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Abstract
GPR21 is a class-A orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and a potential therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders. This receptor shows high basal activity in coupling to multiple G proteins in the absence of any known endogenous agonist or synthetic ligand. Here, we present the structures of ligand-free human GPR21 bound to heterotrimeric miniGs and miniG15 proteins, respectively. We identified an agonist-like motif in extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) that occupies the orthosteric pocket and promotes receptor activation. A side pocket that may be employed as a new ligand binding site was also uncovered. Remarkably, G protein binding is accommodated by a flexible cytoplasmic portion of transmembrane helix 6 (TM6) which adopts little or undetectable outward movement. These findings will enable the design of modulators for GPR21 for understanding its signal transduction and exploring opportunity for deorphanization.
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2
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Gutiérrez-Rojas RA, Aguayo-Cerón KA, Vargas-De-León C, Cabrera-Becerra SE, Almanza-Pérez JC, Huang F, Villafaña S, Romero-Nava R. Glycine Effect on the Expression Profile of Orphan Receptors GPR21, GPR26, GPR39, GPR82 and GPR6 in a Model of Inflammation in 3T3-L1 Cells. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1687. [PMID: 36362842 PMCID: PMC9696036 DOI: 10.3390/life12111687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic or low-grade inflammation is a process where various immune cells are recruited from the periphery into adipose tissue. This event gives rise to localised inflammation, in addition to having a close interaction with cardiometabolic pathologies where the mediation of orphan receptors is observed. The aim of this study was to analyse the participation of the orphan receptors GPR21, GPR39, GPR82 and GPR6 in a chronic inflammatory process in 3T3-L1 cells. The 3T3-L1 cells were stimulated with TNF-α (5 ng/mL) for 60 min as an inflammatory model. Gene expression was measured by RT-qPCR. RESULTS We showed that the inflammatory stimulus of TNF-α in adipocytes decreased the expression of the orphan receptors GPR21, GPR26, GPR39, GPR82 and GPR6, which are related to low-grade inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that GPR21 and GPR82 are modulated by glycine, it shows a possible protective role in the presence of an inflammatory environment in adipocytes, and they could be a therapeutic target to decrease the inflammation in some diseases related to low-grade inflammation such as diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karla Aidee Aguayo-Cerón
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Cruz Vargas-De-León
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
- División de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Ciudad de México 07760, Mexico
| | - Sandra Edith Cabrera-Becerra
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Julio Cesar Almanza-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa (UAM-I), Ciudad de México 09340, Mexico
| | - Fengyang Huang
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Farmacología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | - Santiago Villafaña
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Romero-Nava
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
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3
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Mouat MA, Wilkins BP, Ding E, Govindaraju H, Coleman JLJ, Graham RM, Turner N, Smith NJ. Metabolic Profiling of Mice with Deletion of the Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor, GPR37L1. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111814. [PMID: 35681509 PMCID: PMC9180194 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the neurogenic causes of obesity may reveal novel drug targets to counter the obesity crisis and associated sequelae. Here, we investigate whether the deletion of GPR37L1, an astrocyte-specific orphan G protein-coupled receptor, affects whole-body energy homeostasis in mice. We subjected male Gpr37l1−/− mice and littermate wildtype (Gpr37l1+/+, C57BL/6J background) controls to either 12 weeks of high-fat diet (HFD) or chow feeding, or to 1 year of chow diet, with body composition quantified by EchoMRI, glucose handling by glucose tolerance test and metabolic rate by indirect calorimetry. Following an HFD, Gpr37l1−/− mice had similar glucose handling, body weight and fat mass compared with wildtype controls. Interestingly, we observed a significantly elevated respiratory exchange ratio in HFD- and chow-fed Gpr37l1−/− mice during daylight hours. After 1 year of chow feeding, we again saw no differences in glucose and insulin tolerance or body weight between genotypes, nor in energy expenditure or respiratory exchange ratio. However, there was significantly lower fat mass accumulation, and higher ambulatory activity in the Gpr37l1−/− mice during night hours. Overall, these results indicate that while GPR37L1 may play a minor role in whole-body metabolism, it is not a viable clinical target for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Mouat
- Orphan Receptor Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.A.M.); (B.P.W.)
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; (J.L.J.C.); (R.M.G.)
| | - Brendan P. Wilkins
- Orphan Receptor Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.A.M.); (B.P.W.)
| | - Eileen Ding
- Mitochondrial Bioenergetics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (E.D.); (H.G.)
| | - Hemna Govindaraju
- Mitochondrial Bioenergetics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (E.D.); (H.G.)
| | - James L. J. Coleman
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; (J.L.J.C.); (R.M.G.)
| | - Robert M. Graham
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; (J.L.J.C.); (R.M.G.)
| | - Nigel Turner
- Mitochondrial Bioenergetics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (E.D.); (H.G.)
- Cellular Bioenergetics Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (N.J.S.)
| | - Nicola J. Smith
- Orphan Receptor Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.A.M.); (B.P.W.)
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (N.J.S.)
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4
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G protein–coupled receptor 21 in macrophages: An in vitro study. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 926:175018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Metabolic Syndrome: Updates on Pathophysiology and Management in 2021. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020786. [PMID: 35054972 PMCID: PMC8775991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 211.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) forms a cluster of metabolic dysregulations including insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, central obesity, and hypertension. The pathogenesis of MetS encompasses multiple genetic and acquired entities that fall under the umbrella of insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammation. If left untreated, MetS is significantly associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Given that CVDs constitute by far the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, it has become essential to investigate the role played by MetS in this context to reduce the heavy burden of the disease. As such, and while MetS relatively constitutes a novel clinical entity, the extent of research about the disease has been exponentially growing in the past few decades. However, many aspects of this clinical entity are still not completely understood, and many questions remain unanswered to date. In this review, we provide a historical background and highlight the epidemiology of MetS. We also discuss the current and latest knowledge about the histopathology and pathophysiology of the disease. Finally, we summarize the most recent updates about the management and the prevention of this clinical syndrome.
