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Montizaan D, Bartucci R, Reker-Smit C, de Weerd S, Åberg C, Guryev V, Spierings DCJ, Salvati A. Genome-wide forward genetic screening to identify receptors and proteins mediating nanoparticle uptake and intracellular processing. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01629-x. [PMID: 38504023 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how cells process nanoparticles is crucial to optimize nanomedicine efficacy. However, characterizing cellular pathways is challenging, especially if non-canonical mechanisms are involved. In this Article a genome-wide forward genetic screening based on insertional mutagenesis is applied to discover receptors and proteins involved in the intracellular accumulation (uptake and intracellular processing) of silica nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are covered by a human serum corona known to target the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). By sorting cells with reduced nanoparticle accumulation and deep sequencing after each sorting, 80 enriched genes are identified. We find that, as well as LDLR, the scavenger receptor SCARB1 also mediates nanoparticle accumulation. Additionally, heparan sulfate acts as a specific nanoparticle receptor, and its role varies depending on cell and nanoparticle type. Furthermore, some of the identified targets affect nanoparticle trafficking to the lysosomes. These results show the potential of genetic screening to characterize nanoparticle pathways. Additionally, they indicate that corona-coated nanoparticles are internalized via multiple receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Montizaan
- Department of Nanomedicine & Drug Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Bartucci
- Department of Nanomedicine & Drug Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina Reker-Smit
- Department of Nanomedicine & Drug Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander de Weerd
- Department of Nanomedicine & Drug Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christoffer Åberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Victor Guryev
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana C J Spierings
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Salvati
- Department of Nanomedicine & Drug Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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2
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Matsuura H, Akahane S, Kaido T, Kamijo T, Sakamoto K, Yamauchi K. Apolipoprotein E isoforms and their Cys-thiol modifications impact LRP1-mediated metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:347-362. [PMID: 38279679 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein (LRP)1 participates in the metabolism of apolipoprotein (apo) E-containing lipoproteins (apoE-LP). We investigated the effects of modifications of cysteine (Cys)-thiol of apoE on LRP1-mediated metabolism. Among the three isoforms, apoE2-LP exhibited the lowest affinity for LRP1 but was significantly catabolized, whereas apoE4-LP was sufficiently bound to LRP1 but showed the lowest catabolic capability. The reduction enhanced the binding and suppressed the catabolism of apoE3-LP, but had no effect on apoE2-LP. The formation of disulfide-linked complexes with apoAII suppressed binding, but enhanced the catabolism of apoE2-LP. Redox modifications of apoE-Cys-thiol may modulate the LRP1-mediated metabolism of apoE2- or apoE3-LP, but not apoE4-LP. The failure of this function may be involved in the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Matsuura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Investigation, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shogo Akahane
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Investigation, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kaido
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Investigation, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tomu Kamijo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Investigation, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Kenta Sakamoto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Yamanashi Hospital, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Yamauchi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Investigation, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
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3
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Xie C, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV. Global impact of proteoglycan science on human diseases. iScience 2023; 26:108095. [PMID: 37867945 PMCID: PMC10589900 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this comprehensive review, we will dissect the impact of research on proteoglycans focusing on recent developments involved in their synthesis, degradation, and interactions, while critically assessing their usefulness in various biological processes. The emerging roles of proteoglycans in global infections, specifically the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and their rising functions in regenerative medicine and biomaterial science have significantly affected our current view of proteoglycans and related compounds. The roles of proteoglycans in cancer biology and their potential use as a next-generation protein-based adjuvant therapy to combat cancer is also emerging as a constructive and potentially beneficial therapeutic strategy. We will discuss the role of proteoglycans in selected and emerging areas of proteoglycan science, such as neurodegenerative diseases, autophagy, angiogenesis, cancer, infections and their impact on mammalian diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Xie
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Gabani M, Shapiro MD, Toth PP. The Role of Triglyceride-rich Lipoproteins and Their Remnants in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Eur Cardiol 2023; 18:e56. [PMID: 37860700 PMCID: PMC10583159 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2023.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the world's leading cause of death. ASCVD has multiple mediators that therapeutic interventions target, such as dyslipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes and heightened systemic inflammatory tone, among others. LDL cholesterol is one of the most well-studied and established mediators targeted for primary and secondary prevention of ASCVD. However, despite the strength of evidence supporting LDL cholesterol reduction by multiple management strategies, ASCVD events can still recur, even in patients whose LDL cholesterol has been very aggressively reduced. Hypertriglyceridaemia and elevated levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) may be key contributors to ASCVD residual risk. Several observational and genetic epidemiological studies have highlighted the causal role of triglycerides within the TRLs and/or their remnant cholesterol in the development and progression of ASCVD. TRLs consist of intestinally derived chylomicrons and hepatically synthesised very LDL. Lifestyle modification has been considered the first line intervention for managing hypertriglyceridaemia. Multiple novel targeted therapies are in development, and have shown efficacy in the preclinical and clinical phases of study in managing hypertriglyceridaemia and elevated TRLs. This comprehensive review provides an overview of the biology, pathogenicity, epidemiology, and genetics of triglycerides and TRLs, and how they impact the risk for ASCVD. In addition, we provide a summary of currently available and novel emerging triglyceride-lowering therapies in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanad Gabani
- Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest Baptist HealthWinston-Salem, North Carolina, US
| | - Michael D Shapiro
- Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest Baptist HealthWinston-Salem, North Carolina, US
| | - Peter P Toth
- CGH Medical CenterSterling, Illinois, US
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, Maryland, US
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Wang C, Yin L, Fu P, Lu G, Zhai X, Yang C. Anti-inflammatory effect of ApoE23 on Salmonella typhimurium-induced sepsis in mice. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230767. [PMID: 37533741 PMCID: PMC10390754 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two independent experiments were performed with three groups each (sepsis control, sepsis, and sepsis with apoE23 treatment) to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of apolipoprotein 23 (apoE23) in a mouse model of sepsis induced by S. typhimurium. Survival rates; plasma level variations in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS); S. typhimurium colony-forming units in the spleen tissue; and mRNA and protein expression levels of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), LDLR-related protein (LRP), syndecan-1, and scavenger receptor B1 were evaluated in the livers of mice from the three groups. Results found that the survival rate of septic mice treated with apoE23 was 100% within 48 h, while it was only 40% in septic mice without apoE23 treatment (P < 0.001). The plasma LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels and the S. typhimurium load in mice in the apoE23-treated group were significantly lower than those in septic mice (P < 0.05). Moreover, apoE23 restored the downregulated expression of LDLR and LRP in the liver tissue of septic mice. So apoE23 exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect in the mouse model of S. typhimurium-induced sepsis. Further studies are required to understand the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of apoE23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqing Wang
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Control and the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Control, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Lijun Yin
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Control, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Pan Fu
- Department of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Guoping Lu
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhai
- Department of Hematology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Changsheng Yang
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Shanghai, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Health, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai200032, China
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6
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Crocco P, Vecchie D, Gopalkrishna S, Dato S, Passarino G, Young ME, Nagareddy PR, Rose G, De Luca M. Syndecan-4 as a genetic determinant of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:156. [PMID: 37461091 PMCID: PMC10351106 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syndecan-4 (SDC4) is a member of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan family of cell-surface receptors. We and others previously reported that variation in the SDC4 gene was associated with several components of the metabolic syndrome, including intra-abdominal fat, fasting glucose and triglyceride levels, and hypertension, in human cohorts. Additionally, we demonstrated that high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese female mice with a Sdc4 genetic deletion had higher visceral adiposity and a worse metabolic profile than control mice. Here, we aimed to first investigate whether the mouse Sdc4 null mutation impacts metabolic phenotypes in a sex- and diet-dependent manner. We then tested whether SDC4 polymorphisms are related to the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in humans. METHODS For the mouse experiment, Sdc4-deficient (Sdc4-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were treated with 14-weeks of low-fat diet (LFD). Body composition, energy balance, and selected metabolic phenotypes were assessed. For the human genetic study, we used logistic regression models to test 11 SDC4 SNPs for association with the MetS and its components in a cohort of 274 (113 with MetS) elderly subjects from southern Italy. RESULTS Following the dietary intervention in mice, we observed that the effects of the Sdc4 null mutation on several phenotypes were different from those previously reported in the mice kept on an HFD. Nonetheless, LFD-fed female Sdc4-/- mice, but not males, displayed higher levels of triglycerides and lower insulin sensitivity at fasting than WT mice, as seen earlier in the HFD conditions. In the parallel human study, we found that carriers of SDC4 rs2228384 allele C and rs2072785 allele T had reduced risk of MetS. The opposite was true for carriers of the SDC4 rs1981429 allele G. Additionally, the SNPs were found related to fasting triglyceride levels and triglyceride glucose (TyG) index, a reliable indicator of insulin resistance, with sex-stratified analysis detecting the association of rs1981429 with these phenotypes only in females. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results suggest that SDC4 is an evolutionary conserved genetic determinant of MetS and that its genetic variation is associated with fasting triglyceride levels in a female-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolina Crocco
- Department of Biology, Ecology, and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Denise Vecchie
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Sreejit Gopalkrishna
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Serena Dato
- Department of Biology, Ecology, and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Passarino
- Department of Biology, Ecology, and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Martin E Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Prabhakara R Nagareddy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Giuseppina Rose
- Department of Biology, Ecology, and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy.
| | - Maria De Luca
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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7
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The association between a genetic variant in the SULF2 gene, metabolic parameters and vascular disease in patients at high cardiovascular risk. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab 2023; 12:e0278. [PMID: 36699192 PMCID: PMC9870215 DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) is mediated by several receptors, including heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Sulfate glucosamine-6-O-endosulfatase-2 is a gene related to the regulation of HSPG. A variant in this gene, rs2281279, has been shown to be associated with triglycerides and insulin resistance. Objective To determine the relationship between rs2281279, metabolic parameters and vascular events, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in patients at high cardiovascular risk and whether APOE genotype modifies this relationship. Methods Patients (n = 4386) at high cardiovascular risk from the Utrecht Cardiovascular Cohort-Second Manifestations of Arterial Disease study were stratified according to their imputed rs2281279 genotype: AA (n = 2438), AG (n = 1642) and GG (n = 306). Effects of rs2281279 on metabolic parameters, vascular events and T2DM were analyzed with linear regression and Cox models. Results There was no relationship between imputed rs2281279 genotype and triglycerides, non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, insulin and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index. During a median follow-up of 11.8 (IQR, 9.3-15.5) years, 1026 cardiovascular events and 320 limb events occurred. The presence of the G allele in rs2281279 did not affect the risk of vascular events [hazard ratio (HR), 1.03; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.94-1.14] or limb events (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.77-1.10). The presence of the G allele in rs2281279 did not affect the risk of T2DM (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.94-1.27). The presence of the minor G allele of rs2281279 was associated with a beneficial risk profile in ε2ε2 patients, but not in ε3ε3 patients. Conclusions Imputed rs2281279 genotype is not associated with metabolic parameters and does not increase the risk of vascular events or T2DM in patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease.
