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Scheibner M, Scheibner C, Hornemann F, Arélin M, Hennig YD, Kiep H, Wurst U, Merkenschlager A, Gburek-Augustat J. The Impact of Demographic Characteristics on Parenting Stress among Parents of Children with Disabilities: A Cross-Sectional Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:239. [PMID: 38397351 PMCID: PMC10887938 DOI: 10.3390/children11020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Even though it is already known that parents of children with developmental delays or disabilities experience higher parenting stress than families of typically developing children, the contributing factors need to be analyzed in more detail. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the influence of demographic characteristics on parenting stress from caring for a disabled child and to identify possible protective or additional stressful social factors. A total of 611 mothers and fathers of children with developmental delays, chronic diseases, or disabilities completed two questionnaires during their medical appointments at the Children's Development Center (CDC) of Leipzig University Hospital between June 2020 and February 2021. These consisted of the German versions of the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) and the Impact on Family Scale (IOFS). To determine differences between the various groups, we used parametric and non-parametric tests. Mothers and single parents are significantly more strained than fathers and non-single parents. Parents with vocational training, those who graduated with a higher-level diploma, and those within employment report a higher financial burden. While unemployed and full-time workers experience the lowest stress, parents who work part-time or exclusively take care of their child show higher levels of stress. Looking at the age of the child, parents of children of young primary school age are the most stressed, and those of infants are the least stressed. These findings suggest that mothers and single parents especially should receive more support, and parents need to be provided with more attention during their child's entry into school. Possible limitations and the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxi Scheibner
- Division of Neuropediatrics, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.S.); (A.M.); (J.G.-A.)
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Papadopoulos D. Impact of Child and Family Factors on Caregivers' Mental Health and Psychological Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 11:7. [PMID: 38275428 PMCID: PMC10814712 DOI: 10.3390/children11010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Although primary caregivers of children with developmental disabilities (DDs) experience higher levels of distress than primary caregivers of typically developing children do, this problem has received limited attention in Greece. Therefore, this study examined mental health and associated factors among primary caregivers of children with and without DDs in Greece during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional study included 156 participants. Primary caregivers completed a self-report survey on sociodemographic characteristics, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 items, and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. Primary caregivers of children with DDs, particularly mothers, reported more mental health problems and higher levels of psychological distress than the control group. Among families parenting a child with disabilities, caregivers' psychological distress was significantly related to having a child with autism spectrum disorder and the severity of the child's behavioral difficulties. Significant predictors of caregivers' distress were the parent being female, the child being male, a single-parent family, a lower income, and higher depressive symptoms. Caregivers raising children with DDs face unique challenges in terms of care, necessitating the development of family-based interventions to improve the social-emotional well-being and overall quality of life for both parents and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Papadopoulos
- Department of Early Years Learning and Care, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Hu RX, Larkina M, Smith J. The Impact of Caregiving History on Later-Life Self-Perceptions of Aging. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:1805-1812. [PMID: 37494006 PMCID: PMC10645304 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Theories suggest that self-perceptions of aging (SPA) reflect structural and cultural ageism together with an individual's personal life experiences. We examine the impact of an individual's history of informal caregiving on their SPA. METHODS Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS, N = 8,372, age range 50-102 years), we investigated caregiving history as a determinant of later-life SPA. HRS participants provided reports of up to 5 episodes of caregiving, the life-course timing of each episode (start/end year), and their relationship with the care recipients. SPA was measured by the HRS Attitudes Toward Own Aging Scale. We conducted linear regressions to examine associations between specific caregiving histories and later-life SPA. Models included controls for current sociodemographic and health status. RESULTS Individuals who were ever a caregiver reported more negative SPA than noncaregivers. Variations in the impact of histories of caregiving were also revealed. Specifically, compared to people who had cared for adult(s) only, HRS participants who cared for both a child with special needs and an adult reported more negative SPA later in life. DISCUSSION The study provides insight into potential life-course precursors of SPA and highlights the importance of conceptualizing caregiving history as a complex life experience that might affect an individual's SPA later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Xiaochen Hu
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marina Larkina
