1
|
Coelho C. Batf3-cDC1 control Th1 and fungicidal responses during cryptococcal meningitis: is this enough to control meningitis? mBio 2024:e0037524. [PMID: 39254303 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00375-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are crucial for bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Cryptococcosis, caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, is responsible for >15% of AIDS-related deaths. A recent study by Xu et al. showed that Batf3-dependent conventional type 1 dendritic (cDC1) cells are key players in generating IFNγ+ CD4+ T cell and fungicidal lung and brain tissue-resident responses during murine cryptococcosis, contributing to fungal clearance in the lungs and brain of mice (J. Xu, R. Hissong, R. Bareis, A. Creech, et al., mBio 15:e02853-23, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02853-23). However, despite their critical role, the depletion of Batf3-dependent cDC1 cells did not significantly alter overall mouse survival or disease progression, highlighting the complex immune regulation required to survive cryptococcal infection and the need for further research in medical mycology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Coelho
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at University of Exeter, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Warden AS, Salem NA, Brenner E, Sutherland GT, Stevens J, Kapoor M, Goate AM, Mayfield RD. Integrative genomics approach identifies glial transcriptomic dysregulation and risk in the cortex of individuals with Alcohol Use Disorder. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.16.607185. [PMID: 39211266 PMCID: PMC11360965 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.16.607185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder that is a major global health concern, affecting millions of people worldwide. Past molecular studies of AUD used underpowered single cell analysis or bulk homogenates of postmortem brain tissue, which obscures gene expression changes in specific cell types. Here we performed single nuclei RNA-sequencing analysis of 73 post-mortem samples from individuals with AUD (N=36, N nuclei = 248,873) and neurotypical controls (N=37, N nuclei = 210,573) in both sexes across two institutional sites. We identified 32 clusters and found widespread cell type-specific transcriptomic changes across the cortex in AUD, particularly affecting glia. We found the greatest dysregulation in novel microglial and astrocytic subtypes that accounted for the majority of differential gene expression and co-expression modules linked to AUD. Analysis for cell type-specific enrichment of aggregate genetic risk for AUD identified subtypes of microglia and astrocytes as potential key players not only affected by but causally linked to the progression of AUD. These results highlight the importance of cell-type specific molecular changes in AUD and offer opportunities to identify novel targets for treatment.
Collapse
|
3
|
Martins-Ferreira R, Calafell-Segura J, Chaves J, Ciudad L, Martins da Silva A, Pinho e Costa P, Leal B, Ballestar E. Purinergic exposure induces epigenomic and transcriptomic-mediated preconditioning resembling epilepsy-associated microglial states. iScience 2024; 27:110546. [PMID: 39184445 PMCID: PMC11342283 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia play a crucial role in a range of neuropathologies through exacerbated activation. Microglial inflammatory responses can be influenced by prior exposures to noxious stimuli, like increased levels of extracellular adenosine and ATP. These are characteristic of brain insults like epileptic seizures and could potentially shape subsequent responses through epigenetic regulation. We investigated DNA methylation and expression changes in human microglia-like cells differentiated from monocytes following ATP-mediated preconditioning. We demonstrate that microglia-like cells display homeostatic microglial features, shown by surface markers, transcriptome, and DNA methylome. After exposure to ATP, TLR-mediated activation leads to an exacerbated pro-inflammatory response. These changes are accompanied by methylation and transcriptional reprogramming associated with enhanced immune-related functions. The reprogramming associated with ATP-mediated preconditioning leads to profiles found in microglial subsets linked to epilepsy. Purine-driven microglia immune preconditioning drives epigenetic and transcriptional changes that could contribute to altered functions of microglia during seizure development and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Martins-Ferreira
- Epigenetics and Immune Disease Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Molecular Pathology and Immunology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar – Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UPorto), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Autoimmunity and Neuroscience Group. Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Josep Calafell-Segura
- Epigenetics and Immune Disease Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - João Chaves
- Autoimmunity and Neuroscience Group. Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
- Neurology Service, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António (CHUdSA), 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Ciudad
- Epigenetics and Immune Disease Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - António Martins da Silva
- Autoimmunity and Neuroscience Group. Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
- Neurophysiology Service, CHUdSA 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Pinho e Costa
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Molecular Pathology and Immunology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar – Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UPorto), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Autoimmunity and Neuroscience Group. Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Human Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Leal
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Molecular Pathology and Immunology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar – Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UPorto), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Autoimmunity and Neuroscience Group. Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Esteban Ballestar
- Epigenetics and Immune Disease Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Epigenetics in Inflammatory and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Health Science Center (HSC), East China Normal University (ECNU), Shanghai 200241, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jin M, Ma Z, Zhang H, Papetti AV, Dang R, Stillitano AC, Goldman SA, Jiang P. Co-Transplantation-Based Human-Mouse Chimeric Brain Models to Study Human Glial-Glial and Glial-Neuronal Interactions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.03.601990. [PMID: 39005270 PMCID: PMC11244967 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.03.601990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Human-mouse chimeric brain models, generated by transplanting human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neural cells, are valuable for studying the development and function of human neural cells in vivo. Understanding glial-glial and glial-neuronal interactions is essential for unraveling the complexities of brain function and developing treatments for neurological disorders. To explore these interactions between human neural cells within an intact brain environment, we employe a co-transplantation strategy involving the engraftment of hiPSC-derived neural progenitor cells along with primitive macrophage progenitors into the neonatal mouse brain. This approach creates human-mouse chimeric brains containing human microglia, macroglia (astroglia and oligodendroglia), and neurons. Using super-resolution imaging and 3D reconstruction techniques, we examine the dynamics between human neurons and glia, unveiling human microglia engulfing immature human neurons, microglia pruning synapses of human neurons, and significant interactions between human oligodendrocytes and neurons. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of the chimeric brain uncovers a close recapitulation of the human glial progenitor cell population, along with a dynamic stage in astroglial development that mirrors the processes found in the human brain. Furthermore, cell-cell communication analysis highlights significant neuronal-glial and glial-glial interactions, especially the interaction between adhesion molecules neurexins and neuroligins. This innovative co-transplantation model opens up new avenues for exploring the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying human neurological diseases. It holds particular promise for studying disorders where glial-neuronal interactions and non-cell-autonomous effects play crucial roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Jin
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Ziyuan Ma
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Haiwei Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Ava V. Papetti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Rui Dang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | | | - Steven A. Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Lead Contact
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ghena N, Anderson SR, Roberts JM, Irvin E, Schwakopf J, Bosco A, Vetter ML. CD11c-expressing microglia are transient, driven by interactions with apoptotic cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.24.600082. [PMID: 38979153 PMCID: PMC11230207 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.24.600082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Microglia, the parenchymal macrophage of the central nervous system serve crucial remodeling functions throughout development. Microglia are transcriptionally heterogenous, suggesting that distinct microglial states confer discrete roles. Currently, little is known about how dynamic these states are, the cues that promote them, or how they impact microglial function. In the developing retina, we previously found a significant proportion of microglia express CD11c (Integrin αX, complement receptor 4, Itgax) which has also been reported in other developmental and disease contexts. Here, we sought to understand the regulation and function of CD11c+ microglia. We found that CD11c+ microglia track with prominent waves of neuronal apoptosis in postnatal retina. Using genetic fate mapping, we provide evidence that microglia transition out of the CD11c state to return to homeostasis. We show that CD11c+ microglia have elevated lysosomal content and contribute to the clearance of apoptotic neurons, and found that acquisition of CD11c expression is, in part, dependent upon the TAM receptor Axl. Using selective ablation, we found CD11c+ microglia are not uniquely critical for phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells. Together, our data suggest CD11c+ microglia are a transient state induced by developmental apoptosis rather than a specialized subset mediating phagocytic elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Ghena
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah
| | - Sarah R Anderson
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | | | - Emmalyn Irvin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | - Joon Schwakopf
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | - Alejandra Bosco
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | - Monica L Vetter
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sheloukhova L, Watanabe H. Evolution of glial cells: a non-bilaterian perspective. Neural Dev 2024; 19:10. [PMID: 38907299 PMCID: PMC11193209 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-024-00184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Nervous systems of bilaterian animals generally consist of two cell types: neurons and glial cells. Despite accumulating data about the many important functions glial cells serve in bilaterian nervous systems, the evolutionary origin of this abundant cell type remains unclear. Current hypotheses regarding glial evolution are mostly based on data from model bilaterians. Non-bilaterian animals have been largely overlooked in glial studies and have been subjected only to morphological analysis. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of conservation of the bilateral gliogenic genetic repertoire of non-bilaterian phyla (Cnidaria, Placozoa, Ctenophora, and Porifera). We overview molecular and functional features of bilaterian glial cell types and discuss their possible evolutionary history. We then examine which glial features are present in non-bilaterians. Of these, cnidarians show the highest degree of gliogenic program conservation and may therefore be crucial to answer questions about glial evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Sheloukhova
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Llaves-López A, Micoli E, Belmonte-Mateos C, Aguilar G, Alba C, Marsal A, Pulido-Salgado M, Rabaneda-Lombarte N, Solà C, Serratosa J, Vidal-Taboada JM, Saura J. Human Microglia-Like Cells Differentiated from Monocytes with GM-CSF and IL-34 Show Phagocytosis of α-Synuclein Aggregates and C/EBPβ-Dependent Proinflammatory Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04289-z. [PMID: 38900366 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Microglia, the main resident immune cells in the central nervous system, are implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders. Much of our knowledge on microglial biology was obtained using rodent microglial cultures. To understand the role of microglia in human disease, reliable in vitro models of human microglia are necessary. Monocyte-derived microglia-like cells (MDMi) are a promising approach. This study aimed to characterize MDMi cells generated from adult human monocytes using granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-34. To this end, 49 independent cultures of MDMI were prepared, and various methodological and functional studies were performed. We show that with this protocol, adult human monocytes develop into microglia-like cells, a coating is unnecessary, and high cell density seeding is preferable. When compared to monocytes, MDMi upregulate the expression of many, but not all, microglial markers, indicating that, although these cells display a microglia-like phenotype, they cannot be considered bona fide human microglia. At the functional level, MDMi phagocytose α-synuclein aggregates and responds to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by nuclear translocation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB) and the upregulation of proinflammatory genes. Finally, a long-lasting silencing of the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer protein β (C/EBPβ) was achieved by small interfering RNA, resulting in the subsequent downregulation of proinflammatory genes. This supports the hypothesis that C/EBPβ plays a key role in proinflammatory gene program activation in human microglia. Altogether, this study sheds new light on the properties of MDMi cells and supports these cells as a promising in vitro model for studying adult human microglia-like cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Llaves-López
