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Butler E, Clarke M, Spirtos M, Keeffe LMO, Dooley N. Pregnancy complications and childhood mental health: is the association modified by sex or adverse social circumstances? Findings from the 'growing up in Ireland' national infant cohort study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024:10.1007/s00127-024-02678-2. [PMID: 38684515 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-024-02678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Specific pregnancy complications, socioeconomic position and sex have all been independently associated with child mental health outcomes, but their combined effects remain unclear. We examined whether total number of complications experienced in the pregnancy associated with mental health at 5 and 9-years, and whether this varied by sex or adverse social circumstances. Pregnancy complications were self-reported at 9-months post-natally from a list of 16 complications. Parents completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) when their child was 5 and 9-years. The primary outcome was the SDQ-total and scoring in the clinical range (> 16) was a secondary outcome. We applied generalized linear mixed models to a large nationally representative Irish cohort (GUI; n = 11,134). Analyses were adjusted for sex, adverse social circumstances (at 9-months), and gestational smoking. We included an interaction term between pregnancy complications and each variable respectively in separate models to examine if associations varied by sex or adverse circumstances.After controlling for covariates, total complications associated with mental health at 5 and 9-years. Each additional pregnancy complication conferred a 10% higher total-SDQ score (exponentiated co-efficient 1.10 [95%CI 1.06-1.14], 1.20 [1.15-1.26], 1.20 [1.12-1.29] and 1.34 [1.21-1.48] for 1, 2, 3 and 4 + complications respectively). For the dichotomised outcome, generally increasing odds for clinical levels of mental health difficulties were observed (OR 1complication = 1.89, 95%CI [1.37-2.59]; OR 2complications = 2.31, 95%CI [1.53-3.50]; OR 3complications = 1.77, 95%CI [0.89-3.52]; OR 4 + complications = 6.88, 95%CI [3.29-14.40]). Females had significantly lower odds of exhibiting clinically significant mental health difficulties than males (OR = 0.43, 95%CI[0.32-0.57]).There was no evidence that the association between pregnancy complications and child's mental health varied by sex or social circumstances at 5 or 9-years. Males exposed to numerous pregnancy complications in the context of adverse social circumstances had the highest predicted probability of having mental health difficulties in middle childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Butler
- Dept of Psychology, School of Population Health, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Mary Clarke
- Dept of Psychology, School of Population Health & Dept of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michelle Spirtos
- Dept of Occupational Therapy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Linda M O' Keeffe
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland & MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit & Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Niamh Dooley
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, UK & Dept of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Guma E, Chakravarty MM. Immune Alterations in the Intrauterine Environment Shape Offspring Brain Development in a Sex-Specific Manner. Biol Psychiatry 2024:S0006-3223(24)01260-5. [PMID: 38679357 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to immune dysregulation in utero or in early life has been shown to increase risk for neuropsychiatric illness. The sources of inflammation can be varied, including acute exposures due to maternal infection or acute stress, or persistent exposures due to chronic stress, obesity, malnutrition, or autoimmune diseases. These exposures may cause subtle alteration in brain development, structure, and function that can become progressively magnified across the life span, potentially increasing the likelihood of developing a neuropsychiatric conditions. There is some evidence that males are more susceptible to early-life inflammatory challenges than females. In this review, we discuss the various sources of in utero or early-life immune alteration and the known effects on fetal development with a sex-specific lens. To do so, we leveraged neuroimaging, behavioral, cellular, and neurochemical findings. Gaining clarity about how the intrauterine environment affects offspring development is critically important for informing preventive and early intervention measures that may buffer against the effects of these early-life risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Guma
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts.
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Computational Brain Anatomy Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Alur P, Holla I, Hussain N. Impact of sex, race, and social determinants of health on neonatal outcomes. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1377195. [PMID: 38655274 PMCID: PMC11035752 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1377195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the global improvements in neonatal outcomes, mortality and morbidity rates among preterm infants are still unacceptably high. Therefore, it is crucial to thoroughly analyze the factors that affect these outcomes, including sex, race, and social determinants of health. By comprehending the influence of these factors, we can work towards reducing their impact and enhancing the quality of neonatal care. This review will summarize the available evidence on sex differences, racial differences, and social determinants of health related to neonates. This review will discuss sex differences in neonatal outcomes in part I and racial differences with social determinants of health in part II. Research has shown that sex differences begin to manifest in the early part of the pregnancy. Hence, we will explore this topic under two main categories: (1) Antenatal and (2) Postnatal sex differences. We will also discuss long-term outcome differences wherever the evidence is available. Multiple factors determine health outcomes during pregnancy and the newborn period. Apart from the genetic, biological, and sex-based differences that influence fetal and neonatal outcomes, racial and social factors influence the health and well-being of developing humans. Race categorizes humans based on shared physical or social qualities into groups generally considered distinct within a given society. Social determinants of health (SDOH) are the non-medical factors that influence health outcomes. These factors can include a person's living conditions, access to healthy food, education, employment status, income level, and social support. Understanding these factors is essential in developing strategies to improve overall health outcomes in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Alur
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hampden Medical Center, Enola, PA, United States
| | - Ira Holla
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Naveed Hussain
- Department of Pediatrics, Connecticut Children’s, Hartford, CT, United States
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4
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Gan Y, Chen Y, Zhong H, Liu Z, Geng J, Wang H, Wang W. Gut microbes in central nervous system development and related disorders. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1288256. [PMID: 38343438 PMCID: PMC10854220 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1288256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The association between gut microbiota and central nervous system (CNS) development has garnered significant research attention in recent years. Evidence suggests bidirectional communication between the CNS and gut microbiota through the brain-gut axis. As a long and complex process, CNS development is highly susceptible to both endogenous and exogenous factors. The gut microbiota impacts the CNS by regulating neurogenesis, myelination, glial cell function, synaptic pruning, and blood-brain barrier permeability, with implication in various CNS disorders. This review outlines the relationship between gut microbiota and stages of CNS development (prenatal and postnatal), emphasizing the integral role of gut microbes. Furthermore, the review explores the implications of gut microbiota in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, Rett syndrome, and Angelman syndrome, offering insights into early detection, prompt intervention, and innovative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Gan
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatic Disease, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatic Disease, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Huijie Zhong
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatic Disease, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatic Disease, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiawei Geng
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatic Disease, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Huishan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Wenxue Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatic Disease, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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5
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Dotinga BM, Bao M, Solberg R, Saugstad OD, Hulscher JBF, Bos AF, Plösch T, Kooi EMW. Gene expression in the intestine of newborn piglets after hypoxia-reoxygenation. Pediatr Res 2023; 94:1365-1372. [PMID: 37208432 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In preterm infants, intestinal hypoxia may partly contribute to the pathophysiology of necrotizing enterocolitis through changes in gene expression. Splanchnic hypoxia can be detected with monitoring of regional splanchnic oxygen saturation (rsSO2). Using a piglet model of asphyxia, we aimed to correlate changes in rsSO2 to gene expression. METHODS Forty-two newborn piglets were randomized to control or intervention groups. Intervention groups were subjected to hypoxia until they were acidotic and hypotensive. Next, they were reoxygenated for 30 min according to randomization, i.e., 21% O2, 100% O2, or 100% O2 for 3 min followed by 21% O2, and observed for 9 h. We continuously measured rsSO2 and calculated mean rsSO2 and variability of rsSO2 (rsCoVar = SD/mean). Samples of terminal ileum were analyzed for mRNA expression of selected genes related to inflammation, erythropoiesis, fatty acid metabolism, and apoptosis. RESULTS The expression of selected genes was not significantly different between control and intervention groups. No associations between mean rsSO2 and gene expression were observed. However, lower rsCoVar was associated with the upregulation of apoptotic genes and the downregulation of inflammatory genes (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that hypoxia and reoxygenation cause reduced vascular adaptability, which seems to be associated with the upregulation of apoptosis and downregulation of inflammation. IMPACT Our results provide important insight into the (patho)physiological significance of changes in the variability of rsSO2. Our findings may advance future research and clinical practice regarding resuscitation strategies of preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baukje M Dotinga
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mian Bao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rønnaug Solberg
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ola D Saugstad
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan B F Hulscher
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arend F Bos