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Teng F, Tang W, Wuniqiemu T, Qin J, Zhou Y, Huang X, Wang S, Zhu X, Tang Z, Yi L, Wei Y, Dong J. N 6-Methyladenosine Methylomic Landscape of Lung Tissues in Murine Acute Allergic Asthma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:740571. [PMID: 34737744 PMCID: PMC8560743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.740571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is well known as a common respiratory disorder comprising an allergic inflammatory nature and excessive immune characteristic. N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation is an RNA epigenetic modification that post-transcriptionally regulates gene expression and function by affecting the RNA fate. Currently, m6A methylation is gaining attention as a mechanism of immunoregulation. However, whether m6A methylation engages the pathological process of asthma remains uncertain. Here, we present the m6A methylomic landscape in the lung tissues of ovalbumin-induced acute asthma mice using MeRIP-seq and RNA-seq. We identified 353 hypermethylated m6A peaks within 329 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and 150 hypomethylated m6A peaks within 143 mRNAs in the lung tissues of asthmatic mice. These differentially methylated mRNAs were found to be involved in several immune function-relevant signaling pathways. In addition, we predicted 25 RNA-binding proteins that recognize the differentially methylated peak sites by exploring public databases, and the roles of these proteins are mostly related to mRNA biogenesis and metabolism. To further investigate the expression levels of the differentially methylated genes, we performed combined analysis of the m6A methylome and transcriptome data and identified 127 hypermethylated mRNAs (107 high and 20 low expression) and 43 hypomethylated mRNAs with differential expressions (9 high and 34 low expression). Of these, there are a list of mRNAs involved in immune function and regulation. The present results highlight the essential role of m6A methylation in the pathogenesis of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Teng
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Tang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tulake Wuniqiemu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Qin
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaolong Zhou
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyuan Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyi Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Tang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - La Yi
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingcheng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Riddy DM, Kammoun HL, Murphy AJ, Bosnyak-Gladovic S, De la Fuente Gonzalez R, Merlin J, Ziemann M, Fabb S, Pierce TL, Diepenhorst N, Rueda P, El-Osta A, Gautier JF, Venteclef N, Charman WN, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM, Summers RJ, Febbraio MA, Delerive P, Langmead CJ. Deletion of GPR21 improves glucose homeostasis and inhibits the CCL2-CCR2 axis by divergent mechanisms. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:9/2/e002285. [PMID: 34782333 PMCID: PMC8593704 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A potential role for the orphan G protein-coupled receptor, GPR21, in linking immune cell infiltration into tissues and obesity-induced insulin resistance has been proposed, although limited studies in mice are complicated by non-selective deletion of Gpr21. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We hypothesized that a Gpr21-selective knockout mouse model, coupled with type 2 diabetes patient samples, would clarify these issues and enable clear assessment of GPR21 as a potential therapeutic target. RESULTS High-fat feeding studies in Gpr21-/- mice revealed improved glucose tolerance and modest changes in inflammatory gene expression. Gpr21-/- monocytes and intraperitoneal macrophages had selectively impaired chemotactic responses to monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, despite unaltered expression of Ccr2. Further genotypic analysis revealed that chemotactic impairment was due to dysregulated monocyte polarization. Patient samples revealed elevated GPR21 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in type 2 diabetes, which was correlated with both %HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose levels. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, human and mouse data suggest that GPR21 influences both glucose homeostasis and MCP-1/CCL2-CCR2-driven monocyte migration. However, a Gpr21-/- bone marrow transplantation and high-fat feeding study in mice revealed no effect on glucose homeostasis, suggesting that there is no (or limited) overlap in the mechanism involved for monocyte-driven inflammation and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren M Riddy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helene L Kammoun
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sanja Bosnyak-Gladovic
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jon Merlin
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Ziemann
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stewart Fabb
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tracie L Pierce
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie Diepenhorst
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patricia Rueda
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Assam El-Osta
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jean-Francois Gautier
- Inserm UMRS 1138, Département Diabète et Endocrinologie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Venteclef
- Inserm UMRS 1138, Département Diabète et Endocrinologie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - William N Charman
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roger J Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philippe Delerive
- Pôle d'Innovation Thérapeutique Métabolisme, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Kinsella GK, Cannito S, Bordano V, Stephens JC, Rosa AC, Miglio G, Guaschino V, Iannaccone V, Findlay JBC, Benetti E. GPR21 Inhibition Increases Glucose-Uptake in HepG2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910784. [PMID: 34639123 PMCID: PMC8509304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR21 is a constitutively active, orphan, G-protein-coupled receptor, with in vivo studies suggesting its involvement in the modulation of insulin sensitivity. However, its precise contribution is not fully understood. As the liver is both a major target of insulin signalling and critically involved in glucose metabolism, the aim of this study was to examine the role of GPR21 in the regulation of glucose uptake and production in human hepatocytes. In particular, HepG2 cells, which express GPR21, were adopted as cellular models. Compared with untreated cells, a significant increase in glucose uptake was measured in cells treated with siRNA to downregulate GPR21 expression or with the GPR21-inverse agonist, GRA2. Consistently, a significantly higher membrane translocation of GLUT-2 was measured under these conditions. These effects were accompanied by an increased ratio of phAKT(Ser473)/tot-AKT and phGSK-3β(Ser9)/tot-GSK-3β, thus indicating a marked activation of the insulin signalling pathway. Moreover, a significant reduction in ERK activation was observed with GPR21 inhibition. Collectively, these results indicate that GPR21 mediates the negative effects on glucose uptake by the liver cells. In addition, they suggest that the pharmacological inhibition of GPR21 could be a novel strategy to improve glucose homeostasis and counteract hepatic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma K. Kinsella
- School of Food Sciences and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Stefania Cannito
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy;
| | - Valentina Bordano
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (V.B.); (A.C.R.); (G.M.); (V.G.); (V.I.)
| | - John C. Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland;
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Arianna C. Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (V.B.); (A.C.R.); (G.M.); (V.G.); (V.I.)
| | - Gianluca Miglio
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (V.B.); (A.C.R.); (G.M.); (V.G.); (V.I.)
| | - Valeria Guaschino
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (V.B.); (A.C.R.); (G.M.); (V.G.); (V.I.)
| | - Valeria Iannaccone
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (V.B.); (A.C.R.); (G.M.); (V.G.); (V.I.)
| | - John B. C. Findlay
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland;
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| | - Elisa Benetti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (V.B.); (A.C.R.); (G.M.); (V.G.); (V.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0116707137
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9
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Obesity-induced changes in human islet G protein-coupled receptor expression: Implications for metabolic regulation. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107928. [PMID: 34174278 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of cell surface receptors that are the targets for many different classes of pharmacotherapy. The islets of Langerhans are central to appropriate glucose homeostasis through their secretion of insulin, and islet function can be modified by ligands acting at the large number of GPCRs that islets express. The human islet GPCRome is not a static entity, but one that is altered under pathophysiological conditions and, in this review, we have compared expression of GPCR mRNAs in human islets obtained from normal weight range donors, and those with a weight range classified as obese. We have also considered the likely outcomes on islet function that the altered GPCR expression status confers and the possible impact that adipokines, secreted from expanded fat depots, could have at those GPCRs showing altered expression in obesity.