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elia Micoli
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carla Belmonte-Mateos
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gerard Aguilar
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Clara Alba
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anais Marsal
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Pulido-Salgado
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Neus Rabaneda-Lombarte
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, IIBB, CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carme Solà
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, IIBB, CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Serratosa
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, IIBB, CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jose M Vidal-Taboada
- Peripheral Nervous System, Neuroscience Department, VHIR, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Saura
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu X, Liu H, Wang J, Zhang S, Hu Q, Wang T, Cui W, Shi Y, Bai H, Zhou J, Han L, Li L, Zhao T, Wu Y, Luo J, Feng D, Guo W, Ge S, Qu Y. The m 6A methyltransferase METTL3 drives neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity through stabilizing BATF mRNA in microglia. Cell Death Differ 2024:10.1038/s41418-024-01329-y. [PMID: 38902548 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Persistent neuroinflammation and progressive neuronal loss are defining features of acute brain injury including traumatic brain injury (TBI) and cerebral stroke. Microglia, the most abundant type of brain-resident immune cells, continuously surveil the environment and play a central role in shaping the inflammatory state of the central nervous system (CNS). In the study, we discovered that the protein expression of METTL3 (a m6A methyltransferase) was upregulated in inflammatory microglia independent of increased Mettl3 gene transcription following TBI in both human and mouse subjects. Subsequently, we identified TRIP12, a HECT-domain E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a negative regulator of METTL3 protein expression by facilitating METTL3 K48-linked polyubiquitination. Importantly, selective ablation of Mettl3 inhibited microglial pathogenic activities, diminished neutrophil infiltration, rescued neuronal loss and facilitated functional recovery post-TBI. Using MeRIP-seq and CUT&Tag sequencing, we identified that METTL3 promoted the expression of Basic Leucine Zipper Transcriptional Factor ATF-Like (BATF), which in turn directly bound to a cohort of characteristic inflammatory cytokines and chemokine genes. Enhanced activities of BATF in microglia elicited TNF-dependent neurotoxicity and can also promote neutrophil recruitment through releasing CXCL2. Pharmacological inhibition of METTL3 using a BBB-penetrating drug-loaded nano-system showed satisfactory therapeutic effects in both TBI and stroke mouse models. Collectively, our findings identified METTL3-m6A-BATF axis as a potential therapeutic target for terminating detrimental neuroinflammation and progressive neuronal loss following acute brain injury. METTL3 protein is significantly up-regulated in inflammatory microglia due to the decreased proteasomal degradation mediated by TRIP12 and ERK-USP5 pathways. METTL3 stabilized BATF mRNA stability and promoted BATF expression through the m6A-IGF2BP2-dependent mechanism. Elevated expression of BATF elicits a pro-inflammatory gene program in microglia, and aggravates neuroinflammatory response including local immune responses and peripheral immune cell infiltration. Genetic deletion or pharmaceutically targeting METTL3-BATF axis suppressed microglial pro-inflammatory activities and promoted neurological recovery following TBI and stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haixiao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shenghao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qing Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tinghao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenxing Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingwu Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liying Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Leiyang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianzhi Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jianing Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, 610083, Sichuan, China
| | - Dayun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shunnan Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yan Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tharp ME, Han CZ, Balak CD, Fitzpatrick C, O'Connor C, Preissl S, Buchanan J, Nott A, Escoubet L, Mavrommatis K, Gupta M, Schwartz MS, Sang UH, Jones PS, Levy ML, Gonda DD, Ben-Haim S, Ciacci J, Barba D, Khalessi A, Coufal NG, Chen CC, Glass CK, Page DC. The inactive X chromosome drives sex differences in microglial inflammatory activity in human glioblastoma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.06.597433. [PMID: 38895459 PMCID: PMC11185629 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.06.597433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Biological sex is an important risk factor in cancer, but the underlying cell types and mechanisms remain obscure. Since tumor development is regulated by the immune system, we hypothesize that sex-biased immune interactions underpin sex differences in cancer. The male-biased glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive and treatment-refractory tumor in urgent need of more innovative approaches, such as considering sex differences, to improve outcomes. GBM arises in the specialized brain immune environment dominated by microglia, so we explored sex differences in this immune cell type. We isolated adult human TAM-MGs (tumor-associated macrophages enriched for microglia) and control microglia and found sex-biased inflammatory signatures in GBM and lower-grade tumors associated with pro-tumorigenic activity in males and anti-tumorigenic activity in females. We demonstrated that genes expressed or modulated by the inactive X chromosome facilitate this bias. Together, our results implicate TAM-MGs, specifically their sex chromosomes, as drivers of male bias in GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marla E Tharp
- Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Claudia Z Han
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Chris D Balak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Conor Fitzpatrick
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carolyn O'Connor
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sebastian Preissl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Present address: Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Justin Buchanan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexi Nott
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mihir Gupta
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Present address: Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Marc S Schwartz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - U Hoi Sang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pamela S Jones
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Present address: Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael L Levy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - David D Gonda
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Sharona Ben-Haim
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joseph Ciacci
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Barba
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexander Khalessi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicole G Coufal
- Department of Pediatrics University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Clark C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Present address: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David C Page
- Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Csatári J, Wiendl H, Pawlowski M. Forward programming human pluripotent stem cells into microglia. Trends Cell Biol 2024:S0962-8924(24)00069-2. [PMID: 38702219 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Microglia play vital roles in embryonic and post-natal development, homeostasis, and pathogen defence in the central nervous system. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-based methods have emerged as an important source for the study of human microglia in vitro. Classical approaches to differentiate hiPSCs into microglia suffer from limitations including extended culture periods, consistency, and efficiency. More recently, forward programming has arisen as a promising alternative for the manufacture of bulk quantities of human microglia. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of published forward programming protocols that are based on forced expression of key lineage transcription factors (TFs). We focus on the choice of reprogramming factors, transgene delivery methods, and medium composition, which impact induction kinetics and the resulting microglia phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Csatári
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Pawlowski
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thompson LJP, Genovese J, Hong Z, Singh MV, Singh VB. HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder: A Look into Cellular and Molecular Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4697. [PMID: 38731913 PMCID: PMC11083163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) limiting HIV replication to undetectable levels in the blood, people living with HIV continue to experience HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). HAND is associated with neurocognitive impairment, including motor impairment, and memory loss. HIV has been detected in the brain within 8 days of estimated exposure and the mechanisms for this early entry are being actively studied. Once having entered into the central nervous system (CNS), HIV degrades the blood-brain barrier through the production of its gp120 and Tat proteins. These proteins are directly toxic to endothelial cells and neurons, and propagate inflammatory cytokines by the activation of immune cells and dysregulation of tight junction proteins. The BBB breakdown is associated with the progression of neurocognitive disease. One of the main hurdles for treatment for HAND is the latent pool of cells, which are insensitive to cART and prolong inflammation by harboring the provirus in long-lived cells that can reactivate, causing damage. Multiple strategies are being studied to combat the latent pool and HAND; however, clinically, these approaches have been insufficient and require further revisions. The goal of this paper is to aggregate the known mechanisms and challenges associated with HAND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Genovese
- Department of Life Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Zhenzi Hong
- Department of Life Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Meera Vir Singh
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Vir Bahadur Singh
- Department of Life Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jin M, Ma Z, Dang R, Zhang H, Kim R, Xue H, Pascual J, Finkbeiner S, Head E, Liu Y, Jiang P. A Trisomy 21-linked Hematopoietic Gene Variant in Microglia Confers Resilience in Human iPSC Models of Alzheimer's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.12.584646. [PMID: 38559257 PMCID: PMC10979994 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.12.584646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
While challenging, identifying individuals displaying resilience to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and understanding the underlying mechanism holds great promise for the development of new therapeutic interventions to effectively treat AD. Down syndrome (DS), or trisomy 21, is the most common genetic cause of AD. Interestingly, some people with DS, despite developing AD neuropathology, show resilience to cognitive decline. Furthermore, DS individuals are at an increased risk of myeloid leukemia due to somatic mutations in hematopoietic cells. Recent studies indicate that somatic mutations in hematopoietic cells may lead to resilience to neurodegeneration. Microglia, derived from hematopoietic lineages, play a central role in AD etiology. We therefore hypothesize that microglia carrying the somatic mutations associated with DS myeloid leukemia may impart resilience to AD. Using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, we introduce a trisomy 21-linked hotspot CSF2RB A455D mutation into human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines derived from both DS and healthy individuals. Employing hPSC-based in vitro microglia culture and in vivo human microglia chimeric mouse brain models, we show that in response to pathological tau, the CSF2RB A455D mutation suppresses microglial type-1 interferon signaling, independent of trisomy 21 genetic background. This mutation reduces neuroinflammation and enhances phagocytic and autophagic functions, thereby ameliorating senescent and dystrophic phenotypes in human microglia. Moreover, the CSF2RB A455D mutation promotes the development of a unique microglia subcluster with tissue repair properties. Importantly, human microglia carrying CSF2RB A455D provide protection to neuronal function, such as neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in chimeric mouse brains where human microglia largely repopulate the hippocampus. When co-transplanted into the same mouse brains, human microglia with CSF2RB A455D mutation phagocytize and replace human microglia carrying the wildtype CSF2RB gene following pathological tau treatment. Our findings suggest that hPSC-derived CSF2RB A455D microglia could be employed to develop effective microglial replacement therapy for AD and other age-related neurodegenerative diseases, even without the need to deplete endogenous diseased microglia prior to cell transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Jin
