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Nargis T, Muralidharan C, Enriquez JR, Wang JE, Kaylan K, Chakraborty A, Pratuangtham S, Figatner K, Nelson JB, May SC, Nadler JL, Boxer MB, Maloney DJ, Tersey SA, Mirmira RG. 12-Lipoxygenase inhibition suppresses islet immune and inflammatory responses and delays autoimmune diabetes in human gene replacement mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.28.604986. [PMID: 39091839 PMCID: PMC11291127 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.28.604986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β cells and involves an interplay between β cells and cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. We investigated the therapeutic potential of targeting 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX), an enzyme implicated in inflammatory pathways in β cells and macrophages, using a mouse model in which the endogenous mouse Alox15 gene is replaced by the human ALOX12 gene. Our findings demonstrate that VLX-1005, a potent 12-LOX inhibitor, effectively delays the onset of autoimmune diabetes in human gene replacement non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. By spatial proteomics analysis, VLX-1005 treatment resulted in marked reductions in infiltrating T and B cells and macrophages with accompanying increases in immune checkpoint molecules PD-L1 and PD-1, suggesting a shift towards an immune-suppressive microenvironment. RNA sequencing analysis of isolated islets from inhibitor-treated mice revealed significant alteration of cytokine-responsive pathways. RNA sequencing of polarized proinflammatory macrophages showed that VLX-1005 significantly reduced the interferon response. Our studies demonstrate that the ALOX12 human replacement gene mouse provides a platform for the preclinical evaluation of LOX inhibitors and supports VLX-1005 as an inhibitor of human 12-LOX that engages the enzymatic target and alters the inflammatory phenotypes of islets and macrophages to promote the delay of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titli Nargis
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Charanya Muralidharan
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jacob R. Enriquez
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jiayi E. Wang
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kerim Kaylan
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Advaita Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sarida Pratuangtham
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kayla Figatner
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jennifer B. Nelson
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sarah C. May
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jerry L. Nadler
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah A. Tersey
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Liu S, Zhang R, Zhang L, Yang A, Guo Y, Jiang L, Wang H, Xu S, Zhou H. Oxidative stress suppresses PHB2-mediated mitophagy in β-cells via the Nrf2/PHB2 pathway. J Diabetes Investig 2024; 15:559-571. [PMID: 38260951 PMCID: PMC11060161 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Mitochondrial damage caused by oxidative stress is a main driver of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Prohibitin2 (PHB2) is a vital inner mitochondrial membrane protein that participates in mitophagy to remove the damaged mitochondria. This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanisms of PHB2-mediated mitophagy in oxidative stress-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS PHB2 and mitophagy-related protein expression were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting in RINm5F cells treated with H2O2 and islets of diabetic rats. Mitophagy was observed by mitochondrial and lysosome colocalization. RINm5F cells were transfected by phb2 siRNA or overexpression plasmid to explore the role of PHB2 in mitophagy of RINm5F cells. The mechanism of Nrf2 regulating PHB2 was explored by Nrf2 inhibitor and agonist. RESULTS The expression of PHB2, mitophagy related protein PINK1, and Parkin were decreased in RINm5F cells incubated with H2O2 and in islets of diabetic rats. Overexpression of PHB2 protected β-cells from oxidative stress by promoting mitophagy and inhibiting cell apoptosis, whereas transfection with PHB2 siRNA suppressed mitophagy. Furthermore, PHB2-mediated mitophagy induced by oxidative stress was through the Nrf2/PHB2 pathway in β-cells. Antioxidant NAC alleviated oxidative stress injury by promoting PHB2-mediated mitophagy. CONCLUSION Our study suggested that PHB2-mediated mitophagy can protect β-cells from apoptosis via the Nrf2/PHB2 pathway under oxidative stress. Antioxidants may protect β-cell from oxidative stress by prompting PHB2-mediated mitophagy. PHB2-mediated mitophagy as a potential mechanism takes part in the oxidative stress induced β-cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Department of EndocrinologyThe First Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Psychiatric‐Psychologic DiseaseShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Second Hospital of ShijiazhuangShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- Central LaboratoryThe First Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Rui Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Psychiatric‐Psychologic DiseaseShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- Central LaboratoryThe First Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- Hebei International Joint Research Center for Brain ScienceShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of RadiologyThe Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of MedicineYiwuZhejiangChina
| | - Aige Yang
- Department of EndocrinologyThe First Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Yuqing Guo
- Department of EndocrinologyThe First Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Lei Jiang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Psychiatric‐Psychologic DiseaseShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- Central LaboratoryThe First Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- Hebei International Joint Research Center for Brain ScienceShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Second Hospital of ShijiazhuangShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Shunjiang Xu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Psychiatric‐Psychologic DiseaseShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- Central LaboratoryThe First Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- Hebei International Joint Research Center for Brain ScienceShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Huimin Zhou
- Department of EndocrinologyThe First Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
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Vived C, Lee-Papastavros A, Aparecida da Silva Pereira J, Yi P, MacDonald TL. β Cell Stress and Endocrine Function During T1D: What Is Next to Discover? Endocrinology 2023; 165:bqad162. [PMID: 37947352 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Canonically, type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a disease characterized by autoreactive T cells as perpetrators of endocrine dysfunction and β cell death in the spiral toward loss of β cell mass, hyperglycemia, and insulin dependence. β Cells have mostly been considered as bystanders in a flurry of autoimmune processes. More recently, our framework for understanding and investigating T1D has evolved. It appears increasingly likely that intracellular β cell stress is an important component of T1D etiology/pathology that perpetuates autoimmunity during the progression to T1D. Here we discuss the emerging and complex role of β cell stress in initiating, provoking, and catalyzing T1D. We outline the bridges between hyperglycemia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and autoimmunity from the viewpoint of intrinsic β cell (dys)function, and we extend this discussion to the potential role for a therapeutic β cell stress-metabolism axis in T1D. Lastly, we mention research angles that may be pursued to improve β cell endocrine function during T1D. Biology gleaned from studying T1D will certainly overlap to innovate therapeutic strategies for T2D, and also enhance the pursuit of creating optimized stem cell-derived β cells as endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Vived
- Section for Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Jéssica Aparecida da Silva Pereira
- Section for Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peng Yi
- Section for Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Diabetes Program, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Tara L MacDonald
- Section for Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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He K, Zhou X, Du H, Zhao J, Deng R, Wang J. A review on the relationship between Arachidonic acid 15-Lipoxygenase (ALOX15) and diabetes mellitus. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16239. [PMID: 37849828 PMCID: PMC10578307 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15), as one of the lipoxygenase family, is mainly responsible for catalyzing the oxidation of various fatty acids to produce a variety of lipid components, contributing to the pathophysiological processes of various immune and inflammatory diseases. Studies have shown that ALOX15 and its related products are widely distributed in human tissues and related to multiple diseases such as liver, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and other diseases. Diabetes mellitus (DM), the disease studied in this article, is a metabolic disease characterized by a chronic increase in blood glucose levels, which is significantly related to inflammation, oxidative stress, ferroptosis and other mechanisms, and it has a high incidence in the population, accompanied by a variety of complications. Figuring out how ALOX15 is involved in DM is critical to understanding its role in diseases. Therefore, ALOX15 inhibitors or combination therapy containing inhibitors may deliver a novel research direction for the treatment of DM and its complications. This article aims to review the biological effect and the possible function of ALOX15 in the pathogenesis of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiying He
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhou
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hongxuan Du
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
| | - Rongrong Deng
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jianqin Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
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Heydeck D, Kakularam KR, Labuz D, Machelska H, Rohwer N, Weylandt K, Kuhn H. Transgenic mice overexpressing human ALOX15 under the control of the aP2 promoter are partly protected in the complete Freund's adjuvant-induced paw inflammation model. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:1649-1664. [PMID: 37498393 PMCID: PMC10499711 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND, OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN Arachidonic acid 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases but since pro- and anti-inflammatory roles have been suggested, the precise function of this enzyme is still a matter of discussion. To contribute to this discussion, we created transgenic mice, which express human ALOX15 under the control of the activating protein 2 promoter (aP2-ALOX15 mice) and compared the sensitivity of these gain-of-function animals in two independent mouse inflammation models with Alox15-deficient mice (loss-of-function animals) and wildtype control animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Transgenic aP2-ALOX15 mice were tested in comparison with Alox15 knockout mice (Alox15-/-) and corresponding wildtype control animals (C57BL/6J) in the complete Freund's adjuvant induced hind-paw edema model and in the dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis (DSS-colitis) model. In the paw edema model, the degree of paw swelling and the sensitivity of the inflamed hind-paw for mechanic (von Frey test) and thermal (Hargreaves test) stimulation were quantified as clinical readout parameters. In the dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis model the loss of body weight, the colon lengths and the disease activity index were determined. RESULTS In the hind-paw edema model, systemic inactivation of the endogenous Alox15 gene intensified the inflammatory symptoms, whereas overexpression of human ALOX15 reduced the degree of hind-paw inflammation. These data suggest anti-inflammatory roles for endogenous and transgenic ALOX15 in this particular inflammation model. As mechanistic reason for the protective effect downregulation of the pro-inflammatory ALOX5 pathways was suggested. However, in the dextran sodium sulfate colitis model, in which systemic inactivation of the Alox15 gene protected female mice from DSS-induced colitis, transgenic overexpression of human ALOX15 did hardly impact the intensity of the inflammatory symptoms. CONCLUSION The biological role of ALOX15 in the pathogenesis of inflammation is variable and depends on the kind of the animal inflammation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Heydeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kumar R. Kakularam
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominika Labuz
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Charité ˗ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Halina Machelska
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Charité ˗ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Rohwer
- Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Oncology, Hematology, Palliative Care, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical Department B, Brandenburg Medical School, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Fehrbelliner Straße 38, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Karsten Weylandt
- Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Oncology, Hematology, Palliative Care, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical Department B, Brandenburg Medical School, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Fehrbelliner Straße 38, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Functional Characterization of Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Human 15-Lipoxygenase-1 (ALOX15) under the Control of the aP2 Promoter. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054815. [PMID: 36902243 PMCID: PMC10003068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid lipoxygenases (ALOX) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory, hyperproliferative, neurodegenerative, and metabolic diseases, but the physiological function of ALOX15 still remains a matter of discussion. To contribute to this discussion, we created transgenic mice (aP2-ALOX15 mice) expressing human ALOX15 under the control of the aP2 (adipocyte fatty acid binding protein 2) promoter, which directs expression of the transgene to mesenchymal cells. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and whole-genome sequencing indicated transgene insertion into the E1-2 region of chromosome 2. The transgene was highly expressed in adipocytes, bone marrow cells, and peritoneal macrophages, and ex vivo activity assays proved the catalytic activity of the transgenic enzyme. LC-MS/MS-based plasma oxylipidome analyses of the aP2-ALOX15 mice suggested in vivo activity of the transgenic enzyme. The aP2-ALOX15 mice were viable, could reproduce normally, and did not show major phenotypic alterations when compared with wildtype control animals. However, they exhibited gender-specific differences with wildtype controls when their body-weight kinetics were evaluated during adolescence and early adulthood. The aP2-ALOX15 mice characterized here can now be used for gain-of-function studies evaluating the biological role of ALOX15 in adipose tissue and hematopoietic cells.