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Schultheis N, Becker R, Berhanu G, Kapral A, Roseman M, Shah S, Connell A, Selleck S. Regulation of autophagy, lipid metabolism, and neurodegenerative pathology by heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Front Genet 2023; 13:1012706. [PMID: 36699460 PMCID: PMC9870329 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1012706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate modified proteins or proteoglycans (HSPGs) are an abundant class of cell surface and extracellular matrix molecules. They serve important co-receptor functions in the regulation of signaling as well as membrane trafficking. Many of these activities directly affect processes associated with neurodegeneration including uptake and export of Tau protein, disposition of Amyloid Precursor Protein-derived peptides, and regulation of autophagy. In this review we focus on the impact of HSPGs on autophagy, membrane trafficking, mitochondrial quality control and biogenesis, and lipid metabolism. Disruption of these processes are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and there is evidence that altering heparan sulfate structure and function could counter AD-associated pathological processes. Compromising presenilin function in several systems has provided instructive models for understanding the molecular and cellular underpinnings of AD. Disrupting presenilin function produces a constellation of cellular deficits including accumulation of lipid, disruption of autophagosome to lysosome traffic and reduction in mitochondrial size and number. Inhibition of heparan sulfate biosynthesis has opposing effects on all these cellular phenotypes, increasing mitochondrial size, stimulating autophagy flux to lysosomes, and reducing the level of intracellular lipid. These findings suggest a potential mechanism for countering pathology found in AD and related disorders by altering heparan sulfate structure and influencing cellular processes disrupted broadly in neurodegenerative disease. Vertebrate and invertebrate model systems, where the cellular machinery of autophagy and lipid metabolism are conserved, continue to provide important translational guideposts for designing interventions that address the root cause of neurodegenerative pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Schultheis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Robert Becker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Gelila Berhanu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Alexander Kapral
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Matthew Roseman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Shalini Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Alyssa Connell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Scott Selleck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada,*Correspondence: Scott Selleck,
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Cerezo-Magaña M, Bång-Rudenstam A, Belting M. Proteoglycans: a common portal for SARS-CoV-2 and extracellular vesicle uptake. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C76-C84. [PMID: 36458979 PMCID: PMC9799137 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00453.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
As structural components of the glycocalyx, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are involved in multiple pathophysiological processes at the apex of cell signaling cascades, and as endocytosis receptors for particle structures, such as lipoproteins, extracellular vesicles, and enveloped viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Given their diversity and complex biogenesis regulation, HSPGs remain understudied. Here we compile some of the latest studies focusing on HSPGs as internalizing receptors of extracellular vesicles ("endogenous virus") and SARS-CoV-2 lipid-enclosed particles and highlight similarities in their biophysical and structural characteristics. Specifically, the similarities in their biogenesis, size, and lipid composition may explain a common dependence on HSPGs for efficient cell-surface attachment and uptake. We further discuss the relative complexity of extracellular vesicle composition and the viral mechanisms that evolve towards increased infectivity that complicate therapeutic strategies addressing blockade of their uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Bång-Rudenstam
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Belting
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,2Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,3Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Radiophysics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Shivatare SS, Shivatare VS, Wong CH. Glycoconjugates: Synthesis, Functional Studies, and Therapeutic Developments. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15603-15671. [PMID: 36174107 PMCID: PMC9674437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are major constituents of mammalian cells that are formed via covalent conjugation of carbohydrates to other biomolecules like proteins and lipids and often expressed on the cell surfaces. Among the three major classes of glycoconjugates, proteoglycans and glycoproteins contain glycans linked to the protein backbone via amino acid residues such as Asn for N-linked glycans and Ser/Thr for O-linked glycans. In glycolipids, glycans are linked to a lipid component such as glycerol, polyisoprenyl pyrophosphate, fatty acid ester, or sphingolipid. Recently, glycoconjugates have become better structurally defined and biosynthetically understood, especially those associated with human diseases, and are accessible to new drug, diagnostic, and therapeutic developments. This review describes the status and new advances in the biological study and therapeutic applications of natural and synthetic glycoconjugates, including proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. The scope, limitations, and novel methodologies in the synthesis and clinical development of glycoconjugates including vaccines, glyco-remodeled antibodies, glycan-based adjuvants, glycan-specific receptor-mediated drug delivery platforms, etc., and their future prospectus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vidya S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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11
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Reszegi A, Tátrai P, Regős E, Kovalszky I, Baghy K. Syndecan-1 in liver pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C289-C294. [PMID: 35704700 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00039.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Syndecan-1 is a heparan sulfate/chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (PG) of the cell surface and the extracellular matrix, which regulates a broad spectrum of physiological and pathological processes such as cell proliferation, migration, inflammation, matrix remodeling, wound healing, or tumorigenesis. Syndecan-1 represents the major PG of the liver, expressed by hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, and its elevated expression is a characteristic feature of liver diseases. The highest syndecan-1 expression is found in liver cirrhosis and in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) developed in cirrhotic livers. In addition, as being a hepatitis C receptor, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected livers produce extremely large amounts of syndecan-1. The serum levels of the cleaved (shedded) extracellular domain has clinical significance, as its increased concentration reflects on poor prognosis in cirrhosis as well as in cancer. In vivo experiments confirmed that syndecan-1 protects against early stages of fibrogenesis mainly by enhanced clearance of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ1) and thrombospondin-1 via circulation, and against hepatocarcinogenesis by interfering with several signaling pathways and enhancing cell cycle blockade. In addition, syndecan-1 is capable to hinder lipid metabolism and ribosomal biogenesis in induced cancer models.. These observations together with its participation in the uptake of viruses (e.g. HCV, SARS-CoV-2) indicate that syndecan-1 is a central player in liver pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Reszegi
- Department of Pathology, Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Eszter Regős
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kornelia Baghy
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Váncza L, Karászi K, Péterfia B, Turiák L, Dezső K, Sebestyén A, Reszegi A, Petővári G, Kiss A, Schaff Z, Baghy K, Kovalszky I. SPOCK1 Promotes the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:819883. [PMID: 35186754 PMCID: PMC8853618 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.819883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix proteoglycan SPOCK1 is increasingly recognized as a contributor to the development and progression of cancers. Here, we study how SPOCK1, which is present in non-tumorous hepatocytes at low concentrations, promotes the development and progression of malignant hepatocellular tumors. Although SPOCK1 is an extracellular matrix proteoglycan, its concentration increases in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes starting with very low expression in the normal cells and then appearing in much higher quantities in cells of cirrhotic human liver and hepatocellular carcinoma. This observation is similar to that observed after diethylnitrosamine induction of mouse hepatocarcinogenesis. Furthermore, syndecan-1, the major proteoglycan of the liver, and SPOCK1 are in inverse correlation in the course of these events. In hepatoma cell lines, the cytoplasmic SPOCK1 colocalized with mitochondrial markers, such as MitoTracker and TOMM20, a characteristic protein of the outer membrane of the mitochondrion and could be detected in the cell nucleus. SPOCK1 downregulation of hepatoma cell lines by siRNA inhibited cell proliferation, upregulated p21 and p27, and interfered with pAkt and CDK4 expression. A tyrosine kinase array revealed that inhibition of SPOCK1 in the liver cancer cells altered MAPK signaling and downregulated several members of the Sarc family, all related to the aggressivity of the hepatoma cell lines. These studies support the idea that SPOCK1 enhancement in the liver is an active contributor to human and rodent hepatocarcinogenesis and cancer progression. However, its mitochondrial localization raises the possibility that it has a currently unidentified physiological function in normal hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lóránd Váncza
- 1 Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Karászi
- 1 Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Péterfia
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Turiák
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Dezső
- 1 Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Sebestyén
- 1 Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Reszegi
- 1 Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Petővári
- 1 Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Kiss
- 2 Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Schaff
- 2 Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Baghy
- 1 Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- 1 Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Ilona Kovalszky, ;
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13
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Dai W, Lund H, Chen Y, Zhang J, Osinski K, Jones SZ, Kreuziger LB, López JA, Benjamin IJ, Silverstein RL, Zheng Z. Hypertriglyceridemia during hospitalization independently associates with mortality in patients with COVID-19. J Clin Lipidol 2021; 15:724-731. [PMID: 34470719 PMCID: PMC8353976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alteration in blood triglyceride levels have been found in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the association between hypertriglyceridemia and mortality in COVID-19 patients is unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between alteration in triglyceride level and mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of 600 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 diagnosis (ICD10CM:U07.1) and/or SARS-CoV-2 positive testing results between March 1, 2020 and December 21, 2020 at a tertiary academic medical center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. De-identified data, including demographics, medical history, and blood triglyceride levels were collected and analyzed. Of the 600 patients, 109 patients died. The triglyceride value on admission was considered the baseline and the peak was defined as the highest level reported during the entire period of hospitalization. Hypertriglyceridemia was defined as greater than 150 mg/dl. Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between hypertriglyceridemia and mortality. RESULTS There was no significant difference in baseline triglyceride levels between non-survivors (n = 109) and survivors (n = 491) [Median 127 vs. 113 mg/dl, p = 0.213]. However, the non-survivors had significantly higher peak triglyceride levels during hospitalization [Median 179 vs. 134 mg/dl, p < 0.001]. Importantly, hypertriglyceridemia independently associated with mortality [odds ratio=2.3 (95% CI: 1.4-3.7, p = 0.001)], after adjusting for age, gender, obesity, history of hypertension and diabetes, high CRP, high leukocyte count and glucocorticoid treatment in a multivariable logistic regression model. CONCLUSIONS Hypertriglyceridemia during hospitalization is independently associated with 2.3 times higher mortality in COVID-19 patients. Prospective studies are needed to independently validate this retrospective analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dai