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Perinatal Neurobiology, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth M W Kooi
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Lesh TA, Iosif AM, Tanase C, Vlasova RM, Ryan AM, Bennett J, Hogrefe CE, Maddock RJ, Geschwind DH, Van de Water J, McAllister AK, Styner MA, Bauman MD, Carter CS. Extracellular free water elevations are associated with brain volume and maternal cytokine response in a longitudinal nonhuman primate maternal immune activation model. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4185-4194. [PMID: 37582858 PMCID: PMC10867284 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02213-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Maternal infection has emerged as an important environmental risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Animal model systems of maternal immune activation (MIA) suggest that the maternal immune response plays a significant role in the offspring's neurodevelopment and behavioral outcomes. Extracellular free water is a measure of freely diffusing water in the brain that may be associated with neuroinflammation and impacted by MIA. The present study evaluates the brain diffusion characteristics of male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) born to MIA-exposed dams (n = 14) treated with a modified form of the viral mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid at the end of the first trimester. Control dams received saline injections at the end of the first trimester (n = 10) or were untreated (n = 4). Offspring underwent diffusion MRI scans at 6, 12, 24, 36, and 45 months. Offspring born to MIA-exposed dams showed significantly increased extracellular free water in cingulate cortex gray matter starting as early as 6 months of age and persisting through 45 months. In addition, offspring gray matter free water in this region was significantly correlated with the magnitude of the maternal IL-6 response in the MIA-exposed dams. Significant correlations between brain volume and extracellular free water in the MIA-exposed offspring also indicate converging, multimodal evidence of the impact of MIA on brain development. These findings provide strong evidence for the construct validity of the nonhuman primate MIA model as a system of relevance for investigating the pathophysiology of human neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Elevated free water in individuals exposed to immune activation in utero could represent an early marker of a perturbed or vulnerable neurodevelopmental trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Lesh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ana-Maria Iosif
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Costin Tanase
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Roza M Vlasova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amy M Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bennett
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Richard J Maddock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Neurogenetics Program, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Judy Van de Water
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A Kimberley McAllister
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Martin A Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Melissa D Bauman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cameron S Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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7
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Towriss M, MacVicar B, Ciernia AV. Modelling Microglial Innate Immune Memory In Vitro: Understanding the Role of Aerobic Glycolysis in Innate Immune Memory. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108967. [PMID: 37240311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, play important roles in maintaining brain homeostasis and facilitating the brain's innate immune responses. Following immune challenges microglia also retain immune memories, which can alter responses to secondary inflammatory challenges. Microglia have two main memory states, training and tolerance, which are associated with increased and attenuated expression of inflammatory cytokines, respectively. However, the mechanisms differentiating these two distinct states are not well understood. We investigated mechanisms underlying training versus tolerance memory paradigms in vitro in BV2 cells using B-cell-activating factor (BAFF) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a priming stimulus followed by LPS as a second stimulus. BAFF followed by LPS showed enhanced responses indicative of priming, whereas LPS followed by LPS as the second stimulus caused reduced responses suggestive of tolerance. The main difference between the BAFF versus the LPS stimulus was the induction of aerobic glycolysis by LPS. Inhibiting aerobic glycolysis during the priming stimulus using sodium oxamate prevented the establishment of the tolerized memory state. In addition, tolerized microglia were unable to induce aerobic glycolysis upon LPS restimulus. Therefore, we conclude that aerobic glycolysis triggered by the first LPS stimulus was a critical step in the induction of innate immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Towriss
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Brian MacVicar
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Annie Vogel Ciernia
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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8
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Vogtmann R, Bao M, Dewan MV, Riedel A, Kimmig R, Felderhoff-Müser U, Bendix I, Plösch T, Gellhaus A. Growth-Restricted Fetuses and Offspring Reveal Adverse Sex-Specific Metabolic Responses in Preeclamptic Mice Expressing Human sFLT1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086885. [PMID: 37108049 PMCID: PMC10139224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal adaptations to harmful intrauterine environments due to pregnancy disorders such as preeclampsia (PE) can negatively program the offspring's metabolism, resulting in long-term metabolic changes. PE is characterized by increased circulating levels of sFLT1, placental dysfunction and fetal growth restriction (FGR). Here we examine the consequences of systemic human sFLT1 overexpression in transgenic PE/FGR mice on the offspring's metabolic phenotype. Histological and molecular analyses of fetal and offspring livers as well as examinations of offspring serum hormones were performed. At 18.5 dpc, sFLT1 overexpression resulted in growth-restricted fetuses with a reduced liver weight, combined with reduced hepatic glycogen storage and histological signs of hemorrhages and hepatocyte apoptosis. This was further associated with altered gene expression of the molecules involved in fatty acid and glucose/glycogen metabolism. In most analyzed features males were more affected than females. The postnatal follow-up revealed an increased weight gain of male PE offspring, and increased serum levels of Insulin and Leptin. This was associated with changes in hepatic gene expression regulating fatty acid and glucose metabolism in male PE offspring. To conclude, our results indicate that sFLT1-related PE/FGR in mice leads to altered fetal liver development, which might result in an adverse metabolic pre-programming of the offspring, specifically targeting males. This could be linked to the known sex differences seen in PE pregnancies in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Vogtmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Mian Bao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Monia Vanessa Dewan
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology & Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, University Hospital Essen, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences, C-TNBS, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Alina Riedel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Rainer Kimmig
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Ursula Felderhoff-Müser
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology & Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, University Hospital Essen, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences, C-TNBS, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Ivo Bendix
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology & Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, University Hospital Essen, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences, C-TNBS, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Perinatal Neurobiology Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Gellhaus
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
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9
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Guma E, Cupo L, Ma W, Gallino D, Moquin L, Gratton A, Devenyi GA, Chakravarty MM. Investigating the "two-hit hypothesis": Effects of prenatal maternal immune activation and adolescent cannabis use on neurodevelopment in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 120:110642. [PMID: 36150422 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to maternal immune activation (MIA) and chronic adolescent cannabis use are both risk factors for neuropsychiatric disorders. However, exposure to a single risk factor may not result in major mental illness, indicating that multiple exposures may be required for illness onset. Here, we examine whether combined exposure to prenatal MIA and adolescent delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive component of cannabis, lead to enduring neuroanatomical and behavioural changes in adulthood. Mice were prenatally exposed to viral mimetic, poly I:C (5 mg/kg), or vehicle at gestational day (GD) 9, and postnatally exposed to chronic THC (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) or vehicle during adolescence (postnatal day [PND]28-45). Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed pre-treatment, PND 25, post-treatment, PND 50, and in adulthood, PND85, followed by behavioural tests for anxiety-like, social, and sensorimotor gating. Post-mortem assessment of cannabinoid (CB)1 and 2 receptor expressing cells was performed in altered regions identified by MRI (anterior cingulate and somatosensory cortices, striatum, and hippocampus). Subtle deviations in neurodevelopmental trajectory and subthreshold anxiety-like behaviours were observed in mice exposed to both risk factors. Sex-dependent effects were observed in patterns of shared brain-behaviour covariation, indicative of potential sex differences in response to MIA and THC. Density of CB1 and CB2 receptor positive cells was significantly decreased in all mice exposed to MIA, THC, or both. These findings suggest that there may be a cumulative effect of risk factor exposure on gross neuroanatomical development, and that the endocannabinoid system may be sensitive to both prenatal MIA, adolescent THC, or the combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Guma
- Computational Brain Anatomy Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Center, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Lani Cupo
- Computational Brain Anatomy Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Center, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Weiya Ma
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Gallino
- Computational Brain Anatomy Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Center, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luc Moquin
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alain Gratton
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabriel A Devenyi
- Computational Brain Anatomy Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Center, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Computational Brain Anatomy Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Center, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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10