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Article Type: Original Article Title: Linalyl Acetate Ameliorates Mechanical Hyperalgesia Through Suppressing Inflammation by TSLP/IL-33 Signaling. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3805-3816. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03763-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNeuropathic pain is a debilitating chronic disorder, significantly causing personal and social burdens, in which activated neuroinflammation is one major contributor. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and interleukin (IL)-33 is important for chronic inflammation. Linalyl acetate (LA) is main component of lavender oil with an anti-inflammatory property through TSLP signaling. The aim of the study is to investigate how LA regulates mechanical hyperalgesia after sciatic nerve injury (SNI). Adult Sprague-Dawley male rats were separated into 3 groups: control group, SNI group and SNI with LA group. LA was administrated intraperitoneally one day before SNI. Pain behavior test was evaluated through calibration forceps testing. Ipsilateral sciatic nerves (SNs), dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) and spinal cord were collected for immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting analyses. SNI rats were more sensitive to hyperalgesia response to mechanical stimulus since operation, which was accompanied by spinal cord glial cells reactions and DRG neuro-glial interaction. LA could relieve the pain sensation, proinflammatory cytokines and decrease the expression of TSLP/TSLPR complex. Also, LA could reduce inflammation through reducing IL-33 signaling. This study is the first to indicate that LA can modulate pain through TSLP/TSLPR and IL-33 signaling after nerve injury.
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Effects of Arachidonic Acid and Its Metabolites on Functional Beta-Cell Mass. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040342. [PMID: 35448529 PMCID: PMC9031745 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is a polyunsaturated 20-carbon fatty acid present in phospholipids in the plasma membrane. The three primary pathways by which AA is metabolized are mediated by cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. These three pathways produce eicosanoids, lipid signaling molecules that play roles in biological processes such as inflammation, pain, and immune function. Eicosanoids have been demonstrated to play a role in inflammatory, renal, and cardiovascular diseases as well type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Alterations in AA release or AA concentrations have been shown to affect insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta cell, leading to interest in the role of AA and its metabolites in the regulation of beta-cell function and maintenance of beta-cell mass. In this review, we discuss the metabolism of AA by COX, LOX, and CYP, the roles of these enzymes and their metabolites in beta-cell mass and function, and the possibility of targeting these pathways as novel therapies for treating diabetes.
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Isse FA, El-Sherbeni AA, El-Kadi AOS. The multifaceted role of cytochrome P450-Derived arachidonic acid metabolites in diabetes and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:141-160. [PMID: 35306928 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2051045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding lipid metabolism is a critical key to understanding the pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). It is known that 60-90% of DM patients are obese or used to be obese. The incidence of obesity is rising owing to the modern sedentary lifestyle that leads to insulin resistance and increased levels of free fatty acids, predisposing tissues to utilize more lipids with less glucose uptake. However, the exact mechanism is not yet fully elucidated. Diabetic cardiomyopathy seems to be associated with these alterations in lipid metabolism. Arachidonic acid (AA) is an important fatty acid that is metabolized to several bioactive compounds by cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and the more recently discovered, cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes. P450 metabolizes AA to either epoxy-AA (EETs) or hydroxy-AA (HETEs). Studies showed that EETs could have cardioprotective effects and beneficial effects in reversing abnormalities in glucose and insulin homeostasis. Conversely, HETEs, most importantly 12-HETE and 20-HETE, were found to interfere with normal glucose and insulin homeostasis and thus, might be involved in diabetic cardiomyopathy. In this review, we highlight the role of P450-derived AA metabolites in the context of DM and diabetic cardiomyopathy and their potential use as a target for developing new treatments for DM and diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadumo Ahmed Isse
- Departmet of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ahmed A El-Sherbeni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ayman O S El-Kadi
- Departmet of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Ling Q, Shen L, Zhang W, Qu D, Wang H, Wang B, Liu Y, Lu J, Zhu D, Bi Y. Increased plasmablasts enhance T cell-mediated beta cell destruction and promote the development of type 1 diabetes. Mol Med 2022; 28:18. [PMID: 35123388 PMCID: PMC8818172 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although type 1 diabetes (T1D) is typically described as a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, increasing evidence for a role of B cells has emerged. However, the pivotal disease-relevant B cell subset and its contribution to islet autoimmunity remain elusive. METHODS The frequencies and phenotypic characteristics of circulating B cell subsets were analyzed using flow cytometry in individuals with new-onset T1D, long-term T1D, type 2 diabetes, and nondiabetic controls, and also in a prospective cohort of patients receiving mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) transplantation. NOD mice and adoptive transfer assay were used to dissect the role of the certain B cell subset in disease progression. An in-vitro coculture system of islets with immune cells was established to examine the response against islets and the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS We identified that plasmablasts, a B cell subset at the antibody-secreting stage, were significantly increased and correlated with the deterioration of beta cell function in patients with new-onset T1D. Further, a fall of plasmablast number was associated with the preservation of beta cell function in patients who received MSC transplantation after 3 months of follow-up. Meanwhile, a gradual increase of plasmablasts in pancreatic lymph nodes during the natural progression of insulitis was observed in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice; adoptive transfer of plasmablasts together with T cells from NOD mice accelerated diabetes onset in NOD/SCID recipients. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that plasmablasts may function as antigen-presenting cells and promote the activation and proinflammatory response of CD4+ T cells, further contributing to the T cell-mediated beta cell destruction. Our results provide insights into the pathogenic role of plasmablasts in islet autoimmunity and may offer new translational strategies for inhibiting T1D development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ling
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - DuoDuo Qu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongdong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Dalong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yan Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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Xu T, Li G, Wang X, Lv C, Tian Y. Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide ameliorates serum profiling in STZ-induced diabetic mice model. BMC Chem 2021; 15:64. [PMID: 34920751 PMCID: PMC8684258 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-021-00789-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disease mainly caused by the disorder of metabolism, which has become huge threat to human health. Polysaccharides are the main active substance from Inonotus obliquus (I. obliquus) with hypoglycemic effect. This study aims to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity and investigate the molecular mechanism of I. obliquus polysaccharide (IOP) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice using metabolomics based on UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS method. RESULTS The results showed that the oral administration of IOP in high dose (1.2 g/kg) can significantly reduce the blood glucose with 31% reduction comparing with the diabetic model and relieve dyslipidemia in diabetic mice. By UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS method and multivariate statistical analysis, a total of 15 differential metabolites were identified, including 4 up-regulated and 11 down-regulated biomarkers, of which L-tryptophan, L-leucine, uric acid, 12-HETE, arachidonic acid, PC(20:1(11Z)/14:1(9Z)) and SM(d18:0/24:1(15Z)) were exhibited an important variation, as the potential biomarkers in diabetes. Pathway analysis indicated that phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis and arachidonic acid metabolism were prone to interference in diabetes. Moreover, leucine and proline were reversed and phytosphingosine was further reduced in diabetic mice under the intervention of IOP. CONCLUSION IOP has predominant hyperglycemic effect on STZ-induced diabetic mice via ameliorating serum profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanye Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
- Pharmacy Department, The 967Th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, No. 80 Shengli Road, Xigang District, Dalian, 116021, Liaoning, China
| | - Guodao Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Pharmacy Department, The 967Th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, No. 80 Shengli Road, Xigang District, Dalian, 116021, Liaoning, China.