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Hayley Lund
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Yiliang Chen
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jue Zhang
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kristen Osinski
- Clinical & Translational Science Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Lisa Baumann Kreuziger
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - José A López
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Bloodworks Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ivor J Benjamin
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Roy L Silverstein
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ze Zheng
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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14
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Charchanti A, Kanavaros P, Koniaris E, Kataki A, Glantzounis G, Agnantis NJ, Goussia AC. Expression of Syndecan-1 in Chronic Liver Diseases: Correlation With Hepatic Fibrosis. In Vivo 2021; 35:333-339. [PMID: 33402482 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The mechanisms underlying the contribution of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-1 to liver tissue injury and to crucial biological processes, such as fibrogenesis, remain to be elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the immunohistochemical expression of syndecan-1 in chronic liver diseases (CLDs) and its probable role in hepatic fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of biopsy material obtained from 128 patients diagnosed with CLDs. The correlation between syndecan-1 expression and the stage of fibrosis was investigated. RESULTS According to the severity of fibrosis, cases were categorized into three groups: early fibrosis; intermediate fibrosis; advanced fibrosis. Syndecan-1 expression was significantly enhanced in advanced fibrosis compared to early (p<0.012) and intermediate (p<0.003) fibrosis. CONCLUSION In CLDs, syndecan-1 immunohisto-chemical overexpression was found to be positively correlated with the severity of fibrosis, suggesting its probable role in hepatic fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Charchanti
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis Kanavaros
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Efthymios Koniaris
- Department of Pathology-Anatomy, Hippocration Hospital of Athens, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Agapi Kataki
- Laboratory of Surgical Research, First Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Hippocration Hospital, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Glantzounis
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Niki J Agnantis
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Anna C Goussia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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15
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Cabodevilla AG, Tang S, Lee S, Mullick AE, Aleman JO, Hussain MM, Sessa WC, Abumrad NA, Goldberg IJ. Eruptive xanthoma model reveals endothelial cells internalize and metabolize chylomicrons, leading to extravascular triglyceride accumulation. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e145800. [PMID: 34128469 PMCID: PMC8203467 DOI: 10.1172/jci145800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tissue uptake of fatty acids from chylomicrons is primarily via lipoprotein lipase (LpL) hydrolysis of triglycerides (TGs), studies of patients with genetic LpL deficiency suggest additional pathways deliver dietary lipids to tissues. Despite an intact endothelial cell (EC) barrier, hyperchylomicronemic patients accumulate chylomicron-derived lipids within skin macrophages, leading to the clinical finding eruptive xanthomas. We explored whether an LpL-independent pathway exists for transfer of circulating lipids across the EC barrier. We found that LpL-deficient mice had a marked increase in aortic EC lipid droplets before and after a fat gavage. Cultured ECs internalized chylomicrons, which were hydrolyzed within lysosomes. The products of this hydrolysis fueled lipid droplet biogenesis in ECs and triggered lipid accumulation in cocultured macrophages. EC chylomicron uptake was inhibited by competition with HDL and knockdown of the scavenger receptor-BI (SR-BI). In vivo, SR-BI knockdown reduced TG accumulation in aortic ECs and skin macrophages of LpL-deficient mice. Thus, ECs internalize chylomicrons, metabolize them in lysosomes, and either store or release their lipids. This latter process may allow accumulation of TGs within skin macrophages and illustrates a pathway that might be responsible for creation of eruptive xanthomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainara G Cabodevilla
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Songtao Tang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sungwoon Lee
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Jose O Aleman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, NYU-Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - William C Sessa
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nada A Abumrad
- Nutritional Sciences, Department of Medicine and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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16
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Shrestha P, Adepu S, Vivès RR, Masri RE, Klooster A, Kaptein F, Dam W, Bakker SJL, van Goor H, van de Sluis B, van den Born J. Hypercholesterolemia in Progressive Renal Failure Is Associated with Changes in Hepatic Heparan Sulfate - PCSK9 Interaction. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:1371-1388. [PMID: 33758009 PMCID: PMC8259657 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020091376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia is an important risk factor in CKD. The liver clears triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) via LDL receptor (LDLR), LDLR-related protein-1 (LRP-1), and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), mostly syndecan-1. HSPGs also facilitate LDLR degradation by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). Progressive renal failure affects the structure and activity of hepatic lipoprotein receptors, PCSK9, and plasma cholesterol. METHODS Uninephrectomy- and aging-induced CKD in normotensive Wistar rats and hypertensive Munich-Wistar-Frömter (MWF) rats. RESULTS Compared with 22-week-old sex- and strain-matched rats, 48-week-old uninephrectomized Wistar-CKD and MWF-CKD rats showed proteinuria, increased plasma creatinine, and hypercholesterolemia (all P<0.05), which were most apparent in hypertensive MWF-CKD rats. Hepatic PCSK9 expression increased in both CKD groups (P<0.05), with unusual sinusoidal localization, which was not seen in 22-week-old rats. Heparan sulfate (HS) disaccharide analysis, staining with anti-HS mAbs, and mRNA expression of HS polymerase exostosin-1 (Ext-1), revealed elongated HS chains in both CKD groups. Solid-phase competition assays showed that the PCSK9 interaction with heparin-albumin (HS-proteoglycan analogue) was critically dependent on polysaccharide chain length. VLDL binding to HS from CKD livers was reduced (P<0.05). Proteinuria and plasma creatinine strongly associated with plasma cholesterol, PCSK9, and HS changes. CONCLUSIONS Progressive CKD induces hepatic HS elongation, leading to increased interaction with PCSK9. This might reduce hepatic lipoprotein uptake and thereby induce dyslipidemia in CKD. Therefore, PCSK9/HS may be a novel target to control dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragyi Shrestha
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saritha Adepu
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romain R. Vivès
- University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Institute of Structural Biology, Grenoble, France
| | - Rana El Masri
- University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Institute of Structural Biology, Grenoble, France
| | - Astrid Klooster
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Friesland, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Fleur Kaptein
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy Dam
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob van den Born
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Syndecan-1 (CD138), Carcinomas and EMT. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084227. [PMID: 33921767 PMCID: PMC8072910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface proteoglycans are known to be important regulators of many aspects of cell behavior. The principal family of transmembrane proteoglycans is the syndecans, of which there are four in mammals. Syndecan-1 is mostly restricted to epithelia, and bears heparan sulfate chains that are capable of interacting with a large array of polypeptides, including extracellular matrix components and potent mediators of proliferation, adhesion and migration. For this reason, it has been studied extensively with respect to carcinomas and tumor progression. Frequently, but not always, syndecan-1 levels decrease as tumor grade, stage and invasiveness and dedifferentiation increase. This parallels experiments that show depletion of syndecan-1 can be accompanied by loss of cadherin-mediated adhesion. However, in some tumors, levels of syndecan-1 increase, but the characterization of its distribution is relevant. There can be loss of membrane staining, but acquisition of cytoplasmic and/or nuclear staining that is abnormal. Moreover, the appearance of syndecan-1 in the tumor stroma, either associated with its cellular component or the collagenous matrix, is nearly always a sign of poor prognosis. Given its relevance to myeloma progression, syndecan-1-directed antibody—toxin conjugates are being tested in clinical and preclinical trials, and may have future relevance to some carcinomas.
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18
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Overexpression of Human Syndecan-1 Protects against the Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071548. [PMID: 33801718 PMCID: PMC8037268 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Syndecan-1 is a Janus-faced proteoglycan: depending on the type of cancer, it can promote or inhibit the development of tumors. Our previous in vitro experiments revealed that transfection of human syndecan-1 (hSDC1) into hepatoma cells, initiating hepatocyte-like differentiation. To further confirm the antitumor action of hSDC1 in the context of liver carcinogenesis, mice transgenic for albumin promoter-driven hSDC1 were created with exclusive expression of hSDC1 in the liver. Indeed, hSDC1 interfered with the development of liver cancer in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis experiments. The mechanism was found to be related to lipid metabolism that plays an important role in the induction of nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is known to promote the development of cancer; therefore, the oncoprotective effect of hSDC1 may be mediated by a beneficial modulation of lipid metabolism. Abstract Although syndecan-1 (SDC1) is known to be dysregulated in various cancer types, its implication in tumorigenesis is poorly understood. Its effect may be detrimental or protective depending on the type of cancer. Our previous data suggest that SDC1 is protective against hepatocarcinogenesis. To further verify this notion, human SDC1 transgenic (hSDC1+/+) mice were generated that expressed hSDC1 specifically in the liver under the control of the albumin promoter. Hepatocarcinogenesis was induced by a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) at an age of 15 days after birth, which resulted in tumors without cirrhosis in wild-type and hSDC1+/+ mice. At the experimental endpoint, livers were examined macroscopically and histologically, as well as by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, receptor tyrosine kinase array, phosphoprotein array, and proteomic analysis. Liver-specific overexpression of hSDC1 resulted in an approximately six month delay in tumor formation via the promotion of SDC1 shedding, downregulation of lipid metabolism, inhibition of the mTOR and the β-catenin pathways, and activation of the Foxo1 and p53 transcription factors that lead to the upregulation of the cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p27. Furthermore, both of them are implicated in the regulation of intermediary metabolism. Proteomic analysis showed enhanced lipid metabolism, activation of motor proteins, and loss of mitochondrial electron transport proteins as promoters of cancer in wild-type tumors, inhibited in the hSDC1+/+ livers. These complex mechanisms mimic the characteristics of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) induced human liver cancer successfully delayed by syndecan-1.