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Buka SL, Lee YH, Goldstein JM. Infections During Pregnancy and Risks for Adult Psychosis: Findings from the New England Family Study. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023; 61:49-69. [PMID: 36376640 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
For the past 40 years, our team has conducted a unique program of research investigating the prenatal risks for schizophrenia and related adult psychiatric disorders. The New England Family Study is a long-term prospective cohort study of over 16,000 individuals followed from the prenatal period for over 50 years. This chapter summarizes several major phases and findings from this work, highlighting recent results on maternal prenatal bacterial infections and brain imaging. Implications regarding the causes and potential prevention of major psychotic disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Buka
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Younga Heather Lee
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jill M Goldstein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Innovation Center on Sex Differences in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Shnayder NA, Khasanova AK, Strelnik AI, Al-Zamil M, Otmakhov AP, Neznanov NG, Shipulin GA, Petrova MM, Garganeeva NP, Nasyrova RF. Cytokine Imbalance as a Biomarker of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911324. [PMID: 36232626 PMCID: PMC9570417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is an important and unresolved problem in biological and clinical psychiatry. Approximately 30% of cases of schizophrenia (Sch) are TRS, which may be due to the fact that some patients with TRS may suffer from pathogenetically “non-dopamine” Sch, in the development of which neuroinflammation is supposed to play an important role. The purpose of this narrative review is an attempt to summarize the data characterizing the patterns of production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines during the development of therapeutic resistance to APs and their pathogenetic and prognostic significance of cytokine imbalance as TRS biomarkers. This narrative review demonstrates that the problem of evaluating the contribution of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines to maintaining or changing the cytokine balance can become a new key in unlocking the mystery of “non-dopamine” Sch and developing new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of TRS and psychosis in the setting of acute and chronic neuroinflammation. In addition, the inconsistency of the results of previous studies on the role of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines indicates that the TRS biomarker, most likely, is not the serum level of one or more cytokines, but the cytokine balance. We have confirmed the hypothesis that cytokine imbalance is one of the most important TRS biomarkers. This hypothesis is partially supported by the variable response to immunomodulators in patients with TRS, which were prescribed without taking into account the cytokine balance of the relation between serum levels of the most important pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines for TRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Shnayder
- Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, Shared Core Facilities, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Shared Core Facilities “Molecular and Cell Technologies”, V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Correspondence: (N.A.S.); (R.F.N.); Tel.: +7-(812)-620-02-20-78-13 (N.A.S. & R.F.N.)
| | - Aiperi K. Khasanova
- Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, Shared Core Facilities, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna I. Strelnik
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry, Samara State Medical University, 443016 Samara, Russia
- Department of Psychiatry, Narcology and Psychotherapy, Samara State Medical University, 443016 Samara, Russia
| | - Mustafa Al-Zamil
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Continuing Medical Education, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey P. Otmakhov
- Basic Department of Psychological and Social Support, St. Petersburg State Institute of Psychology and Social Work, 199178 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- St. Nikolay Psychiatric Hospital, 190121 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikolay G. Neznanov
- Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, Shared Core Facilities, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - German A. Shipulin
- Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks Management, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina M. Petrova
- Shared Core Facilities “Molecular and Cell Technologies”, V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Natalia P. Garganeeva
- Department of General Medical Practice and Outpatient Therapy, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Regina F. Nasyrova
- Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, Shared Core Facilities, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry, Samara State Medical University, 443016 Samara, Russia
- Correspondence: (N.A.S.); (R.F.N.); Tel.: +7-(812)-620-02-20-78-13 (N.A.S. & R.F.N.)
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12
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Cheslack-Postava K, Brown AS. Prenatal infection and schizophrenia: A decade of further progress. Schizophr Res 2022; 247:7-15. [PMID: 34016508 PMCID: PMC8595430 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have provided evidence that prenatal exposure to maternal infection is associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia in the offspring. Research over the past decade has added further to our understanding of the role of prenatal infection in schizophrenia risk. These investigations include several well-powered designs, and like some earlier studies, measured maternal antibodies to specific infectious agents in stored serum samples and large registers to identify clinically diagnosed infections during pregnancy. Convergent findings from antibody studies suggest that prenatal maternal infection with Toxoplasma gondii is associated with increased schizophrenia risk in the offspring, while associations with HSV-2 infection are likely attributable to confounding. Maternal influenza infection remains a viable candidate for schizophrenia, based on an early serological study, though there has been only one attempt to replicate this finding, with a differing methodology. A prior association between maternal serologically confirmed cytomegalovirus infections require further study. Clinically diagnosed maternal infection, particularly bacterial infection, also appears to be associated with increased risk of offspring schizophrenia, and heterogeneity in these findings is likely due to methodological differences between studies. Further clarification may be provided by future studies that address the timing, type, and clinical features of infections. Important insight may be gained by examining the long-term offspring outcomes in emerging epidemics such as Zika virus and COVID-19, and by investigating the interaction between exposure to prenatal infection and other risk or protective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely Cheslack-Postava
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Alan S Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
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13
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Block CL, Eroglu O, Mague SD, Smith CJ, Ceasrine AM, Sriworarat C, Blount C, Beben KA, Malacon KE, Ndubuizu N, Talbot A, Gallagher NM, Chan Jo Y, Nyangacha T, Carlson DE, Dzirasa K, Eroglu C, Bilbo SD. Prenatal environmental stressors impair postnatal microglia function and adult behavior in males. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111161. [PMID: 35926455 PMCID: PMC9438555 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational exposure to environmental toxins and socioeconomic stressors is epidemiologically linked to neurodevelopmental disorders with strong male bias, such as autism. We model these prenatal risk factors in mice by co-exposing pregnant dams to an environmental pollutant and limited-resource stress, which robustly activates the maternal immune system. Only male offspring display long-lasting behavioral abnormalities and alterations in the activity of brain networks encoding social interactions. Cellularly, prenatal stressors diminish microglial function within the anterior cingulate cortex, a central node of the social coding network, in males during early postnatal development. Precise inhibition of microglial phagocytosis within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of wild-type (WT) mice during the same critical period mimics the impact of prenatal stressors on a male-specific behavior, indicating that environmental stressors alter neural circuit formation in males via impairing microglia function during development. Block et al. show that combined exposure to air pollution and maternal stress during pregnancy activates the maternal immune system and induces male-specific impairments in social behavior and circuit connectivity in offspring. Cellularly, prenatal stressors diminish microglia phagocytic function, and inhibition of microglia phagocytosis phenocopies behavioral deficits from prenatal stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina L Block
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Oznur Eroglu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stephen D Mague
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Caroline J Smith
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alexis M Ceasrine
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Cameron Blount
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kathleen A Beben
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Karen E Malacon
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nkemdilim Ndubuizu
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Austin Talbot
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Neil M Gallagher
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Young Chan Jo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Timothy Nyangacha
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David E Carlson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kafui Dzirasa
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Cagla Eroglu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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14