| | - Chongning Lv
- Pharmacy Department, The 967Th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, No. 80 Shengli Road, Xigang District, Dalian, 116021, Liaoning, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuanyong Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
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12
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Zhang K, Zhang Y, Chen C, Yuan Y, Jiang X, Yuan X, Wang Y. miR-139-5p mediates the palmitate-induced inhibition of insulin secretion by targeting neuronal pentraxin 1 in INS-1 cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:1017-1026. [PMID: 34142698 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High fatty acid reduces insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells and miR-139-5p is increased in diabetic pancreatic tissues and induces islet β-cell apoptosis. However, to date, there is no study exploring whether or not miR-139-5p is involved in high fatty acid-induced insulin secretion. In the present study, INS-1 cells were exposed to different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mM) of palmitate for different time periods (12, 24, and 48 h). The expression levels of miR-139-5p and neuronal pentraxin 1 (NPTX1) were evaluated by real-time PCR and western blot analysis. The regulation of NPTX1 by miR-139-5p was examined by luciferase assay. Cell transfection was conducted using Lipo8000 or Lipofectamine RNAiMAX. Potassium or glucose-stimulated insulin secretion levels were used to verify the function of miR-139-5p or NPTX1 in insulin secretion. Insulin secretion levels were detected by radioimmunoassay. We found that miR-139-5p was increased in INS-1 cells stimulated with palmitate. In addition, miR-139-5p was also elevated in islets of high-fat diet-fed mice and db/db mice compared to those in islets of normal diet-fed mice and wild-type mice. Knockdown of miR-139-5p could reverse high fatty acid-induced insulin secretion defects in INS-1 cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that NPTX1 is a target of miR-139-5p. miR-139-5p mediated palmitate-induced insulin secretion defects by targeting NPTX1. Moreover, palmitate treatment declined the expression of NPTX1 and the NPTX1 expression was also decreased in islets of high-fat diet-fed mice and db/db mice. Impaired NPTX1 expression is involved in fatty acid-induced insulin secretion defects. Collectively, our results illustrate that the induction of β-cell insulin secretion defects by fatty acids is mediated, at least in part, by miR-139-5p via downregulation of NPTX1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yijian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuexing Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaotian Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiangjiang Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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13
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Lee SM, Kim D, Kwak KM, Khin PP, Lim OK, Kim KW, Kim BJ, Jun HS. Comparison of the Effects of Liraglutide on Islet Graft Survival Between Local and Systemic Delivery. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720971245. [PMID: 33172296 PMCID: PMC7784585 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720971245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation has emerged as a promising treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, protects beta cells after islet transplantation by improving glycemic control through several mechanisms. In this study, we compared the effects of local pretreatment and systemic treatment with liraglutide on islet transplantation in a diabetic mouse model. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice were transplanted with syngeneic islets under the kidney capsule. Isolated islets were either locally treated with liraglutide before transplantation or mice were treated systemically by intraperitoneal injection after islet transplantation. Local pretreatment of islets with liraglutide was more effective in increasing body weight, decreasing hemoglobin A1c levels, and lowering blood glucose levels in STZ-diabetic mice transplanted with islets. Local pretreatment was also more effective in increasing insulin secretion and islet survival in STZ-diabetic mice. Histological analysis of the transplantation site revealed fewer apoptotic cells following local pretreatment compared with systemic injection of liraglutide. These findings indicate that liraglutide administered once locally before transplantation might have superior effects on islet preservation than systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Mi Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Korea.,Both the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Donghee Kim
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Korea.,Both the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Kyung Min Kwak
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Korea
| | - Phyu Phyu Khin
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Korea
| | - Oh Kyung Lim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Namdong-gu, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Namdong-gu, Incheon, Korea
| | - Byung-Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Namdong-gu, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Korea.,Gil Medical Research Institute, Gil Hospital, Namdong-gu, Incheon, Korea
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14
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Kulkarni A, Nadler JL, Mirmira RG, Casimiro I. Regulation of Tissue Inflammation by 12-Lipoxygenases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:717. [PMID: 34064822 PMCID: PMC8150372 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are lipid metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the di-oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to generate active eicosanoid products. 12-lipoxygenases (12-LOXs) primarily oxygenate the 12th carbon of its substrates. Many studies have demonstrated that 12-LOXs and their eicosanoid metabolite 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoate (12-HETE), have significant pathological implications in inflammatory diseases. Increased level of 12-LOX activity promotes stress (both oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum)-mediated inflammation, leading to damage in these tissues. 12-LOXs are also associated with enhanced cellular migration of immune cells-a characteristic of several metabolic and autoimmune disorders. Genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of the enzyme in animal models of various diseases has shown to be protective against disease development and/or progression in animal models in the setting of diabetes, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease, suggesting a translational potential of targeting the enzyme for the treatment of several disorders. In this article, we review the role of 12-LOXs in the pathogenesis of several diseases in which chronic inflammation plays an underlying role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Jerry L. Nadler
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA;
| | | | - Isabel Casimiro
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
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15
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The Impact of the Ca 2+-Independent Phospholipase A 2β (iPLA 2β) on Immune Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040577. [PMID: 33920898 PMCID: PMC8071342 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2β (iPLA2β) is a member of the PLA2 family that has been proposed to have roles in multiple biological processes including membrane remodeling, cell proliferation, bone formation, male fertility, cell death, and signaling. Such involvement has led to the identification of iPLA2β activation in several diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular abnormalities, glaucoma, periodontitis, neurological disorders, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders. More recently, there has been heightened interest in the role that iPLA2β plays in promoting inflammation. Recognizing the potential contribution of iPLA2β in the development of autoimmune diseases, we review this issue in the context of an iPLA2β link with macrophages and T-cells.
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16
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Chang CH, Chang YS, Hsieh YL. Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 depletion mediates mechanical allodynia through cellular signal alterations in small-fiber neuropathy. Pain Rep 2021; 6:e922. [PMID: 34585035 PMCID: PMC8462592 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) is a polymodal nociceptor that monitors noxious thermal sensations. Few studies have addressed the role of TRPV1 in mechanical allodynia in small-fiber neuropathy (SFN) caused by sensory nerve damage. Accordingly, this article reviews the putative mechanisms of TRPV1 depletion that mediates mechanical allodynia in SFN. The intraepidermal nerve fibers (IENFs) degeneration and sensory neuronal injury are the primary characteristics of SFN. Intraepidermal nerve fibers are mainly C-polymodal nociceptors and Aδ-fibers, which mediated allodynic pain after neuronal sensitization. TRPV1 depletion by highly potent neurotoxins induces the upregulation of activating transcription factor 3 and IENFs degeneration which mimics SFN. TRPV1 is predominately expressed by the peptidergic than nonpeptidergic nociceptors, and these neurochemical discrepancies provided the basis of the distinct pathways of thermal analgesia and mechanical allodynia. The depletion of peptidergic nociceptors and their IENFs cause thermal analgesia and sensitized nonpeptidergic nociceptors respond to mechanical allodynia. These distinct pathways of noxious stimuli suggested determined by the neurochemical-dependent neurotrophin cognate receptors such as TrkA and Ret receptors. The neurogenic inflammation after TRPV1 depletion also sensitized Ret receptors which results in mechanical allodynia. The activation of spinal TRPV1(+) neurons may contribute to mechanical allodynia. Also, an imbalance in adenosinergic analgesic signaling in sensory neurons such as the downregulation of prostatic acid phosphatase and adenosine A1 receptors, which colocalized with TRPV1 as a membrane microdomain also correlated with the development of mechanical allodynia. Collectively, TRPV1 depletion-induced mechanical allodynia involves a complicated cascade of cellular signaling alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hong Chang
- Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Shuang Chang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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17
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Mori Y, Kawakami Y, Kanzaki K, Otsuki A, Kimura Y, Kanji H, Tanaka R, Tsukayama I, Hojo N, Suzuki-Yamamoto T, Kawakami T, Takahashi Y. Arachidonate 12S-lipoxygenase of platelet-type in hepatic stellate cells of methionine and choline-deficient diet-fed mice. J Biochem 2021; 168:455-463. [PMID: 32492133 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A role of 12-lipoxygenase in the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is suggested, although the underlying mechanism is not entirely understood. The catalytic activity of 12S-lipoxygenase that was hardly observed in liver cytosol of normal chow-fed mice was clearly detectable in that of NASH model mice prepared by feeding a methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) diet. The product profile, substrate specificity and immunogenicity indicated that the enzyme was the platelet-type isoform. The expression levels of mRNA and protein of platelet-type 12S-lipoxygenase in the liver of MCD diet-fed mice were significantly increased compared with those of normal chow-fed mice. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that platelet-type 12S-lipoxygenase colocalized with α-smooth muscle actin as well as vitamin A in the cells distributing along liver sinusoids. These results indicate that the expression level of platelet-type 12S-lipoxygenase in hepatic stellate cells was increased during the cell activation in MCD diet-fed mice, suggesting a possible role of the enzyme in pathophysiology of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Mori
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawakami
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Keita Kanzaki
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, Japan.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0193, Japan
| | - Akemi Otsuki
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Yuka Kimura
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Hibiki Kanji
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Ryoma Tanaka
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Izumi Tsukayama
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Nana Hojo
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Toshiko Suzuki-Yamamoto
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Takayo Kawakami
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takahashi
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
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18
