective detection of human carboxylesterase 1 activity by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1008:212-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
38
|
Janoudi A, Shamoun FE, Kalavakunta JK, Abela GS. Cholesterol crystal induced arterial inflammation and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaque. Eur Heart J 2015; 37:1959-67. [PMID: 26705388 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolution of plaque that is prone to rupture is characterized by inflammation and physical changes. Accumulation of low-density lipoprotein in the sub-intima provides esterified cholesterol (ESC) to macrophages and smooth muscle cells that convert it into free cholesterol (FRC) by cholesteryl ester hydrolases (CEHs). Membrane-bound cholesterol carriers transport FRC to high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Impaired HDL transport function and altered composition can lead to extracellular accumulation of FRC, whereas impaired membrane carrier activity can lead to intracellular FRC accumulation. Saturation of FRC can result in cholesterol crystallization with cell death and intimal injury. Disequilibrium between ESC and FRC can impact foam cell and cholesterol crystal (CC) formation. Cholesterol crystals initiate inflammation via NLRP3 inflammasome leading to interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production inducing C-reactive protein. Eventually, crystals growing from within the plaque and associated inflammation destabilize the plaque. Thus, inhibition of inflammation by antagonists to IL-1β or agents that dissolve or prevent CC formation may stabilize vulnerable plaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abed Janoudi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Fadi E Shamoun
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jagadeesh K Kalavakunta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA Borgess Hospital, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - George S Abela
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA Department of Physiology, Division of Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ghosh SS, Righi S, Krieg R, Kang L, Carl D, Wang J, Massey HD, Sica DA, Gehr TWB, Ghosh S. High Fat High Cholesterol Diet (Western Diet) Aggravates Atherosclerosis, Hyperglycemia and Renal Failure in Nephrectomized LDL Receptor Knockout Mice: Role of Intestine Derived Lipopolysaccharide. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141109. [PMID: 26580567 PMCID: PMC4651339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A high fat meal, frequently known as western diet (WD), exacerbates atherosclerosis and diabetes. Both these diseases are frequently associated with renal failure. Recent studies have shown that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leaks into the circulation from the intestine in the setting of renal failure and after WD. However, it is not clear how renal function and associated disorders are affected by LPS. This study demonstrates that circulatory LPS exacerbates renal insufficiency, atherosclerosis and glucose intolerance. Renal insufficiency was induced by 2/3 nephrectomy in LDL receptor knockout mice. Nx animals were given normal diet (Nx) or WD (Nx+WD). The controls were sham operated animals on normal diet (control) and WD (WD). To verify if LPS plays a role in exaggerating renal insufficiency, polymyxin (PM), a known LPS antagonist, and curcumin (CU), a compound known to ameliorate chronic kidney disease (CKD), was given to Nx animals on western diet (Nx+WD+PM and Nx+WD+CU, respectively). Compared to control, all other groups displayed increased circulatory LPS. The Nx+WD cohort had the highest levels of LPS. Nx group had significant renal insufficiency and glucose intolerance but not atherosclerosis. WD had intense atherosclerosis and glucose intolerance but it did not show signs of renal insufficiency. Compared to other groups, Nx+WD had significantly higher cytokine expression, macrophage infiltration in the kidney, renal insufficiency, glucose intolerance and atherosclerosis. PM treatment blunted the expression of cytokines, deterioration of renal function and associated disorders, albeit not to the levels of Nx, and was significantly inferior to CU. PM is a non-absorbable antibiotic with LPS binding properties, hence its beneficial effect can only be due to its effect within the GI tract. We conclude that LPS may not cause renal insufficiency but can exaggerate kidney failure and associated disorders following renal insufficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha S. Ghosh
- Divisions of Nephrology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Samuel Righi
- Divisions of Nephrology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Richard Krieg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Le Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Daniel Carl
- Divisions of Nephrology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - H. Davis Massey
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Domenic A. Sica
- Divisions of Nephrology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Todd W. B. Gehr
- Divisions of Nephrology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tang C, Liu Y, Yang W, Storey C, McMillen TS, Houston BA, Heinecke JW, LeBoeuf RC. Hematopoietic ABCA1 deletion promotes monocytosis and worsens diet-induced insulin resistance in mice. J Lipid Res 2015; 57:100-8. [PMID: 26531812 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m064303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-grade chronic inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity-induced insulin resistance. ABCA1 is essential for reverse cholesterol transport and HDL synthesis, and protects against macrophage inflammation. In the present study, the effects of ABCA1 deficiency in hematopoietic cells on diet-induced inflammation and insulin resistance were tested in vivo using bone marrow transplanted (BMT)-WT and BMT-ABCA1(-/-) mice. When challenged with a high-fat high-carbohydrate diabetogenic diet with added cholesterol (HFHSC), BMT-ABCA1(-/-) mice displayed enhanced insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance as compared with BMT-WT mice. The worsened insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance in BMT-ABCA1(-/-) mice were accompanied by increased macrophage accumulation and inflammation in adipose tissue and liver. Moreover, BMT-ABCA1(-/-) mice had significantly higher hematopoietic stem cell proliferation, myeloid cell expansion, and monocytosis when challenged with the HFHSC diet. In vitro studies indicated that macrophages from ABCA1(-/-) mice showed significantly increased inflammatory responses induced by saturated fatty acids. Taken together, these studies point to an important role for hematopoietic ABCA1 in modulating a feed-forward mechanism in obesity such that inflamed tissue macrophages stimulate the production of more monocytes, leading to an exacerbation of inflammation and associated disease processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongren Tang
- Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Yuhua Liu
- Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Wendy Yang
- Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Carl Storey
- Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Tim S McMillen
- Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Barbara A Houston
- Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Jay W Heinecke
- Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Renee C LeBoeuf
- Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chistiakov DA, Bobryshev YV, Orekhov AN. Macrophage-mediated cholesterol handling in atherosclerosis. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 20:17-28. [PMID: 26493158 PMCID: PMC4717859 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of foam cells is a hallmark at the initial stages of atherosclerosis. Monocytes attracted by pro-inflammatory stimuli attach to the inflamed vascular endothelium and penetrate to the arterial intima where they differentiate to macrophages. Intimal macrophages phagocytize oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL). Several scavenger receptors (SR), including CD36, SR-A1 and lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), mediate oxLDL uptake. In late endosomes/lysosomes of macrophages, oxLDL are catabolysed. Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) hydrolyses cholesterol esters that are enriched in LDL to free cholesterol and free fatty acids. In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT1) in turn catalyses esterification of cholesterol to store cholesterol esters as lipid droplets in the ER of macrophages. Neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolases nCEH and NCEH1 are involved in a secondary hydrolysis of cholesterol esters to liberate free cholesterol that could be then out-flowed from macrophages by cholesterol ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 and SR-BI. In atherosclerosis, disruption of lipid homoeostasis in macrophages leads to cholesterol accumulation and formation of foam cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics and Cell Biology, Institute of Pediatrics, Research Center for Children's Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Faculty of Medicine and St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.,Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hendrikx T, Jeurissen MLJ, Bieghs V, Walenbergh SMA, van Gorp PJ, Verheyen F, Houben T, Guichot YD, Gijbels MJJ, Leitersdorf E, Hofker MH, Lütjohann D, Shiri-Sverdlov R. Hematopoietic overexpression of Cyp27a1 reduces hepatic inflammation independently of 27-hydroxycholesterol levels in Ldlr(-/-) mice. J Hepatol 2015; 62:430-6. [PMID: 25281859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammation. Currently, the underlying mechanisms, leading to hepatic inflammation, are still unknown. The breakdown of free cholesterol inside Kupffer cells (KCs) by the mitochondrial enzyme CYP27A1 produces 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC). We recently demonstrated that administration of 27HC to hyperlipidemic mice reduced hepatic inflammation. In line, hematopoietic deletion of Cyp27a1 resulted in increased hepatic inflammation. In the current manuscript, the effect of hematopoietic overexpression of Cyp27a1 on the development of NASH and cholesterol trafficking was investigated. We hypothesized that Cyp27a1 overexpression in KCs will lead to reduced hepatic inflammation. METHODS Irradiated Ldlr(-/-) mice were transplanted (tp) with bone marrow from mice overexpressing Cyp27a1 (Cyp27a1(over)) and wild type (Wt) mice and fed either chow or a high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFC) diet for 3 months. Additionally, gene expression was assessed in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) from Cyp27a1(over) and Wt mice. RESULTS In line with our hypothesis, hepatic inflammation in HFC-fed Cyp27a1(over)-tp mice was reduced and KCs were less foamy compared to Wt-tp mice. Remarkably, these changes occurred even though plasma and liver levels of 27HC did not differ between both groups. BMDM from Cyp27a1(over) mice revealed reduced inflammatory gene expression and increased expression of cholesterol transporters compared to Wt BMDM after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that overexpression of Cyp27a1 in KCs reduces hepatic inflammation independently of 27HC levels in plasma and liver, further pointing towards KCs as specific target for improving the therapy of NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hendrikx
- Department of Molecular Genetics, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mike L J Jeurissen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle Bieghs
- Department of Molecular Genetics, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sofie M A Walenbergh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick J van Gorp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fons Verheyen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Houben
- Department of Molecular Genetics, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yasmin Dias Guichot
- Department of Molecular Genetics, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marion J J Gijbels
- Department of Molecular Genetics, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eran Leitersdorf
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marten H Hofker
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, ELMI Unit (CRISP) and Pathology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM) and Cardiovascular Research (CARIM), Institutes of Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