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jacqui Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Stanley S, Balakrishnan S. Informal caregivers of people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia: determinants and predictors of resilience. J Ment Health 2023; 32:198-205. [PMID: 34282713 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2021.1952945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extant literature portrays informal caregiving by family members who care for a person with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, as one that involves a tremendous amount of stress and burden. AIM This investigation sought to assess informal caregiving experience with regard to variables such as perceived positive aspects, preparedness, resilience, and life satisfaction. METHOD Data was collected from two groups of respondents accessing services at the Thanjavur Medical College Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India. The study group consisted of 75 family caregivers of persons with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and the reference group had an equal number of caregivers of people with minor physical ailments. The two groups were matched on important background factors, ensuring their comparability. Standardised instruments were administered to all respondents to collect data pertaining to the key variables and analysed using appropriate statistical procedures. RESULTS Results indicated that caregivers of people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, while manifesting higher levels of resilience, perceived lesser positive aspects in their caring role. A significant statistical difference between both groups of respondents in terms of their life satisfaction and resilience. Regression analyses extracted preparedness and life satisfaction as significant contributors to the manifestation of resilience in the caregivers. CONCLUSIONS The study highlights the importance of caregiver preparedness and life satisfaction in enhancing their resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn Stanley
- Social Work Faculty of Health, Social Care and Medicine Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Sujeetha Balakrishnan
- Psychology and Clinical Psychologist, Thanjavur Medical College Hospital, Thanjavur, India
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Yang Y, Chua JJE, Khng KH, Yu Y. COVID-19, Family Dynamics, and Perceived Mental Health Among Families in Singapore. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2023; 32:555-570. [PMID: 36718132 PMCID: PMC9876653 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-023-02541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic presents a significant challenge to the well-being of families with children. Although previous studies have documented COVID-related deterioration in parents' mental health, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. It is also unclear how much of the deterioration is due to the pandemic itself, versus mandated lockdown measures. We conducted a cross-sectional study in Singapore to examine perceived changes in parents' lives and mental health related to the pandemic and lockdown measures. In June 2020, when Singapore had just exited a nationwide lockdown, we asked families to retrospectively report on the family dynamics, daily activities, and mental health of family members during the phases before local transmission (Pre-pandemic), during local transmission but before the lockdown (Pre-lockdown), and during the lockdown (Lockdown). Results from 180 mothers and 166 fathers from 198 families showed significant changes in jobs and income, childcare arrangements, family dynamics, and parents' perceived mental health across the three timepoints. Mothers' increased time spent on housework was associated with the increase in their mental health problems from Pre-lockdown to Lockdown. Parents' increased conflict with other adults in the household was associated with the increase in their mental health problems from Pre-pandemic to Pre-lockdown, and from Pre-lockdown to Lockdown. Mental health problems increased more for young mothers, parents with a graduate or professional degree, and fathers high on authoritarian values. Findings suggest that both the pandemic and the imposed lockdown measures impact parents' lives and family dynamics, in turn leading to deterioration in parents' mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Centre for Research in Child Development, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616 Singapore
| | - Jallene Jia En Chua
- Centre for Research in Child Development, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616 Singapore
| | - Kiat Hui Khng
- Centre for Research in Child Development, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616 Singapore
| | - Yue Yu
- Centre for Research in Child Development, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616 Singapore
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Lee J, Gao M, Lee C. Gendered racial disparities in health of parents with children with developmental disabilities. Front Psychol 2022; 13:926655. [PMID: 36118507 PMCID: PMC9479760 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.926655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is little information on (1) how adverse experiences in early life are associated with the risk of having a child with health problems and (2) whether the health of racial and gender minority groups would be particularly compromised if they have developmentally disabled (DD) children. Objective By integrating life-course perspectives and the intersectionality framework, we examine (1) the extent to which parents’ early-life adversities (ELAs) are associated with having children with DD or other health issues and (2) whether the association between having DD children and parental (physical and mental) health varies across race–gender groups after accounting for ELAs. Methods Using data from Black and White parents from the Midlife in the US Study (n = 7,425; 18% Black), we employed (1) multinomial logistic regression models to investigate the degree to which ELAs are associated with parenting types (having a child with DD, a child with recent illness, or a child without these health issues) and (2) multiple regression models with a three-way interaction term to investigate whether the gender–parenting type association differs by race. Results With more adversities, the probability of having children with health issues increases for all race–gender groups, but most dramatically for Black women. Having DD children is associated with more chronic illnesses and functional limitations for women than men, with the largest burden for Black women, yet neither gender nor racial differences in depressive symptoms. Our results highlight that while raising children with DD takes a toll on the health of all parents, the strain might be larger for Black mothers. Conclusion The adverse effects of parenting a child with DD is more pronounced for Black women than for other race–gender groups indicating opportunities to promote community-based programs for these parents.