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ziyuan Ma
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Rui Dang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Haiwei Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Rachael Kim
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Haipeng Xue
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Jesse Pascual
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Ceter for Systems and Therapeutics and the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Gladstone Institutes; University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Donovan LJ, Bridges CM, Nippert AR, Wang M, Wu S, Forman TE, Haight ES, Huck NA, Bond SF, Jordan CE, Gardner AM, Nair RV, Tawfik VL. Repopulated spinal cord microglia exhibit a unique transcriptome and contribute to pain resolution. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113683. [PMID: 38261512 PMCID: PMC10947777 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are implicated as primarily detrimental in pain models; however, they exist across a continuum of states that contribute to homeostasis or pathology depending on timing and context. To clarify the specific contribution of microglia to pain progression, we take advantage of a temporally controlled transgenic approach to transiently deplete microglia. Unexpectedly, we observe complete resolution of pain coinciding with microglial repopulation rather than depletion. We find that repopulated mouse spinal cord microglia are morphologically distinct from control microglia and exhibit a unique transcriptome. Repopulated microglia from males and females express overlapping networks of genes related to phagocytosis and response to stress. We intersect the identified mouse genes with a single-nuclei microglial dataset from human spinal cord to identify human-relevant genes that may ultimately promote pain resolution after injury. This work presents a comprehensive approach to gene discovery in pain and provides datasets for the development of future microglial-targeted therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Donovan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Caldwell M Bridges
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amy R Nippert
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Meng Wang
- Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Shaogen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas E Forman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elena S Haight
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nolan A Huck
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sabrina F Bond
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Claire E Jordan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aysha M Gardner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ramesh V Nair
- Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Vivianne L Tawfik
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bobotis BC, Halvorson T, Carrier M, Tremblay MÈ. Established and emerging techniques for the study of microglia: visualization, depletion, and fate mapping. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1317125. [PMID: 38425429 PMCID: PMC10902073 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1317125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is an essential hub for neuronal communication. As a major component of the CNS, glial cells are vital in the maintenance and regulation of neuronal network dynamics. Research on microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the CNS, has advanced considerably in recent years, and our understanding of their diverse functions continues to grow. Microglia play critical roles in the formation and regulation of neuronal synapses, myelination, responses to injury, neurogenesis, inflammation, and many other physiological processes. In parallel with advances in microglial biology, cutting-edge techniques for the characterization of microglial properties have emerged with increasing depth and precision. Labeling tools and reporter models are important for the study of microglial morphology, ultrastructure, and dynamics, but also for microglial isolation, which is required to glean key phenotypic information through single-cell transcriptomics and other emerging approaches. Strategies for selective microglial depletion and modulation can provide novel insights into microglia-targeted treatment strategies in models of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions, cancer, and autoimmunity. Finally, fate mapping has emerged as an important tool to answer fundamental questions about microglial biology, including their origin, migration, and proliferation throughout the lifetime of an organism. This review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion of these established and emerging techniques, with applications to the study of microglia in development, homeostasis, and CNS pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Caroline Bobotis
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Torin Halvorson
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Micaël Carrier
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen Y, Zhang C, Zhao L, Chen R, Zhang P, Li J, Zhang X, Zhang X. Eriocalyxin B alleviated ischemic cerebral injury by limiting microglia-mediated excessive neuroinflammation in mice. Exp Anim 2024; 73:124-135. [PMID: 37839867 PMCID: PMC10877152 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.23-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive neuroinflammation mediated by microglia has a detrimental effect on the progression of ischemic stroke. Eriocalyxin B (EriB) was found with a neuroprotective effect in mice with Parkinson's disease via the suppression of microglial overactivation. This study aimed to investigate the roles of EriB in permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) mice. The pMCAO was induced in the internal carotid artery of the mice by the intraluminal filament method, and EriB (10 mg/kg) was administered immediately after surgery by intraperitoneal injection. The behavior score, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazole chloride staining, Nissl staining, TUNEL, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, PCR, ELISA, and immunoblotting revealed that EriB administration reduced brain infarct and neuron death and ameliorated neuroinflammation and microglia overactivation in pMCAO mice, manifested by alterations of TUNEL-positive cell numbers, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1)-positive cell numbers, and expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6, IL-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and arginase 1. In addition, EriB suppressed ischemia-induced activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling in the brain penumbra, suggesting the involvement of NF-κB in EriB function. In conclusion, EriB exerted anti-inflammatory effects in ischemia stroke by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway, and this may provide insights into the neuroprotective effect of EriB in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping Road, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Chest Hospital, 372 Shengli North Street, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping Road, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, 309 Zhonghua North Street, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, 215 Heping Road, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Liming Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Chest Hospital, 372 Shengli North Street, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping Road, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, 309 Zhonghua North Street, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, 215 Heping Road, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping Road, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, 309 Zhonghua North Street, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, 215 Heping Road, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Junxia Li
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Chest Hospital, 372 Shengli North Street, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Xueping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Chest Hospital, 372 Shengli North Street, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping Road, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, 309 Zhonghua North Street, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, 215 Heping Road, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao X, Wang Z, Wang J, Xu F, Zhang Y, Han D, Fang W. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice by regulating microglia polarization via A20/NF-κB pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111396. [PMID: 38134597 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, resident brain immune cells, is critical in inflammation, apoptosis, neurogenesis and neurological recovery during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF), a novel identified endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducible neurotrophic factor, can alleviate I/R injury by reducing the inflammatory reaction, but its specific regulatory mechanism on microglia after ischemic stroke has not been fully clarified. To mimic the process of ischemia/reperfusion in vivo and in vitro, middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) was induced in C57BL/6J mice and oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model was established in BV-2 cells. Moreover, MANF small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to silence the expression of endogenous MANF, while recombination human MANF protein (rhMANF) acted as an exogenous supplement. Seventy-two hours after MCAO/R, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium staining, neurological scores, brain water content, immunohistochemical staining, immunofluorescent staining, flow cytometry, hematoxylin and eosin staining, quantitative real-time PCR and western blot are applied to evaluate the protective effect and possible mechanism of MANF on cerebral I/R injury. In vitro, cell viability, inflammatory cytokines and the expression of MANF, A20, NF-κB and the markers of microglia were analyzed. The results showed that MANF decreased brain infarct volume, neurological scores, and brain water content. In addition, MANF promoted the polarization of microglia to an anti-inflammatory phenotype both in vivo and in vitro, which are related to A20/NF-κB pathway. In summary, MANF may offer novel therapeutic approaches for ischemic stroke in the process of microglia polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Fenglian Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Dan Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, China.
| | - Weirong Fang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ramaswami G, Yuva-Aydemir Y, Akerberg B, Matthews B, Williams J, Golczer G, Huang J, Al Abdullatif A, Huh D, Burkly LC, Engle SJ, Grossman I, Sehgal A, Sigova AA, Fremeau RT, Liu Y, Bumcrot D. Transcriptional characterization of iPSC-derived microglia as a model for therapeutic development in neurodegeneration. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2153. [PMID: 38272949 PMCID: PMC10810793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells in the brain that play a key role in driving neuroinflammation, a hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders. Inducible microglia-like cells have been developed as an in vitro platform for molecular and therapeutic hypothesis generation and testing. However, there has been no systematic assessment of similarity of these cells to primary human microglia along with their responsiveness to external cues expected of primary cells in the brain. In this study, we performed transcriptional characterization of commercially available human inducible pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia-like (iMGL) cells by bulk and single cell RNA sequencing to assess their similarity with primary human microglia. To evaluate their stimulation responsiveness, iMGL cells were treated with Liver X Receptor (LXR) pathway agonists and their transcriptional responses characterized by bulk and single cell RNA sequencing. Bulk transcriptome analyses demonstrate that iMGL cells have a similar overall expression profile to freshly isolated human primary microglia and express many key microglial transcription factors and functional and disease-associated genes. Notably, at the single-cell level, iMGL cells exhibit distinct transcriptional subpopulations, representing both homeostatic and activated states present in normal and diseased primary microglia. Treatment of iMGL cells with LXR pathway agonists induces robust transcriptional changes in lipid metabolism and cell cycle at the bulk level. At the single cell level, we observe heterogeneity in responses between cell subpopulations in homeostatic and activated states and deconvolute bulk expression changes into their corresponding single cell states. In summary, our results demonstrate that iMGL cells exhibit a complex transcriptional profile and responsiveness, reminiscent of in vivo microglia, and thus represent a promising model system for therapeutic development in neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiaqi Huang
- CAMP4 Therapeutics Corporation, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuting Liu
- CAMP4 Therapeutics Corporation, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Holtman IR, Glass CK, Nott A. Interpretation of Neurodegenerative GWAS Risk Alleles in Microglia and their Interplay with Other Cell Types. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 37:531-544. [PMID: 39207711 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Microglia have been implicated in numerous neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders; however, the causal contribution of this immune cell type is frequently debated. Genetic studies offer a unique vantage point in that they infer causality over a secondary consequence. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified hundreds of loci in the genome that are associated with susceptibility to neurodegenerative disorders. GWAS studies implicate microglia in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and to a lesser degree suggest a role for microglia in vascular dementia (VaD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and other neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. The contribution and function of GWAS risk loci on disease progression is an ongoing field of study, in which large genomic datasets, and an extensive framework of computational tools, have proven to be crucial. Several GWAS risk loci are shared between disorders, pointing towards common pleiotropic mechanisms. In this chapter, we introduce key concepts in GWAS and post-GWAS interpretation of neurodegenerative disorders, with a focus on GWAS risk genes implicated in microglia, their interplay with other cell types and shared convergence of GWAS risk loci on microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inge R Holtman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Alexi Nott