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19
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Lazaris V, Hatziri A, Symeonidis A, Kypreos KE. The Lipoprotein Transport System in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Myeloma: Advances and Challenges. Front Oncol 2021; 11:638288. [PMID: 33842343 PMCID: PMC8032975 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.638288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable neoplastic hematologic disorder characterized by malignant plasma cells, mainly in the bone marrow. MM is associated with multiple factors, such as lipid metabolism, obesity, and age-associated disease development. Although, the precise pathogenetic mechanisms remain unknown, abnormal lipid and lipoprotein levels have been reported in patients with MM. Interestingly, patients with higher APOA1 levels, the major apolipoprotein of high density lipoprotein (HDL), have better overall survival. The limited existing studies regarding serum lipoproteins in MM are inconclusive, and often contradictory. Nevertheless, it appears that deregulation of the lipoprotein transport system may facilitate the development of the disease. Here, we provide a critical review of the literature on the role of lipids and lipoproteins in MM pathophysiology. We also propose novel mechanisms, linking the development and progression of MM to the metabolism of blood lipoproteins. We anticipate that proteomic and lipidomic analyses of serum lipoproteins along with analyses of their functionality may improve our understanding and shed light on novel mechanistic aspects of MM pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Lazaris
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.,Hematology Clinic, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Hatziri
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Argiris Symeonidis
- Hematology Clinic, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Kyriakos E Kypreos
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.,Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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20
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Gómez Toledo A, Sorrentino JT, Sandoval DR, Malmström J, Lewis NE, Esko JD. A Systems View of the Heparan Sulfate Interactome. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:105-119. [PMID: 33494649 PMCID: PMC7841697 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420988661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans consist of a small family of proteins decorated with one or more covalently attached heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains. These chains have intricate structural patterns based on the position of sulfate groups and uronic acid epimers, which dictate their ability to engage a large repertoire of heparan sulfate-binding proteins, including extracellular matrix proteins, growth factors and morphogens, cytokines and chemokines, apolipoproteins and lipases, adhesion and growth factor receptors, and components of the complement and coagulation system. This review highlights recent progress in the characterization of the so-called "heparan sulfate interactome," with a major focus on systems-wide strategies as a tool for discovery and characterization of this subproteome. In addition, we compiled all heparan sulfate-binding proteins reported in the literature to date and grouped them into a few major functional classes by applying a networking approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gómez Toledo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - James T Sorrentino
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Daniel R Sandoval
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Johan Malmström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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21
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Gopal S, Arokiasamy S, Pataki C, Whiteford JR, Couchman JR. Syndecan receptors: pericellular regulators in development and inflammatory disease. Open Biol 2021; 11:200377. [PMID: 33561383 PMCID: PMC8061687 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The syndecans are the major family of transmembrane proteoglycans, usually bearing multiple heparan sulfate chains. They are present on virtually all nucleated cells of vertebrates and are also present in invertebrates, indicative of a long evolutionary history. Genetic models in both vertebrates and invertebrates have shown that syndecans link to the actin cytoskeleton and can fine-tune cell adhesion, migration, junction formation, polarity and differentiation. Although often associated as co-receptors with other classes of receptors (e.g. integrins, growth factor and morphogen receptors), syndecans can nonetheless signal to the cytoplasm in discrete ways. Syndecan expression levels are upregulated in development, tissue repair and an array of human diseases, which has led to the increased appreciation that they may be important in pathogenesis not only as diagnostic or prognostic agents, but also as potential targets. Here, their functions in development and inflammatory diseases are summarized, including their potential roles as conduits for viral pathogen entry into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Gopal
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Samantha Arokiasamy
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Csilla Pataki
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Biocentre 1.3.16, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - James R. Whiteford
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John R. Couchman
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Biocentre 1.3.16, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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22
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Jin W, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Glycosaminoglycans in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1325:189-204. [PMID: 34495536 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-70115-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides that consist of alternating disaccharides sequences of uronic acids and/or galactose hexamino sugars most of which are sulfated. GAGs are ubiquitously expressed on the cell surface, in the intracellular milieu and in the extracellular matrix of all animal cells. Thus, GAGs exhibit many essential roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. The targets of GAGs are GAG-binding proteins and related proteins that are of significant interest to both the academic community and in the pharmaceutical industry. In this review, the structures of GAGs, their binding proteins, and analogs are presented that further the development of GAGs and their analogs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA. .,Department of Biological Science, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
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23
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Jung S, Singh K, Del Sol A. FunRes: resolving tissue-specific functional cell states based on a cell-cell communication network model. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:5974949. [PMID: 33179736 PMCID: PMC8293827 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional specialization of cell types arises during development and is shaped by cell-cell communication networks determining a distribution of functional cell states that are collectively important for tissue functioning. However, the identification of these tissue-specific functional cell states remains challenging. Although a plethora of computational approaches have been successful in detecting cell types and subtypes, they fail in resolving tissue-specific functional cell states. To address this issue, we present FunRes, a computational method designed for the identification of functional cell states. FunRes relies on scRNA-seq data of a tissue to initially reconstruct the functional cell-cell communication network, which is leveraged for partitioning each cell type into functional cell states. We applied FunRes to 177 cell types in 10 different tissues and demonstrated that the detected states correspond to known functional cell states of various cell types, which cannot be recapitulated by existing computational tools. Finally, we characterize emerging and vanishing functional cell states in aging and disease, and demonstrate their involvement in key tissue functions. Thus, we believe that FunRes will be of great utility in the characterization of the functional landscape of cell types and the identification of dysfunctional cell states in aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Jung
- Computational Biology Group, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research and Technology Alliance), Derio, Bizkaia, 48160, Spain
| | - Kartikeya Singh
- Computational Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Antonio Del Sol
- Computational Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg.,Computational Biology Group, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research and Technology Alliance), Derio, Bizkaia, 48160, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, 48013, Spain
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24
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Kim TH, Banini BA, Asumda FZ, Campbell NA, Hu C, Moser CD, Shire AM, Han S, Ma C, Krishnan A, Mounajjed T, White TA, Gores GJ, LeBrasseur NK, Charlton MR, Roberts LR. Knockout of sulfatase 2 is associated with decreased steatohepatitis and fibrosis in a mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G333-G344. [PMID: 32683952 PMCID: PMC7509257 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00150.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sulfatase 2 (SULF2) is a heparan sulfate editing enzyme that regulates the milieu of growth factors and cytokines involved in a variety of cellular processes. We used a murine model of diet-induced steatohepatitis to assess the effect of SULF2 downregulation on the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver fibrosis. Wild-type B6;129 mice (WT) and Sulf2-knockout B6;129P2-SULF2Gt(PST111)Byg mice (Sulf2-KO) were fed a fast-food diet (FFD) rich in saturated fats, cholesterol, and fructose or a standard chow diet (SC) ad libitum for 9 mo. WT mice on FFD showed a threefold increase in hepatic Sulf2 mRNA expression, and a 2.2-fold increase in hepatic SULF2 protein expression compared with WT mice on SC. Knockout of Sulf2 led to a significant decrease in diet-mediated weight gain and dyslipidemia compared with WT mice on FFD. Knockout of Sulf2 also abrogated diet-induced steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrosis compared with WT mice on FFD. Furthermore, expression levels of the profibrogenic receptors TGFβR2 and PDGFRβ were significantly decreased in Sulf2-KO mice compared with WT mice on FFD. Together, our data suggest that knockout of Sulf2 significantly downregulates dyslipidemia, steatohepatitis, and hepatic fibrosis in a diet-induced mouse model of NAFLD, suggesting that targeting of SULF2 signaling may be a potential therapeutic mechanism in NASH.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report for the first time that in wild-type (WT) mice, fast-food diet (FFD) induced a threefold increase in hepatic Sulf2 mRNA and a 2.2-fold increase in sulfatase 2 (SULF2) protein expression compared with WT mice on standard chow diet (SC). We showed that knockout of SULF2 ameliorates FFD-induced obesity, hyperlipidemia, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis. These data, along with work from other laboratories, suggest that SULF2 may be critical to the ability of the liver to progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis in conditions of overnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyo Kim
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota,2Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Bubu A. Banini
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Faizal Z. Asumda
- 3Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nellie A. Campbell
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Chunling Hu
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Catherine D. Moser
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Abdirashid M. Shire
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Shaoshan Han
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Chenchao Ma
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Anuradha Krishnan
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Taofic Mounajjed
- 4Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Thomas A. White
- 5Robert & Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nathan K. LeBrasseur
- 4Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael R. Charlton
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lewis Rowland Roberts
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
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25
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Adam RC, Mintah IJ, Alexa-Braun CA, Shihanian LM, Lee JS, Banerjee P, Hamon SC, Kim HI, Cohen JC, Hobbs HH, Van Hout C, Gromada J, Murphy AJ, Yancopoulos GD, Sleeman MW, Gusarova V. Angiopoietin-like protein 3 governs LDL-cholesterol levels through endothelial lipase-dependent VLDL clearance. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1271-1286. [PMID: 32646941 PMCID: PMC7469887 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL)3 regulates plasma lipids by inhibiting LPL and endothelial lipase (EL). ANGPTL3 inactivation lowers LDL-C independently of the classical LDLR-mediated pathway and represents a promising therapeutic approach for individuals with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia due to LDLR mutations. Yet, how ANGPTL3 regulates LDL-C levels is unknown. Here, we demonstrate in hyperlipidemic humans and mice that ANGPTL3 controls VLDL catabolism upstream of LDL. Using kinetic, lipidomic, and biophysical studies, we show that ANGPTL3 inhibition reduces VLDL-lipid content and size, generating remnant particles that are efficiently removed from the circulation. This suggests that ANGPTL3 inhibition lowers LDL-C by limiting LDL particle production. Mechanistically, we discovered that EL is a key mediator of ANGPTL3's novel pathway. Our experiments revealed that, although dispensable in the presence of LDLR, EL-mediated processing of VLDL becomes critical for LDLR-independent particle clearance. In the absence of EL and LDLR, ANGPTL3 inhibition perturbed VLDL catabolism, promoted accumulation of atypical remnants, and failed to reduce LDL-C. Taken together, we uncover ANGPTL3 at the helm of a novel EL-dependent pathway that lowers LDL-C in the absence of LDLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene C Adam
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hye In Kim
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan C Cohen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Helen H Hobbs
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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26
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Kelly UL, Grigsby D, Cady MA, Landowski M, Skiba NP, Liu J, Remaley AT, Klingeborn M, Bowes Rickman C. High-density lipoproteins are a potential therapeutic target for age-related macular degeneration. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13601-13616. [PMID: 32737203 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. A hallmark of AMD is the overproduction of lipid- and protein-rich extracellular deposits that accumulate in the extracellular matrix (Bruch's membrane (BrM)) adjacent to the RPE. We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. The most striking difference is higher concentrations of ApoB and ApoE, which bind to glycosaminoglycans. We hypothesize that this interaction promotes lipoprotein deposition onto BrM glycosaminoglycans, initiating downstream effects that contribute to RPE dysfunction/death. We tested this hypothesis using two potential therapeutic strategies to alter the lipoprotein/protein profile of these extracellular deposits. First, we used short heparan sulfate oligosaccharides to remove lipoproteins already deposited in both the extracellular matrix of RPE cells and aged donor BrM tissue. Second, an ApoA-1 mimetic, 5A peptide, was demonstrated to modulate the composition and concentration of apolipoproteins secreted from primary porcine RPE cells. Significantly, in a mouse model of AMD, this 5A peptide altered the proteomic profile of circulating HDL and ameliorated some of the potentially harmful changes to the protein composition resulting from the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet in this model. Together, these results suggest that targeting HDL interactions with BrM represents a new strategy to slow AMD progression in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una L Kelly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel Grigsby
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Martha A Cady