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Hyungmin Cha, Crosnoe R. The Health of Mothers of Adult Children with Serious Conditions. JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 2022; 84:734-751. [PMID: 35990797 PMCID: PMC9384965 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Objectives This study examined the association between parenting adult children with serious conditions and mothers' midlife health in the United States. Background The literature about the link between the parenting status of having an adult child with a serious condition and maternal wellbeing can be advanced by systematic analysis of the cumulative role that this parenting status can play in maternal health over the life course as opposed to at any one point. Method Propensity score reweighting models of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 and its linked child and young adult data estimated disparities in midlife health among mothers of adult children with serious conditions (disabilities, developmental disorders, chronic diseases) and mothers of typically developing children, including examining variation by how long mothers had been in this parenting role and moderation by maternal education and marital status. Results Mothers of young adult children with serious conditions had poorer physical (but not mental) health at midlife than other mothers, especially when more years had elapsed since the child was diagnosed with or developed the condition. These patterns did not differ by maternal education and marital status. Conclusion The dynamics of epidemiological risk and protection among parents of children with serious conditions were temporally situated in the maternal life course but were consistent across different segments of the maternal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungmin Cha
- Department of Sociology and Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Robert Crosnoe
- Department of Sociology and Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin
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Khan U, Watson R, Pearse JE, Irwin L, Rapley T, Basu AP. Grappling with uncertainty - Experiences of parents of infants following perinatal stroke. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 124:104201. [PMID: 35227987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The term perinatal stroke describes focal damage to the developing brain due to cerebrovascular disease and occurring either before or shortly after birth. Aetiology, presentation and evolution differ from stroke in adults. AIMS We aimed to explore early parental experiences related to having a child with perinatal stroke, including how parental psychological wellbeing had been impacted, to consider how support for families could be improved. METHODS AND PROCEDURES We undertook a qualitative research study, using in-depth interviews of parents of infants with perinatal stroke when the infants were 5-6 months corrected gestational age. Sixteen parents (11 female, 5 male) of 11 infants with perinatal stroke took part. Thematic analysis was used in data interpretation. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Parents described distress related to the lack of information regarding likely outcome following perinatal stroke, as well as confusion around the term 'stroke'. Guilt and self-blame were expressed, with increased emotional sensitivity. Seeking information about stroke to reduce uncertainty was a useful strategy for some, but overwhelming for others. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The diagnosis of perinatal stroke led to psychological distress in parents. Uncertainty following diagnosis produced significant emotional difficulties. Recommendations for practice include providing timely, paced information and psychological support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umme Khan
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Rose Watson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Janice Elizabeth Pearse
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, UK; Therapy Services, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - Tim Rapley
- Department of Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Northumbria University, UK
| | - Anna Purna Basu
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Great North Childrens Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Calling S, Ohlsson H, Sundquist J, Kendler KS, Sundquist K. Coronary heart disease in mothers and fathers of adult children with alcohol use disorders. Addiction 2021; 116:3390-3397. [PMID: 34060172 PMCID: PMC10916705 DOI: 10.1111/add.15591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Having a family member with an alcohol use disorder (AUD) may negatively affect a person's health. Our aim was to study the long-term risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in parents who have an offspring with AUD. DESIGN Cohort study with Cox regression models and co-sibling analyses. SETTING Sweden. PARTICIPANTS From population registers, we selected all parent-offspring pairs in which the parent was born in Sweden between 1945 and 1965. MEASUREMENTS Baseline was set when the offspring was 15 years old and AUD was assessed from medical and criminal registers. The parents were followed for CHD during a mean follow-up of 18 years. Hazard ratios (HRs) in mothers and fathers were calculated and adjusted for potential confounders (year of birth, age at childbirth, sex of the child, parent' AUD, educational level, and marital status). FINDINGS In mothers, the adjusted HR for CHD was 1.24 (95% CI = 1.19-1.28) in relation to having a child with AUD. In fathers, the HR for CHD was lower than in mothers but still increased; the adjusted HR was 1.08 (95% CI = 1.05-1.12). In the co-sibling analyses, the HRs for mothers were similar to the HRs estimated from the population-based sample, but in fathers the association did not remain significant (HR = 0.98 [0.90-1.06]). CONCLUSIONS In Sweden, there appears to be an association between having an offspring with alcohol use disorder and increased risk of developing coronary heart disease. For fathers, the association did not remain in co-sibling analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Calling
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University and Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ohlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University and Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University and Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University and Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
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Song L, Pettis PJ, Chen Y, Goodson-Miller M. Social Cost and Health: The Downside of Social Relationships and Social Networks. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 62:371-387. [PMID: 34309419 DOI: 10.1177/00221465211029353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The research tradition on social relationships, social networks, and health dates back to the beginning of sociology. As exemplified in the classic work of Durkheim, Simmel, and Tönnies, social relationships and social networks play a double-edged-protective and detrimental-role for health. However, this double-edged role has been given unbalanced attention. In comparison to the salubrious role, the deleterious role has received less scrutiny and needs a focused review and conceptual integration. This article selectively reviews the post-2000 studies that demonstrate the harmful physical and mental health consequences of social relationships (intimate relationships and parenthood) and social networks. It uses a parsimonious three-category typology-structural forms, structural composition, and contents-to categorize relationship and network properties and proposes the social cost model, in contrast to the social resource model, to synthesize and integrate the adverse aspects of these properties. It concludes with future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Song
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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12
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Mothering in later life: Older mothers and their challenging adult children. AGEING & SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s0144686x20001798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study uses constructivist grounded theory to explore older women's responses to the unexpected need to provide financial, emotional and residential support to their adult children who were experiencing problems with mental illness, substance abuse and/or absence of employment. Twenty-nine American women (>60) were interviewed:55 per cent were poor and half were women of colour. Using the theoretical model of intergenerational ambivalence, three types of structural ambivalence are discovered: mothers’ reactions to their adult children's behaviour that violate expectations for reciprocity; women's dismayed reactions to their adult children's aggressive behaviours towards themselves as their mothers; and the women's struggle regarding balancing their role as a mother to protect their adult children alongside their wish and identified needs for self-care. All of the conflicts were expressed within the frame of their role of mother. The internalised mandate to be ‘a good mother’ resulted in many experiencing shame, self-blame and guilt, and this self-blame was an obstacle to reaching out for help. This study adds to the growing body of feminist gerontological research and examines the ideological and structural variables that influence the predominance of female unpaid family care-givers in later life. The dilemma for older women with troubled adult children is both personal and political.