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schmassmann P, Roux J, Dettling S, Hogan S, Shekarian T, Martins TA, Ritz MF, Herter S, Bacac M, Hutter G. Single-cell characterization of human GBM reveals regional differences in tumor-infiltrating leukocyte activation. eLife 2023; 12:RP92678. [PMID: 38127790 PMCID: PMC10735226 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) harbors a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) which influences glioma growth. Major efforts have been undertaken to describe the TME on a single-cell level. However, human data on regional differences within the TME remain scarce. Here, we performed high-depth single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) on paired biopsies from the tumor center, peripheral infiltration zone and blood of five primary GBM patients. Through analysis of >45,000 cells, we revealed a regionally distinct transcription profile of microglia (MG) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MdMs) and an impaired activation signature in the tumor-peripheral cytotoxic-cell compartment. Comparing tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells with circulating cells identified CX3CR1high and CX3CR1int CD8+ T cells with effector and memory phenotype, respectively, enriched in blood but absent in the TME. Tumor CD8+ T cells displayed a tissue-resident memory phenotype with dysfunctional features. Our analysis provides a regionally resolved mapping of transcriptional states in GBM-associated leukocytes, serving as an additional asset in the effort towards novel therapeutic strategies to combat this fatal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Schmassmann
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Julien Roux
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Department of Biomedicine, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsBaselSwitzerland
| | - Steffen Dettling
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center MunichPenzbergGermany
| | - Sabrina Hogan
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Tala Shekarian
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Tomás A Martins
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Marie-Françoise Ritz
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Sylvia Herter
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center ZürichSchlierenSwitzerland
| | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center ZürichSchlierenSwitzerland
| | - Gregor Hutter
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Serrano C, Cananzi S, Shen T, Wang LL, Zhang CL. Simple and Highly Specific Targeting of Resident Microglia with Adeno-Associated Virus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.12.571321. [PMID: 38168285 PMCID: PMC10760038 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.12.571321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Microglia, as the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play dynamic roles in both health and diseased conditions. The ability to genetically target microglia using viruses is crucial for understanding their functions and advancing microglia-based treatments. We here show that resident microglia can be simply and specifically targeted using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors containing a 466-bp DNA fragment from the human IBA1 (hIBA1) promoter. This targeting approach is applicable to both resting and reactive microglia. When combining the short hIBA1 promoter with the target sequence of miR124, up to 95% of transduced cells are identified as microglia. Such a simple and highly specific microglia-targeting strategy may be further optimized for research and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Serrano
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sergio Cananzi
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tianjin Shen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lei-Lei Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chun-Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lin L, Zheng S, Lai J, Ye D, Huang Q, Wu Z, Chen X, Wang S. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Protect Neurological Function After Traumatic Brain Injury by Suppressing Microglial Transformation to the Proinflammatory Phenotype and Activating Exosomal NGF/TrkA Signaling. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5592-5606. [PMID: 37329381 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of microglia to a pro-inflammatory phenotype at the site of traumatic brain injury (TBI) drives the progression of secondary neurodegeneration and irreversible neurological impairment. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been shown to suppress this phenotype transformation, thereby reducing neuroinflammation following TBI, but the molecular mechanisms are unknown. We found that Omega-3 PUFA suppressed the expression of disintegrin metalloproteinase (ADAM17), the enzyme required to convert tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) to the soluble form, thereby inhibiting the TNF-α/NF-κB pathway both in vitro and in a mouse model of TBI. Omega-3 PUFA also prevented the reactive transformation of microglia and promoted the secretion of microglial exosomes containing nerve growth factor (NGF), activating the neuroprotective NGF/TrkA pathway both in culture and TBI model mice. Moreover, Omega-3 PUFA suppressed the pro-apoptotic NGF/P75NTR pathway at the TBI site and reduced apoptotic neuronal death, brain edema, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Finally, Omega-3 PUFA preserved sensory and motor function as assessed by two broad-spectrum test batteries. The beneficial effects of Omega-3 PUFA were blocked by an ADAM17 promotor and by a NGF inhibitor, confirming the pathogenic function of ADAM17 and the central neuroprotective role of NGF. Collectively, these findings provide a strong experimental basis for Omega-3 PUFA as a potential clinical treatment for TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzong Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shaorui Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, 351100, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jinqing Lai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Dan Ye
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350025, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qiaomei Huang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiangrong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Shousen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, 900th Hospital, Fuzhou, 350025, Fujian Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cabrera-Maqueda JM, Boia R, Lucas-Ruiz F, González-Riquelme MJ, Ambrósio AF, Santiago AR, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M, Galindo-Romero C. Neuroinflammation and gliosis in the injured and contralateral retinas after unilateral optic nerve crush. Exp Eye Res 2023; 235:109627. [PMID: 37619829 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of unilateral optic nerve crush in the gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, and gliosis markers in injured and contralateral retinas. Retinas from intact, unilaterally optic nerve injured or sham-operated C57BL/6J mice were analyzed 1, 3, 9 and 30 days after the surgery (n = 5/group and time point) and the relative expression of TGF-β1, IL-1β, TNF-α, Iba1, AQP4, GFAP, MHCII, and TSPO was analyzed in injured and contralateral using qPCR. The results indicated that compared with intact retinas, sham-operated animals showed an early (day 1) upregulation of IL-1β, TNF-α and TSPO and a late (day 30) upregulation of TNF-α. In sham-contralateral retinas, TNF-α and TSPO mRNA expression were upregulated and day 30 while GFAP, Iba1, AQP4 and MHCII downregulated at day 9. Compared with sham-operated animals, in retinas affected by optic nerve crush GFAP and TSPO upregulated at day 1 and TNF-α, Iba1, AQP4 and MHCII at day 3. In the crushed-contralateral retinas, TGF-β1, TNF-α, Iba1 and MHCII were upregulated at day 1. TSPO was upregulated up to day 30 whereas TGF-β1 and Iba1 downregulated after day 9. In conclusion, both sham surgery and optic nerve crush changed the profile of inflammatory and gliosis markers in the injured and contralateral retinas, changes that were more pronounced for optic nerve crush when compared to sham.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José María Cabrera-Maqueda
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, 30120, Murcia, Spain; Center of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology, Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Boia
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - María José González-Riquelme
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Santiago
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, 30120, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, 30120, Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pesämaa I, Müller SA, Robinson S, Darcher A, Paquet D, Zetterberg H, Lichtenthaler SF, Haass C. A microglial activity state biomarker panel differentiates FTD-granulin and Alzheimer's disease patients from controls. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:70. [PMID: 37775827 PMCID: PMC10543321 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00657-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the emergence of microglia-modulating therapies there is an urgent need for reliable biomarkers to evaluate microglial activation states. METHODS Using mouse models and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia (hiMGL), genetically modified to yield the most opposite homeostatic (TREM2-knockout) and disease-associated (GRN-knockout) states, we identified microglia activity-dependent markers. Non-targeted mass spectrometry was used to identify proteomic changes in microglia and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Grn- and Trem2-knockout mice. Additionally, we analyzed the proteome of GRN- and TREM2-knockout hiMGL and their conditioned media. Candidate marker proteins were tested in two independent patient cohorts, the ALLFTD cohort (GRN mutation carriers versus non-carriers), as well as the proteomic data set available from the EMIF-AD MBD study. RESULTS We identified proteomic changes between the opposite activation states in mouse microglia and CSF, as well as in hiMGL cell lysates and conditioned media. For further verification, we analyzed the CSF proteome of heterozygous GRN mutation carriers suffering from frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We identified a panel of six proteins (FABP3, MDH1, GDI1, CAPG, CD44, GPNMB) as potential indicators for microglial activation. Moreover, we confirmed three of these proteins (FABP3, GDI1, MDH1) to be significantly elevated in the CSF of Alzheimer's (AD) patients. Remarkably, each of these markers differentiated amyloid-positive cases with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from amyloid-negative individuals. CONCLUSIONS The identified candidate proteins reflect microglia activity and may be relevant for monitoring the microglial response in clinical practice and clinical trials modulating microglial activity and amyloid deposition. Moreover, the finding that three of these markers differentiate amyloid-positive from amyloid-negative MCI cases in the AD cohort suggests that these proteins associate with a very early immune response to seeded amyloid. This is consistent with our previous findings in the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Disease Network (DIAN) cohort, where soluble TREM2 increases as early as 21 years before symptom onset. Moreover, in mouse models for amyloidogenesis, seeding of amyloid is limited by physiologically active microglia further supporting their early protective role. The biological functions of some of our main candidates (FABP3, CD44, GPNMB) also further emphasize that lipid dysmetabolism may be a common feature of neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Pesämaa
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Stephan A Müller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie Robinson
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians- University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alana Darcher
- Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominik Paquet
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians- University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Synergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Synergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Synergy), Munich, Germany.
- Biomedical Centre (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mossine VV, Waters JK, Sun GY, Gu Z, Mawhinney TP. Microglia Signaling Pathway Reporters Unveiled Manganese Activation of the Interferon/STAT1 Pathway and Its Mitigation by Flavonoids. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:4679-4692. [PMID: 37140843 PMCID: PMC10293393 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03369-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory responses to neurotoxic manganese (Mn) in CNS have been associated with the Mn-induced Parkinson-like syndromes. However, the framework of molecular mechanisms contributing to manganism is still unclear. Using an in vitro neuroinflammation model based on the insulated signaling pathway reporter transposon constructs stably transfected into a murine BV-2 microglia line, we tested effects of manganese (II) together with a set of 12 metal salts on the transcriptional activities of the NF-κB, activator protein-1 (AP-1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), STAT1/STAT2, STAT3, Nrf2, and metal-responsive transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) via luciferase assay, while concatenated destabilized green fluorescent protein expression provided for simultaneous evaluation of cellular viability. This experiment revealed specific and strong responses to manganese (II) in reporters of the type I and type II interferon-induced signaling pathways, while weaker activation of the NF-κB in the microglia was detected upon treatment of cells with Mn(II) and Ba(II). There was a similarity between Mn(II) and interferon-γ in the temporal STAT1 activation profile and in their antagonism to bacterial LPS. Sixty-four natural and synthetic flavonoids differentially affected both cytotoxicity and the pro-inflammatory activity of Mn (II) in the microglia. Whereas flavan-3-ols, flavanones, flavones, and flavonols were cytoprotective, isoflavones enhanced the cytotoxicity of Mn(II). Furthermore, about half of the tested flavonoids at 10-50 μM could attenuate both basal and 100-200 μM Mn(II)-induced activity at the gamma-interferon activated DNA sequence (GAS) in the cells, suggesting no critical roles for the metal chelation or antioxidant activity in the protective potential of flavonoids against manganese in microglia. In summary, results of the study identified Mn as a specific elicitor of the interferon-dependent pathways that can be mitigated by dietary polyphenols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeri V Mossine