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10
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Wada M, Yukawa K, Ogasawara H, Suzawa K, Maekawa T, Yamamoto Y, Ohta T, Lee E, Miki T. GPR52 accelerates fatty acid biosynthesis in a ligand-dependent manner in hepatocytes and in response to excessive fat intake in mice. iScience 2021; 24:102260. [PMID: 33796846 PMCID: PMC7995607 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gpr52 is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor of unknown physiological function. We found that Gpr52-deficient (Gpr52−/−) mice exhibit leanness associated with reduced liver weight, decreased hepatic de novo lipogenesis, and enhanced insulin sensitivity. Treatment of the hepatoma cell line HepG2 cells with c11, the synthetic GPR52 agonist, increased fatty acid biosynthesis, and GPR52 knockdown (KD) abolished the lipogenic action of c11. In addition, c11 induced the expressions of lipogenic enzymes (SCD1 and ELOVL6), whereas these inductions were attenuated by GPR52-KD. In contrast, cholesterol biosynthesis was not increased by c11, but its basal level was significantly suppressed by GPR52-KD. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced increase in hepatic expression of Pparg2 and its targets (Scd1 and Elovl6) was absent in Gpr52−/− mice with alleviated hepatosteatosis. Our present study showed that hepatic GPR52 promotes the biosynthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol in a ligand-dependent and a constitutive manner, respectively, and Gpr52 participates in HFD-induced fatty acid synthesis in liver. Hepatosteatosis is inherently an adaptive response to overnutrition to store energy On the other hand, it can be a pathological condition causing insulin resistance High-fat diet increases PPARγ2 expression and lipogenesis in liver via GPR52 Gpr52 ablation protects mice from developing hepatosteatosis and insulin resistance
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Wada
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kayo Yukawa
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogasawara
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzawa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maekawa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takashi Miki
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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11
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Romero-Nava R, García N, Aguayo-Cerón KA, Sánchez Muñoz F, Huang F, Hong E, Villafaña S. Modifications in GPR21 and GPR82 genes expression as a consequence of metabolic syndrome etiology. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 41:38-44. [PMID: 32583711 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1784228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) has been related with alterations in expression levels of orphan G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) such as GPR21 and GPR82, which could be involved in some of the elements that characterizes the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this work was to evaluate changes in GPR21 and GPR82 receptors expression in two models of metabolic syndrome: one genetic (Zucker rats), and the other based on a diet (70% fructose for 9 weeks). GPR21 and GPR82 gene expressions were evaluated in brain, heart, aorta, liver and kidney by RT-qPCR. Rats with a high fructose diet, as well as obese Zucker rats, showed initial stages of pancreatic damage and alterations in some biochemical parameters related to the model consistent with the classification of MS. GPR21 and GPR82 receptors expressed in all tissues. The expression of GPR21 decreased in heart, aorta and kidney, but in liver the expression was different: decreased in diet model and increased in genetic model. In contrast, GPR82 expression depended of tissue and metabolic syndrome model. The results highlight the possible role of GPR21 and GPR82 receptors in the development MS. We conclude that the expression of GPR21 and GPR82 in different tissues is related with MS and depend of the origin of the syndrome, so they could be a therapeutic target for that syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Romero-Nava
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México.,Laboratorio de Investigación en Farmacología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Noemí García
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | - Karla Aidee Aguayo-Cerón
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fausto Sánchez Muñoz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fengyang Huang
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Farmacología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Enrique Hong
- Departamento de Neurofarmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Santiago Villafaña
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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12
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Shim K, Begum R, Yang C, Wang H. Complement activation in obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2020; 11:1-12. [PMID: 31938469 PMCID: PMC6927818 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v11.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amplified inflammatory reaction has been observed to be involved in cardiometabolic diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis. The complement system was originally viewed as a supportive first line of defense against microbial invaders, and research over the past decade has come to appreciate that the functions of the complement system extend beyond the defense and elimination of microbes, involving in such diverse processes as clearance of the immune complexes, complementing T and B cell immune functions, tissue regeneration, and metabolism. The focus of this review is to summarize the role of the activation of complement system and the initiation and progression of metabolic disorders including obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. In addition, we briefly describe the interaction of the activation of the complement system with diabetic complications such as diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy, highlighting that targeting complement system therapeutics could be one of possible routes to slow down those aforementioned diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyumin Shim
- Department of Basic Science, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
| | - Rayhana Begum
- Department of Pharmacy, Primeasia University, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Catherine Yang
- Department of Basic Science, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
- California Northstate University College of Graduate Studies, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Basic Science, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
- California Northstate University College of Graduate Studies, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, California Northstate University College of Pharmacy, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
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13
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Gupta MK, Vasudevan NT. GPCRs and Insulin Receptor Signaling in Conversation: Novel Avenues for Drug Discovery. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1436-1444. [PMID: 31512997 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190712211642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a major health issue worldwide with complex metabolic and endocrine abnormalities. Hyperglycemia, defects in insulin secretion and insulin resistance are classic features of type 2 diabetes. Insulin signaling regulates metabolic homeostasis by regulating glucose and lipid turnover in the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Major treatment modalities for diabetes include the drugs from the class of sulfonyl urea, Insulin, GLP-1 agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, DPP-IV inhibitors and Thiazolidinediones. Emerging antidiabetic therapeutics also include classes of drugs targeting GPCRs in the liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Interestingly, recent research highlights several shared intermediates between insulin and GPCR signaling cascades opening potential novel avenues for diabetic drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manveen K Gupta
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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14
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Lackey DE, Reis FCG, Isaac R, Zapata RC, El Ouarrat D, Lee YS, Bandyopadhyay G, Ofrecio JM, Oh DY, Osborn O. Adipocyte PU.1 knockout promotes insulin sensitivity in HFD-fed obese mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14779. [PMID: 31611602 PMCID: PMC6791934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a key feature of obesity and type 2 diabetes. PU.1 is a master transcription factor predominantly expressed in macrophages but after HFD feeding PU.1 expression is also significantly increased in adipocytes. We generated adipocyte specific PU.1 knockout mice using adiponectin cre to investigate the role of PU.1 in adipocyte biology, insulin and glucose homeostasis. In HFD-fed obese mice systemic glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were improved in PU.1 AKO mice and clamp studies indicated improvements in both adipose and liver insulin sensitivity. At the level of adipose tissue, macrophage infiltration and inflammation was decreased and glucose uptake was increased in PU.1 AKO mice compared with controls. While PU.1 deletion in adipocytes did not affect the gene expression of PPARg itself, we observed increased expression of PPARg target genes in eWAT from HFD fed PU.1 AKO mice compared with controls. Furthermore, we observed decreased phosphorylation at serine 273 in PU.1 AKO mice compared with fl/fl controls, indicating that PPARg is more active when PU.1 expression is reduced in adipocytes. Therefore, in obesity the increased expression of PU.1 in adipocytes modifies the adipocyte PPARg cistrome resulting in impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise E Lackey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Felipe C G Reis
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Roi Isaac
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Rizaldy C Zapata
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Dalila El Ouarrat
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yun Sok Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gautam Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jachelle M Ofrecio
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Da Young Oh
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Olivia Osborn
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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15