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Aass LK, Skundberg-Kletthagen H, Schröder A, Moen ØL. It's Not a Race, It's a Marathon! Families Living with a Young Adult Suffering from Mental Illness. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2021; 42:15-23. [PMID: 32605407 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2020.1770384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore families' perceptions of everyday life when living with a young adult suffering from mental illness. Findings include: 1) Families balance between letting go and enabling the young adult to become independent while remaining close to help him/her complete education, work and have a social life. 2) Young adults try to deal with symptoms of mental illness by themselves and not be a burden, although longing for family members to understand them and the situation. 3) Healthcare professionals still hold back information although young adults have consented to giving family members insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Kjelsrud Aass
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (MH), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway
| | - Hege Skundberg-Kletthagen
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (MH), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway
| | - Agneta Schröder
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (MH), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University Health Care Research Center, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Øyfrid Larsen Moen
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (MH), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway
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Fernández-Ávalos MI, Pérez-Marfil MN, Ferrer-Cascales R, Cruz-Quintana F, Fernández-Alcántara M. Feeling of grief and loss in parental caregivers of adults diagnosed with intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2020; 34:712-723. [PMID: 33244855 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of intellectual disability in children can produce complex grief-related feelings in their parents. Previous studies have focused on the moment of the diagnosis or the early life of the children, and little research has been conducted on their feelings of grief in adulthood. The objective was to analyse the process of grief/loss in parents of adult offspring with intellectual disability. METHOD The intentional sampling included sixteen parents who responded to semi-structured interviews. A qualitative study was conducted based on grounded theory. RESULTS Five categories were identified: "Reception of the diagnosis", "Emotional bonds with the child", "Experience of loss and feelings in response to intellectual disability diagnosis", "Recurrent grief" and "Coping strategies". CONCLUSIONS Recurring feelings of loss experienced by parents in relation to their child's diagnosis persist over time. Specialized emotional interventions are needed to help parents to reduce the intensity of their feelings of grief.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Nieves Pérez-Marfil
- Faculty of Psychology, Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,End-of-Life Research Network (EOL), Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario Ferrer-Cascales
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisco Cruz-Quintana
- Faculty of Psychology, Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,End-of-Life Research Network (EOL), Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Fernández-Alcántara
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.,End-of-Life Research Network (EOL), Granada, Spain
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Quality of Life and Concerns in Parent Caregivers of Adult Children Diagnosed with Intellectual Disability: A Qualitative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228690. [PMID: 33238511 PMCID: PMC7709017 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have confirmed that parenting a child diagnosed with an intellectual disability (ID) can negatively affect the parents’ quality of life in several dimensions. However, fewer have assessed its impact years after the initial diagnosis. The objective of this work was to carry out an in-depth analysis of the current quality of life and concerns of both mothers and fathers of adults diagnosed with ID, having as a reference the moment of the diagnosis. Methods: 16 parents of adult children with ID were evaluated using a semi-structured interview format. A thematic qualitative analysis was carried out by employing ATLAS.ti software. Results: The results suggested that both the emotional and physical well-being of parents, as well as their interpersonal relationships, had declined. In addition, the multiple life changes that had occurred over the time considered in this study, as well as day-to-day worries, had prevented improvements in their quality of life. Conclusions: Several dimensions of the parents’ quality of life were affected years after a child is diagnosed with ID. These included poor physical and psychological health, economic difficulties, lack of social and family support, and lack of time for self-care.
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Hoyle JN, Laditka JN, Laditka SB. Mental health risks of parents of children with developmental disabilities: A nationally representative study in the United States. Disabil Health J 2020; 14:101020. [PMID: 33187876 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.101020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caring for a child with a developmental disability may affect parents' mental health. There are few longitudinal or nationally representative studies, none on new mental health problems. Studies have few young children, and few adult children. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESES We hypothesized that parents of children with developmental disability would be more likely to develop mental health problems than other parents. METHODS We used the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID, 1997-2017) and its Child Development Supplements, defining developmental disability by diagnoses such as autism spectrum disorder or intellectual disability, and requiring additional evidence of lasting impairment. We linked children's and parents' data spanning 20 years, including 44,264 mental health measurements for 4024 parents of 7030 children. Discrete-time hazard analysis controlled for child and parent characteristics. RESULTS About 9.4% of children had developmental disability. Parents of children with developmental disability were more likely to develop mental health problems than other parents. The odds of developing anxiety or depression were higher when an adult child with developmental disability lived independently, nearly 3 times higher for mothers (OR 2.89, CI 2.33-3.59) and more than twice as large for fathers (OR 2.35, CI 1.70-3.26). Compared to fathers whose children did not have developmental disability and challenging behaviors, the odds of psychological distress were over 7 times larger (odds ratio, OR 7.18, 95% confidence interval, CI, 5.37-9.61) for those whose children had developmental disability and challenging behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Parents of children with developmental disability may benefit from increased emotional support, respite, and interventions addressing challenging behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Hoyle
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA.
| | - James N Laditka
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA.
| | - Sarah B Laditka
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA.