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Della Vecchia A, Marazziti D. Back to the Future: The Role of Infections in Psychopathology. Focus on OCD. CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2022; 19:248-263. [PMID: 36101642 PMCID: PMC9442856 DOI: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20220407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in the relationship between infections and psychopathology, given the increasing data on the neurotropism and neurological/psychiatric morbidity of the SARS-COV2 virus, responsible for the current worldwide pandemic. Although the majority of observations were those obtained in mood and schizophrenic disorders, a few data are also available on the presence of bacterial or viral infections in patients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Therefore, given the limited information, the present paper aimed at reviewing the most updated evidence of infections in neuropsychiatric disorders and their possible mechanisms of actions, with a narrow focus on microbes in OCD. METHOD This paper is a narrative review. The databases of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, PsycINFO and Google Scholar were accessed to research and collect English language papers published between 1 January 1980 and 31 December 2021. The data on PANDAS/PANS and those observed during severe brain infections were excluded. RESULTS Several pathogens have been associated with an increased risk to develop a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia, mood disorders, autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Some evidence supported a possible role of infections also in the pathophysiology of OCD. Infections from Herpes simplex virus 1, Borna disease virus, Group A-Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus, Borrelia spp., and Toxoplasma gondii were actually found in patients with OCD. Although different mechanisms have been hypothesized, all would converge to trigger functional/structural alterations of specific circuits or immune processes, with cascade dysfunctions of several other systems. CONCLUSIONS Based on the current evidence, a possible contribution of different types of microbes has been proposed for different neuropsychiatric disorders including OCD. However, the currently available literature is meager and heterogeneous in terms of sample characteristics and methods used. Therefore, further studies are needed to better understand the impact of infectious agents in neuropsychiatric disorders. Our opinion is that deeper insights in this field might contribute to a better definition of biological underpinnings of specific clinical pictures, as well as to promote psychiatric precision medicine, with treatments based on altered pathological pathways of single patients. This might be particularly relevant in OCD, a disorder with a high proportion of patients who are resistant or do not respond to conventional therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Della Vecchia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, and
| | - Donatella Marazziti
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, and, Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences – UniCamillus, Rome, Italy
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Mao MJ, Yu HL, Wen YZ, Sun XY, Xu CY, Gao YZ, Jiang M, Yuan HM, Feng SW. Deficit of perineuronal net induced by maternal immune activation mediates the cognitive impairment in offspring during adolescence. Behav Brain Res 2022; 434:114027. [PMID: 35905839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy is considered a risk factor for neurodevelopment in the offspring, resulting in behavioral abnormalities. Furthermore, adolescence is a vulnerable period for developing different psycho-cognitive deficits. Here, we aimed to observe the cognitive consequences of prenatal MIA exposure in adolescents and explored the underlying mechanisms. We divided dams into CON and MIA groups after inducing a mouse model of MIA using lipopolysaccharide (120μg/kg) on gestational day 15. Open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM), and novel object recognition (NOR) tests were performed on postnatal day (PD) 35-37. The expression of hippocampal Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA)+ perineuronal net (PNN), parvalbumin (PV), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1(Iba-1) were evaluated using immunofluorescence, and the expression of matrix metalloprotein-9 (MMP-9) in the hippocampus was assessed using the western blot. Following the infusion of chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) into CA1 in the offspring from the CON group on PD 30, they were divided into ChABC and Sham groups. OF, EPM, and NOR were performed on PD 35-37. Compared to the CON group, decreased exploration time of the novel object and preference ratio were observed in the MIA group. Meanwhile, the MIA group presented significantly decreased WFA+ PNN in CA1, increased Iba-1+ microglia, and MMP-9 in the hippocampus. Additionally, the density of PV+ neurons and GFAP+ astrocytes was comparable between both groups. After digesting the PNN, the exploration time of novel object and preference ratio decreased in the ChABC group compared to the Sham group. Conclusively, the PNN deficit in CA1 caused by prenatal MIA might, at least partially, induce cognitive impairment in adolescents. Microglia and MMP-9 may also be potential candidates for PNN deficit after MIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jie Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui-Ling Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Zhou Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen-Yang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Zhu Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hong-Mei Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.
| | - Shan-Wu Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.
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16
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Zhang T, Brander G, Isung J, Isomura K, Sidorchuk A, Larsson H, Chang Z, Mataix-Cols D, Fernández de la Cruz L. Prenatal and Early Childhood Infections and Subsequent Risk of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Tic Disorders: A Nationwide, Sibling-Controlled Study. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 93:1023-1030. [PMID: 36155699 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postinfectious autoimmune processes are hypothesized to be causally related to both obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and tic disorders, but current evidence is conflicting. This study examined whether prenatal maternal (and paternal, as an internal control) infections and early childhood infections in the offspring (i.e., during the first 3 years of life) were associated with a subsequent risk of OCD and Tourette syndrome or chronic tic disorder (TS/CTD). METHODS Individuals exposed to any prenatal maternal infection (n = 16,743) and early childhood infection (n = 264,346) were identified from a population-based birth cohort consisting of 2,949,080 singletons born in Sweden between 1973 and 2003 and were followed through 2013. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs). Sibling analyses were performed to control for familial confounding. RESULTS At the population level, and after adjusting for parental psychiatric history and autoimmune diseases, a significantly increased risk of OCD and TS/CTD was found in individuals exposed to prenatal maternal (but not paternal) infections (OCD: HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.12-1.57; TS/CTD: HR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.23-2.09) and early childhood infections (OCD: HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.14-1.25; TS/CTD: HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.24-1.44). However, these associations were no longer significant in the sibling analyses. CONCLUSIONS The results do not support the hypothesis that prenatal maternal or early-life infections play a direct causal role in the etiology of either OCD or TS/CTD. Instead, familial factors (e.g., genetic pleiotropy) may explain both the propensity to infections and the liability to OCD and TS/CTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Zhang
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gustaf Brander
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef Isung
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kayoko Isomura
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Sidorchuk
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden; School of Medical Sciences, Örebro Universitet, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Zheng Chang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Mataix-Cols
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorena Fernández de la Cruz
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Region Stockholm, Sweden
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O'Connor TG, Ciesla AA, Sefair AV, Thornburg LL, Brown AS, Glover V, O'Donnell KJ. Maternal prenatal infection and anxiety predict neurodevelopmental outcomes in middle childhood. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND CLINICAL SCIENCE 2022; 131:422-434. [PMID: 35238594 PMCID: PMC9069845 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal maternal infection and anxiety have been linked, in separate lines of study, with child neurodevelopment. We extend and integrate these lines of study in a large prospective longitudinal cohort study of child neurodevelopment. Data are based on the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort; prenatal maternal anxiety was assessed from self-report questionnaire; prenatal infection was derived from reports of several conditions in pregnancy (n = 7,042). Child neurodevelopment at approximately 8 years of age was assessed by in-person testing, reports of social and communication problems associated with autism, and psychiatric evaluation. Covariates included psychosocial, demographic, and perinatal/obstetric risks. Prenatal infection was associated with increased likelihood of co-occurring prenatal risk, including anxiety. Regression analyses indicated that both prenatal infection and prenatal anxiety predicted child social and communication problems; the predictions were largely independent of each other. Comparable effects were also found for the prediction of symptoms of attention problems and anxiety symptoms. These results provide the first evidence for the independent effects of prenatal infection and anxiety on a broad set of neurodevelopmental and behavioral and emotional symptoms in children, suggesting the involvement of multiple mechanisms in the prenatal programming of child neurodevelopment. The results further underscore the importance of promoting prenatal physical and mental health for child health outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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18
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Are there sex differences in fetal growth strategies and in the long-term effects of pregnancy complications on cognitive functioning? J Dev Orig Health Dis 2022; 13:766-778. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174422000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Males and females have been proposed to have different prenatal growth strategies, whereby males invest more in fetal growth and less in placental development, leaving them more susceptible to early-life adversity. We tested predictions of this hypothesis using data from the National Collaborative Perinatal Project. Male newborns were heavier than females, but there was no difference in placental weight, adjusting for birthweight. Among infants born prior to 33 weeks, the difference in birthweight between males and females was greater among those who did not survive than among those who did, potentially reflecting a strategy whereby males maintained growth in the face of prenatal insults, while females adjusted growth. However, there was no significant difference in mortality between the sexes. Being born small-for-gestational age or very preterm (prior to 33 weeks) was associated with significantly reduced performance for most of the cognitive traits examined at 7 years, although maternal preeclampsia was associated with reduced performance in fewer traits. Generally, these effects of early-life adversity (poor fetal growth, prematurity, and preeclampsia) did not differ between the sexes. However, analyzing the sexes separately (rather than testing the interaction between sex and adversity) resulted in numerous spurious sex-specific effects, whereby the effect of early-life adversity appeared to be significant in one sex but not the other. Overall, we found little support for the hypothesis that males prioritize growth more than females, and that this makes them more susceptible to early-life adversity. Furthermore, our results show that analyzing the sexes separately, rather than testing the adversity by sex interaction, can be highly misleading.