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Bone marrow transplantation and RNAseq analysis of Gpr21−/− monocytes reveals reduced migratory function and downregulation of inflammatory genes. Obes Res Clin Pract 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2018.11.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Park HY, Kang HS, Im SS. Recent insight into the correlation of SREBP-mediated lipid metabolism and innate immune response. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:R123-R131. [PMID: 30307160 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are essential nutrients that contribute to several intracellular functions. Fatty acid synthesis and oxidation are known to be regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), which play a pivotal role in the regulation of cellular triglyceride synthesis and cholesterol biogenesis. Recent studies point to a multifunctional role of SREBPs in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type II diabetes and cancer as well as in immune responses. Notably, fatty acid metabolic intermediates are involved in energy homeostasis and pathophysiological conditions. In particular, intracellular fatty acid metabolism affects an inflammatory response, thereby influencing metabolic diseases. The objective of this review is to summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the dual role of SREBPs in both lipid metabolism and inflammation-mediated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Young Park
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hye Suk Kang
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seung-Soon Im
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
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17
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Hoque M, Ali S, Hoda M. Current status of G-protein coupled receptors as potential targets against type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:2237-2244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Hernandez-Carretero A, Weber N, LaBarge SA, Peterka V, Doan NYT, Schenk S, Osborn O. Cysteine- and glycine-rich protein 3 regulates glucose homeostasis in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E267-E278. [PMID: 29634311 PMCID: PMC6139493 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00435.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the major site of postprandial peripheral glucose uptake, but in obesity-induced insulin-resistant states insulin-stimulated glucose disposal is markedly impaired. Despite the importance of skeletal muscle in regulating glucose homeostasis, the specific transcriptional changes associated with insulin-sensitive vs. -resistant states in muscle remain to be fully elucidated. Herein, using an RNA-seq approach we identified 20 genes differentially expressed in an insulin-resistant state in skeletal muscle, including cysteine- and glycine-rich protein 3 ( Csrp3), which was highly expressed in insulin-sensitive conditions but significantly reduced in the insulin-resistant state. CSRP3 has diverse functional roles including transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, and cytoskeletal organization, but its role in glucose homeostasis has yet to be explored. Thus, we investigated the role of CSRP3 in the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance in vivo. High-fat diet-fed CSRP3 knockout (KO) mice developed impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance as well as increased inflammation in skeletal muscle compared with wild-type (WT) mice. CSRP3-KO mice had significantly impaired insulin signaling, decreased GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane, and enhanced levels of phospho-PKCα in muscle, which all contributed to reduced insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in muscle in HFD-fed KO mice compared with WT mice. CSRP3 is a highly inducible protein and its expression is acutely increased after fasting. After 24h fasting, glucose tolerance was significantly improved in WT mice, but this effect was blunted in CSRP3-KO mice. In summary, we identify a novel role for Csrp3 expression in skeletal muscle in the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Weber
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Samuel A LaBarge
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Veronika Peterka
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Nhu Y Thi Doan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Simon Schenk
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Olivia Osborn
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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19
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Optical functionalization of human Class A orphan G-protein-coupled receptors. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1950. [PMID: 29769519 PMCID: PMC5956105 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04342-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) form the largest receptor family, relay environmental stimuli to changes in cell behavior and represent prime drug targets. Many GPCRs are classified as orphan receptors because of the limited knowledge on their ligands and coupling to cellular signaling machineries. Here, we engineer a library of 63 chimeric receptors that contain the signaling domains of human orphan and understudied GPCRs functionally linked to the light-sensing domain of rhodopsin. Upon stimulation with visible light, we identify activation of canonical cell signaling pathways, including cAMP-, Ca2+-, MAPK/ERK-, and Rho-dependent pathways, downstream of the engineered receptors. For the human pseudogene GPR33, we resurrect a signaling function that supports its hypothesized role as a pathogen entry site. These results demonstrate that substituting unknown chemical activators with a light switch can reveal information about protein function and provide an optically controlled protein library for exploring the physiology and therapeutic potential of understudied GPCRs. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest receptor family and are prime drug targets, but many orphan GPCRs are poorly characterized. Here authors engineer human orphan GPCRs to be activated by light which allows studying the receptors ligand identity and downstream signaling.
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20
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Riddy DM, Goy E, Delerive P, Summers RJ, Sexton PM, Langmead CJ. Comparative genotypic and phenotypic analysis of human peripheral blood monocytes and surrogate monocyte-like cell lines commonly used in metabolic disease research. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197177. [PMID: 29746559 PMCID: PMC5944989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte-like cell lines (MCLCs), including THP-1, HL-60 and U-937 cells, are used routinely as surrogates for isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). To systematically evaluate these immortalised cells and PBMCs as model systems to study inflammation relevant to the pathogenesis of type II diabetes and immuno-metabolism, we compared mRNA expression of inflammation-relevant genes, cell surface expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, and chemotactic responses to inflammatory stimuli. Messenger RNA expression analysis suggested most genes were present at similar levels across all undifferentiated cells, though notably, IDO1, which encodes for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and catabolises tryptophan to kynureninase (shown to be elevated in serum from diabetic patients), was not expressed in any PMA-treated MCLC, but present in GM-CSF-treated PBMCs. There was little overall difference in the pattern of expression of CD markers across all cells, though absolute expression levels varied considerably and the correlation between MCLCs and PBMCs was improved upon MCLC differentiation. Functionally, THP-1 and PBMCs migrated in response to chemoattractants in a transwell assay, with varying sensitivity to MCP-1, MIP-1α and LTB-4. However, despite similar gene and CD expression profiles, U-937 cells were functionally impaired as no migration was observed to any chemoattractant. Our analysis reveals that the MCLCs examined only partly replicate the genotypic and phenotypic properties of human PBMCs. To overcome such issues a universal differentiation protocol should be implemented for these cell lines, similar to those already used with isolated monocytes. Although not perfect, in our hands the THP-1 cells represent the closest, simplified surrogate model of PBMCs for study of inflammatory cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren M. Riddy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emily Goy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philippe Delerive
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Pôle d’Innovation Thérapeutique Métabolisme, Suresnes, France (PD)
| | - Roger J. Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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21
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Hernandez-Carretero A, Weber N, La Frano MR, Ying W, Rodriguez JL, Sears DD, Wallenius V, Börgeson E, Newman JW, Osborn O. Obesity-induced changes in lipid mediators persist after weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:728-736. [PMID: 29089614 PMCID: PMC6055936 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity induces significant changes in lipid mediators, however, the extent to which these changes persist after weight loss has not been investigated. SUBJECTS/METHODS We fed C57BL6 mice a high-fat diet to generate obesity and then switched the diet to a lower-fat diet to induce weight loss. We performed a comprehensive metabolic profiling of lipid mediators including oxylipins, endocannabinoids, sphingosines and ceramides in key metabolic tissues (including adipose, liver, muscle and hypothalamus) and plasma. RESULTS We found that changes induced by obesity were largely reversible in most metabolic tissues but the adipose tissue retained a persistent obese metabolic signature. Prostaglandin signaling was perturbed in the obese state and lasting increases in PGD2, and downstream metabolites 15-deoxy PGJ2 and delta-12-PGJ2 were observed after weight loss. Furthermore expression of the enzyme responsible for PGD2 synthesis (hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase, HPGDS) was increased in obese adipose tissues and remained high after weight loss. We found that inhibition of HPGDS over the course of 5 days resulted in decreased food intake in mice. Increased HPGDS expression was also observed in human adipose tissues obtained from obese compared with lean individuals. We then measured circulating levels of PGD2 in obese patients before and after weight loss and found that while elevated relative to lean subjects, levels of this metabolite did not decrease after significant weight loss. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that lasting changes in lipid mediators induced by obesity, still present after weight loss, may play a role in the biological drive to regain weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Weber