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Stanford CE, Hastings RP, Riby DM, Archer HJ, Page SE, Cebula K. Psychological distress and positive gain in mothers of children with autism, with or without other children with neurodevelopmental disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 68:479-484. [PMID: 35937166 PMCID: PMC9351565 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2020.1812347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although a wealth of literature has focused on the parenting experiences of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), there is a lack of research about mothers who are parenting a child with ASD, and who have other children with neurodevelopmental disorders. In this matched-comparison study, 10 mothers of a child with ASD and other typically developing children (ASD-TD) were compared to 10 mothers of a child with ASD who also had other children with neurodevelopmental disorders (ASD-NDD). Mothers completed self-report measures of mental health and positive gain. Results indicated no significant between-group differences for mental health, although mothers in the ASD-NDD group reported increased positive gain compared to mothers in the ASD-TD group. Further research is needed to understand practical support needs and theory development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E. Stanford
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Richard P. Hastings
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Heather J. Archer
- Cumbria, Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah E. Page
- County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust, Darlington, UK
| | - Katie Cebula
- Institute for Education, Community and Society, Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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18
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Sloan CJ, Mailick MR, Hong J, Ha JH, Greenberg JS, Almeida DM. Longitudinal changes in well-being of parents of individuals with developmental or mental health problems. Soc Sci Med 2020; 264:113309. [PMID: 32858491 PMCID: PMC7441882 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A large body of work demonstrates the impact of caregiving burden on the well-being of parents of individuals with developmental conditions or mental health problems. However, a relative dearth of research examines this impact longitudinally into parents' older age. Objective. The current study examines (1) longitudinal changes in the effect of having a child with a developmental or mental health problem on parental negative affect, psychological well-being, and somatic symptoms, (2) age and gender moderations on these effects, and (3) the unique impact of factors related to the child's condition. Method. This study employs hierarchical linear regression models to examine longitudinal survey data from midlife adults (N = 1,101) from two waves of the National Study of Midlife in the United States (MIDUS). Results. Models revealed some evidence for age attenuation of the impact of caregiving stress. Parents of children with developmental problems still had higher negative affect, poorer psychological well-being, and more somatic symptoms on average than parents in a comparison sample, whereas parents of children with mental health problems only showed evidence of higher negative affect compared to this sample. Within-group analyses also revealed differences between each parenting group into later adulthood. Conclusions. Parents of individuals with developmental or mental health problems may be at risk for poorer well-being late in life. Yet, age and gender differences as well as diagnostic group differences nuance these findings. Non-normative parenting poses a risk for parental well-being. Parents' elevated negative affect persisted over time, into later adulthood. For some parents, health consequences attenuated with age. Older parental age was protective for well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlie J Sloan
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, 335 Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Marsha R Mailick
- Waisman Center, University of Wiconsin - Madison, 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jinkuk Hong
- Waisman Center, University of Wiconsin - Madison, 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jung-Hwa Ha
- Department of Social Welfare, Seoul National University, 1 Kwanak-ro, Kwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jan S Greenberg
- Waisman Center, University of Wiconsin - Madison, 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - David M Almeida
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, 335 Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Homan KJ, Kong J. Double disadvantage: Health impacts of parenting a child with a disability for parents with prior exposure to childhood maltreatment. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 106:104505. [PMID: 32408020 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenting a child with a disability has been shown to take a toll on physical health in mid to late life. However, the additional impact of a history of childhood maltreatment has not been explored. OBJECTIVE This study examined the moderating effect of exposure to childhood maltreatment on the longitudinal associations between parenting a child with a disability and physical health. We also examined whether this interaction was conditional on parent gender. METHODS Data were obtained from 3178 participants in the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. We used linear mixed modeling to estimate the independent and interactive effects of a history of childhood maltreatment, parenting a child with a disability, and parent gender on physical health over three waves of assessment spanning nearly two decades. We used three distinct measures of health including a composite based on two self-rated health items, chronic conditions, and functional limitations. RESULTS Key results showed that a history of childhood maltreatment exacerbated the adverse health effect of parenting a child with a disability for mothers, but not fathers. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that a history of early maltreatment may create a context that makes it more difficult to cope with the demands of caring for a child with a disability, and the accompanying stress has a detrimental effect on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J Homan
- Department of Psychology, Grove City College, 100 Campus Drive, Grove City, PA 16127, United States.
| | - Jooyoung Kong
- School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin, 1350 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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Coping with information style and family burden: Possible roles of self-stigma and hope among parents of children in a psychiatric inpatient unit. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 42:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveParents of children who are hospitalized in inpatient psychiatric units must cope with significant challenges. One of these challenges relates to the way in which they cope with illness-related information. The current study examined the relationship between two such coping styles – monitoring and blunting – and family burden among parents of children in a psychiatric inpatient unit. Moreover, the possible moderating roles played by hope and self-stigma in these associations were also examined.MethodsQuestionnaires regarding coping with information style, self-stigma, hope and family burden were administered to 70 parents.ResultsA main positive effect of hope and a main negative effect of self-stigma were uncovered. An interaction between self-stigma and monitoring was also revealed, suggesting that for parents with high self-stigma, compared to those with low self-stigma, more monitoring was related to more burden.ConclusionsTailoring family interventions according to coping style and self-stigma is highly recommended as a mean to reduce the family burden of parents whose child is hospitalized in a psychiatric inpatient unit.