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Becerra-Culqui TA, Getahun D, Chiu V, Sy LS, Tseng HF. Prenatal influenza vaccination or influenza infection and autism spectrum disorder in offspring. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:1140-1148. [PMID: 35174388 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As prenatal vaccinations continue to be given more frequently, it is important to assess long-term safety events. This study investigates the association between prenatal influenza vaccination or infection and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk in offspring. METHODS Retrospective cohort study of mother-child pairs with deliveries 1/1/2011-12/31/2014 at Kaiser Permanente Southern California was performed. Children >1 year were followed through 12/31/2018. Maternal influenza vaccination or infection during pregnancy was obtained from electronic health records. ASD was defined by International Classification of Diseases, 9th/10th Revision codes after age 1 year. Cox proportional hazards models estimated the crude and inverse probability of treatment weighted (IPTW) hazard ratios (HR) for the association between maternal influenza vaccination or infection and ASD. RESULTS There were 84,739 mother-child pairs included in the final analytic sample. Maternal vaccination coverage increased slightly over time, from 52.7% for 2011 births to 59.6% for 2014 births. Of the 46,257 women vaccinated, 32.4% were vaccinated during the 1 st trimester, 41.8% during the 2 nd trimester, and 25.8% during the 3 rd trimester. ASD was diagnosed in 1,930 (2.3%) children. The IPTW analyses showed no association between prenatal influenza vaccination or infection and ASD in offspring (HR: 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.95, 1.13; HR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.66, 1.89, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Prenatal influenza vaccination or infection was not associated with ASD risk in offspring. The findings support recommendations to vaccinate pregnant women to protect themselves and their infants, both of whom are vulnerable to severe morbidity following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A Becerra-Culqui
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Department of Occupational Therapy, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson CA, USA
| | - Darios Getahun
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Vicki Chiu
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Lina S Sy
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Hung Fu Tseng
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, USA
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20
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Zhu CY, Jiang HY, Sun JJ. Maternal infection during pregnancy and the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Psychiatr 2022; 68:102972. [PMID: 34954611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of maternal infection during pregnancy on the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the offspring are unclear, and no overview is available. METHODS We searched the PubMed and EMBASE databases for relevant studies and performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. RESULTS We found that that maternal infection during pregnancy was associated with a small increase in the risk of ADHD (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.09, 1.44, P < 0.0001; I2 = 92.9%, p < 0.0001) in the offspring. In subgroup analyses, the association remained for maternal genitourinary (GU) infection (OR, 1.19, 1.12, 1.27, P < 0.001; I2 = 0%; p = 0.517). However, there was no significant association when we pooled data from siblings from other pregnancies (OR = 1.06, 95% CI, 0.99-1.13, P = 0.084; I2 = 0%; p = 0.859), implying that the association was due to confounding. CONCLUSIONS The statistically significant association between maternal infection during pregnancy and ADHD in the offspring can be partially explained by unmeasured confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Zhu
- No. 6 Psychiatry Department, Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hai-Yin Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ji-Jun Sun
- No. 3 Psychiatry Department, Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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21
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Kwon J, Suessmilch M, McColl A, Cavanagh J, Morris BJ. Distinct trans-placental effects of maternal immune activation by TLR3 and TLR7 agonists: implications for schizophrenia risk. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23841. [PMID: 34903784 PMCID: PMC8668921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to infection in utero predisposes towards psychiatric diseases such as autism, depression and schizophrenia in later life. The mechanisms involved are typically studied by administering mimetics of double-stranded (ds) virus or bacterial infection to pregnant rats or mice. The effect of single-stranded (ss) virus mimetics has been largely ignored, despite evidence linking prenatal ss virus exposure with psychiatric disease. Understanding the effects of gestational ss virus exposure has become even more important with recent events. In this study, in pregnant mice, we compare directly the effects, on the maternal blood, placenta and the embryonic brain, of maternal administration of ds-virus mimetic poly I:C (to activate Toll-like receptor 3, TLR3) and ss-virus mimetic resiquimod (to activate TLR7/8). We find that, 4 h after the administration, both poly I:C and resiquimod elevated the levels of IL-6, TNFα, and chemokines including CCL2 and CCL5, in maternal plasma. Both agents also increased placental mRNA levels of IL-6 and IL-10, but only resiquimod increased placental TNFα mRNA. In foetal brain, poly I:C produced no detectable immune-response-related increases, whereas pronounced increases in cytokine (e.g. Il-6, Tnfα) and chemokine (e.g. Ccl2, Ccl5) expression were observed with maternal resiquimod administration. The data show substantial differences between the effect of maternal exposure to a TLR7/8 activator as compared to a TLR3 activator. There are significant implications for future modelling of diseases where maternal ss virus exposure contributes to environmental disease risk in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaedeok Kwon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Institute of Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maria Suessmilch
- Institute of Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alison McColl
- Institute of Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan Cavanagh
- Institute of Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brian J Morris
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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22
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Green MJ, Watkeys OJ, Whitten T, Thomas C, Kariuki M, Dean K, Laurens KR, Harris F, Carr VJ. Increased incidence of childhood mental disorders following exposure to early life infection. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:376-382. [PMID: 34390804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life exposure to infectious diseases confers risk for adult psychiatric disorders but relatively few human population studies have examined associations with childhood mental disorder. Here we examined the effects of exposure to maternal infection during pregnancy, and child infectious diseases in early childhood (birth to age 4 years), in relation to first mental disorder diagnosis (age 5-13 years). The study sample comprised 71,841 children represented in a population cohort of children in New South Wales, Australia, followed from birth to early adolescence via linkage of administrative registers. Childhood exposure to infectious disease was determined during the prenatal period (i.e., maternal infection during gestation), and in early childhood (between birth and age 4 years) using the NSW Ministry of Health Admitted Patients data collection. Days to first diagnosis with a mental disorder was determined from recorded diagnoses between age 5-13 years in the NSW Ministry of Health's Admitted Patients, Emergency Department and Mental Health Ambulatory data collections. While crude hazard ratios for both prenatal infection and childhood infection exposures indicated significantly earlier diagnosis with mental disorders associated with both of these risk factors, only childhood infection exposure was associated with higher adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for any diagnoses (aHR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.11-1.32), externalising disorders (aHR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.18-1.79) and developmental disorders (aHR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.49-2.22) when the effects of maternal and early childhood (age < 5 years) mental disorders were taken into account. Exposure to infectious diseases during early childhood, but not prenatal infection exposure, appears to be associated with earlier diagnosis of mental disorders in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Oliver J Watkeys
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Catherine Thomas
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maina Kariuki
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Psychology and Counselling, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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23
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Cappelletti M, Presicce P, Feiyang M, Senthamaraikannan P, Miller LA, Pellegrini M, Sim MS, Jobe AH, Divanovic S, Way SS, Chougnet CA, Kallapur SG. The induction of preterm labor in rhesus macaques is determined by the strength of immune response to intrauterine infection. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001385. [PMID: 34495952 PMCID: PMC8452070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine infection/inflammation (IUI) is a major contributor to preterm labor (PTL). However, IUI does not invariably cause PTL. We hypothesized that quantitative and qualitative differences in immune response exist in subjects with or without PTL. To define the triggers for PTL, we developed rhesus macaque models of IUI driven by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or live Escherichia coli. PTL did not occur in LPS challenged rhesus macaques, while E. coli–infected animals frequently delivered preterm. Although LPS and live E. coli both caused immune cell infiltration, E. coli–infected animals showed higher levels of inflammatory mediators, particularly interleukin 6 (IL-6) and prostaglandins, in the chorioamnion-decidua and amniotic fluid (AF). Neutrophil infiltration in the chorio-decidua was a common feature to both LPS and E. coli. However, neutrophilic infiltration and IL6 and PTGS2 expression in the amnion was specifically induced by live E. coli. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of fetal membranes revealed that specific pathways involved in augmentation of inflammation including type I interferon (IFN) response, chemotaxis, sumoylation, and iron homeostasis were up-regulated in the E. coli group compared to the LPS group. Our data suggest that the intensity of the host immune response to IUI may determine susceptibility to PTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cappelletti