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Agriculture Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - James K Waters
- Agriculture Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zezong Gu
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Thomas P Mawhinney
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Agriculture Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Prater KE, Green KJ, Mamde S, Sun W, Cochoit A, Smith CL, Chiou KL, Heath L, Rose SE, Wiley J, Keene CD, Kwon RY, Snyder-Mackler N, Blue EE, Logsdon B, Young JE, Shojaie A, Garden GA, Jayadev S. Human microglia show unique transcriptional changes in Alzheimer's disease. NATURE AGING 2023; 3:894-907. [PMID: 37248328 PMCID: PMC10353942 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-023-00424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, influence Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression and are potential therapeutic targets. However, microglia exhibit diverse functions, the regulation of which is not fully understood, complicating therapeutics development. To better define the transcriptomic phenotypes and gene regulatory networks associated with AD, we enriched for microglia nuclei from 12 AD and 10 control human dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (7 males and 15 females, all aged >60 years) before single-nucleus RNA sequencing. Here we describe both established and previously unrecognized microglial molecular phenotypes, the inferred gene networks driving observed transcriptomic change, and apply trajectory analysis to reveal the putative relationships between microglial phenotypes. We identify microglial phenotypes more prevalent in AD cases compared with controls. Further, we describe the heterogeneity in microglia subclusters expressing homeostatic markers. Our study demonstrates that deep profiling of microglia in human AD brain can provide insight into microglial transcriptional changes associated with AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin J Green
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sainath Mamde
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wei Sun
- Biostatistics Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Carole L Smith
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kenneth L Chiou
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - Shannon E Rose
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ronald Y Kwon
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Noah Snyder-Mackler
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Blue
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Benjamin Logsdon
- Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ali Shojaie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gwenn A Garden
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fixsen BR, Han CZ, Zhou Y, Spann NJ, Saisan P, Shen Z, Balak C, Sakai M, Cobo I, Holtman IR, Warden AS, Ramirez G, Collier JG, Pasillas MP, Yu M, Hu R, Li B, Belhocine S, Gosselin D, Coufal NG, Ren B, Glass CK. SALL1 enforces microglia-specific DNA binding and function of SMADs to establish microglia identity. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1188-1199. [PMID: 37322178 PMCID: PMC10307637 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Spalt-like transcription factor 1 (SALL1) is a critical regulator of organogenesis and microglia identity. Here we demonstrate that disruption of a conserved microglia-specific super-enhancer interacting with the Sall1 promoter results in complete and specific loss of Sall1 expression in microglia. By determining the genomic binding sites of SALL1 and leveraging Sall1 enhancer knockout mice, we provide evidence for functional interactions between SALL1 and SMAD4 required for microglia-specific gene expression. SMAD4 binds directly to the Sall1 super-enhancer and is required for Sall1 expression, consistent with an evolutionarily conserved requirement of the TGFβ and SMAD homologs Dpp and Mad for cell-specific expression of Spalt in the Drosophila wing. Unexpectedly, SALL1 in turn promotes binding and function of SMAD4 at microglia-specific enhancers while simultaneously suppressing binding of SMAD4 to enhancers of genes that become inappropriately activated in enhancer knockout microglia, thereby enforcing microglia-specific functions of the TGFβ-SMAD signaling axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany R Fixsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Claudia Z Han
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathanael J Spann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Payam Saisan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zeyang Shen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Balak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mashito Sakai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isidoro Cobo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Inge R Holtman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anna S Warden
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Jana G Collier
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martina P Pasillas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Belhocine
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Gosselin
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicole G Coufal
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bing Ren
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pesämaa I, Müller SA, Robinson S, Darcher A, Paquet D, Zetterberg H, Lichtenthaler SF, Haass C. A MICROGLIAL ACTIVITY STATE BIOMARKER PANEL DIFFERENTIATES FTD-GRANULIN AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE PATIENTS FROM CONTROLS. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.15.545187. [PMID: 37398209 PMCID: PMC10312678 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.15.545187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Background With the emergence of microglia-modulating therapies there is an urgent need for reliable biomarkers to evaluate microglial activation states. Methods Using mouse models and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia (hiMGL), which were genetically modified to yield the most opposite homeostatic ( TREM2- knockout) and disease-associated ( GRN -knockout) states, we identified microglia activity-dependent markers. Non-targeted mass spectrometry was used to identify changes in microglial and cerebrospinal (CSF) proteome of Grn - and Trem2 -knockout mice. Additionally, we analyzed the proteome of GRN - and TREM2 -knockout hiMGL and their conditioned media. Candidate marker proteins were tested in two independent patient cohorts, the ALLFTD cohort with 11 GRN mutation carriers and 12 non-carriers, as well as the proteomic data set available from the European Medical Information Framework Alzheimer's Disease Multimodal Biomarker Discovery (EMIF-AD MBD). Findings We identified proteomic changes between the opposite activation states in mouse microglia and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as in hiMGL cell lysates and conditioned media. For further verification, we analyzed the CSF proteome of heterozygous GRN mutation carriers suffering from frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We identified a panel of six proteins (FABP3, MDH1, GDI1, CAPG, CD44, GPNMB) as potential indicators for microglial activation. Moreover, we confirmed three of these proteins (FABP3, GDI1, MDH1) to be significantly elevated in the CSF of AD patients. In AD, these markers differentiated amyloid-positive cases with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from amyloid-negative individuals. Interpretation The identified candidate proteins reflect microglia activity and may be relevant for monitoring the microglial response in clinical practice and clinical trials modulating microglial activity and amyloid deposition. Moreover, the finding that three of these markers differentiate amyloid-positive from amyloid-negative MCI cases in the AD cohort suggests that these marker proteins associate with a very early immune response to seeded amyloid. This is consistent with our previous findings in the DIAN (Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Disease Network) cohort, where soluble TREM2 increases as early as 21 years before symptom onset. Moreover, in mouse models for amyloidogenesis, seeding of amyloid is limited by physiologically active microglia further supporting their early protective role. The biological functions of some of our main candidates (FABP3, CD44, GPNMB) also further emphasize that lipid dysmetabolism may be a common feature of neurodegenerative disorders. Funding This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy within the framework of the Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (EXC 2145 SyNergy - ID 390857198 to CH, SFL and DP) and a Koselleck Project HA1737/16-1 (to CH).
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang X, Chen F, Sun M, Wu N, Liu B, Yi X, Ge R, Fan X. Microglia in the context of multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1157287. [PMID: 37360338 PMCID: PMC10287974 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1157287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease that commonly results in nontraumatic disability in young adults. The characteristic pathological hallmark of MS is damage to myelin, oligodendrocytes, and axons. Microglia provide continuous surveillance in the CNS microenvironment and initiate defensive mechanisms to protect CNS tissue. Additionally, microglia participate in neurogenesis, synaptic refinement, and myelin pruning through the expression and release of different signaling factors. Continuous activation of microglia has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. We first review the lifetime of microglia, including the origin, differentiation, development, and function of microglia. We then discuss microglia participate in the whole processes of remyelination and demyelination, microglial phenotypes in MS, and the NF-κB/PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in microglia. The damage to regulatory signaling pathways may change the homeostasis of microglia, which would accelerate the progression of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Sun
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute for Metabolic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Xiangming Yi
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Ruli Ge
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Xueli Fan
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hong SY, Lu YT, Chen SY, Hsu CF, Lu YC, Wang CY, Huang KL. Targeting pathogenic macrophages by the application of SHP-1 agonists reduces inflammation and alleviates pulmonary fibrosis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:352. [PMID: 37291088 PMCID: PMC10249559 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05876-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive fibrotic disorder with no cure that is characterized by deterioration of lung function. Current FDA-approved drugs for IPF delay the decline in lung function, but neither reverse fibrosis nor significantly improve overall survival. SHP-1 deficiency results in hyperactive alveolar macrophages accumulating in the lung, which contribute to the induction of pulmonary fibrosis. Herein, we investigated whether employing a SHP-1 agonist ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis murine model. Histological examination and micro-computed tomography images showed that SHP-1 agonist treatment alleviates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Reduced alveolar hemorrhage, lung inflammation, and collagen deposition, as well as enhanced alveolar space, lung capacity, and improved overall survival were observed in mice administered the SHP-1 agonist. The percentage of macrophages collected from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and circulating monocytes in bleomycin-instilled mice were also significantly reduced by SHP-1 agonist treatment, suggesting that the SHP-1 agonist may alleviate pulmonary fibrosis by targeting macrophages and reshaping the immunofibrotic niche. In human monocyte-derived macrophages, SHP-1 agonist treatment downregulated CSF1R expression and inactivated STAT3/NFκB signaling, culminating in inhibited macrophage survival and perturbed macrophage polarization. The expression of pro-fibrotic markers (e.g., MRC1, CD200R1, and FN1) by IL4/IL13-induced M2 macrophages that rely on CSF1R signaling for their fate-determination was restricted by SHP-1 agonist treatment. While M2-derived medium promoted the expression of fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition markers (e.g., ACTA2 and COL3A1), the application of SHP-1 agonist reversed the transition in a dose-dependent manner. Our report indicates that pharmacological activation of SHP-1 ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis via suppression of CSF1R signaling in macrophages, reduction of pathogenic macrophages, and the inhibition of fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition. Our study thus identifies SHP-1 as a druggable target for the treatment of IPF, and suggests that the SHP-1 agonist may be developed as an anti-pulmonary fibrosis medication that both suppresses inflammation and restrains fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiao-Ya Hong
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Medical Research Center, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei, 23148, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Fang Hsu
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Medical Research Center, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei, 23148, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Lu
- Medical Research Center, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei, 23148, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, 23148, Taiwan.
| | - Kun-Lun Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan.