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Landowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nikolai P Skiba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mikael Klingeborn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Catherine Bowes Rickman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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27
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Spitler KM, Davies BSJ. Aging and plasma triglyceride metabolism. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1161-1167. [PMID: 32586846 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r120000922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk for metabolic disease, including metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and diabetes, increases with age. Altered plasma TG metabolism and changes in fatty acid partitioning are also major contributors to metabolic disease. Plasma TG metabolism itself is altered by age in humans and rodents. As discussed in this review, the age-induced changes in human TG metabolism include increased plasma TG levels, reduced postprandial plasma TG clearance rates, reduced postheparin LPL activity, decreased adipose tissue lipolysis, and elevated ectopic fat deposition, all of which could potentially contribute to age-associated metabolic diseases. Similar observations have been made in aged rats. We highlight the limitations of currently available data and propose that mechanistic studies are needed to understand the extent to which age-induced alterations in TG metabolism contribute to metabolic disease. Such mechanistic insights could aid in therapeutic strategies for preventing or managing metabolic disease in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Spitler
- Department of Biochemistry, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, and Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Brandon S J Davies
- Department of Biochemistry, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, and Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
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28
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Pessentheiner AR, Ducasa GM, Gordts PLSM. Proteoglycans in Obesity-Associated Metabolic Dysfunction and Meta-Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:769. [PMID: 32508807 PMCID: PMC7248225 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are a specific subset of glycoproteins found at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, where they interact with a plethora of proteins involved in metabolic homeostasis and meta-inflammation. Over the last decade, new insights have emerged on the mechanism and biological significance of these interactions in the context of diet-induced disorders such as obesity and type-2 diabetes. Complications of energy metabolism drive most diet-induced metabolic disorders, which results in low-grade chronic inflammation, thereby affecting proper function of many vital organs involved in energy homeostasis, such as the brain, liver, kidney, heart and adipose tissue. Here, we discuss how heparan, chondroitin and keratan sulfate proteoglycans modulate obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction and low-grade inflammation that impact the initiation and progression of obesity-associated morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane R. Pessentheiner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - G. Michelle Ducasa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Philip L. S. M. Gordts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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29
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Jaiswal AK, Sadasivam M, Aja S, Hamad ARA. Lack of Syndecan-1 produces significant alterations in whole-body composition, metabolism and glucose homeostasis in mice. World J Diabetes 2020; 11:126-136. [PMID: 32313611 PMCID: PMC7156300 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v11.i4.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a disease state with serious adverse metabolic complications, including glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes that currently has no cure. Identifying and understanding roles of various modulators of body composition and glucose homeostasis is required for developing effective cures. Syndecan-1 (Sdc1) is a member of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan family that has mainly been investigated for its role in regulating proliferation and survival of epithelia and tumor cells, but little is known about its roles in regulating obesity and glucose homeostasis.
AIM To examine the role of Sdc1 in regulating body fat and glucose metabolism.
METHODS We used female wild type and Sdc1 knockout (Sdc1 KO) mice on BALB/c background and multiple methods. Metabolic measurements (rates of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, respiratory exchange ratio and energy expenditure) were performed using an open-flow indirect calorimeter with additional features to measure food intake and physical activity. Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance were measured by established tolerance test methods.
RESULTS Although our primary goal was to investigate the effects of Sdc1 deficiency on body fat and glucose homeostasis, we uncovered that Sdc1 regulates multiple metabolic parameters. Sdc1KO mice have reduced body weight due to significant decreases in fat and lean masses under both chow and high fat diet conditions. The reduced body weight was not due to changes in food intakes, but Sdc1 KO mice exhibited altered feeding behavior as they ate more during the dark phase and less during the light phase than wild type mice. In addition, Sdc1 KO mice suffered from high rate of energy expenditure, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance.
CONCLUSION These results reveal critical multisystem and opposing roles for Sdc1 in regulating normal energy balance and glucose homeostasis. The results will have important implications for targeting Sdc1 to modulate metabolic parameters. Finally, we offer a novel hypothesis that could reconcile the opposing roles associated with Sdc1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Mohanraj Sadasivam
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Susan Aja
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Abdel Rahim A Hamad
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
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30
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Chait A, Ginsberg HN, Vaisar T, Heinecke JW, Goldberg IJ, Bornfeldt KE. Remnants of the Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease. Diabetes 2020; 69:508-516. [PMID: 32198194 PMCID: PMC7085249 DOI: 10.2337/dbi19-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is now a pandemic disease. Moreover, a large number of people with prediabetes are at risk for developing frank diabetes worldwide. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes increase the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Even with statin treatment to lower LDL cholesterol, patients with diabetes have a high residual CVD risk. Factors mediating the residual risk are incompletely characterized. An attractive hypothesis is that remnant lipoprotein particles (RLPs), derived by lipolysis from VLDL and chylomicrons, contribute to this residual risk. RLPs constitute a heterogeneous population of lipoprotein particles, varying markedly in size and composition. Although a universally accepted definition is lacking, for the purpose of this review we define RLPs as postlipolytic partially triglyceride-depleted particles derived from chylomicrons and VLDL that are relatively enriched in cholesteryl esters and apolipoprotein (apo)E. RLPs derived from chylomicrons contain apoB48, while those derived from VLDL contain apoB100. Clarity as to the role of RLPs in CVD risk is hampered by lack of a widely accepted definition and a paucity of adequate methods for their accurate and precise quantification. New specific methods for RLP quantification would greatly improve our understanding of their biology and role in promoting atherosclerosis in diabetes and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Chait
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Henry N Ginsberg
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jay W Heinecke
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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31
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Santamaria S. ADAMTS-5: A difficult teenager turning 20. Int J Exp Pathol 2020; 101:4-20. [PMID: 32219922 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin motif (ADAMTS)-5 was identified in 1999 as one of the enzymes responsible for cleaving aggrecan, the major proteoglycan in articular cartilage. Studies in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo have validated ADAMTS-5 as a target in osteoarthritis (OA), a disease characterized by extensive degradation of aggrecan. For this reason, it attracted the interest of many research groups aiming to develop a therapeutic treatment for OA patients. However, ADAMTS-5 proteoglycanase activity is not only involved in the dysregulated aggrecan proteolysis, which occurs in OA, but also in the physiological turnover of other related proteoglycans. In particular, versican, a major ADAMTS-5 substrate, plays an important structural role in heart and blood vessels and its proteolytic processing by ADAMTS-5 must be tightly regulated. On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the discovery of ADAMTS-5, this review looks at the evidence for its detrimental role in OA, as well as its physiological turnover of cardiovascular proteoglycans. Moreover, the other potential functions of this enzyme are highlighted. Finally, challenges and emerging trends in ADAMTS-5 research are discussed.
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32
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Mbikay M, Mayne J, Chrétien M. The enigma of soluble LDLR: could inflammation be the key? Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:17. [PMID: 32014013 PMCID: PMC6998292 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-1199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor (sLDLR) is the circulating ectodomain of transmembrane LDLR. Its blood level strongly correlates with that of triglycerides (TG). This correlation has eluded satisfactory explanation. Hypertriglyceridemia and shedding of the ectodomain of many transmembrane receptors often accompany inflammatory states. The shedding mostly occurs through cleavage by a disintegrin-and-metalloproteinase-17 (ADAM-17), an enzyme activated by inflammation. It reduces the cellular uptake of TG-loaded lipoproteins, causing their accumulation in circulation; hence the correlation between plasma sLDLR and TG. Soluble LDLR could become a new surrogate marker of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majambu Mbikay
- Functional Endoproteolysis Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec, H2W 1R7, Canada. .,Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Janice Mayne
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michel Chrétien
- Functional Endoproteolysis Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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33
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Anower-E-Khuda F, Singh G, Deng Y, Gordts PLSM, Esko JD. Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein binding and uptake by heparan sulfate proteoglycan receptors in a CRISPR/Cas9 library of Hep3B mutants. Glycobiology 2020; 29:582-592. [PMID: 31094413 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding and uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in mice depend on heparan sulfate and the hepatic proteoglycan, syndecan-1 (SDC1). Alteration of glucosamine N-sulfation by deletion of glucosamine N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase 1 (Ndst1) and 2-O-sulfation of uronic acids by deletion of uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (Hs2st) led to diminished lipoprotein metabolism, whereas inactivation of glucosaminyl 6-O-sulfotransferase 1 (Hs6st1), which encodes one of the three 6-O-sulfotransferases, had little effect on lipoprotein binding. However, other studies have suggested that 6-O-sulfation may be important for TRL binding and uptake. In order to explain these discrepant findings, we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to create a library of mutants in the human hepatoma cell line, Hep3B. Inactivation of EXT1 encoding the heparan sulfate copolymerase, NDST1 and HS2ST dramatically reduced binding of TRLs. Inactivation of HS6ST1 had no effect, but deletion of HS6ST2 reduced TRL binding. Compounding mutations in HS6ST1 and HS6ST2 did not exacerbate this effect indicating that HS6ST2 is the dominant 6-O-sulfotransferase and that binding of TRLs indeed depends on 6-O-sulfation of glucosamine residues. Uptake studies showed that TRL internalization was also affected in 6-O-sulfation deficient cells. Interestingly, genetic deletion of SDC1 only marginally impacted binding of TRLs but reduced TRL uptake to the same extent as treating the cells with heparin lyases. These findings confirm that SDC1 is the dominant endocytic proteoglycan receptor for TRLs in human Hep3B cells and that binding and uptake of TRLs depend on SDC1 and N- and 2-O-sulfation as well as 6-O-sulfation of heparan sulfate chains catalyzed by HS6ST2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yiping Deng
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Juventas Cell Therapy Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Medicine.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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34
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Sundberg EL, Deng Y, Burd CG. Syndecan-1 Mediates Sorting of Soluble Lipoprotein Lipase with Sphingomyelin-Rich Membrane in the Golgi Apparatus. Dev Cell 2019; 51:387-398.e4. [PMID: 31543446 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the secretory pathway, budding of vesicular transport carriers from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) must coordinate specification of lipid composition with selection of secreted proteins. We elucidate a mechanism of soluble protein cargo sorting into secretory vesicles with a sphingomyelin-rich membrane; the integral membrane proteoglycan Syndecan-1 (SDC1) acts as a sorting receptor, capturing the soluble enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL) during export from the TGN. Sorting of LPL requires bivalent interactions between LPL and SDC1-linked heparan sulfate chains and between LPL and the Golgi membrane. Physical features of the SDC1 transmembrane domain, rather than a specific sequence, confer targeting of SDC1 and bound LPL into the sphingomyelin secretion pathway. This study establishes that physicochemical properties of a protein transmembrane domain that drive lateral heterogeneity of the plasma membrane also operate at the TGN to confer sorting of an integral membrane protein and its ligand within the biosynthetic secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Sundberg
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yongqiang Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christopher G Burd
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Factors Enhancing Serum Syndecan-1 Concentrations: A Large-Scale Comprehensive Medical Examination. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091320. [PMID: 31462009 PMCID: PMC6780947 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial disorders are related to various diseases. An initial endothelial injury is characterized by endothelial glycocalyx injury. We aimed to evaluate endothelial glycocalyx injury by measuring serum syndecan-1 concentrations in patients during comprehensive medical examinations. A single-center, prospective, observational study was conducted at Asahi University Hospital. The participants enrolled in this study were 1313 patients who underwent comprehensive medical examinations at Asahi University Hospital from January 2018 to June 2018. One patient undergoing hemodialysis was excluded from the study. At enrollment, blood samples were obtained, and study personnel collected demographic and clinical data. No treatments or exposures were conducted except for standard medical examinations and blood sample collection. Laboratory data were obtained by the collection of blood samples at the time of study enrolment. According to nonlinear regression, the concentrations of serum syndecan-1 were significantly related to age (p = 0.016), aspartic aminotransferase concentration (AST, p = 0.020), blood urea nitrogen concentration (BUN, p = 0.013), triglyceride concentration (p < 0.001), and hematocrit (p = 0.006). These relationships were independent associations. Endothelial glycocalyx injury, which is reflected by serum syndecan-1 concentrations, is related to age, hematocrit, AST concentration, BUN concentration, and triglyceride concentration.