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Homan KJ, Greenberg JS, Mailick MR. Generativity and Well-Being of Midlife and Aging Parents With Children With Developmental or Mental Health Problems. Res Aging 2020; 42:95-104. [PMID: 31698996 PMCID: PMC7031015 DOI: 10.1177/0164027519884759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parents who have a child with a developmental problem or mental disorder often provide support and assistance to their child throughout their lives, and the burden of caregiving can have an adverse impact on parents' mental and physical health. Using Erikson's theory as a framework, the present study investigated generativity as a moderator of the effects of parenting a child with a disability on parents' well-being during mid- to late life. Using data from the study of Midlife in the United States, we identified 220 parents who had a child with a disability and 3,784 parents whose children did not have a disability. Regression analyses showed that the effect of parenting a child with a disability on negative affect, positive affect, and physical health was conditional on both parental gender and generativity, with mothers experiencing greater adverse effects of parenting but showing a benefit from high levels of generativity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan S Greenberg
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marsha R Mailick
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
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22
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Caregiving Choice and Caregiver-Receiver Relation: Effects on Psychological Well-being of Family Caregivers in Canada. Can J Aging 2020; 39:634-646. [PMID: 32037994 DOI: 10.1017/s0714980819000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The psychological well-being of family caregivers is influenced by their relations with care receivers, and whether they have choice in becoming a caregiver. Limited study has explored the interaction effect of caregiver-receiver relations and caregiving choice on caregivers' psychological well-being. This study examines whether the caregiver's perceived choice moderates the association between caregiver-receiver relation and psychological well-being. Using population-based data from the 2012 Canada General Social Survey - Caregiving and Care Receiving (n = 5,285), this study applies regression and ANCOVA analyses. Results show family caregivers for spouses and children report significantly worse psychological well-being, whereas having choice to become a caregiver is associated with better psychological well-being. There was a significant moderation effect of caregiving choice on the association between caregiver-receiver relation and psychological well-being. Findings suggest that more services should be targeted for family caregivers without choice for caregiving as well as those who provide care for their children.
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23
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Tsibidaki A. Children with cerebral palsy: Family and parent demographic characteristics and family strengths in Greece and Italy. J Health Psychol 2020; 26:2071-2083. [PMID: 31918571 DOI: 10.1177/1359105319900276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study focuses on families raising a child with cerebral palsy to investigate family strengths and their association with family and parent demographic characteristics in Greece and Italy. Participants were 120 parents raising a biological child with cerebral palsy. Data collection used a self-report questionnaire and the Family Strengths Inventory. According to the findings, families share a high sense of family strengths, which is mainly represented in the high sense of 'pride' and 'accord'. In addition, demographic characteristics seem to be important predictors of well-being and strengthen parents and families raising a child with cerebral palsy.
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Marquis SM, McGrail K, Hayes MV. Mental health outcomes among parents of a child who has a developmental disability: Comparing different types of developmental disability. Disabil Health J 2019; 13:100874. [PMID: 31796336 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2019.100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is very little information on the effects of different types of developmental disability on the mental health of parents of children who have a DD. OBJECTIVE This paper compared the mental health of parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Down syndrome, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and other types of DD. METHODS A cross-sectional design was used to examine population-level administrative health data for mental health outcomes in cohorts of fathers and mothers of children with four different types of a DD. As well as type of DD, additional variables were examined, these included: sex of the parent, age of the parent at birth of the child with the DD, income, sex of the child with the DD, number of children in the family and place of residence. RESULTS For both fathers and mothers odds of a diagnosis of depression or another mental health problem were associated with type of DD. Parents of children with FAS experienced the greatest odds of a depression or other mental health diagnosis. Odds of a diagnosis for fathers were associated with low income. Odds of a diagnosis for mothers were associated with the sex of the child with the DD. CONCLUSIONS These findings are important for understanding families which include a child with a DD, as a guide for future research, and for developing effective programs and services for these parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Marquis
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, PO BOX 1700, STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Kimberlyn McGrail
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 201-2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Michael V Hayes
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, PO BOX 1700, STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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25