SCHMIEDTOVA M, HECZKOVA M, KOVAR J, KRALOVA LESNA I, POLEDNE R. Reverse Transport of Cholesterol Is the Reason for Resistance to Development of Atherosclerosis in Prague Hereditary Hypercholesterolemic (PHHC) Rat. Physiol Res 2014; 63:591-6. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Prague Hereditary Hypercholesterolemic (PHHC) rat is a model of hypercholesterolemia. In previous experiments, it was found to be completely resistant to the development of atherosclerosis. It was assumed that the reverse transport of cholesterol (RCT) might be the reason for this resistance. In this study, RCT was measured in vivo by cholesterol efflux from macrophages to plasma, using previously established methods for RCT in mice (Rader 2003), optimized for measurements in rats. Primary cell culture of macrophages was labeled with 14C-cholesterol and then injected intraperitoneally into rats. Plasma and feces were collected at 24 and 48 h. The plasma 14C-cholesterol levels at both 24 and 48 h were significantly higher in male PHHC rats compared to control Wistar rats. The PHHC rats excreted less 14C-cholesterol in feces in 24 and 48 h compared to Wistar rats. The largest pool of 14C-cholesterol was found in the adipose tissue of PHHC rats and in contrast lower levels of 14C-cholesterol were measured in the liver and muscle tissues of PHHC rats compared with Wistar rats. Increasing release of 14C-cholesterol efflux from macrophages demonstrates accelerated RTC and leads to prevention of atherogenesis in PHHC rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - R. POLEDNE
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Xu J, Yin L, Xu Y, Li Y, Zalzala M, Cheng G, Zhang Y. Hepatic carboxylesterase 1 is induced by glucose and regulates postprandial glucose levels. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109663. [PMID: 25285996 PMCID: PMC4186840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome, characterized by obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension, increases the risks for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and stroke. Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides and cholesterol esters, and is important for lipid metabolism. Our previous data show that over-expression of mouse hepatic CES1 lowers plasma glucose levels and improves insulin sensitivity in diabetic ob/ob mice. In the present study, we determined the physiological role of hepatic CES1 in glucose homeostasis. Hepatic CES1 expression was reduced by fasting but increased in diabetic mice. Treatment of mice with glucose induced hepatic CES1 expression. Consistent with the in vivo study, glucose stimulated CES1 promoter activity and increased acetylation of histone 3 and histone 4 in the CES1 chromatin. Knockdown of ATP-citrate lyase (ACL), an enzyme that regulates histone acetylation, abolished glucose-mediated histone acetylation in the CES1 chromatin and glucose-induced hepatic CES1 expression. Finally, knockdown of hepatic CES1 significantly increased postprandial blood glucose levels. In conclusion, the present study uncovers a novel glucose-CES1-glucose pathway which may play an important role in regulating postprandial blood glucose levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiesi Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Munaf Zalzala
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ghosh S, Bie J, Wang J, Yuan Q, Ghosh SS. Cholesterol removal from plaques and elimination from the body: change in paradigm to reduce risk for heart disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.14.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
46
|
Abstract
Low plasma levels of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) represent a strong and independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. HDL particles display a wide spectrum of atheroprotective activities, which include effluxing cellular cholesterol, diminishing cellular death, decreasing vascular constriction, reducing inflammatory response, protecting from pathological oxidation, combating bacterial infection, lessening platelet activation, regulating gene expression by virtue of microRNAs, and improving glucose metabolism. It remains presently indeterminate as to whether some biological activities of HDL are more relevant for the protection of the endothelium from atherogenesis when compared with others. The multitude of such activities raises the question of a proper assay to assess HDL functionality ex vivo. Together with clear understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying atheroprotective properties of HDL, such assay will provide a basis to resolve the ultimate question of the HDL field to allow the development of efficient HDL-targeting therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anatol Kontush
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, Pitié - Salpétrière University Hospital, ICAN, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sekiya M, Yamamuro D, Ohshiro T, Honda A, Takahashi M, Kumagai M, Sakai K, Nagashima S, Tomoda H, Igarashi M, Okazaki H, Yagyu H, Osuga JI, Ishibashi S. Absence of Nceh1 augments 25-hydroxycholesterol-induced ER stress and apoptosis in macrophages. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2082-92. [PMID: 24891333 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m050864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An excess of cholesterol and/or oxysterols induces apoptosis in macrophages, contributing to the development of advanced atherosclerotic lesions. In foam cells, these sterols are stored in esterified forms, which are hydrolyzed by two enzymes: neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 (Nceh1) and hormone-sensitive lipase (Lipe). A deficiency in either enzyme leads to accelerated growth of atherosclerotic lesions in mice. However, it is poorly understood how the esterification and hydrolysis of sterols are linked to apoptosis. Remarkably, Nceh1-deficient thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages (TGEMs), but not Lipe-deficient TGEMs, were more susceptible to apoptosis induced by oxysterols, particularly 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), and incubation with 25-HC caused massive accumulation of 25-HC ester in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) due to its defective hydrolysis, thereby activating ER stress signaling such as induction of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP). These changes were nearly reversed by inhibition of ACAT1. In conclusion, deficiency of Nceh1 augments 25-HC-induced ER stress and subsequent apoptosis in TGEMs. In addition to reducing the cholesteryl ester content of foam cells, Nceh1 may protect against the pro-apoptotic effect of oxysterols and modulate the development of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Sekiya