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Kasza I, Adler D, Nelson DW, Eric Yen CL, Dumas S, Ntambi JM, MacDougald OA, Hernando D, Porter WP, Best FA, Alexander CM. Evaporative cooling provides a major metabolic energy sink. Mol Metab 2019; 27:47-61. [PMID: 31302039 PMCID: PMC6717770 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Elimination of food calories as heat could help redress the excess accumulation of metabolic energy exhibited as obesity. Prior studies have focused on the induction of thermogenesis in beige and brown adipose tissues as the application of this principle, particularly because the β-adrenergic environment associated with thermogenic activation has been shown to have positive health implications. The counterpoint to this strategy is the regulation of heat loss; we propose that mammals with inefficient heat conservation will require more thermogenesis to maintain body temperature. Methods Surface temperature thermography and rates of trans-epidermal water loss were integrated to profile the total heat transfer of genetically-engineered and genetically variable mice. Results These data were incorporated with energy expenditure data to generate a biophysical profile to test the significance of increased rates of evaporative cooling. Conclusions We show that mouse skins vary considerably in their heat retention properties, whether because of naturally occurring variation (SKH-1 mice), or genetic modification of the heat-retaining lipid lamellae (SCD1, DGAT1 or Agouti Ay obese mice). In particular, we turn attention to widely different rates of evaporative cooling as the result of trans-epidermal water loss; higher rates of heat loss by evaporative cooling leads to increased demand for thermogenesis. We speculate that this physiology could be harnessed to create an energy sink to assist with strategies aimed at treating metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Kasza
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Doug Adler
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - David W Nelson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - C-L Eric Yen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Sabrina Dumas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - James M Ntambi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, United States
| | - Diego Hernando
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Warren P Porter
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Fred A Best
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - C M Alexander
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States.
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Bång-Rudenstam A, Cerezo-Magaña M, Belting M. Pro-metastatic functions of lipoproteins and extracellular vesicles in the acidic tumor microenvironment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2019; 38:79-92. [PMID: 30767150 PMCID: PMC6647379 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the overall mortality in cancer is steadily decreasing, major groups of patients still respond poorly to available treatments. The key clinical challenge discussed here relates to the inherent capacity of cancer cells to metabolically adapt to hypoxic and acidic stress, resulting in treatment resistance and a pro-metastatic behavior. Hence, a detailed understanding of stress adaptive responses is critical for the design of more rational therapeutic strategies for cancer. We will focus on the emerging role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and lipoprotein particles in cancer cell metabolic stress adaptation and how these pathways may constitute potential Achilles' heels of the cancer cell machinery and alternative treatment targets of metastasis. In this context, common extracellular lipid uptake mechanisms, involving specific cell-surface receptors and endocytic pathways, may operate during remodeling of acidic atherosclerotic plaques as well as the tumor microenvironment. The role of endocytosis in regulating the cellular response to hypoxic and acidic stress through spatial coordination of receptor proteins may be exploited for therapeutic purposes. As a consequence, molecular mechanisms of endocytosis have attracted increasing attention as potential targets for tumor specific delivery of therapeutic substances, such as antibody-drug conjugates. The identification of internalizing surface proteins specific to the acidic tumor niche remains an unmet need of high clinical relevance. Among the currently explored, acidosis-related, internalizing target proteins, we will focus on the cell-surface proteoglycan carbonic anhydrase 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bång-Rudenstam
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Myriam Cerezo-Magaña
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Belting
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden.
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Corti F, Wang Y, Rhodes JM, Atri D, Archer-Hartmann S, Zhang J, Zhuang ZW, Chen D, Wang T, Wang Z, Azadi P, Simons M. N-terminal syndecan-2 domain selectively enhances 6-O heparan sulfate chains sulfation and promotes VEGFA 165-dependent neovascularization. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1562. [PMID: 30952866 PMCID: PMC6450910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteoglycan Syndecan-2 (Sdc2) has been implicated in regulation of cytoskeleton organization, integrin signaling and developmental angiogenesis in zebrafish. Here we report that mice with global and inducible endothelial-specific deletion of Sdc2 display marked angiogenic and arteriogenic defects and impaired VEGFA165 signaling. No such abnormalities are observed in mice with deletion of the closely related Syndecan-4 (Sdc4) gene. These differences are due to a significantly higher 6-O sulfation level in Sdc2 versus Sdc4 heparan sulfate (HS) chains, leading to an increase in VEGFA165 binding sites and formation of a ternary Sdc2-VEGFA165-VEGFR2 complex which enhances VEGFR2 activation. The increased Sdc2 HS chains 6-O sulfation is driven by a specific N-terminal domain sequence; the insertion of this sequence in Sdc4 N-terminal domain increases 6-O sulfation of its HS chains and promotes Sdc2-VEGFA165-VEGFR2 complex formation. This demonstrates the existence of core protein-determined HS sulfation patterns that regulate specific biological activities. Proteoglycans are glycosylated proteins that play a number of structural and signalling functions. Here, Corti, Wang et al. show that the N-terminal sequence of proteoglycan Syndecan-2 selectively increases 6-O sulfation of its heparan sulfate chains, and that this promotes formation of a ternary Sdc2/VEGFA/VEGFR2 complex leading to increased angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Corti
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Yingdi Wang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - John M Rhodes
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Deepak Atri
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Stephanie Archer-Hartmann
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jiasheng Zhang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Zhen W Zhuang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Dongying Chen
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Tianyun Wang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Zhirui Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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WNT5A is transported via lipoprotein particles in the cerebrospinal fluid to regulate hindbrain morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1498. [PMID: 30940800 PMCID: PMC6445127 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
WNTs are lipid-modified proteins that control multiple functions in development and disease via short- and long-range signaling. However, it is unclear how these hydrophobic molecules spread over long distances in the mammalian brain. Here we show that WNT5A is produced by the choroid plexus (ChP) of the developing hindbrain, but not the telencephalon, in both mouse and human. Since the ChP produces and secretes the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), we examine the presence of WNT5A in the CSF and find that it is associated with lipoprotein particles rather than exosomes. Moreover, since the CSF flows along the apical surface of hindbrain progenitors not expressing Wnt5a, we examined whether deletion of Wnt5a in the ChP controls their function and find that cerebellar morphogenesis is impaired. Our study thus identifies the CSF as a route and lipoprotein particles as a vehicle for long-range transport of biologically active WNT in the central nervous system.
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Chute C, Yang X, Meyer K, Yang N, O'Neil K, Kasza I, Eliceiri K, Alexander C, Friedl A. Syndecan-1 induction in lung microenvironment supports the establishment of breast tumor metastases. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:66. [PMID: 29976229 PMCID: PMC6034333 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-0995-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Syndecan-1 (Sdc1), a cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan normally expressed primarily by epithelia and plasma cells, is aberrantly induced in stromal fibroblasts of breast carcinomas. Stromal fibroblast-derived Sdc1 participates in paracrine growth stimulation of breast carcinoma cells and orchestrates stromal extracellular matrix fiber alignment, thereby creating a migration and invasion-permissive microenvironment. Here, we specifically tested the role of stromal Sdc1 in metastasis. Methods The metastatic potential of the aggressive mouse mammary carcinoma cell lines, 4T1 and E0776, was tested in wild-type and genetically Sdc1-deficient host animals. Metastatic lesions were characterized by immunohistochemical analysis. Results After orthotopic inoculation, the lung metastatic burden was reduced in Sdc1−/− animals by 97% and more than 99%, in BALB/cJ and C57BL/6 animals, respectively. The difference in metastatic efficiency was maintained when the tumor cells were injected into the tail vein, suggesting that host Sdc1 exerts its effect during later stages of the metastatic cascade. Co-localization studies identified Sdc1 expression in stromal fibroblasts within the metastatic microenvironment and in normal airway epithelial cells but not in other cells (endothelial cells, α-smooth muscle actin positive cells, leucocytes, macrophages). The Ki67 proliferation index and the rate of apoptosis of the metastatic tumor cells were diminished in Sdc1−/− vs. Sdc1+/+ animals, and leucocyte density was indistinguishable. Sdc1-mediated metastatic efficiency was abolished when the animals were housed at a thermoneutral ambient temperature of 31 °C, suggesting that the host Sdc1 effect on metastasis requires mild cold stress. Conclusions In summary, Sdc1 is induced in the lung microenvironment after mammary carcinoma cell dissemination and promotes outgrowth of metastases in a temperature-dependent manner. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13058-018-0995-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Chute
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6051 WIMR, MC-2275, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Xinhai Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6051 WIMR, MC-2275, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Kristy Meyer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6051 WIMR, MC-2275, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6051 WIMR, MC-2275, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Keelin O'Neil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6051 WIMR, MC-2275, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Ildiko Kasza
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kevin Eliceiri
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA.,Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Caroline Alexander
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andreas Friedl
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6051 WIMR, MC-2275, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA. .,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Madison, WI, USA. .,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA.