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Wang B, Wu L, Chen J, Dong L, Chen C, Wen Z, Hu J, Fleming I, Wang DW. Metabolism pathways of arachidonic acids: mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:94. [PMID: 33637672 PMCID: PMC7910446 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00443-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The arachidonic acid (AA) pathway plays a key role in cardiovascular biology, carcinogenesis, and many inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, arthritis, etc. Esterified AA on the inner surface of the cell membrane is hydrolyzed to its free form by phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which is in turn further metabolized by cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOXs) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to a spectrum of bioactive mediators that includes prostanoids, leukotrienes (LTs), epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (diHETEs), eicosatetraenoic acids (ETEs), and lipoxins (LXs). Many of the latter mediators are considered to be novel preventive and therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancers, and inflammatory diseases. This review sets out to summarize the physiological and pathophysiological importance of the AA metabolizing pathways and outline the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of AA related to its three main metabolic pathways in CVD and cancer progression will provide valuable insight for developing new therapeutic drugs for CVD and anti-cancer agents such as inhibitors of EETs or 2J2. Thus, we herein present a synopsis of AA metabolism in human health, cardiovascular and cancer biology, and the signaling pathways involved in these processes. To explore the role of the AA metabolism and potential therapies, we also introduce the current newly clinical studies targeting AA metabolisms in the different disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China
| | - Lujin Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingli Dong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Wen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiong Hu
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
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19
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Moon SH, Dilthey BG, Liu X, Guan S, Sims HF, Gross RW. High-fat diet activates liver iPLA 2γ generating eicosanoids that mediate metabolic stress. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100052. [PMID: 33636162 PMCID: PMC8010217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity precipitates multiple metabolic disorders including insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, oxidative stress, and inflammation, resulting in the initiation of cell death programs. Previously, we demonstrated murine germline knockout of calcium-independent phospholipase A2γ (iPLA2γ) prevented HF diet-induced weight gain, attenuated insulin resistance, and decreased mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening leading to alterations in bioenergetics. To gain insight into the specific roles of hepatic iPLA2γ in mitochondrial function and cell death under metabolic stress, we generated a hepatocyte-specific iPLA2γ-knockout (HEPiPLA2γKO). Using this model, we compared the effects of an HF diet on wild-type versus HEPiPLA2γKO mice in eicosanoid production and mitochondrial bioenergetics. HEPiPLA2γKO mice exhibited higher glucose clearance rates than WT controls. Importantly, HF-diet induced the accumulation of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) in WT liver which was decreased in HEPiPLA2γKO. Furthermore, HF-feeding markedly increased Ca2+ sensitivity and resistance to ADP-mediated inhibition of mPTP opening in WT mice. In contrast, ablation of iPLA2γ prevented the HF-induced hypersensitivity of mPTP opening to calcium and maintained ADP-mediated resistance to mPTP opening. Respirometry revealed that ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration was significantly reduced by exogenous 12-HETE. Finally, HEPiPLA2γKO hepatocytes were resistant to calcium ionophore-induced lipoxygenase-mediated lactate dehydrogenase release. Collectively, these results demonstrate that an HF diet increases iPLA2γ-mediated hepatic 12-HETE production leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Moon
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Beverly Gibson Dilthey
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xinping Liu
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shaoping Guan
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Harold F Sims
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Richard W Gross
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Department of Chemistry, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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20
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Hernandez-Perez M, Kulkarni A, Samala N, Sorrell C, El K, Haider I, Aleem AM, Holman TR, Rai G, Tersey SA, Mirmira RG, Anderson RM. A 12-lipoxygenase-Gpr31 signaling axis is required for pancreatic organogenesis in the zebrafish. FASEB J 2020; 34:14850-14862. [PMID: 32918516 PMCID: PMC7606739 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902308rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
12-Lipoxygenase (12-LOX) is a key enzyme in arachidonic acid metabolism, and alongside its major product, 12-HETE, plays a key role in promoting inflammatory signaling during diabetes pathogenesis. Although 12-LOX is a proposed therapeutic target to protect pancreatic islets in the setting of diabetes, little is known about the consequences of blocking its enzymatic activity during embryonic development. Here, we have leveraged the strengths of the zebrafish-genetic manipulation and pharmacologic inhibition-to interrogate the role of 12-LOX in pancreatic development. Lipidomics analysis during zebrafish development demonstrated that 12-LOX-generated metabolites of arachidonic acid increase sharply during organogenesis stages, and that this increase is blocked by morpholino-directed depletion of 12-LOX. Furthermore, we found that either depletion or inhibition of 12-LOX impairs both exocrine pancreas growth and unexpectedly, the generation of insulin-producing β cells. We demonstrate that morpholino-mediated knockdown of GPR31, a purported G-protein-coupled receptor for 12-HETE, largely phenocopies both the depletion and the inhibition of 12-LOX. Moreover, we show that loss of GPR31 impairs pancreatic bud fusion and pancreatic duct morphogenesis. Together, these data provide new insight into the requirement of 12-LOX in pancreatic organogenesis and islet formation, and additionally provide evidence that its effects are mediated via a signaling axis that includes the 12-HETE receptor GPR31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marimar Hernandez-Perez
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Abhishek Kulkarni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Niharika Samala
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cody Sorrell
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kimberly El
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Isra Haider
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ansari Mukhtar Aleem
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Theodore R Holman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Ganesha Rai
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sarah A Tersey
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Medicine, Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ryan M Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Medicine, Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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21
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Dong C, Liu S, Cui Y, Guo Q. 12-Lipoxygenase as a key pharmacological target in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 879:173122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Antioxidant Effects and Mechanisms of Medicinal Plants and Their Bioactive Compounds for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: An Updated Review. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1356893. [PMID: 32148647 PMCID: PMC7042557 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1356893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that majorly affects the endocrine gland, and it is symbolized by hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance owing to deficient insulin secretory responses and beta cell dysfunction. This ailment affects as many as 451 million people worldwide, and it is also one of the leading causes of death. In spite of the immense advances made in the development of orthodox antidiabetic drugs, these drugs are often considered not successful for the management and treatment of T2DM due to the myriad side effects associated with them. Thus, the exploration of medicinal herbs and natural products as therapeutic sources for the treatment of T2DM is promoted because they have little or no side effects. Bioactive molecules isolated from natural sources have been proven to lower blood glucose levels via regulating one or more of the following mechanisms: improvement of beta cell function, insulin resistance, glucose (re)absorption, and glucagon-like peptide-1 homeostasis. In recent times, the mechanisms of action of different bioactive molecules with antidiabetic properties and phytochemistry are gaining a lot of attention in the area of drug discovery. This review article presents an update of the findings from clinical research into medicinal plant therapy for T2DM.
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23
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Ju C, Jeon SM, Jun HS, Moon CK. Diol-ginsenosides from Korean Red Ginseng delay the development of type 1 diabetes in diabetes-prone biobreeding rats. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:619-626. [PMID: 32617042 PMCID: PMC7322746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of diol-ginsenoside fraction (Diol-GF) and triol-ginsenoside fraction (Triol-GF) from Korean Red Ginseng on the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) were examined in diabetes-prone biobreeding (DP-BB) rats that spontaneously develop T1D through an autoimmune process. Methods DP-BB female rats were treated with Diol-GF or Triol-GF daily from the age of 3-4 weeks up to 11-12 weeks (1 mg/g body weight). Results Diol-GF delayed the onset, and reduced the incidence, of T1D. Islets of Diol-GF-treated DP-BB rats showed significantly lower insulitis and preserved higher plasma and pancreatic insulin levels. Diol-GF failed to change the proportion of lymphocyte subsets such as T cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages in the spleen and blood. Diol-GF had no effect on the ability of DP-BB rat splenocytes to induce diabetes in recipients. Diol-GF and diol-ginsenoside Rb1 significantly decreased tumor necrosis factor α production, whereas diol-ginsenosides Rb1 and Rd decreased interleukin 1β production in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, mixed cytokine- and chemical-induced β-cell cytotoxicity was greatly inhibited by Diol-GF and diol-ginsenosides Rc and Rd in RIN5mF cells. However, nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells was unaffected by diol-ginsenosides. Conclusion Diol-GF, but not Triol-GF, significantly delayed the development of insulitis and T1D in DP-BB rats. The antidiabetogenic action of Diol-GF may result from the decrease in cytokine production and increase in β-cell resistance to cytokine/free radical-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Ju
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Min Jeon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kiu Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
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24
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The role of the 12( S)-HETE/GPR31/12-HETER axis in cancer and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:743-754. [PMID: 30902921 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a large superfamily of seven transmembrane-spanning receptors that are activated by several classes of ligands, including bioactive lipids. GPCRs are attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of human diseases, as they finely regulate a wide array of cellular functions. In this minireview, we summarized what is currently known about the G protein-coupled receptor GPR31/12-HETER. We highlighted, in particular, its structural similarity with human homologs, the biological functions of its recognized ligand 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), an arachidonic acid metabolite, and the role that GPR31/12-HETER-mediated signals play in cancer cell growth, invasion and metastasis, and in liver ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Recent studies shed light and interest on the 12(S)-HETE/GPR31/12-HETER-activated signaling pathways and functions. The full spectrum of GPR31/12-HETER-mediated biological functions has yet to be characterized. Further studies are needed to identify other potential ligands, i.e. other than 12(S)-HETE. Another important remaining question is whether the multiple 12(S)-HETE-induced biological activities, including its role in diabetes, neurodegeneration, neuroprotection, and platelet function, occur via GPR31/12-HETER and/or involve the activation of other receptor molecules and pathways.