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael R. La Frano
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, USA
| | - Wei Ying
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Juan Lantero Rodriguez
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dorothy D. Sears
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ville Wallenius
- Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Börgeson
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John W. Newman
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, Davis, CA, USA
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-ARS-Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Olivia Osborn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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22
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Sebastiani G, Ceccarelli E, Castagna MG, Dotta F. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the treatment of diabetes: Current view and future perspectives. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 32:201-213. [PMID: 29678286 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest receptor family in the genome and are of great interest for the design of novel drugs in a wide variety of diseases including neurologic disorders, obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. The latter is a chronic disease characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, affecting >400 million patients worldwide. Here we provide an overview on: a) The molecular basis of GPCR signalling and of its involvement in the regulation of insulin secretion and of glucose homeostasis; b) the role of GPCRs in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology and as therapeutic targets of current and future glucose-lowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Sebastiani
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy; Fondazione Umberto Di Mario ONLUS c/o Toscana Life Science, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Ceccarelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Dotta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy; Fondazione Umberto Di Mario ONLUS c/o Toscana Life Science, Siena, Italy.
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23
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Hinder LM, Murdock BJ, Park M, Bender DE, O'Brien PD, Rumora AE, Hur J, Feldman EL. Transcriptional networks of progressive diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the db/db mouse model of type 2 diabetes: An inflammatory story. Exp Neurol 2018; 305:33-43. [PMID: 29550371 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is the most common complication of diabetes and a source of considerable morbidity. Numerous molecular pathways are linked to neuropathic progression, but it is unclear whether these pathways are altered throughout the course of disease. Moreover, the methods by which these molecular pathways are analyzed can produce significantly different results; as such it is often unclear whether previously published pathways are viable targets for novel therapeutic approaches. In the current study we examine changes in gene expression patterns in the sciatic nerve (SCN) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of db/db diabetic mice at 8, 16, and 24 weeks of age using microarray analysis. Following the collection and verification of gene expression data, we utilized both self-organizing map (SOM) analysis and differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis to detect pathways that were altered at all time points. Though there was some variability between SOM and DEG analyses, we consistently detected altered immune pathways in both the SCN and DRG over the course of disease. To support these results, we further used multiplex analysis to assess protein changes in the SCN of diabetic mice; we found that multiple immune molecules were upregulated at both early and later stages of disease. In particular, we found that matrix metalloproteinase-12 was highly upregulated in microarray and multiplex data sets suggesting it may play a role in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy M Hinder
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Benjamin J Murdock
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Meeyoung Park
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Diane E Bender
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Phillipe D O'Brien
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Amy E Rumora
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203-9037, USA
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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24
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Tan JK, McKenzie C, Mariño E, Macia L, Mackay CR. Metabolite-Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptors-Facilitators of Diet-Related Immune Regulation. Annu Rev Immunol 2018; 35:371-402. [PMID: 28446062 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition and the gut microbiome regulate many systems, including the immune, metabolic, and nervous systems. We propose that the host responds to deficiency (or sufficiency) of dietary and bacterial metabolites in a dynamic way, to optimize responses and survival. A family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) termed the metabolite-sensing GPCRs bind to various metabolites and transmit signals that are important for proper immune and metabolic functions. Members of this family include GPR43, GPR41, GPR109A, GPR120, GPR40, GPR84, GPR35, and GPR91. In addition, bile acid receptors such as GPR131 (TGR5) and proton-sensing receptors such as GPR65 show similar features. A consistent feature of this family of GPCRs is that they provide anti-inflammatory signals; many also regulate metabolism and gut homeostasis. These receptors represent one of the main mechanisms whereby the gut microbiome affects vertebrate physiology, and they also provide a link between the immune and metabolic systems. Insufficient signaling through one or more of these metabolite-sensing GPCRs likely contributes to human diseases such as asthma, food allergies, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian K Tan
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; , , ,
| | - Craig McKenzie
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; , , ,
| | - Eliana Mariño
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; , , , .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; , , , .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; , , ,
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25
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Riddy DM, Delerive P, Summers RJ, Sexton PM, Langmead CJ. G Protein–Coupled Receptors Targeting Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 70:39-67. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Skarra DV, Hernández-Carretero A, Rivera AJ, Anvar AR, Thackray VG. Hyperandrogenemia Induced by Letrozole Treatment of Pubertal Female Mice Results in Hyperinsulinemia Prior to Weight Gain and Insulin Resistance. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2988-3003. [PMID: 28911175 PMCID: PMC5659661 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) diagnosed with hyperandrogenism and ovulatory dysfunction have an increased risk of developing metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We previously developed a model that uses letrozole to elevate endogenous testosterone levels in female mice. This model has hallmarks of PCOS, including hyperandrogenism, anovulation, and polycystic ovaries, as well as increased abdominal adiposity and glucose intolerance. In the current study, we further characterized the metabolic dysfunction that occurs after letrozole treatment to determine whether this model represents a PCOS-like metabolic phenotype. We focused on whether letrozole treatment results in altered pancreatic or liver function as well as insulin resistance. We also investigated whether hyperinsulinemia occurs secondary to weight gain and insulin resistance in this model or if it can occur independently. Our study demonstrated that letrozole-treated mice developed hyperinsulinemia after 1 week of treatment and without evidence of insulin resistance. After 2 weeks of letrozole treatment, mice became significantly heavier than placebo mice, demonstrating that weight gain was not required to develop hyperinsulinemia. After 5 weeks of letrozole treatment, mice exhibited blunted glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and impaired insulin-induced phosphorylation of AKT in skeletal muscle. Moreover, letrozole-treated mice exhibited dyslipidemia after 5 weeks of treatment but no evidence of hepatic disease. Our study demonstrated that the letrozole-induced PCOS mouse model exhibits multiple features of the metabolic dysregulation observed in obese, hyperandrogenic women with PCOS. This model will be useful for mechanistic studies investigating how hyperandrogenemia affects metabolism in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danalea V. Skarra
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | | | - Alissa J. Rivera
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Arya R. Anvar
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Varykina G. Thackray
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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Kumar A, Bharti SK, Kumar A. Therapeutic molecules against type 2 diabetes: What we have and what are we expecting? Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:959-970. [PMID: 28822958 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
World Health Organization (WHO) has identified diabetes as one of the fastest growing non-communicable diseases with 422 million patients around the world in 2014. Diabetes, a metabolic disease, is characterized primarily by hyperglycemia which results in various macrovascular and microvascular complications like cardiovascular disease and neuropathies which can significantly deteriorate the quality of life. The body either does not manufactures enough insulin (type 1 diabetes or T1DM) or becomes insensitive to physiologically secreted insulin or both (type 2 diabetes or T2DM). The majority of the diabetic population is affected by type 2 diabetes. Currently, hyperglycemia is treated by a broad range of molecules such as biguanides, sulfonylurea, insulin, thiazolidinediones, incretin mimetics, and DPP-4 inhibitors exerting different mechanisms. However, new drug classes have indeed come in the market such as SGLT-2 inhibitors and other are in the experimental stages such as GPR 40 agonists, GSK-3 inhibitors, GK activators and GPR21 inhibitors which definitely could be anticipated as safe and effective for diabetes therapy. This article reviews the general approach to currently approved therapies for type 2 diabetes and focusing on novel approaches that could be a panacea and might be useful in the future for diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | | | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.