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Menard JA, Cerezo-Magaña M, Belting M. Functional role of extracellular vesicles and lipoproteins in the tumour microenvironment. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2016.0480. [PMID: 29158310 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer can be regarded as an invasive organ that exhibits unique plasticity provided by coordinated, cancer cell-stromal cell communication in the tumour microenvironment. Typical stress factors in the tumour niche, such as hypoxia and acidosis, are major drivers and modulators of these events. Recent findings reveal an important role of extracellular vesicles and lipoproteins in cancer cell adaption to exogenous stress. Adaptive mechanisms include stimulation of angiogenesis and increased metastasis. Here, we will discuss the similarities and distinct features of these endogenous nanoparticles and their roles as signalosomes and nutrient sources in cancer. We will focus on the accumulating evidence for a central role of cell-surface heparan sulphate proteoglycans in the uptake of extracellular vesicles and lipoproteins.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Extracellular vesicles and the tumour microenvironment'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien A Menard
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Myriam Cerezo-Magaña
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Belting
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden .,Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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42
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Gordts PLSM, Esko JD. The heparan sulfate proteoglycan grip on hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:262-282. [PMID: 29803939 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are found at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, where they interact with a plethora of proteins involved in lipid homeostasis and inflammation. Over the last decade, new insights have emerged regarding the mechanism and biological significance of these interactions in the context of cardiovascular disease. The majority of cardiovascular disease-related deaths are caused by complications of atherosclerosis, a disease that results in narrowing of the arterial lumen, thereby reducing blood flow to critical levels in vital organs, such as the heart and brain. Here, we discuss novel insights into how heparan sulfate proteoglycans modulate risk factors such as hyperlipidemia and inflammation that drive the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques to their clinical critical endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Kim K, Goldberg IJ, Graham MJ, Sundaram M, Bertaggia E, Lee SX, Qiang L, Haeusler RA, Metzger D, Chambon P, Yao Z, Ginsberg HN, Pajvani UB. γ-Secretase Inhibition Lowers Plasma Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins by Stabilizing the LDL Receptor. Cell Metab 2018; 27:816-827.e4. [PMID: 29576536 PMCID: PMC5884729 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Excess plasma triglycerides (TGs) are a key component of obesity-induced metabolic syndrome. We have shown that γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) treatment improves glucose tolerance due to inhibition of hepatic Notch signaling but found additional Notch-independent reduction of plasma TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in GSI-treated, as well as hepatocyte-specific, γ-secretase knockout (L-Ncst) mice, which suggested a primary effect on hepatocyte TRL uptake. Indeed, we found increased VLDL and LDL particle uptake in L-Ncst hepatocytes and Ncst-deficient hepatoma cells, in part through reduced γ-secretase-mediated low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) cleavage and degradation. To exploit this novel finding, we generated a liver-selective Nicastrin ASO, which recapitulated glucose and lipid improvements of L-Ncst mice, with increased levels of hepatocyte LDLR. Collectively, these results identify the role of hepatic γ-secretase to regulate LDLR and suggest that liver-specific GSIs may simultaneously improve multiple aspects of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- KyeongJin Kim
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Meenakshi Sundaram
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Enrico Bertaggia
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel X Lee
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Qiang
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca A Haeusler
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Zemin Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Utpal B Pajvani
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Al-Sharea A, Murphy AJ, Huggins LA, Hu Y, Goldberg IJ, Nagareddy PR. SGLT2 inhibition reduces atherosclerosis by enhancing lipoprotein clearance in Ldlr -/- type 1 diabetic mice. Atherosclerosis 2018. [PMID: 29518749 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Leukocytosis, particularly monocytosis, has been shown to promote atherosclerosis in both diabetic and non-diabetic mouse models. We previously showed that hyperglycemia independently promotes monocytosis and impairs the resolution of atherosclerosis. Since patients with chronic diabetes often develop dyslipidemia and also have increased risk for atherosclerosis, we sought to examine how controlling blood glucose affects atherosclerosis development in the presence of severe hyperlipidemia. METHODS Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin (STZ) in low density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr) knockout (Ldlr-/-) mice after which they were fed a high-cholesterol diet for 4 weeks. Control and diabetic mice were treated with vehicle or sodium glucose cotransporter inhibitor (SGLT2i, Phlorizin or Dapagliflozin) for the duration of the diet. RESULTS Induction of diabetes resulted in a dramatic increase in plasma cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels. These mice also exhibited an increased number of circulating monocytes and neutrophils. Monocytosis was driven by increased proliferation of progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Tighter glycemic control by SGLT2i treatment not only reduced monocytosis and atherosclerosis but also improved plasma lipoprotein profile. Interestingly, improved lipoprotein profile was not due to decreased TG synthesis or clearance via low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (Lrp) 1 or scavenger receptor class B member (Scarb1) pathways, but likely mediated by heparin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG)-dependent clearance mechanisms in the liver. Further examination of the liver revealed an important role for bile acid transporters (Abcg5, Abcg8) and cytochrome P450 enzymes in the clearance of hepatic cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that tighter glycemic control in diabetes can improve lipoprotein clearance exclusive of Ldlr, likely via HSPG and bile acid pathways, and has an overall net positive effect on atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 8/metabolism
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/blood
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Benzhydryl Compounds/pharmacology
- Biomarkers/blood
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Cholesterol, Dietary
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Glucosides/pharmacology
- Heparin/analogs & derivatives
- Heparin/metabolism
- Hyperlipidemias/blood
- Hyperlipidemias/drug therapy
- Hyperlipidemias/genetics
- Lipoproteins/blood
- Lipoproteins/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Phlorhizin/pharmacology
- Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Streptozocin
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - L A Huggins
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA; Dept. of Medicine, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Y Hu
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA; Dept. of Medicine, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA; Dept. of Medicine, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Prabhakara R Nagareddy
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA; Dept. of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
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Tong W, Dwyer CA, Thacker BE, Glass CA, Brown JR, Hamill K, Moremen KW, Sarrazin S, Gordts PLSM, Dozier LE, Patrick GN, Tor Y, Esko JD. Guanidinylated Neomycin Conjugation Enhances Intranasal Enzyme Replacement in the Brain. Mol Ther 2017; 25:2743-2752. [PMID: 28958576 PMCID: PMC5768556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iduronidase (IDUA)-deficient mice accumulate glycosaminoglycans in cells and tissues and exhibit many of the same neuropathological symptoms of patients suffering from Mucopolysaccharidosis I. Intravenous enzyme-replacement therapy for Mucopolysaccharidosis I ameliorates glycosaminoglycan storage and many of the somatic aspects of the disease but fails to treat neurological symptoms due to poor transport across the blood-brain barrier. In this study, we examined the delivery of IDUA conjugated to guanidinoneomycin (GNeo), a molecular transporter. GNeo-IDUA and IDUA injected intravenously resulted in reduced hepatic glycosaminoglycan accumulation but had no effect in the brain due to fast clearance from the circulation. In contrast, intranasally administered GNeo-IDUA entered the brain rapidly. Repetitive intranasal treatment with GNeo-IDUA reduced glycosaminoglycan storage, lysosome size and number, and neurodegenerative astrogliosis in the olfactory bulb and primary somatosensory cortex, whereas IDUA was less effective. The enhanced efficacy of GNeo-IDUA was not the result of increased nose-to-brain delivery or enzyme stability, but rather due to more efficient uptake into neurons and astrocytes. GNeo conjugation also enhanced glycosaminoglycan clearance by intranasally delivered sulfamidase to the brain of sulfamidase-deficient mice, a model of Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA. These findings suggest the general utility of the guanidinoglycoside-based delivery system for restoring missing lysosomal enzymes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyong Tong
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Chrissa A Dwyer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Bryan E Thacker
- TEGA Therapeutics, Inc., 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0713, USA
| | - Charles A Glass
- TEGA Therapeutics, Inc., 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0713, USA
| | - Jillian R Brown
- TEGA Therapeutics, Inc., 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0713, USA
| | - Kristina Hamill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Department of Biochemistry, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Stéphane Sarrazin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Lara E Dozier
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0366 USA
| | - Gentry N Patrick
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0366 USA
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA.