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Dunn K, Kinnear D, Jahoda A, McConnachie A. Mental health and well-being of fathers of children with intellectual disabilities: systematic review and meta-analysis. BJPsych Open 2019; 5:e96. [PMID: 31694727 PMCID: PMC6854361 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2019.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caring for a child with intellectual disabilities can be a very rewarding but demanding experience. Research in this area has primarily focused on mothers, with relatively little attention given to the mental health of fathers. AIMS The purpose of this review was to summarise the evidence related to the mental health of fathers compared with mothers, and with fathers in the general population. METHOD A meta-analysis was undertaken of all studies published by 1 July 2018 in Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL and EMBASE, using terms on intellectual disabilities, mental health and father carers. Papers were selected based on pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS Of 5544 results, 20 studies met the inclusion criteria and 12 had appropriate data for meta-analysis. For comparisons of fathers with mothers, mothers were significantly more likely to have poor general mental health and well-being (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.38, 95% CI -0.56 to -0.20), as well as higher levels of depression (SMD, -0.46; 95% CI -0.68 to -0.24), stress (SMD, -0.32; 95% CI -0.46 to -0.19) and anxiety (SMD, -0.30; 95% CI -0.50 to -0.10). CONCLUSIONS There is a significant difference between the mental health of father and mother carers, with fathers less likely to exhibit poor mental health. However, this is based on a small number of studies. More data is needed to determine whether the general mental health and anxiety of father carers of a child with intellectual disabilities differs from fathers in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Dunn
- Research Assistant, Mental Health and Wellbeing Group, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Deborah Kinnear
- Senior Lecturer, Mental Health and Wellbeing Group, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew Jahoda
- Professor, Mental Health and Wellbeing Group, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Alex McConnachie
- Professor, Mental Health and Wellbeing Group, University of Glasgow, UK
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Avieli H, Band-Winterstein T, Araten Bergman T. Sibling Relationships Over the Life Course: Growing Up With a Disability. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2019; 29:1739-1750. [PMID: 30920951 DOI: 10.1177/1049732319837228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The research explores sibling relationships, and the ways in which they are shaped over the life course by family members, in families with a lifelong disability. In-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with 15 family units including a parent, a sibling, and an adult sibling with a disability. The content analysis revealed five sibling relationship patterns: (a) "Not a child, but a parent caretaker"-the parent-surrogate sibling; (b) "We somehow grew apart"-the estranged sibling; (c) "It is important for me to maintain some kind of distance"-the bystander sibling; (d) "When there's something they want to tell him, they always send me"-the mediator sibling; and (e) "I love him to death"-the friend sibling. These patterns of adult sibling relationships are discussed in relation to family dynamics, values, and legacies; recommendations for practice and research are made.
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Marquis S, Hayes MV, McGrail K. Factors that May Affect the Health of Siblings of Children Who Have an Intellectual/Developmental Disability. JOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jppi.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Marquis
- Social Dimensions of HealthUniversity of Victoria Victoria BC Canada
| | - Michael V. Hayes
- School of Public Health and Social Policy University of VictoriaUniversity of Victoria Victoria BC Canada
| | - Kimberlyn McGrail
- Centre for Health Services and Policy ResearchUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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Kabiyea F, Manor-Binyamini I. The relationship between stress and stigma, somatization and parental self-efficacy among fathers of adolescents with developmental disabilities in the Bedouin community in Israel. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2019; 90:31-40. [PMID: 31035091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although children across the world experience Developmental Disabilities, most research on DD has been conducted using Western cultural perspectives and has primarily focused on mothers, leaving significant gaps in the literature. This study intends to fill some of these gaps by exploring and gaining an understanding of the experiences of fathers raising children with DD. Thus, the aim of this study was: to examine whether stigma, somatization, and parental self-efficacy were associated with stress among Bedouin fathers of adolescents with DD. Besides, the relationship between somatization and stress was examined in this study, as it is mediated by the sense of stigma, as well as the intensity of the mediation of the knowledge of shame, between paternal self-efficacy and stress. METHODOLOGY Notably, ninety Bedouin fathers of adolescents with DD completed five questionnaires. These questionnaires included demographic, stigma, parental self-efficacy, and stress and somatization questionnaires. RESULTS Significantly, the study findings indicate significant negative relationships between general stress and parental self-efficacy, parental and economic stress and parental self-efficacy, and sense of stigma and parental self-efficacy. Also, the findings indicate significant positive relationships between stigma and anxiety, fear and somatization, and stigma and somatization. CONCLUSIONS Arguably, concerning the findings of the study, intervention programs that are culturally tailored and that concern cognitive-behavioral foundations are recommended to help fathers cope with their sense of stigma. Further, the intervention programs help to deal with stress and somatization and to increase their understanding of parental self-efficacy in raising their child. Therefore, these cultural intervention programs should take into account the individual and his extended family, and place of the family in his life, considering the cultural values and the honor of the family. Further, the programs should take into account the centrality of religion and an awareness of the impact of the social hierarchy and the status of the fathers in the community and on the child with disabilities. In essence, these areas are focal points of power that can assist in providing solutions for the intervention program. Also, it is essential to refer to the living and economic conditions of this community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fars Kabiyea
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave. Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel.
| | - Iris Manor-Binyamini
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave. Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel.