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25
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Conteh AM, Reissaus CA, Hernandez-Perez M, Nakshatri S, Anderson RM, Mirmira RG, Tersey SA, Linnemann AK. Platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase deletion provokes a compensatory 12/15-lipoxygenase increase that exacerbates oxidative stress in mouse islet β cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6612-6620. [PMID: 30792307 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune event increases oxidative stress in islet β cells, giving rise to cellular dysfunction and apoptosis. Lipoxygenases are enzymes that catalyze the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids that can form lipid metabolites involved in several biological functions, including oxidative stress. 12-Lipoxygenase and 12/15-lipoxygenase are related but distinct enzymes that are expressed in pancreatic islets, but their relative contributions to oxidative stress in these regions are still being elucidated. In this study, we used mice with global genetic deletion of the genes encoding 12-lipoxygenase (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, 12S type [Alox12]) or 12/15-lipoxygenase (Alox15) to compare the influence of each gene deletion on β cell function and survival in response to the β cell toxin streptozotocin. Alox12 -/- mice exhibited greater impairment in glucose tolerance following streptozotocin exposure than WT mice, whereas Alox15 -/- mice were protected against dysglycemia. These changes were accompanied by evidence of islet oxidative stress in Alox12 -/- mice and reduced oxidative stress in Alox15 -/- mice, consistent with alterations in the expression of the antioxidant response enzymes in islets from these mice. Additionally, islets from Alox12 -/- mice displayed a compensatory increase in Alox15 gene expression, and treatment of these mice with the 12/15-lipoxygenase inhibitor ML-351 rescued the dysglycemic phenotype. Collectively, these results indicate that Alox12 loss activates a compensatory increase in Alox15 that sensitizes mouse β cells to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abass M Conteh
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Cellular and Integrative Physiology, and
| | - Christopher A Reissaus
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and.,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202.,Pediatrics
| | - Marimar Hernandez-Perez
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and.,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202.,Pediatrics
| | - Swetha Nakshatri
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and.,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202.,Pediatrics
| | - Ryan M Anderson
- Cellular and Integrative Physiology, and.,Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and.,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202.,Pediatrics
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Cellular and Integrative Physiology, and.,Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and.,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202.,Pediatrics
| | - Sarah A Tersey
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and .,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202.,Pediatrics
| | - Amelia K Linnemann
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, .,Cellular and Integrative Physiology, and.,Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and.,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202.,Pediatrics
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26
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Abstract
The clinical onset of type 1 diabetes is characterized by the destruction of the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas and is caused by autoantigen-induced inflammation (insulitis) of the islets of Langerhans. The current standard of care for type 1 diabetes mellitus patients allows for management of the disease with exogenous insulin, but patients eventually succumb to many chronic complications such as limb amputation, blindness, and kidney failure. New therapeutic approaches now on the horizon are looking beyond glycemic management and are evaluating new strategies from protecting and regenerating endogenous islets to treating the underlying autoimmunity through selective modulation of key immune cell populations. Currently, there are no effective treatments for the autoimmunity that causes the disease, and strategies that aim to delay or prevent the onset of the disease will play an important role in the future of diabetes research. In this review, we summarize many of the key efforts underway that utilize molecular approaches to selectively modulate this disease and look at new therapeutic paradigms that can transform clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sheehy
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Sean Quinnell
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Arturo J. Vegas
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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27
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Lu SC, Chang YS, Kan HW, Hsieh YL. Tumor necrosis factor-α mediated pain hypersensitivity through Ret receptor in resiniferatoxin neuropathy. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2019; 34:494-502. [PMID: 30173779 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenic inflammation is an onset characteristic of small fiber neuropathy (SFN), which is attributed to neuropathic manifestations. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) is a cytokine that mainly mediates neurogenic inflammation through the ligand receptor TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1), and targeting TNFα/TNFR1 signaling is a direction toward treating inflammatory diseases and injury-induced neuropathy. However, the relationships between TNFα/TNFR1 signaling and Ret signaling, which mediates pain hypersensitivity, remains elusive. This study used resiniferatoxin (RTX), an ultrapotent analog of capsaicin, to generate a mouse model of SFN, leading to marked hindpaw edema (p = 0.013) and parallel the release of TNFα (p = 0.014), which was associated with the upregulation of Ret(+) neurons (p = 0.0043) and partial depletion of TNFR1 caused by colocalization with TRPV1 depleted by RTX. Pharmacological intervention of TNFα with etanercept (Enbrel®, Wyeth), a clinical application of TNFα blockers, relieved neurogenic inflammation and caused a reduction in hindpaw thickness (p = 0.03) and TNFα releases (p = 0.01), which were determined to be associated with the normalization of mechanical allodynia (p = 0.22). The extraction of either TNFR1(+) or Ret(+) neurons from total of TNFR1(+):Ret(+) neurons indicated that TNFR1(-)/Ret(+) neurons correlated with the mechanical threshold in an antiparallel fashion (r = -0.84, p < 0.0001) but had no relationship with thermal latencies. This study confirmed that TNFα rather than TNFα mediated neuropathic manifestation through the Ret receptor, specifically mechanical allodynia in RTX neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Chin Lu
- Department of Medical Research, Ultrastructural Laboratory, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Shuang Chang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wei Kan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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28
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Elmasry K, Ibrahim AS, Abdulmoneim S, Al-Shabrawey M. Bioactive lipids and pathological retinal angiogenesis. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:93-109. [PMID: 30276789 PMCID: PMC6284336 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, disruption of the retinal barrier, leukocyte-adhesion and oedema are cardinal signs of proliferative retinopathies that are associated with vision loss. Therefore, identifying factors that regulate these vascular dysfunctions is critical to target pathological angiogenesis. Given the conflicting role of bioactive lipids reported in the current literature, the goal of this review is to provide the reader a clear road map of what has been accomplished so far in the field with specific focus on the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)-derived metabolites in proliferative retinopathies. This necessarily entails a description of the different retina cells, blood retina barriers and the role of (PUFAs)-derived metabolites in diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity and age-related macular degeneration as the most common types of proliferative retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Elmasry
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear & Department of ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ahmed S Ibrahim
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Samer Abdulmoneim
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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29
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Singh NK, Rao GN. Emerging role of 12/15-Lipoxygenase (ALOX15) in human pathologies. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 73:28-45. [PMID: 30472260 PMCID: PMC6338518 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) is an enzyme, which oxidizes polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly omega-6 and -3 fatty acids, to generate a number of bioactive lipid metabolites. A large number of studies have revealed the importance of 12/15-LOX role in oxidative and inflammatory responses. The in vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of 12/15-LOX metabolites in the expression of various genes and production of cytokine related to inflammation and resolution of inflammation. The studies with the use of knockout and transgenic animals for 12/15-LOX have further shown its involvement in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including cardiovascular, renal, neurological and metabolic disorders. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the role of 12/15-LOX in inflammation and various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhlesh K Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Street Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Street Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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30
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Sonnweber T, Pizzini A, Nairz M, Weiss G, Tancevski I. Arachidonic Acid Metabolites in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113285. [PMID: 30360467 PMCID: PMC6274989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid and immune pathways are crucial in the pathophysiology of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Arachidonic acid (AA) and its derivatives link nutrient metabolism to immunity and inflammation, thus holding a key role in the emergence and progression of frequent diseases such as obesity, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease. We herein present a synopsis of AA metabolism in human health, tissue homeostasis, and immunity, and explore the role of the AA metabolome in diverse pathophysiological conditions and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sonnweber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
| | - Alex Pizzini
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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31
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Dobrian AD, Morris MA, Taylor-Fishwick DA, Holman TR, Imai Y, Mirmira RG, Nadler JL. Role of the 12-lipoxygenase pathway in diabetes pathogenesis and complications. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 195:100-110. [PMID: 30347209 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) is one of several enzyme isoforms responsible for the metabolism of arachidonic acid and other poly-unsaturated fatty acids to both pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators. Mounting evidence has shown that 12-LOX plays a critical role in the modulation of inflammation at multiple checkpoints during diabetes development. Due to this, interventions to limit pro-inflammatory 12-LOX metabolites either by isoform-specific 12-LOX inhibition, or by providing specific fatty acid substrates via dietary intervention, has the potential to significantly and positively impact health outcomes of patients living with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. To date, the development of truly specific and efficacious inhibitors has been hampered by homology of LOX family members; however, improvements in high throughput screening have improved the inhibitor landscape. Here, we describe the function and role of human 12-LOX, and mouse 12-LOX and 12/15-LOX, in the development of diabetes and diabetes-related complications, and describe promise in the development of strategies to limit pro-inflammatory metabolites, primarily via new small molecule 12-LOX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Dobrian
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - M A Morris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - D A Taylor-Fishwick
- Department of Microbiology, Cell and Molecular Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - T R Holman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Y Imai
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa, city, IA, United States
| | - R G Mirmira
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - J L Nadler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States.