- Departments of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamuro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Taichi Ohshiro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Akira Honda
- Joint Research Center, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Manabu Takahashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kumagai
- Departments of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kent Sakai
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shuichi Nagashima
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomoda
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masaki Igarashi
- Departments of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okazaki
- Departments of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yagyu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Osuga
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Xu J, Li Y, Chen WD, Xu Y, Yin L, Ge X, Jadhav K, Adorini L, Zhang Y. Hepatic carboxylesterase 1 is essential for both normal and farnesoid X receptor-controlled lipid homeostasis. Hepatology 2014; 59:1761-1771. [PMID: 24038130 PMCID: PMC3938573 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the major health concerns worldwide. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is considered a therapeutic target for treatment of NAFLD. However, the mechanism by which activation of FXR lowers hepatic triglyceride (TG) levels remains unknown. Here we investigated the role of hepatic carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) in regulating both normal and FXR-controlled lipid homeostasis. Overexpression of hepatic CES1 lowered hepatic TG and plasma glucose levels in both wild-type and diabetic mice. In contrast, knockdown of hepatic CES1 increased hepatic TG and plasma cholesterol levels. These effects likely resulted from the TG hydrolase activity of CES1, with subsequent changes in fatty acid oxidation and/or de novo lipogenesis. Activation of FXR induced hepatic CES1, and reduced the levels of hepatic and plasma TG as well as plasma cholesterol in a CES1-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Hepatic CES1 plays a critical role in regulating both lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and FXR-controlled lipid homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiesi Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA,Key laboratory of receptor-mediated gene regulation and drug discovery, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Xuemei Ge
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Kavita Jadhav
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Luciano Adorini
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, 18 Desbrosses Street, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bie J, Wang J, Yuan Q, Kakiyama G, Ghosh SS, Ghosh S. Liver-specific transgenic expression of cholesteryl ester hydrolase reduces atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- mice. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:729-38. [PMID: 24563511 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m046524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in the final elimination of cholesterol from the body either as bile acids or as free cholesterol (FC), and lipoprotein-derived cholesterol is the major source of total biliary cholesterol. HDL is the major lipoprotein responsible for removal and transport of cholesterol, mainly as cholesteryl esters (CEs), from the peripheral tissues to the liver. While HDL-FC is rapidly secreted into bile, the fate of HDL-CE remains unclear. We have earlier demonstrated the role of human CE hydrolase (CEH, CES1) in hepatic hydrolysis of HDL-CE and increasing bile acid synthesis, a process dependent on scavenger receptor BI expression. In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that by enhancing the elimination of HDL-CE into bile/feces, liver-specific transgenic expression of CEH will be anti-atherogenic. Increased CEH expression in the liver significantly increased the flux of HDL-CE to bile acids. In the LDLR(-/-) background, this enhanced elimination of cholesterol led to attenuation of diet-induced atherosclerosis with a consistent increase in fecal sterol secretion primarily as bile acids. Taken together with the observed reduction in atherosclerosis by increasing macrophage CEH-mediated cholesterol efflux, these studies establish CEH as an important regulator in enhancing cholesterol elimination and also as an anti-atherogenic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Bie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonweath University Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Chemical atherogenesis is an emerging field that describes how environmental pollutants and endogenous toxins perturb critical pathways that regulate lipid metabolism and inflammation, thus injuring cells found within the vessel wall. Despite growing awareness of the role of environmental pollutants in the development of cardiovascular disease, the field of chemical atherogenesis can broadly include both exogenous and endogenous poisons and the study of molecular, biochemical, and cellular pathways that become dysregulated during atherosclerosis. This integrated approach is logical because exogenous and endogenous toxins often share the same mechanism of toxicity. Chemical atherogenesis is a truly integrative discipline because it incorporates concepts from several different fields, including biochemistry, chemical biology, pharmacology, and toxicology. This review will provide an overview of this emerging research area, focusing on cellular and animal models of disease.
Collapse
|