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Chen K, Wu Q, Hu K, Yang C, Wu X, Cheung P, Williams KJ. Suppression of Hepatic FLOT1 (Flotillin-1) by Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Impairs the Disposal of Remnant Lipoproteins via Syndecan-1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 38:102-113. [PMID: 29162604 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the atherometabolic syndrome exhibit a deadly dyslipoproteinemia that arises in part from impaired hepatic disposal of C-TRLs (cholesterol- and triglyceride-rich remnant apoB [apolipoprotein B] lipoproteins). We previously identified syndecan-1 as a receptor for C-TRLs that directly mediates endocytosis via rafts, independent from coated pits. Caveolins and flotillins form rafts but facilitate distinct endocytotic pathways. We now investigated their participation in syndecan-1-mediated disposal of C-TRLs and their expression in T2DM liver. APPROACH AND RESULTS In cultured liver cells and nondiabetic murine livers, we found that syndecan-1 coimmunoprecipitates with FLOT1 (flotillin-1) but not with CAV1 (caveolin-1). Binding of C-TRLs to syndecan-1 on the surface of liver cells enhanced syndecan-1/FLOT1 association. The 2 molecules then trafficked together into the lysosomes, implying limited if any recycling back to the cell surface. The interaction requires the transmembrane/cytoplasmic region of syndecan-1 and the N-terminal hydrophobic domain of FLOT1. Knockdown of FLOT1 in cultured liver cells substantially inhibited syndecan-1 endocytosis. Livers from obese, T2DM KKAy mice exhibited 60% to 70% less FLOT1 protein and mRNA than in nondiabetic KK livers. An adenoviral construct to enhance hepatic expression of wild-type FLOT1 in T2DM mice normalized plasma triglycerides, whereas a mutant FLOT1 missing its N-terminal hydrophobic domain had no effect. Moreover, the adenoviral vector for wild-type FLOT1 lowered plasma triglyceride excursions and normalized retinyl excursions in T2DM KKAy mice after a corn oil gavage, without affecting postprandial production of C-TRLs. CONCLUSIONS FLOT1 is a novel participant in the disposal of harmful C-TRLs via syndecan-1. Low expression of FLOT1 in T2DM liver may contribute to metabolic dyslipoproteinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyang Chen
- From the School of Public Health (K.C., Q.W., C.Y.) and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (K.H.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.C., X.W., P.C., K.J.W.); and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.).
| | - Qingsi Wu
- From the School of Public Health (K.C., Q.W., C.Y.) and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (K.H.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.C., X.W., P.C., K.J.W.); and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.)
| | - Kongwang Hu
- From the School of Public Health (K.C., Q.W., C.Y.) and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (K.H.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.C., X.W., P.C., K.J.W.); and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.)
| | - Chengwei Yang
- From the School of Public Health (K.C., Q.W., C.Y.) and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (K.H.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.C., X.W., P.C., K.J.W.); and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.)
| | - Xiangdong Wu
- From the School of Public Health (K.C., Q.W., C.Y.) and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (K.H.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.C., X.W., P.C., K.J.W.); and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.)
| | - Peter Cheung
- From the School of Public Health (K.C., Q.W., C.Y.) and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (K.H.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.C., X.W., P.C., K.J.W.); and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.)
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- From the School of Public Health (K.C., Q.W., C.Y.) and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (K.H.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.C., X.W., P.C., K.J.W.); and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.).
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Nam EJ, Hayashida K, Aquino RS, Couchman JR, Kozar RA, Liu J, Park PW. Syndecan-1 limits the progression of liver injury and promotes liver repair in acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Hepatology 2017; 66:1601-1615. [PMID: 28543100 PMCID: PMC6516470 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Accidental or intentional misuse of acetaminophen (APAP) is the leading cause of acute liver failure in the Western world. Although mechanisms that trigger APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) are well known, those that halt the progression of APAP liver disease and facilitate liver recovery are less understood. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) bind to and regulate various tissue injury factors through their heparan sulfate (HS) chains, but the importance of HSPGs in liver injury in vivo remains unknown. Here, we examined the role of syndecan-1, the major cell-surface HSPG of hepatocytes, in AILI. Ablation of syndecan-1 in mice led to unopposed progression of liver injury upon APAP overdose. However, direct APAP hepatoxicity and liver injury at early times post-APAP overdose were unaffected by syndecan-1, suggesting that syndecan-1 influences later mechanisms that lead to liver repair. The exuberant liver injury phenotypes in syndecan-1 null (Sdc1-/- ) mice were traced to a deficiency in protein kinase B (Akt) activation in hepatocytes, which led to a delayed increase in glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis. Inhibition of Akt worsened, whereas inhibition of GSK-3β and caspases protected mice from AILI. Moreover, administration of purified syndecan-1, HS, or engineered heparan compounds containing 2-O-sulfate groups rescued Sdc1-/- mice from AILI by potentiating Akt signaling and inhibiting GSK-3β-mediated apoptosis in hepatocytes. In addition, HS showed a significantly prolonged therapeutic efficacy as compared to N-acetylcysteine. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that 2-O-sulfated domains in syndecan-1 HS halt disease progression and promote liver repair by enhancing hepatocyte survival in AILI. We propose that syndecan-1 is a critical endogenous factor that controls the balance between prosurvival signaling and apoptosis in hepatocytes in APAP liver disease. (Hepatology 2017;66:1601-1615).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eon Jeong Nam
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kazutaka Hayashida
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rafael S. Aquino
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - John R. Couchman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Pyong Woo Park
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Park H, Kim M, Kim HJ, Lee Y, Seo Y, Pham CD, Lee J, Byun SJ, Kwon MH. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) function as endocytic receptors for an internalizing anti-nucleic acid antibody. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14373. [PMID: 29085061 PMCID: PMC5662561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14793-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A subset of monoclonal anti-DNA autoantibodies enters a variety of living cells. Here, we aimed to identify the endocytic receptors recognized by an internalizing anti-nucleic acid autoantibody, the 3D8 single-chain variable fragment (scFv). We found that cell surface binding and internalization of 3D8 scFv were inhibited markedly in soluble heparan sulfate (HS)/chondroitin sulfate (CS)-deficient or -removed cells and in the presence of soluble HS and CS. 3D8 scFv colocalized intracellularly with either HS proteoglycans (HSPGs) or CSPGs in HeLa cells. 3D8 scFv was co-endocytosed and co-precipitated with representative individual HSPG and CSPG molecules: syndecan-2 (a transmembrane HSPG), glypican-3 (a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored HSPG); CD44 (a transmembrane CSPG); and brevican (a GPI-anchored CSPG). Collected data indicate that 3D8 scFv binds to the negatively charged sugar chains of both HSPGs and CSPGs and is then internalized along with these molecules, irrespective of how these proteoglycans are associated with the cell membrane. This is the first study to show that anti-DNA antibodies enter cells via both HSPGs and CSPGs simultaneously. The data may aid understanding of endocytic receptors that bind anti-DNA autoantibodies. The study also provides insight into potential cell membrane targets for macromolecular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjoon Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Minjae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Yeonjin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Youngsil Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Chuong D Pham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Joungmin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Sung June Byun
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 1500, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 565-851, South Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea. .,Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea.
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49
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Pal-Ghosh S, Tadvalkar G, Stepp MA. Alterations in Corneal Sensory Nerves During Homeostasis, Aging, and After Injury in Mice Lacking the Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Syndecan-1. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:4959-4975. [PMID: 28973369 PMCID: PMC5627677 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the impact of the loss of syndecan 1 (SDC1) on intraepithelial corneal nerves (ICNs) during homeostasis, aging, and in response to 1.5-mm trephine and debridement injury. Methods Whole-mount corneas are used to quantify ICN density and thickness over time after birth and in response to injury in SDC1-null and wild-type (WT) mice. High-resolution three-dimensional imaging is used to visualize intraepithelial nerve terminals (INTs), axon fragments, and lysosomes in corneal epithelial cells using antibodies against growth associated protein 43 (GAP43), βIII tubulin, and LAMP1. Quantitative PCR was performed to quantify expression of SDC1, SDC2, SDC3, and SDC4 in corneal epithelial mRNA. Phagocytosis was assessed by quantifying internalization of fluorescently labeled 1-μm latex beads. Results Intraepithelial corneal nerves innervate the corneas of SDC1-null mice more slowly. At 8 weeks, ICN density is less but thickness is greater. Apically projecting intraepithelial nerve terminals and lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 (LAMP1) are also reduced in unwounded SDC1-null corneas. Quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence studies show that SDC3 expression and localization are increased in SDC1-null ICNs. Wild-type and SDC1-null corneas lose ICN density and thickness as they age. Recovery of axon density and thickness after trephine but not debridement wounds is slower in SDC1-null corneas compared with WT. Experiments assessing phagocytosis show reduced bead internalization by SDC1-null epithelial cells. Conclusions Syndecan-1 deficiency alters ICN morphology and homeostasis during aging, reduces epithelial phagocytosis, and impairs reinnervation after trephine but not debridement injury. These data provide insight into the mechanisms used by sensory nerves to reinnervate after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Pal-Ghosh
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University Medical School, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Gauri Tadvalkar
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University Medical School, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Mary Ann Stepp
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University Medical School, Washington, D.C., United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, The George Washington University Medical School, Washington, D.C., United States
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50
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Leonova EI, Sadovnikova ES, Shaykhutdinova ER, Galzitskaya OV, Murashev AN, Solonin AS. Hepatic and Aortic Arch Expression and Serum Levels of Syndecan-1 in ApoE -/- Mice. Open Biochem J 2017; 11:77-93. [PMID: 29151984 PMCID: PMC5676011 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01711010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) syndecan-1 (Sdc1) acts as a receptor for triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), growth factors, chemokines and enzymes. Due to the disordered structure, its function is as diverse as its ligands. In this paper, we have analyzed hepatic and aortic arch expression of Sdc1 in ApoE-/- mice and examined their association with biochemical changes in plasma during the atheroma formation. Methods: ApoE knockout (ApoE-/-) mice as a model of atherosclerosis were used. Plasma chemistry parameters were estimated by automatic biochemical analyzer. The ELISA test was used to detect soluble Sdc1. The mRNA level of syndecan-1 in liver cells and aortic arch was determined by real time PCR. Results: The Sdc1 mRNA level in liver cells was 1.5-2.5 times higher in ApoE-/- mice compared to the wild-type species and increased with age, whereas it remained at the same level in wild-type mice upon aging. Furthermore, the plasma cholesterol level was 4-6 times higher in ApoE-/- mice compared to the wild type; in contrast, triglyceride (TG) remained at the same level. Simultaneously, the expression of Sdc1 in the aortic arch of ApoE-/- mice decreases with age; however, it increases in wild-type mice of the same age. We determined that the Sdc1 mRNA expression in liver cells is significantly higher compared to the cells of aortic arch. In addition, our research demonstrated that the level of soluble Sdc1 slightly increased with age and did not depend on mouse genotype; yet, the total amount of soluble Sdc1 was higher in ApoE-/- mice. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the level of soluble Sdc1 in serum of mice can be associated with chronic inflammation. In addition, we hypothesized that a compensatory increase in the Sdc1 expression in ApoE-/- mice may prevent accumulation of triglycerides in serum, yet having no effect on cholesterol accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I Leonova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - Elena S Sadovnikova
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Elvira R Shaykhutdinova
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Oxana V Galzitskaya
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Arkady N Murashev
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Alexandr S Solonin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
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