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32
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Hanna VS, Hafez EAA. Synopsis of arachidonic acid metabolism: A review. J Adv Res 2018; 11:23-32. [PMID: 30034873 PMCID: PMC6052663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA), a 20 carbon chain polyunsaturated fatty acid with 4 double bonds, is an integral constituent of biological cell membrane, conferring it with fluidity and flexibility. The four double bonds of AA predispose it to oxygenation that leads to a plethora of metabolites of considerable importance for the proper function of the immune system, promotion of allergies and inflammation, resolving of inflammation, mood, and appetite. The present review presents an illustrated synopsis of AA metabolism, corroborating the instrumental importance of AA derivatives for health and well-being. It provides a comprehensive outline on AA metabolic pathways, enzymes and signaling cascades, in order to develop new perspectives in disease treatment and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violette Said Hanna
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
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33
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Roumeliotis AK, Roumeliotis SK, Panagoutsos SA, Tsetsos F, Georgitsi M, Manolopoulos V, Paschou P, Passadakis PS. Association of ALOX12 gene polymorphism with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in diabetic nephropathy. Int Urol Nephrol 2017; 50:321-329. [PMID: 29196930 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-017-1755-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cardiovascular (CV) events are the first cause of death in patients with chronic renal disease (CKD) and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). The combination of CKD and DM2 elevates the risk of both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and death in this high-risk population. Besides traditional risk factors, such as dyslipidemia, smoking, obesity, and carotid atherosclerosis, novel factors are under investigation such as genetic polymorphisms. Lipoxygenases (LOXs) and their genes are of critical importance in oxidative stress, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. The aim of the study is to clarify a potential ALOX12 role in CVD presence and progress of diabetic patients in different stages of nephropathy. METHODS We studied 145 patients with a documented history of DM2 for at least 10 years and diabetic nephropathy (DN), mean age 68 ± 9 years, body mass index 31 ± 5 kg/m2, and different stages of renal disease, depending on glomerular filtration rate. The sample population consisted of two groups: 108 DM2 patients with DN in all five stages of CKD and 37 DM2 patients as controls. Anthropometric and clinical characteristics, interview for history of previous CV event, and assessment of carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) were recorded at baseline. All patients were genotyped for ALOX12 polymorphisms with focus on rs14309. Genotypes (AA, AG, and GG) were evaluated for any possible role in CVD, and grouping was performed on A genotype, which is the dominant model. All participants were followed over a period of 7 years, and the end points studied were all-cause mortality, CV mortality, and CV events. CV events were defined as myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or peripheral artery disease. RESULTS The GG genotype has been significantly associated with cIMT levels above 0.86 mm and with history of MI. Regarding the presence of an atherosclerotic plaque in either carotid artery, no significant association was found when the genotypes were assessed on their own. After grouping, though, GG genotype revealed a significant association between carotid plaque formation and atheromatosis. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that ALOX12 gene GG genotype predicted all-cause mortality, CV mortality, and CV events. Similarly, when AA and AG genotypes were grouped, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with GG genotype presented an even more significant higher all-cause mortality, CV mortality, and CV events compared with AA and AG genotypes combined. After adjustment for several traditional risk factors, multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that patients with the GG genotype had a significant higher risk of all-cause mortality, a threefold increase in CV mortality, and a twofold increased risk for CV events compared to patients with the AA or the AG genotype. CONCLUSION ALOX12 rs14309 GG genotype expression was found to be significantly associated with MI, higher cIMT, increased CV events, CV, and overall mortality. This phenomenon could be partially explained by the increased platelet proaggregatory activity of AA products and the control they exert in thrombotic occurrence and plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios K Roumeliotis
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Stefanos K Roumeliotis
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Stylianos A Panagoutsos
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Fotis Tsetsos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Marianthi Georgitsi
- Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Vangelis Manolopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Peristera Paschou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ploumis S Passadakis
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Hernandez-Perez M, Chopra G, Fine J, Conteh AM, Anderson RM, Linnemann AK, Benjamin C, Nelson JB, Benninger KS, Nadler JL, Maloney DJ, Tersey SA, Mirmira RG. Inhibition of 12/15-Lipoxygenase Protects Against β-Cell Oxidative Stress and Glycemic Deterioration in Mouse Models of Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2017; 66:2875-2887. [PMID: 28842399 PMCID: PMC5652601 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Islet β-cell dysfunction and aggressive macrophage activity are early features in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). 12/15-Lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) is induced in β-cells and macrophages during T1D and produces proinflammatory lipids and lipid peroxides that exacerbate β-cell dysfunction and macrophage activity. Inhibition of 12/15-LOX provides a potential therapeutic approach to prevent glycemic deterioration in T1D. Two inhibitors recently identified by our groups through screening efforts, ML127 and ML351, have been shown to selectively target 12/15-LOX with high potency. Only ML351 exhibited no apparent toxicity across a range of concentrations in mouse islets, and molecular modeling has suggested reduced promiscuity of ML351 compared with ML127. In mouse islets, incubation with ML351 improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the presence of proinflammatory cytokines and triggered gene expression pathways responsive to oxidative stress and cell death. Consistent with a role for 12/15-LOX in promoting oxidative stress, its chemical inhibition reduced production of reactive oxygen species in both mouse and human islets in vitro. In a streptozotocin-induced model of T1D in mice, ML351 prevented the development of diabetes, with coincident enhancement of nuclear Nrf2 in islet cells, reduced β-cell oxidative stress, and preservation of β-cell mass. In the nonobese diabetic mouse model of T1D, administration of ML351 during the prediabetic phase prevented dysglycemia, reduced β-cell oxidative stress, and increased the proportion of anti-inflammatory macrophages in insulitis. The data provide the first evidence to date that small molecules that target 12/15-LOX can prevent progression of β-cell dysfunction and glycemic deterioration in models of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marimar Hernandez-Perez
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Gaurav Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery; Purdue Center for Cancer Research; Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease; and Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Jonathan Fine
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery; Purdue Center for Cancer Research; Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease; and Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Abass M. Conteh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ryan M. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Amelia K. Linnemann
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Chanelle Benjamin
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jennifer B. Nelson
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Kara S. Benninger
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jerry L. Nadler
- Department of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - David J. Maloney
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Sarah A. Tersey
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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Ma K, Xiao A, Park SH, Glenn L, Jackson L, Barot T, Weaver JR, Taylor-Fishwick DA, Luci DK, Maloney DJ, Mirmira RG, Imai Y, Nadler JL. 12-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor Improves Functions of Cytokine-Treated Human Islets and Type 2 Diabetic Islets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:2789-2797. [PMID: 28609824 PMCID: PMC5546865 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) pathway produces proinflammatory metabolites, and its activation is implicated in islet inflammation associated with type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T2D). OBJECTIVES We aimed to test the efficacy of ML355, a highly selective, small molecule inhibitor of 12-LO, for the preservation of islet function. DESIGN Human islets from nondiabetic donors were incubated with a mixture of tumor necrosis factor α , interluekin-1β, and interferon-γ to model islet inflammation. Cytokine-treated islets and human islets from T2D donors were incubated in the presence and absence of ML355. SETTING In vitro study. PARTICIPANTS Human islets from organ donors aged >20 years of both sexes and any race were used. T2D status was defined from either medical history or most recent hemoglobin A1c value >6.5%. INTERVENTION Glucose stimulation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Static and dynamic insulin secretion and oxygen consumption rate (OCR). RESULTS ML355 prevented the reduction of insulin secretion and OCR in cytokine-treated human islets and improved both parameters in human islets from T2D donors. CONCLUSIONS ML355 was efficacious in improving human islet function after cytokine treatment and in T2D islets in vitro. The study suggests that the blockade of the 12-LO pathway may serve as a target for both form of diabetes and provides the basis for further study of this small molecule inhibitor in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - An Xiao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - So Hyun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Lindsey Glenn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Laura Jackson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Tatvam Barot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Jessica R. Weaver
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - David A. Taylor-Fishwick
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Diane K. Luci
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - David J. Maloney
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics, IU Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Cellular and Integrative Physiology, IU Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Yumi Imai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Jerry L. Nadler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
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Neuman JC, Fenske RJ, Kimple ME. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites: Implications for diabetes pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment. NUTRITION AND HEALTHY AGING 2017; 4:127-140. [PMID: 28447067 PMCID: PMC5391679 DOI: 10.3233/nha-160004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Neuman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Research Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rachel J. Fenske
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Research Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michelle E. Kimple
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Research Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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Hennessy E, Rakovac Tisdall A, Murphy N, Carroll A, O'Gorman D, Breen L, Clarke C, Clynes M, Dowling P, Sreenan S. Elevated 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) levels in serum of individuals with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2017; 34:292-294. [PMID: 27353008 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Hennessy
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- 3U Diabetes, Dublin City University, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Maynooth University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Rakovac Tisdall
- 3U Diabetes, Dublin City University, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Maynooth University, Dublin, Ireland
- Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N Murphy
- Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Carroll
- Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D O'Gorman
- 3U Diabetes, Dublin City University, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Maynooth University, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L Breen
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- 3U Diabetes, Dublin City University, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Maynooth University, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Clarke
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- 3U Diabetes, Dublin City University, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Maynooth University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- 3U Diabetes, Dublin City University, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Maynooth University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P Dowling
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- 3U Diabetes, Dublin City University, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Maynooth University, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Sreenan
- 3U Diabetes, Dublin City University, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Maynooth University, Dublin, Ireland
- Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown, Dublin, Ireland