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Lackey DE, Lazaro RG, Li P, Johnson A, Hernandez-Carretero A, Weber N, Vorobyova I, Tsukomoto H, Osborn O. The role of dietary fat in obesity-induced insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E989-E997. [PMID: 27802965 PMCID: PMC5183884 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00323.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of excess calories results in obesity and insulin resistance and has been intensively studied in mice and humans. The objective of this study was to determine the specific contribution of dietary fat rather than total caloric intake to the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance. We used an intragastric feeding method to overfeed excess calories from a low-fat diet (and an isocalorically matched high-fat diet) through a surgically implanted gastric feeding tube to generate obesity in wild-type mice followed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies to assess the development of insulin resistance. We show that overfeeding a low-fat diet results in levels of obesity similar to high-fat diet feeding in mice. However, despite a similar body weight, obese high-fat diet-fed mice are more insulin resistant than mice fed an isocaloric low-fat diet. Therefore, increased proportion of calories from dietary fat further potentiates insulin resistance in the obese state. Furthermore, crossover diet studies revealed that reduction in dietary fat composition improves glucose tolerance in obesity. In the context of the current obesity and diabetes epidemic, it is particularly important to fully understand the role of dietary macronutrients in the potentiation and amelioration of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise E Lackey
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Raul G Lazaro
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis and Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Pingping Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Andrew Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Angelina Hernandez-Carretero
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Natalie Weber
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ivetta Vorobyova
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis and Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Hidekazu Tsukomoto
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis and Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
- Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Olivia Osborn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California;
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Regulating the effects of GPR21, a novel target for type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27002. [PMID: 27243589 PMCID: PMC4886680 DOI: 10.1038/srep27002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder primarily caused by insulin resistance to which obesity is a major contributor. Expression levels of an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), GPR21, demonstrated a trend towards a significant increase in the epididymal fat pads of wild type high fat high sugar (HFHS)-fed mice. To gain further insight into the potential role this novel target may play in the development of obesity-associated type 2 diabetes, the signalling capabilities of the receptor were investigated. Overexpression studies in HEK293T cells revealed GPR21 to be a constitutively active receptor, which couples to Gαq type G proteins leading to the activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Overexpression of GPR21 in vitro also markedly attenuated insulin signalling. Interestingly, the effect of GPR21 on the MAPKs and insulin signalling was reduced in the presence of serum, inferring the possibility of a native inhibitory ligand. Homology modelling and ligand docking studies led to the identification of a novel compound that inhibited GPR21 activity. Its effects offer potential as an anti-diabetic pharmacological strategy as it was found to counteract the influence of GPR21 on the insulin signalling pathway.
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Wang J, Pan Z, Baribault H, Chui D, Gundel C, Véniant M. GPR21 KO mice demonstrate no resistance to high fat diet induced obesity or improved glucose tolerance. F1000Res 2016; 5:136. [PMID: 27081476 PMCID: PMC4813635 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7822.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gpr21 KO mice generated with
Gpr21 KO ES cells obtained from Deltagen showed improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity when fed a high fat diet. Further mRNA expression analysis revealed changes in
Rabgap1 levels and raised the possibility that
Rabgap1 gene may have been modified. To assess this hypothesis a new
Gpr21 KO mouse line using TALENS technology was generated.