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Afridi R, Suk K. Microglial Responses to Stress-Induced Depression: Causes and Consequences. Cells 2023; 12:1521. [PMID: 37296642 PMCID: PMC10252665 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is a major risk factor for various psychiatric diseases, including depression; it triggers various cellular and structural changes, resulting in the alteration of neurocircuitry and subsequent development of depression. Accumulating evidence suggests that microglial cells orchestrate stress-induced depression. Preclinical studies of stress-induced depression revealed microglial inflammatory activation in regions of the brain that regulate mood. Although studies have identified several molecules that trigger inflammatory responses in microglia, the pathways that regulate stress-induced microglial activation remain unclear. Understanding the exact triggers that induce microglial inflammatory activation can help find therapeutic targets in order to treat depression. In the current review, we summarize the recent literature on possible sources of microglial inflammatory activation in animal models of chronic stress-induced depression. In addition, we describe how microglial inflammatory signaling affects neuronal health and causes depressive-like behavior in animal models. Finally, we propose ways to target the microglial inflammatory cascade to treat depressive disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yaqubi M, Groh AMR, Dorion MF, Afanasiev E, Luo JXX, Hashemi H, Sinha S, Kieran NW, Blain M, Cui QL, Biernaskie J, Srour M, Dudley R, Hall JA, Sonnen JA, Arbour N, Prat A, Stratton JA, Antel J, Healy LM. Analysis of the microglia transcriptome across the human lifespan using single cell RNA sequencing. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:132. [PMID: 37254100 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02809-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are tissue resident macrophages with a wide range of critically important functions in central nervous system development and homeostasis. METHOD In this study, we aimed to characterize the transcriptional landscape of ex vivo human microglia across different developmental ages using cells derived from pre-natal, pediatric, adolescent, and adult brain samples. We further confirmed our transcriptional observations using ELISA and RNAscope. RESULTS We showed that pre-natal microglia have a distinct transcriptional and regulatory signature relative to their post-natal counterparts that includes an upregulation of phagocytic pathways. We confirmed upregulation of CD36, a positive regulator of phagocytosis, in pre-natal samples compared to adult samples in situ. Moreover, we showed adult microglia have more pro-inflammatory signature compared to microglia from other developmental ages. We indicated that adult microglia are more immune responsive by secreting increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to LPS treatment compared to the pre-natal microglia. We further validated in situ up-regulation of IL18 and CXCR4 in human adult brain section compared to the pre-natal brain section. Finally, trajectory analysis indicated that the transcriptional signatures adopted by microglia throughout development are in response to a changing brain microenvironment and do not reflect predetermined developmental states. CONCLUSION In all, this study provides unique insight into the development of human microglia and a useful reference for understanding microglial contribution to developmental and age-related human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moein Yaqubi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Adam M R Groh
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-France Dorion
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Elia Afanasiev
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julia Xiao Xuan Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hadi Hashemi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Sarthak Sinha
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nicholas W Kieran
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Manon Blain
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Qiao-Ling Cui
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Myriam Srour
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Roy Dudley
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jeffery A Hall
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Joshua A Sonnen
- Departments of Pathology, Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L, Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jo Anne Stratton
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jack Antel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Luke M Healy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wagner VA, Deng G, Claflin KE, Ritter ML, Cui H, Nakagawa P, Sigmund CD, Morselli LL, Grobe JL, Kwitek AE. Cell-specific transcriptome changes in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus in a mouse deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt model of hypertension. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1207350. [PMID: 37293629 PMCID: PMC10244568 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1207350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A common preclinical model of hypertension characterized by low circulating renin is the "deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt" model, which influences blood pressure and metabolism through mechanisms involving the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) in the brain. More specifically, AT1R within Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) has been implicated in selected effects of DOCA-salt. In addition, microglia have been implicated in the cerebrovascular effects of DOCA-salt and angiotensin II. To characterize DOCA-salt effects upon the transcriptomes of individual cell types within the ARC, we used single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) to examine this region from male C57BL/6J mice that underwent sham or DOCA-salt treatment. Thirty-two unique primary cell type clusters were identified. Sub-clustering of neuropeptide-related clusters resulted in identification of three distinct AgRP subclusters. DOCA-salt treatment caused subtype-specific changes in gene expression patterns associated with AT1R and G protein signaling, neurotransmitter uptake, synapse functions, and hormone secretion. In addition, two primary cell type clusters were identified as resting versus activated microglia, and multiple distinct subtypes of activated microglia were suggested by sub-cluster analysis. While DOCA-salt had no overall effect on total microglial density within the ARC, DOCA-salt appeared to cause a redistribution of the relative abundance of activated microglia subtypes. These data provide novel insights into cell-specific molecular changes occurring within the ARC during DOCA-salt treatment, and prompt increased investigation of the physiological and pathophysiological significance of distinct subtypes of neuronal and glial cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A. Wagner
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Genetics Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Guorui Deng
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Kristin E. Claflin
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - McKenzie L. Ritter
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Huxing Cui
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Pablo Nakagawa
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Curt D. Sigmund
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Lisa L. Morselli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Justin L. Grobe
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Anne E. Kwitek
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Linda T. and John A. Mellowes Center for Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sobue A, Komine O, Yamanaka K. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: microglial signature and their relevance to disease. Inflamm Regen 2023; 43:26. [PMID: 37165437 PMCID: PMC10170691 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, pathologically characterized by senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), resulting in neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation, defined as the activation of glial cells such as microglia and astrocytes, is observed surrounding senile plaques and affected neurons in AD. Recently conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) indicate that a large section of identified AD risk genes are involved in immune responses and are enriched in microglia. Microglia are innate immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), which are involved in immune surveillance and maintenance of homeostasis in the CNS. Recently, a novel subpopulation of activated microglia named as disease-associated microglia (DAM), also known as activated response microglia (ARM) or microglial neurodegenerative phenotype (MGnD), was identified in AD model mice. These microglia closely associate with β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and exhibit characteristic gene expression profiles accompanied with reduced expressions of homeostatic microglial genes. However, it remains unclear whether decreased homeostatic microglia functions or increased DAM/ARM/MGnD functions correlate with the degree of neuronal loss in AD. To translate the results of rodent studies to human AD, precuneus, the brain region vulnerable to β-amyloid accumulation in preclinical AD, is of high interest, as it can provide novel insights into the mechanisms of microglia response to Aβ in early AD. In this study, we performed comparative analyses of gene expression profiles of microglia among three representative neurodegenerative mouse models and the human precunei with early AD pathology. We proceeded to evaluate the identified genes as potential therapeutic targets for AD. We believe that our findings will provide important resources to better understand the role of glial dysfunction in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sobue
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
- Medical Interactive Research and Academia Industry Collaboration Center, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Okiru Komine
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Koji Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan.
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Iguchi A, Takatori S, Kimura S, Muneto H, Wang K, Etani H, Ito G, Sato H, Hori Y, Sasaki J, Saito T, Saido TC, Ikezu T, Takai T, Sasaki T, Tomita T. INPP5D modulates TREM2 loss-of-function phenotypes in a β-amyloidosis mouse model. iScience 2023; 26:106375. [PMID: 37035000 PMCID: PMC10074152 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic associations of TREM2 loss-of-function variants with Alzheimer disease (AD) indicate the protective roles of microglia in AD pathogenesis. Functional deficiencies of TREM2 disrupt microglial clustering around amyloid β (Aβ) plaques, impair their transcriptional response to Aβ, and worsen neuritic dystrophy. However, the molecular mechanism underlying these phenotypes remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the pathological role of another AD risk gene, INPP5D, encoding a phosphoinositide PI(3,4,5)P3 phosphatase expressed in microglia. In a Tyrobp-deficient TREM2 loss-of-function mouse model, Inpp5d haplodeficiency restored the association of microglia with Aβ plaques, partially restored plaque compaction, and astrogliosis, and reduced phosphorylated tau+ dystrophic neurites. Mechanistic analyses suggest that TREM2/TYROBP and INPP5D exert opposing effects on PI(3,4,5)P3 signaling pathways as well as on phosphoproteins involved in the actin assembly. Our results suggest that INPP5D acts downstream of TREM2/TYROBP to regulate the microglial barrier against Aβ toxicity, thereby modulates Aβ-dependent pathological conversion of tau.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Iguchi
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sho Takatori
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shingo Kimura
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroki Muneto
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kai Wang
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hayato Etani
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Genta Ito
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Haruaki Sato
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hori
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Junko Sasaki
- Department of Lipid Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takaomi C. Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Toshiyuki Takai
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sasaki
- Department of Lipid Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Garcia-Bonilla L, Shahanoor Z, Sciortino R, Nazarzoda O, Racchumi G, Iadecola C, Anrather J. Brain and blood single-cell transcriptomics in acute and subacute phases after experimental stroke. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.31.535150. [PMID: 37066298 PMCID: PMC10103945 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.31.535150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia triggers a powerful inflammatory reaction involving both peripheral leukocytes and brain resident cells. Recent evidence indicates that their differentiation into a variety of functional phenotypes contributes to both tissue injury and repair. However, the temporal dynamics and diversity of post-stroke immune cell subsets remain poorly understood. To address these limitations, we performed a longitudinal single-cell transcriptomic study of both brain and mouse blood to obtain a composite picture of brain-infiltrating leukocytes, circulating leukocytes, microglia and endothelium diversity over the ischemic/reperfusion time. Brain cells and blood leukocytes isolated from mice 2 or 14 days after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion or sham surgery were purified by FACS sorting and processed for droplet-based single-cell transcriptomics. The analysis revealed a strong divergence of post-ischemic microglia, macrophages, and neutrophils over time, while such diversity was less evident in dendritic cells, B, T and NK cells. Conversely, brain endothelial cells and brain associated-macrophages showed altered transcriptomic signatures at 2 days post-stroke, but low divergence from sham at day 14. Pseudotime trajectory inference predicted the in-situ longitudinal progression of monocyte-derived macrophages from their blood precursors into day 2 and day 14 phenotypes, while microglia phenotypes at these two time points were not connected. In contrast to monocyte-derived macrophages, neutrophils were predicted to be continuously de-novo recruited from the blood. Brain single-cell transcriptomics from both female and male aged mice did not show major changes in respect to young mice, but aged and young brains differed in their immune cell composition. Furthermore, blood leukocyte analysis also revealed altered transcriptomes after stroke. However, brain-infiltrating leukocytes displayed higher transcriptomic divergence than their circulating counterparts, indicating that phenotypic diversification into cellular subsets occurs within the brain in the early and the recovery phase of ischemic stroke. In addition, this resource report contains a searchable database https://anratherlab.shinyapps.io/strokevis/ to allow user-friendly access to our data. The StrokeVis tool constitutes a comprehensive gene expression atlas that can be interrogated at the gene and cell type level to explore the transcriptional changes of endothelial and immune cell subsets from mouse brain and blood after stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Garcia-Bonilla
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Ziasmin Shahanoor
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Rose Sciortino
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Omina Nazarzoda
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Gianfranco Racchumi
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Josef Anrather
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Anderson AG, Rogers BB, Loupe JM, Rodriguez-Nunez I, Roberts SC, White LM, Brazell JN, Bunney WE, Bunney BG, Watson SJ, Cochran JN, Myers RM, Rizzardi LF. Single nucleus multiomics identifies ZEB1 and MAFB as candidate regulators of Alzheimer's disease-specific cis-regulatory elements. CELL GENOMICS 2023; 3:100263. [PMID: 36950385 PMCID: PMC10025452 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell type-specific transcriptional differences between brain tissues from donors with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and unaffected controls have been well documented, but few studies have rigorously interrogated the regulatory mechanisms responsible for these alterations. We performed single nucleus multiomics (snRNA-seq plus snATAC-seq) on 105,332 nuclei isolated from cortical tissues from 7 AD and 8 unaffected donors to identify candidate cis-regulatory elements (CREs) involved in AD-associated transcriptional changes. We detected 319,861 significant correlations, or links, between gene expression and cell type-specific transposase accessible regions enriched for active CREs. Among these, 40,831 were unique to AD tissues. Validation experiments confirmed the activity of many regions, including several candidate regulators of APP expression. We identified ZEB1 and MAFB as candidate transcription factors playing important roles in AD-specific gene regulation in neurons and microglia, respectively. Microglia links were globally enriched for heritability of AD risk and previously identified active regulatory regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brianne B. Rogers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jacob M. Loupe
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Lauren M. White
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | | | - William E. Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Blynn G. Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Stanley J. Watson
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gainullina A, Mogilenko DA, Huang LH, Todorov H, Narang V, Kim KW, Yng LS, Kent A, Jia B, Seddu K, Krchma K, Wu J, Crozat K, Tomasello E, Dress R, See P, Scott C, Gibbings S, Bajpai G, Desai JV, Maier B, This S, Wang P, Aguilar SV, Poupel L, Dussaud S, Zhou TA, Angeli V, Blander JM, Choi K, Dalod M, Dzhagalov I, Gautier EL, Jakubzick C, Lavine K, Lionakis MS, Paidassi H, Sieweke MH, Ginhoux F, Guilliams M, Benoist C, Merad M, Randolph GJ, Sergushichev A, Artyomov MN. Network analysis of large-scale ImmGen and Tabula Muris datasets highlights metabolic diversity of tissue mononuclear phagocytes. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112046. [PMID: 36708514 PMCID: PMC10372199 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity of mononuclear phagocyte (MNP) subpopulations across tissues is one of the key physiological characteristics of the immune system. Here, we focus on understanding the metabolic variability of MNPs through metabolic network analysis applied to three large-scale transcriptional datasets: we introduce (1) an ImmGen MNP open-source dataset of 337 samples across 26 tissues; (2) a myeloid subset of ImmGen Phase I dataset (202 MNP samples); and (3) a myeloid mouse single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset (51,364 cells) assembled based on Tabula Muris Senis. To analyze such large-scale datasets, we develop a network-based computational approach, genes and metabolites (GAM) clustering, for unbiased identification of the key metabolic subnetworks based on transcriptional profiles. We define 9 metabolic subnetworks that encapsulate the metabolic differences within MNP from 38 different tissues. Obtained modules reveal that cholesterol synthesis appears particularly active within the migratory dendritic cells, while glutathione synthesis is essential for cysteinyl leukotriene production by peritoneal and lung macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Gainullina
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Computer Technologies Department, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia; Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Denis A Mogilenko
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Li-Hao Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Helena Todorov
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Inflammation Research Centre, VIB Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vipin Narang
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Ki-Wook Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lim Sheau Yng
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Andrew Kent
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Baosen Jia
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Kumba Seddu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karen Krchma
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Karine Crozat
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Elena Tomasello
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Regine Dress
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Peter See
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Charlotte Scott
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Inflammation Research Centre, VIB Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophie Gibbings
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Geetika Bajpai
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jigar V Desai
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Maier
- Immunology Institute and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sébastien This
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), University Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon ,1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Peter Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephanie Vargas Aguilar
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13288 Marseille, France; Center for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtzgemeinschaft (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucie Poupel
- INSERM UMR-S 1166, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Dussaud
- INSERM UMR-S 1166, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Tyng-An Zhou
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Veronique Angeli
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - J Magarian Blander
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Kyunghee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marc Dalod
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Ivan Dzhagalov
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Emmanuel L Gautier
- INSERM UMR-S 1166, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Claudia Jakubzick
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Kory Lavine
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Helena Paidassi
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), University Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon ,1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Michael H Sieweke
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13288 Marseille, France; Center for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtzgemeinschaft (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Martin Guilliams
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Inflammation Research Centre, VIB Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Miriam Merad
- Immunology Institute and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexey Sergushichev
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Computer Technologies Department, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia.