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Kalms J, Banthiya S, Galemou Yoga E, Hamberg M, Holzhutter HG, Kuhn H, Scheerer P. The crystal structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipoxygenase Ala420Gly mutant explains the improved oxygen affinity and the altered reaction specificity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:463-473. [PMID: 28093240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Secreted LOX from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA-LOX) has previously been identified as arachidonic acid 15S-lipoxygenating enzyme. Here we report that the substitution of Ala420Gly in PA-LOX leads to an enzyme variant with pronounced dual specificity favoring arachidonic acid 11R-oxygenation. When compared with other LOX-isoforms the molecular oxygen affinity of wild-type PA-LOX is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower (Km O2 of 0.4mM) but Ala420Gly exchange improved the molecular oxygen affinity (Km O2 of 0.2mM). Experiments with stereo-specifically deuterated linoleic acid indicated that the formation of both 13S- and 9R-HpODE involves abstraction of the proS-hydrogen from C11 of the fatty acid backbone. To explore the structural basis for the observed functional changes (altered specificity, improved molecular oxygen affinity) we solved the crystal structure of the Ala420Gly mutant of PA-LOX at 1.8Å resolution and compared it with the wild-type enzyme. Modeling of fatty acid alignment at the catalytic center suggested that in the wild-type enzyme dioxygen is directed to C15 of arachidonic acid by a protein tunnel, which interconnects the catalytic center with the protein surface. Ala420Gly exchange redirects intra-enzyme O2 diffusion by bifurcating this tunnel so that C11 of arachidonic acid also becomes accessible for O2 insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Kalms
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CC2), Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Swathi Banthiya
- Institute for Biochemistry (CC2), Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Etienne Galemou Yoga
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CC2), Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mats Hamberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhutter
- Institute for Biochemistry (CC2), Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute for Biochemistry (CC2), Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CC2), Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Cui Y, Liu N, Ma F, Sun W, Wu H, Xu Z, Yuan H. Role of histone modification in 12‑lipoxygenase‑associated p21 gene regulation. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3978-84. [PMID: 27600103 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the impacts and mechanisms of 12‑lipoxygenase (12‑LO) and its metabolites on the acetylation and methylation of histone‑3‑lysine (H3K) in the p21 gene. Rat mesangial cells (MCs) were selected for use in the present study. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and a luciferase assay were used to detect transcriptional activities, the acetylation (Ac) of H3K (H3KAc), p21 promoter methylation (Me) and the transcription regions induced by 12 (S)‑hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE). The cells were transfected to induce the overexpression of p300 to examine changes in 12 (S)‑HETE‑associated p21 regulation and epigenetic modifications. 12 (S)‑HETE enhanced p21 transcriptional activity and mRNA expression. In the promoter regions, P1 and P2, and the T1 transcription region, 12 (S)‑HETE induced significant H3K9 Ac and H3K4 Me1 epigenetic modifications, however, no changes were observed in the T2 region. By contrast, 12 (S)‑HETE treatment markedly prevented H3K9Me3 at the p21 promoter, suggesting that complex Me was involved in 12 (S)‑HETE‑associated p21 regulation. Furthermore, the overexpression of p300 markedly enhanced basal and 12 (S)‑HETE‑associated p21 transcriptional regulation in the MCs. 12 (S)‑HETE treatment also induced histone acetyltransferase p300 occupancy in the p21 promoter, and reduced the nuclear expression and occupancy of lysine‑specific demethylase (LSD1) in the p21 promoter. 12 (S)‑HETE induced p300 occupancy, and reduced the nuclear expression and occupancy of LSD1 in the p21 promoter. Therefore, enhanced H3K9Ac and H3K4Me1 in the p21 promoter and transcription regions, and decreased H3K9Me3 in the p21 promoter increased the expression of p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Nian Liu
- Center of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Fuzhe Ma
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Weixia Sun
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhonggao Xu
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Hang Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Li T, Jiao W, Li W, Li H. Sex effect on insulin secretion and mitochondrial function in pancreatic beta cells of elderly Wistar rats. Endocr Res 2016; 41:167-79. [PMID: 26865180 DOI: 10.3109/07435800.2015.1124437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Glucose tolerance progressively declines with age, and there is a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the elderly people. Previous studies have reported the sex differences in risk for type 2 diabetes, especially in the elderly people, whereas reasons for these sex differences remain poorly understood. This study aims to evaluate the effect of sex on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and mitochondrial function in pancreatic beta cells of Wistar rats. METHODS 3-month-old and 18-month-old Wistar rats of both sexes were used. Insulin secretion of islets was analyzed by glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and islet perifusion assays; ATP content and oxygen consumption rate of islets were determined to evaluate the mitochondrial function. RESULTS Insulin secretion of islets under high glucose conditions declined significantly with age in both sexes. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion of elderly female groups was markedly higher than that of male groups under high glucose conditions. Importantly, islets from elderly female groups showed higher mitochondrial function compared with male counterparts, evidenced by higher ATP content and oxygen consumption rate under high glucose conditions. It was also noted that mitochondrial biogenesis of islets from elderly female rats was significant higher compared with male rats. There were notable increases in expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in islets from elderly female rats compared with male rats. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a sex dimorphism in the age-associated impairment of pancreatic beta cell function in elderly rats, while the potential mechanism may be related to the sexual differences in mitochondrial biogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Li
- a Department of Elderly Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Wenjun Jiao
- a Department of Elderly Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Weifang Li
- a Department of Elderly Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Hua Li
- a Department of Elderly Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
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Xu HZ, Cheng YL, Wang WN, Wu H, Zhang YY, Zang CS, Xu ZG. 12-Lipoxygenase Inhibition on Microalbuminuria in Type-1 and Type-2 Diabetes Is Associated with Changes of Glomerular Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Related to Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050684. [PMID: 27164093 PMCID: PMC4881510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) BACKGROUND: 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) is involved in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). In the present study, we investigated whether 12-LO inhibition may ameliorate type-2 DN (T2DN) by interfering with insulin resistance (IR); (2) METHODS: Rat glomerular mesangial cells, glomeruli and skeletal muscles were isolated and used in this study. Kidney histological changes were confirmed by periodic-acid Schiff staining; mRNA expression was detected by competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; and the protein level was determined by Western blot and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively; (3) RESULTS: The inhibition of 12-LO attenuated microalbuminuria (MAU) increases in type-2 diabetic rats, but not in type-1 diabetic rats. Infusion of 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)-HETE) significantly increased the expression of angiotensin II (Ang II) and Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), but decreased the expression of AT1R-associated protein (ATRAP) in rat glomeruli, compared to the control. An in vitro study revealed that both 12(S)-HETE and insulin upregulated AT1R expression in rat mesangial cells. In the presence of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor, SB202190, the 12(S)-HETE-induced ATRAP reduction was significantly abolished. Interestingly, 12-LO inhibition did not influence AT1R expression in type-1 diabetic rats, but significantly abolished the increased AT1R and Ang II expression in glomeruli of type-2 diabetic rats. Furthermore, the inhibition of 12-LO significantly corrected impaired insulin sensitivity and fast serum insulin level, as well as the p-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) reduction in skeletal muscle of type-2 diabetic rats; (4) CONCLUSION: The inhibition of 12-LO potentially ameliorated MAU by preventing IR through the downregulation of glomerular AT1R expression in T2DN.
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MESH Headings
- 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid/pharmacology
- Albuminuria/etiology
- Albuminuria/metabolism
- Animals
- Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetic Nephropathies/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Insulin Resistance
- Kidney Glomerulus/drug effects
- Kidney Glomerulus/metabolism
- Lipoxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Male
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zhao Xu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yan-Li Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Wan-Ning Wang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Chong-Sen Zang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Zhong-Gao Xu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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Imai Y, Dobrian AD, Morris MA, Taylor-Fishwick DA, Nadler JL. Lipids and immunoinflammatory pathways of beta cell destruction. Diabetologia 2016; 59:673-8. [PMID: 26868492 PMCID: PMC4779407 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3890-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Islet inflammation contributes to beta cell demise in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. 12-Lipoxygenase (12-LO, gene expressed as ALOX12 in humans and 12-Lo in rodents in this manuscript) produces proinflammatory metabolites such as 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids through dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. 12-LO was first implicated in diabetes when the increase in 12-Lo expression and 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid was noted in rodent models of diabetes. Subsequently, germline 12-Lo (-/-) was shown to prevent the development of hyperglycemia in mouse models of type 1 diabetes and in high-fat fed mice. More recently, beta cell-specific 12-Lo (-/-) was shown to protect mice against hyperglycaemia after streptozotocin and a high-fat diet. In humans, 12-LO expression is increased in pancreatic islets of autoantibody-positive, type 1 diabetic and type 2 diabetic organ donors. Interestingly, the high expression of ALOX12 is associated with the alteration in first-phase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in human type 2 diabetic islets. To further clarify the role of islet 12-LO in diabetes and to validate 12-LO as a therapeutic target of diabetes, we have studied selective pharmacological inhibitors for 12-LO. The compounds we have identified show promise: they protect beta cell lines and human islets from apoptosis and preserve insulin secretion when challenged by proinflammatory cytokine mixture. Currently studies are underway to test the compounds in mouse models of diabetes. This review summarises a presentation given at the 'Islet inflammation in type 2 diabetes' symposium at the 2015 annual meeting of the EASD. It is accompanied two other mini-reviews on topics from this symposium (by Simone Baltrusch, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3891-x and Marc Donath, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3873-z ) and a commentary by the Session Chair, Piero Marchetti (DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3875-x ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Imai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA.
| | - Anca D Dobrian
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Margaret A Morris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - David A Taylor-Fishwick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Jerry L Nadler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA.
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43
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Ivanov I, Kuhn H, Heydeck D. Structural and functional biology of arachidonic acid 15-lipoxygenase-1 (ALOX15). Gene 2015; 573:1-32. [PMID: 26216303 PMCID: PMC6728142 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOX) form a family of lipid peroxidizing enzymes, which have been implicated in a number of physiological processes and in the pathogenesis of inflammatory, hyperproliferative and neurodegenerative diseases. They occur in two of the three domains of terrestrial life (bacteria, eucarya) and the human genome involves six functional LOX genes, which encode for six different LOX isoforms. One of these isoforms is ALOX15, which has first been described in rabbits in 1974 as enzyme capable of oxidizing membrane phospholipids during the maturational breakdown of mitochondria in immature red blood cells. During the following decades ALOX15 has extensively been characterized and its biological functions have been studied in a number of cellular in vitro systems as well as in various whole animal disease models. This review is aimed at summarizing the current knowledge on the protein-chemical, molecular biological and enzymatic properties of ALOX15 in various species (human, mouse, rabbit, rat) as well as its implication in cellular physiology and in the pathogenesis of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Ivanov
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dagmar Heydeck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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Pace-Asciak CR. Pathophysiology of the hepoxilins. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:383-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tersey SA, Bolanis E, Holman TR, Maloney DJ, Nadler JL, Mirmira RG. Minireview: 12-Lipoxygenase and Islet β-Cell Dysfunction in Diabetes. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:791-800. [PMID: 25803446 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin producing islet β-cells have increasingly gained attention for their role in the pathogeneses of virtually all forms of diabetes. Dysfunction, de-differentiation, and/or death of β-cells are pivotal features in the transition from normoglycemia to hyperglycemia in both animal models of metabolic disease and humans. In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, inflammation appears to be a central cause of β-cell derangements, and molecular pathways that modulate inflammation or the inflammatory response are felt to be prime targets of future diabetes therapy. The lipoxygenases (LOs) represent a class of enzymes that oxygenate cellular polyunsaturated fatty acids to produce inflammatory lipid intermediates that directly and indirectly affect cellular function and survival. The enzyme 12-LO is expressed in all metabolically active tissues, including pancreatic islets, and has received increasing attention for its role in promoting cellular inflammation in the setting of diabetes. Genetic deletion models of 12-LO in mice reveal striking protection from metabolic disease and its complications and an emerging body of literature has implicated its role in human disease. This review focuses on the evidence supporting the proinflammatory role of 12-LO as it relates to islet β-cells, and the potential for 12-LO inhibition as a future avenue for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Tersey