Gpr21 gene deletion was confirmed by PCR and
Gpr21 and
Rabgap1 mRNA expression levels were determined by RT-PCR. The newly generated
Gpr21 KO mice when fed a normal or high fat diet chow did not maintain their improved metabolic phenotype. In conclusion,
Rabgap1 disturbance mRNA expression levels may have contributed to the phenotype of the originally designed
Gpr21 KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Wang
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Zheng Pan
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Helene Baribault
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Danny Chui
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Gundel
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Murielle Véniant
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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Bernardo B, Lu M, Bandyopadhyay G, Li P, Zhou Y, Huang J, Levin N, Tomas EM, Calle RA, Erion DM, Rolph TP, Brenner M, Talukdar S. FGF21 does not require interscapular brown adipose tissue and improves liver metabolic profile in animal models of obesity and insulin-resistance. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11382. [PMID: 26153793 PMCID: PMC4495598 DOI: 10.1038/srep11382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF21 is a key metabolic regulator modulating physiological processes and its pharmacological administration improves metabolic profile in preclinical species and humans. We used native-FGF21 and a long-acting FGF21 (PF-05231023), to determine the contribution of liver and brown adipose tissue (BAT) towards metabolic improvements in Zucker rats and DIO mice (DIOs). FGF21 improved glucose tolerance and liver insulin sensitivity in Zuckers without affecting BW and improved liver function by decreased lipogenesis, increased fatty acid oxidation and improved insulin signaling. Through detailed lipidomic analyses of liver metabolites in DIOs, we demonstrate that FGF21 favorably alters liver metabolism. We observed a dose-dependent increase of [(18)F]-FDG-glucose uptake in interscapular BAT (iBAT) of DIOs upon FGF21 administration. Upon excision of iBAT (X-BAT) and administration of FGF21 to mice housed at 80 °F or 72 °F, the favorable effects of FGF21 on BW and glucose excursion were fully retained in both sham and X-BAT animals. Taken together, we demonstrate the liver as an organ that integrates the actions of FGF21 and provide metabolic benefits of FGF21 in Zucker rats and DIOs. Finally, our data demonstrates iBAT does not play a role in mediating favorable metabolic effects of FGF21 administration in DIOs housed at 80 °F or 72 °F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bernardo
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Min Lu
- 1] Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA [2] CovX Research, Pfizer WRD, USA
| | - Gautam Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pingping Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yingjiang Zhou
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Eva M Tomas
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Roberto A Calle
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Derek M Erion
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy P Rolph
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Martin Brenner
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Saswata Talukdar
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Mayoral R, Osborn O, McNelis J, Johnson AM, Oh DY, Izquierdo CL, Chung H, Li P, Traves PG, Bandyopadhyay G, Pessentheiner AR, Ofrecio JM, Cook JR, Qiang L, Accili D, Olefsky JM. Adipocyte SIRT1 knockout promotes PPARγ activity, adipogenesis and insulin sensitivity in chronic-HFD and obesity. Mol Metab 2015; 4:378-91. [PMID: 25973386 PMCID: PMC4421024 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue is the primary site for lipid deposition that protects the organisms in cases of nutrient excess during obesogenic diets. The histone deacetylase Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) inhibits adipocyte differentiation by targeting the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor gamma (PPARγ). METHODS To assess the specific role of SIRT1 in adipocytes, we generated Sirt1 adipocyte-specific knockout mice (ATKO) driven by aP2 promoter onto C57BL/6 background. Sirt1 (flx/flx) aP2Cre (+) (ATKO) and Sirt1 (flx/flx) aP2Cre (-) (WT) mice were fed high-fat diet for 5 weeks (short-term) or 15 weeks (chronic-term). Metabolic studies were combined with gene expression analysis and phosphorylation/acetylation patterns in adipose tissue. RESULTS On standard chow, ATKO mice exhibit low-grade chronic inflammation in adipose tissue, along with glucose intolerance and insulin resistance compared with control fed mice. On short-term HFD, ATKO mice become more glucose intolerant, hyperinsulinemic, insulin resistant and display increased inflammation. During chronic HFD, WT mice developed a metabolic dysfunction, higher than ATKO mice, and thereby, knockout mice are more glucose tolerant, insulin sensitive and less inflamed relative to control mice. SIRT1 attenuates adipogenesis through PPARγ repressive acetylation and, in the ATKO mice adipocyte PPARγ was hyperacetylated. This high acetylation was associated with a decrease in Ser273-PPARγ phosphorylation. Dephosphorylated PPARγ is constitutively active and results in higher expression of genes associated with increased insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSION Together, these data establish that SIRT1 downregulation in adipose tissue plays a previously unknown role in long-term inflammation resolution mediated by PPARγ activation. Therefore, in the context of obesity, the development of new therapeutics that activate PPARγ by targeting SIRT1 may provide novel approaches to the treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mayoral
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA ; Networked Biomedical Research Center, Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, ISC-III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivia Osborn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joanne McNelis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew M Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Da Young Oh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cristina Llorente Izquierdo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Heekyung Chung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pingping Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Paqui G Traves
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gautam Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Jachelle M Ofrecio
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joshua R Cook
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Li Qiang
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Domenico Accili
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Amisten S, Neville M, Hawkes R, Persaud SJ, Karpe F, Salehi A. An atlas of G-protein coupled receptor expression and function in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 146:61-93. [PMID: 25242198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in the regulation of adipose tissue function, but the total number of GPCRs expressed by human subcutaneous adipose tissue, as well as their function and interactions with drugs, is poorly understood. We have constructed an atlas of all GPCRs expressed by human subcutaneous adipose tissue: the 'adipose tissue GPCRome', to support the exploration of novel control nodes in metabolic and endocrine functions. This atlas describes how adipose tissue GPCRs regulate lipolysis, insulin resistance and adiponectin and leptin secretion. We also discuss how adipose tissue GPCRs interact with their endogenous ligands and with GPCR-targeting drugs, with a focus on how drug/receptor interactions may affect lipolysis, and present a model predicting how GPCRs with unknown effects on lipolysis might modulate cAMP-regulated lipolysis. Subcutaneous adipose tissue expresses 163 GPCRs, a majority of which have unknown effects on lipolysis, insulin resistance and adiponectin and leptin secretion. These GPCRs are activated by 180 different endogenous ligands, and are the targets of a large number of clinically used drugs. We identified 119 drugs, acting on 23 GPCRs, that are predicted to stimulate lipolysis and 173 drugs, acting on 25 GPCRs, that are predicted to inhibit lipolysis. This atlas highlights knowledge gaps in the current understanding of adipose tissue GPCR function, and identifies GPCR/ligand/drug interactions that might affect lipolysis, which is important for understanding and predicting metabolic side effects of drugs. This approach may aid in the design of new, safer therapeutic agents, with fewer undesired effects on lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Amisten
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Matt Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Ross Hawkes
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
| | - Shanta J Persaud
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
| | - Albert Salehi
- Department of Clinical Science, UMAS, Clinical Research Center, University of Lund, Sweden
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Fang S, Suh JM, Reilly SM, Yu E, Osborn O, Lackey D, Yoshihara E, Perino A, Jacinto S, Lukasheva Y, Atkins AR, Khvat A, Schnabl B, Yu RT, Brenner DA, Coulter S, Liddle C, Schoonjans K, Olefsky JM, Saltiel AR, Downes M, Evans RM. Intestinal FXR agonism promotes adipose tissue browning and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Nat Med 2015; 21:159-65. [PMID: 25559344 PMCID: PMC4320010 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The systemic expression of the bile acid (BA) sensor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has led to promising new therapies targeting cholesterol metabolism, triglyceride production, hepatic steatosis and biliary cholestasis. In contrast to systemic therapy, bile acid release during a meal selectively activates intestinal FXR. By mimicking this tissue-selective effect, the gut-restricted FXR agonist fexaramine (Fex) robustly induces enteric fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15), leading to alterations in BA composition, but does so without activating FXR target genes in the liver. However, unlike systemic agonism, we find that Fex reduces diet-induced weight gain, body-wide inflammation and hepatic glucose production, while enhancing thermogenesis and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). These pronounced metabolic improvements suggest tissue-restricted FXR activation as a new approach in the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsoon Fang
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jae Myoung Suh
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shannon M Reilly