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Han RT, Vainchtein ID, Schlachetzki JC, Cho FS, Dorman LC, Ahn E, Kim DK, Barron JJ, Nakao-Inoue H, Molofsky AB, Glass CK, Paz JT, Molofsky AV. Microglial pattern recognition via IL-33 promotes synaptic refinement in developing corticothalamic circuits in mice. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20220605. [PMID: 36520518 PMCID: PMC9757845 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are critical regulators of brain development that engulf synaptic proteins during postnatal synapse remodeling. However, the mechanisms through which microglia sense the brain environment are not well defined. Here, we characterized the regulatory program downstream of interleukin-33 (IL-33), a cytokine that promotes microglial synapse remodeling. Exposing the developing brain to a supraphysiological dose of IL-33 altered the microglial enhancer landscape and increased binding of stimulus-dependent transcription factors including AP-1/FOS. This induced a gene expression program enriched for the expression of pattern recognition receptors, including the scavenger receptor MARCO. CNS-specific deletion of IL-33 led to increased excitatory/inhibitory synaptic balance, spontaneous absence-like epileptiform activity in juvenile mice, and increased seizure susceptibility in response to chemoconvulsants. We found that MARCO promoted synapse engulfment, and Marco-deficient animals had excess thalamic excitatory synapses and increased seizure susceptibility. Taken together, these data define coordinated epigenetic and functional changes in microglia and uncover pattern recognition receptors as potential regulators of postnatal synaptic refinement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael T. Han
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ilia D. Vainchtein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Frances S. Cho
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leah C. Dorman
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eunji Ahn
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dong Kyu Kim
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jerika J. Barron
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hiromi Nakao-Inoue
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ari B. Molofsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher K. Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne T. Paz
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anna V. Molofsky
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yao L, Blasi J, Shippy T, Brice R. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the immune response of human microglia to a soy protein and collagen hybrid bioscaffold. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13352. [PMID: 36825181 PMCID: PMC9941947 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory reactions resulting from spinal cord injury cause significant secondary damage. Microglial cells activate CD4+ T cells via major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules. The activated T cells lead to neural tissue damage and demyelination at early stages of spinal cord injury. Control of the inflammatory response may attenuate the injury process. In this study, we compared gene expression in human microglia grown on soy protein-collagen hybrid scaffolds versus collagen scaffolds. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were subjected to gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment assays. Among down-regulated genes, the "antigen processing and presentation" pathway shows enrichment, primarily due to the down-regulation of MHCII molecules. The DEGs in this pathway show enrichment of binding sites for several transcription factors, with CIITA and IRF8 being the top candidates. The down-regulation of MHCII along with the significant enrichment of the GO term "focal adhesion" among the up-regulated genes helps explain the higher motility of microglial cells on the hybrid scaffold compared with that on the collagen scaffold. Up-regulated genes associated with "focal adhesion" include DNM2, AHNAK, and HYOU1, which have been previously implicated in increased cell motility. Overall, our study indicates that the use of hybrid scaffolds containing soy protein and collagen may modulate the immune response of wounded neural tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount Street, Wichita, KS 67260, United States,Corresponding author.
| | - Jacques Blasi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount Street, Wichita, KS 67260, United States
| | - Teresa Shippy
- KSU Bioinformatics Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Ryan Brice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount Street, Wichita, KS 67260, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nechanitzky R, Nechanitzky D, Ramachandran P, Duncan GS, Zheng C, Göbl C, Gill KT, Haight J, Wakeham AC, Snow BE, Bradaschia-Correa V, Ganguly M, Lu Z, Saunders ME, Flavell RA, Mak TW. Cholinergic control of Th17 cell pathogenicity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:407-416. [PMID: 36528755 PMCID: PMC9950465 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS) in which Th17 cells have a crucial but unclear function. Here we show that choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), which synthesizes acetylcholine (ACh), is a critical driver of pathogenicity in EAE. Mice with ChAT-deficient Th17 cells resist disease progression and show reduced brain-infiltrating immune cells. ChAT expression in Th17 cells is linked to strong TCR signaling, expression of the transcription factor Bhlhe40, and increased Il2, Il17, Il22, and Il23r mRNA levels. ChAT expression in Th17 cells is independent of IL21r signaling but dampened by TGFβ, implicating ChAT in controlling the dichotomous nature of Th17 cells. Our study establishes a cholinergic program in which ACh signaling primes chronic activation of Th17 cells, and thereby constitutes a pathogenic determinant of EAE. Our work may point to novel targets for therapeutic immunomodulation in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nechanitzky
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Duygu Nechanitzky
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Parameswaran Ramachandran
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gordon S Duncan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chunxing Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christoph Göbl
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kyle T Gill
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jillian Haight
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew C Wakeham
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bryan E Snow
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Milan Ganguly
- Histology Core, The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhibin Lu
- UHN Bioinformatics and HPC Core, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mary E Saunders
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Tak W Mak
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zheng A, Shen Z, Glass CK, Gymrek M. Deep learning predicts the impact of regulatory variants on cell-type-specific enhancers in the brain. BIOINFORMATICS ADVANCES 2023; 3:vbad002. [PMID: 36726730 PMCID: PMC9887460 DOI: 10.1093/bioadv/vbad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Motivation Previous studies have shown that the heritability of multiple brain-related traits and disorders is highly enriched in transcriptional enhancer regions. However, these regions often contain many individual variants, while only a subset of them are likely to causally contribute to a trait. Statistical fine-mapping techniques can identify putative causal variants, but their resolution is often limited, especially in regions with multiple variants in high linkage disequilibrium. In these cases, alternative computational methods to estimate the impact of individual variants can aid in variant prioritization. Results Here, we develop a deep learning pipeline to predict cell-type-specific enhancer activity directly from genomic sequences and quantify the impact of individual genetic variants in these regions. We show that the variants highlighted by our deep learning models are targeted by purifying selection in the human population, likely indicating a functional role. We integrate our deep learning predictions with statistical fine-mapping results for 8 brain-related traits, identifying 63 distinct candidate causal variants predicted to contribute to these traits by modulating enhancer activity, representing 6% of all genome-wide association study signals analyzed. Overall, our study provides a valuable computational method that can prioritize individual variants based on their estimated regulatory impact, but also highlights the limitations of existing methods for variant prioritization and fine-mapping. Availability and implementation The data underlying this article, nucleotide-level importance scores, and code for running the deep learning pipeline are available at https://github.com/Pandaman-Ryan/AgentBind-brain. Contact mgymrek@ucsd.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics Advances online.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An Zheng
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zeyang Shen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Melissa Gymrek
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wu HT, Yang GC, Shi Y, Fan CN, Li Y, Yuan MQ, Pei J, Wu Y. Spliceosomal GTPase Eftud2 regulates microglial activation and polarization. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:856-862. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.347739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
43
|
Angeloni C, Malaguti M, Prata C, Freschi M, Barbalace MC, Hrelia S. Mechanisms Underlying Neurodegenerative Disorders and Potential Neuroprotective Activity of Agrifood By-Products. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:94. [PMID: 36670956 PMCID: PMC9854890 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by progressive loss in selected areas of the nervous system, are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide due to an aging population. Despite their diverse clinical manifestations, neurodegenerative diseases are multifactorial disorders with standard features and mechanisms such as abnormal protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation. As there are no effective treatments to counteract neurodegenerative diseases, increasing interest has been directed to the potential neuroprotective activities of plant-derived compounds found abundantly in food and in agrifood by-products. Food waste has an extremely negative impact on the environment, and recycling is needed to promote their disposal and overcome this problem. Many studies have been carried out to develop green and effective strategies to extract bioactive compounds from food by-products, such as peel, leaves, seeds, bran, kernel, pomace, and oil cake, and to investigate their biological activity. In this review, we focused on the potential neuroprotective activity of agrifood wastes obtained by common products widely produced and consumed in Italy, such as grapes, coffee, tomatoes, olives, chestnuts, onions, apples, and pomegranates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Angeloni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Marco Malaguti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Cecilia Prata
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Freschi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Barbalace
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hou J, Chen Y, Grajales-Reyes G, Colonna M. TREM2 dependent and independent functions of microglia in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:84. [PMID: 36564824 PMCID: PMC9783481 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are central players in brain innate immunity and have been the subject of extensive research in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this review, we aim to summarize the genetic and functional discoveries that have advanced our understanding of microglia reactivity to AD pathology. Given the heightened AD risk posed by rare variants of the microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), we will focus on the studies addressing the impact of this receptor on microglia responses to amyloid plaques, tauopathy and demyelination pathologies in mouse and human. Finally, we will discuss the implications of recent discoveries on microglia and TREM2 biology on potential therapeutic strategies for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Hou
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Yun Chen
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA ,grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Gary Grajales-Reyes
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
The role of DNA methylation in progression of neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases as well as the prospect of using DNA methylation inhibitors as therapeutic agents for such disorders. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 14:28-37. [PMID: 36590248 PMCID: PMC9794904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide studies related to neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases have pointed to the role of epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNAs. DNA methylation machinery controls the dynamic regulation of methylation patterns in discrete brain regions. Objective This review aims to describe the role of DNA methylation in inhibiting and progressing neurological and neurodegenerative disorders and therapeutic approaches. Methods A Systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library was conducted for all qualified studies from 2000 to 2022. Results For the current need of time, we have focused on the DNA methylation role in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases and the expression of genes involved in neurodegeneration such as Alzheimer's, Depression, and Rett Syndrome. Finally, it appears that the various epigenetic changes do not occur separately and that DNA methylation and histone modification changes occur side by side and affect each other. We focused on the role of modification of DNA methylation in several genes associated with depression (NR3C1, NR3C2, CRHR1, SLC6A4, BDNF, and FKBP5), Rett syndrome (MECP2), Alzheimer's, depression (APP, BACE1, BIN1 or ANK1) and Parkinson's disease (SNCA), as well as the co-occurring modifications to histones and expression of non-coding RNAs. Understanding these epigenetic changes and their interactions will lead to better treatment strategies. Conclusion This review captures the state of understanding of the epigenetics of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. With new epigenetic mechanisms and targets undoubtedly on the horizon, pharmacological modulation and regulation of epigenetic processes in the brain holds great promise for therapy.