- Divisions of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, UCLA Mattel Children’s Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Pietro Presicce
- Divisions of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, UCLA Mattel Children’s Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ma Feiyang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences–Collaboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paranthaman Senthamaraikannan
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lisa A. Miller
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences–Collaboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Myung S. Sim
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alan H. Jobe
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Claire A. Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Suhas G. Kallapur
- Divisions of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, UCLA Mattel Children’s Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Maternal infection in gestation increases the risk of non-affective psychosis in offspring: a meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 139:125-131. [PMID: 34058651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal infection is thought to increase the risk of non-affective psychosis including schizophrenia. However, observational studies have produced conflicting results and little is known about the importance of timing of infection in mediating subsequent risk. In this study, we carried out a meta-analysis of observational studies to investigate the risk of maternal infection and subsequent risk of non-affective psychosis. Using seven cohort studies, we found that maternal infection during gestation increased the risk of non-affective psychosis [relative risk (RR): 1.28 (95% CI:1.05-1.57, p = 0.02, I2 = 36%)]. A subgroup analysis identified that there was greater risk for schizophrenia alone [RR: 1.65 (95% CI:1.23-2.22, p = 0.0008, I2 = 0%)]. In addition, infection during the second trimester resulted in increased risk [RR: 1.63 (95% CI:1.07-2.48, p = 0.02, I2 = 7%)], whilst risk during the first and third trimesters did not meet statistical significance. This study highlights maternal infection in gestation as an important environmental risk factor for non-affective psychosis and our findings carry important implications for future disease prevention strategies.
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25
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Robinson N, Bergen SE. Environmental Risk Factors for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder and Their Relationship to Genetic Risk: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Front Genet 2021; 12:686666. [PMID: 34262598 PMCID: PMC8273311 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.686666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are severe psychiatric disorders which result from complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. It is well-established that they are highly heritable disorders, and considerable progress has been made identifying their shared and distinct genetic risk factors. However, the 15-40% of risk that is derived from environmental sources is less definitively known. Environmental factors that have been repeatedly investigated and often associated with SZ include: obstetric complications, infections, winter or spring birth, migration, urban living, childhood adversity, and cannabis use. There is evidence that childhood adversity and some types of infections are also associated with BD. Evidence for other risk factors in BD is weaker due to fewer studies and often smaller sample sizes. Relatively few environmental exposures have ever been examined for SZ or BD, and additional ones likely remain to be discovered. A complete picture of how genetic and environmental risk factors confer risk for these disorders requires an understanding of how they interact. Early gene-by-environment interaction studies for both SZ and BD often involved candidate genes and were underpowered. Larger samples with genome-wide data and polygenic risk scores now offer enhanced prospects to reveal genetic interactions with environmental exposures that contribute to risk for these disorders. Overall, although some environmental risk factors have been identified for SZ, few have been for BD, and the extent to which these account for the total risk from environmental sources remains unknown. For both disorders, interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors are also not well understood and merit further investigation. Questions remain regarding the mechanisms by which risk factors exert their effects, and the ways in which environmental factors differ by sex. Concurrent investigations of environmental and genetic risk factors in SZ and BD are needed as we work toward a more comprehensive understanding of the ways in which these disorders arise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah E. Bergen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Fudaba M, Kamiya T, Tachibana D, Koyama M, Ohtani N. Bioinformatics Analysis of Oral, Vaginal, and Rectal Microbial Profiles during Pregnancy: A Pilot Study on the Bacterial Co-Residence in Pregnant Women. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051027. [PMID: 34064634 PMCID: PMC8151423 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) and threatened preterm labor (TPL), an important pre-PTB state, are major obstetric complications during pregnancy. However, their triggers have not been fully elucidated. The vagina is dominated by Lactobacillus species (categorized as community state types; CSTs I, II, III, and V) or by mixed anaerobes (CST IV). An abundance of the latter is associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV) and BV-triggered PTB/TPL. To identify factors that influence the diversity of vaginal microbiota associated with BV and CST IV (BV-type) bacterial profile, we performed a bioinformatic analysis of the microbial taxa using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing data of bacterial genome in oral, vaginal, and rectal samples collected from 58 pregnant Japanese women. Interestingly, common residence of BV-associated bacteria in the vagina and rectum was individually detected in the CST IV (non-Lactobacillus dominated) group by species-level Spearman correlation coefficient analysis, suggesting that the rectum acts as a reservoir of BV-associated bacterial species in the CST IV group. The current study provides evidence of bacterial co-residence in vagina and rectum in the non-Lactobacillus dominated group, which could be targeted to reduce the risk of preterm incidence in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Fudaba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (M.F.); (D.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Tomonori Kamiya
- Department of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan;
| | - Daisuke Tachibana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (M.F.); (D.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Masayasu Koyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (M.F.); (D.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Naoko Ohtani
- Department of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan;
- AMED-CREST, AMED, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
- Correspondence:
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27
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Abstract
Introduction: Most medical diagnoses present somewhat differently in men and women, more so at specific periods of life. Treatment effects may also differ. This is true for schizophrenia, where premorbid effects are experienced earlier in life in boys than in girls, and where symptoms and outcomes differ.Areas covered: This review does not cover all the differences that have been reported between men and women but, instead, focuses on the ones that carry important implications for clinical care: effective antipsychotic doses, medication side effects, symptom fluctuation due to hormonal levels, comorbidities, and women's requirements for prenatal, obstetric, postpartum, and parenting support.Expert opinion: Of consequence to schizophrenia, sex-biased genes, epigenetic modifications, and sex steroids all impact the structure and function of the brain. Furthermore, life experiences and social roles exert major sex-specific influences. The co-morbidities that accompany schizophrenia also affect men and women to different degrees. This review offers several examples of sex-specific intervention and concludes that gold standard treatment must look beyond symptoms and address all the physiologic, psychologic, and social role needs of men and women suffering from this psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Seeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Maternal infection exposure and the risk of psychosis in the offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 135:28-36. [PMID: 33445058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between maternal infection exposure and the risk of psychosis in the offspring is inconsistent. We systematically assessed this relationship. Unrestricted searches of the PubMed and Embase databases were conducted, with an end date of February 1, 2020, to identify relevant studies that met predetermined inclusion criteria. Random-effects models were adopted to estimate the overall relative risk. Twenty-three observational studies were included in the analysis. The results showed that mothers who had a history of infection during pregnancy experienced a significantly increased risk of developing psychosis in offspring (OR = 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-1.41; P = 0.001). Sensitivity and subgroup analyses yielded consistent results. For specific pathogens, the risk of developing psychosis in offspring was increased among mothers with herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) exposure (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.09-1.6; P = 0.004). However, other maternal-specific pathogen exposures were not significantly associated with the risk of psychosis in offspring. No evidence of publication bias was observed. Although evidence of heterogeneity should be carefully evaluated, our findings suggest that maternal infection exposure may be associated with a greater risk of psychosis in the offspring.