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Olivia Osborn
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Denise Lackey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Eiji Yoshihara
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alessia Perino
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Jacinto
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yelizaveta Lukasheva
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Annette R Atkins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sally Coulter
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- 1] Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
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Ahmad R, Wojciech S, Jockers R. Hunting for the function of orphan GPCRs - beyond the search for the endogenous ligand. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:3212-28. [PMID: 25231237 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven transmembrane-spanning proteins (7TM), also called GPCRs, are among the most versatile and evolutionary successful protein families. Out of the 400 non-odourant members identified in the human genome, approximately 100 remain orphans that have not been matched with an endogenous ligand. Apart from the classical deorphanization strategies, several alternative strategies provided recent new insights into the function of these proteins, which hold promise for high therapeutic potential. These alternative strategies consist of the phenotypical characterization of organisms silenced or overexpressing orphan 7TM proteins, the search for constitutive receptor activity and formation of protein complexes including 7TM proteins as well as the development of synthetic, surrogate ligands. Taken together, a variety of ligand-independent functions can be attributed to orphan 7TM proteins that range from constitutive activity to complex formation with other proteins and include 'true' orphans for which no ligand exist and 'conditional' orphans that behave like orphans in the absence of ligand and as non-orphans in the presence of ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raise Ahmad
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Stefanie Wojciech
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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Perino A, Pols TWH, Nomura M, Stein S, Pellicciari R, Schoonjans K. TGR5 reduces macrophage migration through mTOR-induced C/EBPβ differential translation. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:5424-36. [PMID: 25365223 DOI: 10.1172/jci76289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bile acid-responsive G protein-coupled receptor TGR5 is involved in several metabolic processes, and recent studies suggest that TGR5 activation may promote pathways that are protective against diet-induced diabetes. Here, we investigated the role of macrophage-specific TGR5 signaling in protecting adipose tissue from inflammation and associated insulin resistance. Examination of adipose tissue from obese mice lacking macrophage Tgr5 revealed enhanced inflammation, increased chemokine expression, and higher macrophage numbers compared with control obese animals. Moreover, macrophage-specific deletion of Tgr5 exacerbated insulin resistance in obese animals. Conversely, pharmacological activation of TGR5 markedly decreased LPS-induced chemokine expression in primary macrophages. This reduction was mediated by AKT-dependent activation of mTOR complex 1, which in turn induced the differential translation of the dominant-negative C/EBPβ isoform, liver inhibitory protein (LIP). Overall, these studies reveal a signaling pathway downstream of TGR5 that modulates chemokine expression in response to high-fat diet and suggest that targeting this pathway has the potential to be therapeutically exploited for prevention of chronic inflammatory diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Hodúlová M, Šedová L, Křenová D, Liška F, Krupková M, Kazdová L, Tremblay J, Hamet P, Křen V, Šeda O. Genomic determinants of triglyceride and cholesterol distribution into lipoprotein fractions in the rat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109983. [PMID: 25296178 PMCID: PMC4190321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma profile of major lipoprotein classes and its subdivision into particular fractions plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and is a major predictor of coronary artery disease. Our aim was to identify genomic determinants of triglyceride and cholesterol distribution into lipoprotein fractions and lipoprotein particle sizes in the recombinant inbred rat set PXO, in which alleles of two rat models of the metabolic syndrome (SHR and PD inbred strains) segregate together with those from Brown Norway rat strain. Adult male rats of 15 PXO strains (n = 8–13/strain) and two progenitor strains SHR-Lx (n = 13) and BXH2/Cub (n = 18) were subjected to one-week of high-sucrose diet feeding. We performed association analyses of triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (C) concentrations in 20 lipoprotein fractions and the size of major classes of lipoprotein particles utilizing 704 polymorphic microsatellite markers, the genome-wide significance was validated by 2,000 permutations per trait. Subsequent in silico focusing of the identified quantitative trait loci was completed using a map of over 20,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms. In most of the phenotypes we identified substantial gradient among the strains (e.g. VLDL-TG from 5.6 to 66.7 mg/dl). We have identified 14 loci (encompassing 1 to 65 genes) on rat chromosomes 3, 4, 7, 8, 11 and 12 showing suggestive or significant association to one or more of the studied traits. PXO strains carrying the SHR allele displayed significantly higher values of the linked traits except for LDL-TG and adiposity index. Cholesterol concentrations in large, medium and very small LDL particles were significantly associated to a haplotype block spanning part of a single gene, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1B (Lrp1b). Using genome-wide association we have identified new genetic determinants of triglyceride and cholesterol distribution into lipoprotein fractions in the recombinant inbred panel of rat model strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloslava Hodúlová
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and the General Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Šedová
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and the General Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Drahomíra Křenová
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and the General Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Liška
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and the General Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Krupková
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and the General Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Kazdová
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Johanne Tremblay
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) – Technôpole Angus, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pavel Hamet
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) – Technôpole Angus, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and the General Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Šeda
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and the General Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: G protein-coupled receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1459-581. [PMID: 24517644 PMCID: PMC3892287 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Saraswathi V, Ramnanan CJ, Wilks AW, Desouza CV, Eller AA, Murali G, Ramalingam R, Milne GL, Coate KC, Edgerton DS. Impact of hematopoietic cyclooxygenase-1 deficiency on obesity-linked adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic disorders in mice. Metabolism 2013; 62:1673-85. [PMID: 23987235 PMCID: PMC4845736 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue (AT)-specific inflammation is considered to mediate the pathological consequences of obesity and macrophages are known to activate inflammatory pathways in obese AT. Because cyclooxygenases play a central role in regulating the inflammatory processes, we sought to determine the role of hematopoietic cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) in modulating AT inflammation in obesity. MATERIALS/METHODS Bone marrow transplantation was performed to delete COX-1 in hematopoietic cells. Briefly, female wild type (wt) mice were lethally irradiated and injected with bone marrow (BM) cells collected from wild type (COX-1+/+) or COX-1 knock-out (COX-1-/-) donor mice. The mice were fed a high fat diet for 16 weeks. RESULTS The mice that received COX-1-/- bone marrow (BM-COX-1-/-) exhibited a significant increase in fasting glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides in the circulation compared to control (BM-COX-1+/+) mice. Markers of AT-inflammation were increased and were associated with increased leptin and decreased adiponectin in plasma. Hepatic inflammation was reduced with a concomitant reduction in TXB2 levels. The hepatic mRNA expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and lipid transport was increased while expression of genes involved in regulating hepatic glucose output was reduced in BM-COX-1-/- mice. Finally, renal inflammation and markers of renal glucose release were increased in BM-COX-1-/- mice. CONCLUSION Hematopoietic COX-1 deletion results in impairments in metabolic homeostasis which may be partly due to increased AT inflammation and dysregulated adipokine profile. An increase in renal glucose release and hepatic lipogenesis/lipid transport may also play a role, at least in part, in mediating hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Saraswathi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics; Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism; Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center; VA Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE.
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Mitchell J. Regulation of hepatic glucose production by Gq-coupled receptors: potential new targets for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Endocrinology 2013; 154:3495-7. [PMID: 24058155 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Room 4342, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8.
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Tao YX, Yuan ZH, Xie J. G Protein-Coupled Receptors as Regulators of Energy Homeostasis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 114:1-43. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386933-3.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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