- Departments of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (S.A.T., R.G.M.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (E.B., R.G.M.), Medicine (R.G.M.), and Cellular and Integrative Physiology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (T.R.H.), University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (D.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Medicine and the Strelitz Diabetes Center (J.L.N.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Esther Bolanis
- Departments of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (S.A.T., R.G.M.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (E.B., R.G.M.), Medicine (R.G.M.), and Cellular and Integrative Physiology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (T.R.H.), University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (D.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Medicine and the Strelitz Diabetes Center (J.L.N.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Theodore R Holman
- Departments of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (S.A.T., R.G.M.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (E.B., R.G.M.), Medicine (R.G.M.), and Cellular and Integrative Physiology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (T.R.H.), University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (D.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Medicine and the Strelitz Diabetes Center (J.L.N.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - David J Maloney
- Departments of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (S.A.T., R.G.M.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (E.B., R.G.M.), Medicine (R.G.M.), and Cellular and Integrative Physiology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (T.R.H.), University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (D.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Medicine and the Strelitz Diabetes Center (J.L.N.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Jerry L Nadler
- Departments of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (S.A.T., R.G.M.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (E.B., R.G.M.), Medicine (R.G.M.), and Cellular and Integrative Physiology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (T.R.H.), University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (D.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Medicine and the Strelitz Diabetes Center (J.L.N.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Departments of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (S.A.T., R.G.M.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (E.B., R.G.M.), Medicine (R.G.M.), and Cellular and Integrative Physiology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (T.R.H.), University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (D.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Medicine and the Strelitz Diabetes Center (J.L.N.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
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Barbour SE, Nguyen PT, Park M, Emani B, Lei X, Kambalapalli M, Shultz JC, Wijesinghe D, Chalfant CE, Ramanadham S. Group VIA Phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β) Modulates Bcl-x 5'-Splice Site Selection and Suppresses Anti-apoptotic Bcl-x(L) in β-Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11021-31. [PMID: 25762722 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.648956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a consequence of reduced β-cell function and mass, due to β-cell apoptosis. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is induced during β-cell apoptosis due to various stimuli, and our work indicates that group VIA phospholipase A2β (iPLA2β) participates in this process. Delineation of underlying mechanism(s) reveals that ER stress reduces the anti-apoptotic Bcl-x(L) protein in INS-1 cells. The Bcl-x pre-mRNA undergoes alternative pre-mRNA splicing to generate Bcl-x(L) or Bcl-x(S) mature mRNA. We show that both thapsigargin-induced and spontaneous ER stress are associated with reductions in the ratio of Bcl-x(L)/Bcl-x(S) mRNA in INS-1 and islet β-cells. However, chemical inactivation or knockdown of iPLA2β augments the Bcl-x(L)/Bcl-x(S) ratio. Furthermore, the ratio is lower in islets from islet-specific RIP-iPLA2β transgenic mice, whereas islets from global iPLA2β(-/-) mice exhibit the opposite phenotype. In view of our earlier reports that iPLA2β induces ceramide accumulation through neutral sphingomyelinase 2 and that ceramides shift the Bcl-x 5'-splice site (5'SS) selection in favor of Bcl-x(S), we investigated the potential link between Bcl-x splicing and the iPLA2β/ceramide axis. Exogenous C6-ceramide did not alter Bcl-x 5'SS selection in INS-1 cells, and neutral sphingomyelinase 2 inactivation only partially prevented the ER stress-induced shift in Bcl-x splicing. In contrast, 5(S)-hydroxytetraenoic acid augmented the ratio of Bcl-x(L)/Bcl-x(S) by 15.5-fold. Taken together, these data indicate that β-cell apoptosis is, in part, attributable to the modulation of 5'SS selection in the Bcl-x pre-mRNA by bioactive lipids modulated by iPLA2β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Barbour
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0614
| | - Phuong T Nguyen
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0614
| | - Margaret Park
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0614
| | - Bhargavi Emani
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0614
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- the Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology and Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Mamatha Kambalapalli
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0614
| | - Jacqueline C Shultz
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0614
| | - Dayanjan Wijesinghe
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0614, the Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23249
| | - Charles E Chalfant
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0614, the Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23249, the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298, and the Virginia Commonwealth University Reanimation Engineering Science Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Sasanka Ramanadham
- the Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology and Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294,
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Taylor-Fishwick DA, Weaver J, Glenn L, Kuhn N, Rai G, Jadhav A, Simeonov A, Dudda A, Schmoll D, Holman TR, Maloney DJ, Nadler JL. Selective inhibition of 12-lipoxygenase protects islets and beta cells from inflammatory cytokine-mediated beta cell dysfunction. Diabetologia 2015; 58:549-57. [PMID: 25417214 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Islet inflammation leads to loss of functional pancreatic beta cell mass. Increasing evidence suggests that activation of 12-lipoxygenase leads to inflammatory beta cell loss. This study evaluates new specific small-molecule inhibitors of 12-lipoxygenase for protecting rodent and human beta cells from inflammatory damage. METHODS Mouse beta cell lines and mouse and human islets were treated with inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNFα and IFNγ in the absence or presence of novel selective 12-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), gene expression, cell survival and 12-S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-S-HETE) levels were evaluated using established methods. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed with the lead inhibitor in CD1 mice. RESULTS Inflammatory cytokines led to the loss of human beta cell function, elevated cell death, increased inflammatory gene expression and upregulation of 12-lipoxygenase expression and activity (measured by 12-S-HETE generation). Two 12-lipoxygenase inhibitors, Compounds 5 and 9, produced a concentration-dependent reduction of stimulated 12-S-HETE levels. GSIS was preserved in the presence of the 12-lipoxygenase inhibitors. 12-Lipoxygenase inhibition preserved survival of primary mouse and human islets. When administered orally, Compound 5 reduced plasma 12-S-HETE in CD1 mice. Compounds 5 and 9 preserved the function and survival of human donor islets exposed to inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Selective inhibition of 12-lipoxygenase activity confers protection to beta cells during exposure to inflammatory cytokines. These concept validation studies identify 12-lipoxygenase as a promising target in the prevention of loss of functional beta cells in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Taylor-Fishwick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA,
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Grzesik WJ, Nadler JL, Machida Y, Nadler JL, Imai Y, Morris MA. Expression pattern of 12-lipoxygenase in human islets with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E387-95. [PMID: 25532042 PMCID: PMC4333045 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-3630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Inflammation in the pancreas can cause β-cell stress, leading to diabetes development. Access to human pancreas tissues via the Network for Pancreatic Organ Donors with Diabetes (nPOD) has allowed characterization of pathways leading to this inflammation. OBJECTIVE 12-Lipoxygenase (12-LO) induces inflammation and has been implicated in diabetes development. Our goal was to determine expression of 12-LO in human islets from control, autoantibody-positive, type 1 diabetic, and type 2 diabetic nPOD pancreas donors. DESIGN Pancreas tissues from nPOD donors were examined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence for islet expression of 12-LO in different subsets of islet cells. PARTICIPANTS Donor pancreas samples were obtained from nPOD based on disease status (control, n = 7; autoantibody-positive, n = 8; type 1 diabetic, n = 17; or type 2 diabetic donors, n = 15). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Determination of 12-LO expression within human islets served as the main outcome measure, including distinguishing which types of islet cells expressed 12-LO. RESULTS Islets from control participants (nondiabetic) lacked islet expression of 12-LO. Of donors in the other groups, 25% to 37% expressed islet 12-LO with a clear inverse relation between the numbers of β-cells and 12-LO(+) cells within islets of 12-LO(+) cases. 12-LO expression was not seen within macrophages, endothelial cells, α-cells, or β-cells, but only within cells expressing low levels of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and increased levels of vimentin. CONCLUSIONS 12-LO expression colocalizes within a specific type of islet PP(+) cell under prediabetic and diabetic conditions. The costaining of PP and vimentin suggests that 12-LO participates in the process leading to β-cell dedifferentiation in the islet.
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Ehses JA, Donath MY. Targeting 12-lipoxygenase as a novel strategy to combat the effects of inflammation on beta cells in diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58:425-8. [PMID: 25537834 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a pathological feature of the pancreatic islet in type 1 and 2 diabetes, contributing to islet endocrine cell failure and the onset of hyperglycaemia in both diseases. Indeed, numerous immune targets have recently been found to be altered in type 2 diabetes, but few have yet to be translated to the clinic. Taylor-Fishwick and colleagues aimed to change this by performing proof-of-concept studies investigating the efficacy of small molecule inhibitors of 12-lipoxygenase in rodent and human beta cells exposed to proinflammatory cytokines. The results of these studies, published in this issue of Diabetologia (DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3452-0), build on a wealth of preclinical data that have implicated 12-lipoxygenase in rodent models of type 1 and 2 diabetes. While there remain some unanswered mechanistic questions regarding how cytokines regulate 12-lipoxygenase activation and the downstream consequences of activation, it is hoped that future studies with newly identified selective inhibitors may overcome the in vitro limitations of this study and allow for the eventual clinical translation of these highly interesting findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Ehses
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Child & Family Research Institute, Room A4-183, 950W 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z 4H4,
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Powell WS, Rokach J. Biosynthesis, biological effects, and receptors of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and oxoeicosatetraenoic acids (oxo-ETEs) derived from arachidonic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:340-55. [PMID: 25449650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid can be oxygenated by a variety of different enzymes, including lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and cytochrome P450s, and can be converted to a complex mixture of oxygenated products as a result of lipid peroxidation. The initial products in these reactions are hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HpETEs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). Oxoeicosatetraenoic acids (oxo-ETEs) can be formed by the actions of various dehydrogenases on HETEs or by dehydration of HpETEs. Although a large number of different HETEs and oxo-ETEs have been identified, this review will focus principally on 5-oxo-ETE, 5S-HETE, 12S-HETE, and 15S-HETE. Other related arachidonic acid metabolites will also be discussed in less detail. 5-Oxo-ETE is synthesized by oxidation of the 5-lipoxygenase product 5S-HETE by the selective enzyme, 5-hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase. It actions are mediated by the selective OXE receptor, which is highly expressed on eosinophils, suggesting that it may be important in eosinophilic diseases such as asthma. 5-Oxo-ETE also appears to stimulate tumor cell proliferation and may also be involved in cancer. Highly selective and potent OXE receptor antagonists have recently become available and could help to clarify its pathophysiological role. The 12-lipoxygenase product 12S-HETE acts by the GPR31 receptor and promotes tumor cell proliferation and metastasis and could therefore be a promising target in cancer therapy. It may also be involved as a proinflammatory mediator in diabetes. In contrast, 15S-HETE may have a protective effect in cancer. In addition to GPCRs, higher concentration of HETEs and oxo-ETEs can activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and could potentially regulate a variety of processes by this mechanism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance".
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Powell
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3626St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada.
| | - Joshua Rokach
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
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