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29
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Sommer IE, Gangadin SS, de Witte LD, Koops S, van Baal C, Bahn S, Drexhage H, van Haren NEM, Veling W, Bruggeman R, Martens P, Wiersma S, Veerman SRT, Grootens KP, van Beveren N, Kahn RS, Begemann MJH. Simvastatin Augmentation for Patients With Early-Phase Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders: A Double-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:1108-1115. [PMID: 33608711 PMCID: PMC8266622 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSD) are associated with increased inflammatory markers, both in brain and periphery. Augmentation with drugs that lower this pro-inflammatory status may improve clinical presentation. Simvastatin crosses the blood-brain barrier, has anti- inflammatory and neuroprotective effects and reduces metabolic syndrome. In this study, we investigated if 12 months of simvastatin augmentation can improve symptoms and cognition in patients with early SSD. This double-blind placebo-controlled trial included 127 SSD patients across the Netherlands, <3 years after their diagnosis. From these, 119 were randomly assigned 1:1 to simvastatin 40 mg (n = 61) or placebo (n = 58), stratified for sex and study site. Primary outcomes were symptom severity and cognition after 12 months of treatment. Depression, symptom subscores, general functioning, metabolic syndrome, movement disorders, and safety were secondary outcomes. Intention to treat analyses were performed using linear mixed models and ANCOVA. No main effect of simvastatin treatment was found on total symptom severity after 12 months of treatment as compared to placebo (X2(1) = 0.01, P = .90). Group differences varied over time (treatment*time X2(4) = 11.2; P = .025), with significantly lower symptom severity in the simvastatin group after 6 months (mean difference = -4.8; P = .021; 95% CI: -8.8 to -0.7) and at 24 months follow-up (mean difference = -4.7; P = .040; 95% CI: -9.3 to -0.2). No main treatment effect was found for cognition (F(1,0.1) = 0.37, P = .55) or secondary outcomes. SAEs occurred more frequently with placebo (19%) than with simvastatin (6.6%). This negative finding corroborates other large scale studies on aspirin, minocycline, and celecoxib that could not replicate positive findings of smaller studies, and suggests that anti-inflammatory augmentation does not improve the clinical presentation of SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris E Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; tel: +31625647485, e-mail:
| | - Shiral S Gangadin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lot D de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Sanne Koops
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - C van Baal
- Department of Biostatics and Research Support, University Medical Center Utrecht, Julius Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hemmo Drexhage
- Department of Immunology Research, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N E M van Haren
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Veling
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R Bruggeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Martens
- Reinier van Arkel Institute for Mental Health Care, ‘s Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Sybren Wiersma
- Early Intervention Psychosis Team, GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Hoofddorp, the Netherlands
| | - Selene R T Veerman
- Community Mental Health, Mental Health Service Noord-Holland Noord, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
| | - Koen P Grootens
- Reinier van Arkel Institute for Mental Health Care, ‘s Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Nico van Beveren
- Antes Center for Mental Health Care, Department of Neuroscience, and Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke J H Begemann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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30
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Paquin V, Lapierre M, Veru F, King S. Early Environmental Upheaval and the Risk for Schizophrenia. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2021; 17:285-311. [PMID: 33544627 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-103805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Why does prenatal exposure to wars, natural disasters, urbanicity, or winter increase the risk for schizophrenia? Research from the last two decades has provided rich insight about the underlying chains of causation at play during environmental upheaval, from conception to early infancy. In this review, we appraise the evidence linking schizophrenia spectrum disorder to prenatal maternal stress, obstetric complications, early infections, and maternal nutrition and other lifestyle factors. We discuss putative mechanisms, including the maternal stress system, perinatal hypoxia, and maternal-offspring immune activation. We propose that gene-environment interactions, timing during development, and sex differentiate the neuropsychiatric outcomes. Future research should pursue the translation of animal studies to humans and the longitudinal associations between early exposures, intermediate phenotypes, and psychiatric disorders. Finally, to paint a comprehensive model of risk and to harness targets for prevention, we argue that risk factors should be situated within the individual's personal ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Paquin
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A1, Canada; .,Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Québec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Mylène Lapierre
- Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Québec H4H 1R3, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 2S9, Canada
| | - Franz Veru
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A1, Canada; .,Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Québec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Suzanne King
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A1, Canada; .,Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Québec H4H 1R3, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 2S9, Canada
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31
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Fitzgerald E, Hor K, Drake AJ. Maternal influences on fetal brain development: The role of nutrition, infection and stress, and the potential for intergenerational consequences. Early Hum Dev 2020; 150:105190. [PMID: 32948364 PMCID: PMC7481314 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An optimal early life environment is crucial for ensuring ideal neurodevelopmental outcomes. Brain development consists of a finely tuned series of spatially and temporally constrained events, which may be affected by exposure to a sub-optimal intra-uterine environment. Evidence suggests brain development may be particularly vulnerable to factors such as maternal nutrition, infection and stress during pregnancy. In this review, we discuss how maternal factors such as these can affect brain development and outcome in offspring, and we also identify evidence which suggests that the outcome can, in many cases, be stratified by socio-economic status (SES), with individuals in lower brackets typically having a worse outcome. We consider the relevant epidemiological evidence and draw parallels to mechanisms suggested by preclinical work where appropriate. We also discuss possible transgenerational effects of these maternal factors and the potential mechanisms involved. We conclude that modifiable factors such as maternal nutrition, infection and stress are important contributors to atypical brain development and that SES also likely has a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon Fitzgerald
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kahyee Hor
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Amanda J Drake
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Kleine AD, Reuss B. Interactions of Antibodies to the Gram-Negative Gastric Bacterium Helicobacter pylori with the Synaptic Calcium Sensor Synaptotagmin 5, Correlate to Impaired Vesicle Recycling in SiMa Human Neuroblastoma Cells. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:481-505. [PMID: 32860155 PMCID: PMC7851109 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to molecular mimicry, maternal antibacterial antibodies are suspected to promote neurodevelopmental changes in the offspring that finally can cause disorders like autism and schizophrenia. Using a human first trimester prenatal brain multiprotein array (MPA), we demonstrate here that antibodies to the digestive tract bacteria Helicobacter pylori (α-HPy) and Campylobacter jejuni (α-CJe) interact with different synaptic proteins, including the calcium sensor synaptotagmin 5 (Syt5). Interactions of both antisera with Syt5 were confirmed by Western blot with a HEK293-cells overexpression lysate of this protein. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting revealed SiMa cells to express Syt5, which also co-migrated with a band/spot labeled by either α-HPy or α-CJe. Functionally, a 12-h pretreatment of SiMa cells with 10 μg/ml of either α-HPy or α-CJe resulted in a significant reduction of acetylcholine(ACh)-dependent calcium signals as compared to controls. Also ACh-dependent vesicle recycling was significantly reduced in cells pretreated with either α-HPy or α-CJe. Similar effects were observed upon pretreatment of SiMa cells with Syt5-specific antibodies. In conclusion, the present study supports the view that prenatal maternal antibacterial immune responses towards HPy and by this to Syt5 are able to cause functional changes, which in the end might contribute also to neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron David Kleine
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medicine Göttingen Kreuzbergring 36, 37075, Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Bernhard Reuss
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medicine Göttingen Kreuzbergring 36, 37075, Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany.