Collapse
|
46
|
Murenu E, Gerhardt MJ, Biel M, Michalakis S. More than meets the eye: The role of microglia in healthy and diseased retina. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1006897. [PMID: 36524119 PMCID: PMC9745050 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1006897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the main resident immune cells of the nervous system and as such they are involved in multiple roles ranging from tissue homeostasis to response to insults and circuit refinement. While most knowledge about microglia comes from brain studies, some mechanisms have been confirmed for microglia cells in the retina, the light-sensing compartment of the eye responsible for initial processing of visual information. However, several key pieces of this puzzle are still unaccounted for, as the characterization of retinal microglia has long been hindered by the reduced population size within the retina as well as the previous lack of technologies enabling single-cell analyses. Accumulating evidence indicates that the same cell type may harbor a high degree of transcriptional, morphological and functional differences depending on its location within the central nervous system. Thus, studying the roles and signatures adopted specifically by microglia in the retina has become increasingly important. Here, we review the current understanding of retinal microglia cells in physiology and in disease, with particular emphasis on newly discovered mechanisms and future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Murenu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany,*Correspondence: Elisa Murenu, ; ; Stylianos Michalakis,
| | | | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany,*Correspondence: Elisa Murenu, ; ; Stylianos Michalakis,
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yang X, Diaz V, Huang H. The Role of Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 in Regulating Microglial Activation and Retinal Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14664. [PMID: 36498991 PMCID: PMC9739975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglial activation plays a prominent role in neuroinflammation and CNS diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms of microglial activation are not well understood. Here, we report that the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) plays critical roles in microglial activation and retinal inflammation by regulating pro- and anti-inflammatory gene expression. IRF1 expression was upregulated in activated retinal microglia compared to those at the steady state. IRF1 knockout (KO) in BV2 microglia cells (BV2ΔIRF1) created by CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing technique causes decreased microglia proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis. IRF1-KO decreased pro-inflammatory M1 marker gene expression induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), such as IL-6, COX-2, and CCL5, but increased anti-inflammatory M2 marker gene expression by IL-4/13, such as Arg-1, CD206, and TGF-β. Compared to the wild-type cells, microglial-conditioned media (MCM) of activated BV2ΔIRF1 cell cultures reduced toxicity or death to several retinal cells, including mouse cone photoreceptor-like 661 W cells, rat retinal neuron precursor R28 cells, and human ARPE-19 cells. IRF1 knockdown by siRNA alleviated microglial activation and retinal inflammation induced by LPS in mice. Together, the findings suggest that IRF1 plays a vital role in regulating microglial activation and retinal inflammation and, therefore, may be targeted for treating inflammatory and degenerative retinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Aier Eye Hospital Group, Aier Eye Institute, Changsha 410015, China
| | - Valeria Diaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Hu Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cui J, Meshesha M, Churgulia N, Merlo C, Fuchs E, Breakey J, Jones J, Stivers JT. Replication-competent HIV-1 in human alveolar macrophages and monocytes despite nucleotide pools with elevated dUTP. Retrovirology 2022; 19:21. [PMID: 36114511 PMCID: PMC9482235 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although CD4+ memory T cells are considered the primary latent reservoir for HIV-1, replication competent HIV has been detected in tissue macrophages in both animal and human studies. During in vitro HIV infection, the depleted nucleotide pool and high dUTP levels in monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) leads to proviruses with high levels of dUMP, which has been implicated in viral restriction or reduced transcription depending on the uracil base excision repair (UBER) competence of the macrophage. Incorporated dUMP has also been detected in viral DNA from circulating monocytes (MC) and alveolar macrophages (AM) of HIV infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART), establishing the biological relevance of this phenotype but not the replicative capacity of dUMP-containing proviruses. RESULTS As compared to in vitro differentiated MDM, AM from normal donors had sixfold lower levels of dTTP and a sixfold increased dUTP/dTTP, indicating a highly restrictive dNTP pool for reverse transcription. Expression of uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) was eightfold lower in AM compared to the already low levels in MDM. Accordingly, ~ 80% of HIV proviruses contained dUMP, which persisted for at least 14-days due to low UNG excision activity. Unlike MDM, AM expression levels of UNG and SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) increased over 14 days post-HIV infection, while dUTP nucleotidohydrolase (DUT) expression decreased. These AM-specific effects suggest a restriction response centered on excising uracil from viral DNA copies and increasing relative dUTP levels. Despite the restrictive nucleotide pools, we detected rare replication competent HIV in AM, peripheral MC, and CD4+ T cells from ART-treated donors. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the potential integration block of incorporated dUMP is not realized during in vivo infection of AM and MC due to the near absence of UBER activity. In addition, the increased expression of UNG and SAMHD1 in AM post-infection is too slow to prevent integration. Accordingly, dUMP persists in integrated viruses, which based on in vitro studies, can lead to transcriptional silencing. This possible silencing outcome of persistent dUMP could promote viral latency until the repressive effects of viral dUMP are reversed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junru Cui
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185 USA
| | - Mesfin Meshesha
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185 USA
| | - Natela Churgulia
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185 USA
| | - Christian Merlo
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument Street/5th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Edward Fuchs
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development Unit, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 569, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Jennifer Breakey
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development Unit, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 569, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Joyce Jones
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - James T. Stivers
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185 USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Errede M, Annese T, Petrosino V, Longo G, Girolamo F, de Trizio I, d'Amati A, Uccelli A, Kerlero de Rosbo N, Virgintino D. Microglia-derived CCL2 has a prime role in neocortex neuroinflammation. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:68. [PMID: 36042496 PMCID: PMC9429625 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), several areas of demyelination are detectable in mouse cerebral cortex, where neuroinflammation events are associated with scarce inflammatory infiltrates and blood–brain barrier (BBB) impairment. In this condition, the administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) controls neuroinflammation, attenuating astrogliosis and promoting the acquisition of stem cell traits by astrocytes. To contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of EAE in gray matter and in the reverting effects of MSC treatment, the neocortex of EAE-affected mice was investigated by analyzing the cellular source(s) of chemokine CCL2, a molecule involved in immune cell recruitment and BBB-microvessel leakage. Methods The study was carried out by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and dual RNAscope IHC/in situ hybridization methods, using astrocyte, NG2-glia, macrophage/microglia, and microglia elective markers combined with CCL2. Results The results showed that in EAE-affected mice, hypertrophic microglia are the primary source of CCL2, surround the cortex neurons and the damaged BBB microvessels. In EAE-affected mice treated with MSCs, microgliosis appeared diminished very soon (6 h) after treatment, an observation that was long-lasting (tested after 10 days). This was associated with a reduced CCL2 expression and with apparently preserved/restored BBB features. In conclusion, the hallmark of EAE in the mouse neocortex is a condition of microgliosis characterized by high levels of CCL2 expression. Conclusions This finding supports relevant pathogenetic and clinical aspects of the human disease, while the demonstrated early control of neuroinflammation and BBB permeability exerted by treatment with MSCs may have important therapeutic implications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-022-00365-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Errede
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Policlinics, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Annese
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Policlinics, 70124, Bari, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, Casamassima Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Petrosino
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Longo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Policlinics, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Girolamo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Policlinics, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Ignazio de Trizio
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Policlinics, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio d'Amati
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Policlinics, 70124, Bari, Italy.,Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Pathology Section, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Uccelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicole Kerlero de Rosbo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,TomaLab, Institute of Nanotechnology, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Virgintino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Policlinics, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sreeram S, Ye F, Garcia-Mesa Y, Nguyen K, El Sayed A, Leskov K, Karn J. The potential role of HIV-1 latency in promoting neuroinflammation and HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:630-639. [PMID: 35840529 PMCID: PMC9339484 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite potent suppression of HIV-1 viral replication in the central nervous system (CNS) by antiretroviral therapy (ART), between 15% and 60% of HIV-1-infected patients receiving ART exhibit neuroinflammation and symptoms of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) - a significant unmet challenge. We propose that the emergence of HIV-1 from latency in microglia underlies both neuroinflammation in the CNS and the progression of HAND. Recent molecular studies of cellular silencing mechanisms of HIV-1 in microglia show that HIV-1 latency can be reversed both by proinflammatory cytokines and by signals from damaged neurons, potentially creating intermittent cycles of HIV-1 reactivation and silencing in the brain. We posit that anti-inflammatory agents that also block HIV-1 reactivation, such as nuclear receptor agonists, might provide new putative therapeutic avenues for the treatment of HAND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Sreeram
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fengchun Ye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yoelvis Garcia-Mesa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kien Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ahmed El Sayed
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Konstantin Leskov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|