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33
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34
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Davies C, Segre G, Estradé A, Radua J, De Micheli A, Provenzani U, Oliver D, Salazar de Pablo G, Ramella-Cravaro V, Besozzi M, Dazzan P, Miele M, Caputo G, Spallarossa C, Crossland G, Ilyas A, Spada G, Politi P, Murray RM, McGuire P, Fusar-Poli P. Prenatal and perinatal risk and protective factors for psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7:399-410. [PMID: 32220288 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal and perinatal insults are implicated in the aetiopathogenesis of psychotic disorders but the consistency and magnitude of their associations with psychosis have not been updated for nearly two decades. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date synthesis of the evidence on the association between prenatal or perinatal risk and protective factors and psychotic disorders. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched the Web of Science database for articles published up to July 20, 2019. We identified cohort and case-control studies examining the association (odds ratio [OR]) between prenatal and perinatal factors and any International Classification of Diseases (ICD) or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) non-organic psychotic disorder with a healthy comparison group. Other inclusion criteria were enough data available to do the analyses, and non-overlapping datasets. We excluded reviews, meta-analyses, abstracts or conference proceedings, and articles with overlapping datasets. Data were extracted according to EQUATOR and PRISMA guidelines. Extracted variables included first author, publication year, study type, sample size, type of psychotic diagnosis (non-affective psychoses or schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, affective psychoses) and diagnostic instrument (DSM or ICD and version), the risk or protective factor, and measure of association (primary outcome). We did random-effects pairwise meta-analyses, Q statistics, I2 index, sensitivity analyses, meta-regressions, and assessed study quality and publication bias. The study protocol was registered at PROSPERO, CRD42017079261. FINDINGS 152 studies relating to 98 risk or protective factors were eligible for analysis. Significant risk factors were: maternal age younger than 20 years (OR 1·17) and 30-34 years (OR 1·05); paternal age younger than 20 years (OR 1·31) and older than 35 years (OR 1·28); any maternal (OR 4·60) or paternal (OR 2·73) psychopathology; maternal psychosis (OR 7·61) and affective disorder (OR 2·26); three or more pregnancies (OR 1·30); herpes simplex 2 (OR 1·35); maternal infections not otherwise specified (NOS; OR 1·27); suboptimal number of antenatal visits (OR 1·83); winter (OR 1·05) and winter to spring (OR 1·05) season of birth in the northern hemisphere; maternal stress NOS (OR 2·40); famine (OR 1·61); any famine or nutritional deficits in pregnancy (OR 1·40); maternal hypertension (OR 1·40); hypoxia (OR 1·63); ruptured (OR 1·86) and premature rupture (OR 2·29) of membranes; polyhydramnios (OR 3·05); definite obstetric complications NOS (OR 1·83); birthweights of less than 2000 g (OR 1·84), less than 2500 g (OR 1·53), or 2500-2999 g (OR 1·23); birth length less than 49 cm (OR 1·17); small for gestational age (OR 1·40); premature birth (OR 1·35), and congenital malformations (OR 2·35). Significant protective factors were maternal ages 20-24 years (OR 0·93) and 25-29 years (OR 0·92), nulliparity (OR 0·91), and birthweights 3500-3999 g (OR 0·90) or more than 4000 g (OR 0·86). The results were corrected for publication biases; sensitivity and meta-regression analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings for most factors. INTERPRETATION Several prenatal and perinatal factors are associated with the later onset of psychosis. The updated knowledge emerging from this study could refine understanding of psychosis pathogenesis, enhance multivariable risk prediction, and inform preventive strategies. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Davies
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Giulia Segre
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrés Estradé
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universidad Católica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Imaging of Mood and Anxiety-Related Disorders (IMARD) group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea De Micheli
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Umberto Provenzani
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Dominic Oliver
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gonzalo Salazar de Pablo
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentina Ramella-Cravaro
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Besozzi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maddalena Miele
- Perinatal Mental Health Service, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London and Central North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gianluigi Caputo
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cecilia Spallarossa
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Georgia Crossland
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Athif Ilyas
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Giulia Spada
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Pierluigi Politi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Outreach And Support in South London (OASIS) Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Outreach And Support in South London (OASIS) Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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35
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Kendler KS. Maternal Bacterial Infection During Pregnancy: A Potential Causal Risk Factor for Psychosis in Offspring. Am J Psychiatry 2020; 177:14-16. [PMID: 31892295 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19111150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical School, Richmond
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Ned H Kalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
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37
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Lee YH, Papandonatos GD, Savitz DA, Heindel WC, Buka SL. Effects of prenatal bacterial infection on cognitive performance in early childhood. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2020; 34:70-79. [PMID: 31837043 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous epidemiologic studies have reported adverse neurodevelopmental sequelae following prenatal infectious exposure, yet long-term effects estimated from these observational studies are often subject to biases due to confounding and loss to follow-up. OBJECTIVES We demonstrate the joint use of inverse probability (IP) treatment and censoring weights when evaluating neurotoxic effects of prenatal bacterial infection. METHODS We applied IP weighting for both treatment and censoring to estimate the effects of maternal bacterial infection during pregnancy on mean intelligence quotient (IQ) scores measured at age 7 using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Participants were members of a population-based pregnancy cohort recruited in the Boston and Providence sites of the Collaborative Perinatal Project between 1959 and 1966 (n = 11 984). We calculated average treatment effects (ATE) and average treatment effects on the treated (ATT) using IP weights estimated via generalized boosted models. RESULTS ATE- and ATT-weighted mean IQ scores were lowest among offspring exposed to multi-systemic bacterial infection during pregnancy and highest for those unexposed. The effects of prenatal bacterial infection were greater among male offspring, particularly on performance IQ scores. Offspring who were exposed to multi-systemic bacterial infection in the third trimester displayed the largest reduction in mean full-scale, verbal, and performance IQ scores at age 7 compared to those unexposed or exposed in earlier trimesters. CONCLUSIONS We find that prenatal bacterial infection is associated with cognitive impairments at age 7. Associations are strongest for more severe infections, that occur in the third trimester, and among males. Public health intervention targeting bacterial infection in pregnant women may help enhance the cognitive development of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younga H Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - David A Savitz
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - William C Heindel
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Stephen L Buka
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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