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Chakraborty B, Rao A, Shenoy R, Davda L, Suprabha BS. Stress-mediated quality of life outcomes in parents of disabled children: A case-control study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2019; 37:237-244. [PMID: 31584022 DOI: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_266_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to resolve whether caregiving for a child with disability influences the physical and mental health of the caregivers and whether stress is related to the quality of life of the caregivers. METHODS The Parental Stress Scale questionnaire for the assessment of parental stress and the Short Form-12 version 2 questionnaire for the assessment of physical and mental health quality of life were distributed among 69 parents of developmentally disabled children and 137 parents of healthy children (control group). Various sociodemographic factors were also included. RESULTS A significant difference was seen between the two groups in terms of employment, presence of disabled sibling, smoking, and physical activity. Parents of developmentally disabled children had significantly higher stress levels and worse mental health-related quality of life. Overall physical health quality of life was similar between cases and controls. Stress had a negative correlation with both mental and physical health quality of life of the parents. CONCLUSION Stress related to raising a child with disability negatively influences the parental quality of life. Stress management aiming at its prevention and reduction might be significant aspects of intervention for the improvement of the quality of life of the caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaswati Chakraborty
- Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Arathi Rao
- Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramya Shenoy
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Latha Davda
- University of Portsmouth Dental Academy, Portsmouth, UK
| | - B S Suprabha
- Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Oñate L, Calvete E. The moderating role of age in the relationship between different stressors and the quality of life of the relatives of people with intellectual disabilities. Qual Life Res 2019; 28:2969-2978. [PMID: 31250337 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-019-02239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The level of support needed for adaptive functioning and behavioral problems of individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) can be a source of stress for caregivers. The aim of this study was to explore the moderating role of caregivers' age on the associations between these stressors and quality of life (QoL) of the family caregivers. As these sources of stress in people with ID can coexist, the triple interaction between stressors and age was also examined. METHODS 208 relatives (mean age = 50.98 years, SD = 12.86) of people with ID participated in the research. Participants answered a questionnaire with sociodemographic variables, measures of stressors (level of support for adaptive functioning of the people with ID and behavioral problems) and measures of QoL (WHOQOL-BREF). RESULTS The association between the level of support needed for adaptive functioning and lower QoL was only significant among older relatives, whereas the association between behavioral problems and lower QoL was only significant among younger relatives. A three-way interaction between behavioral problems, level of support needed, and age indicated that the association between the level of support for adaptive functioning and QoL in older relatives was greater when there were higher levels of behavioral problems. CONCLUSIONS The role of caregivers' age in their QoL differs depending on the nature of the stressor, and an accumulation of stressors can have a particularly negative impact on older caregivers. Interventions should be adapted for caregivers of different ages and take into account the particular sources of stress they have to cope with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Oñate
- Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, University of Deusto, Apdo. 1, 48080, Bilbao, Biscay, Spain.
| | - Esther Calvete
- Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, University of Deusto, Apdo. 1, 48080, Bilbao, Biscay, Spain
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Ruble L, McGrew JH, Wong V, Adams M, Yu Y. A Preliminary Study of Parent Activation, Parent-Teacher Alliance, Transition Planning Quality, and IEP and Postsecondary Goal Attainment of Students with ASD. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:3231-3243. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Huo M, Graham JL, Kim K, Birditt KS, Fingerman KL. Aging Parents' Daily Support Exchanges With Adult Children Suffering Problems. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 74:449-459. [PMID: 28633505 PMCID: PMC6377028 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES When adult children incur life problems (e.g., divorce, job loss, health problems), aging parents generally report providing more frequent support and experiencing poorer well-being. Yet, it is unclear how adult children's problems may influence aging parents' daily support exchanges with these children or the parents' daily mood. METHODS Aging parents from the Family Exchanges Study Wave 2 (N = 207, Mage = 79.86) reported providing and receiving emotional support, practical support, and advice from each adult child each day for 7 days. Parents also rated daily positive and negative mood. RESULTS Multilevel models showed that aging parents were more likely to provide emotional and practical support to adult children incurring life problems than children not suffering problems. Parents were also more likely to receive emotional support and advice from these children with problems. Further, parents reported less negative mood on days when providing practical support to children with problems. DISCUSSION Examining daily support exchanges adds to our understanding of how children's problems influence parent-child ties in late life. Prior research suggests that children's problems upset parents. In this study, however, it appears that supporting adult children who suffer problems may alleviate aging parents' distress regarding such children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Huo
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Jamie L Graham
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Kyungmin Kim
- Department of Gerontology, University of Massachusetts Boston
| | - Kira S Birditt
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Karen L Fingerman
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin
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Marquis S, Hayes MV, McGrail K. Factors Affecting the Health of Caregivers of Children Who Have an Intellectual/Developmental Disability. JOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jppi.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Marquis
- School of Public Health and Social PolicyUniversity of Victoria Victoria BC Canada
| | - Michael V. Hayes
- School of Public Health and Social PolicyUniversity of Victoria Victoria BC Canada
| | - Kimberlyn McGrail
- Centre for Health Services and Policy ResearchUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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Parenting an Adult with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder. AUTISM IN ADULTHOOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28833-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Song J, Mailick MR, Greenberg JS. Health of parents of individuals with developmental disorders or mental health problems: Impacts of stigma. Soc Sci Med 2018; 217:152-158. [PMID: 30333078 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parents of individuals with developmental disorders or mental health problems often provide life-long care and support to their children, which negatively affects their health in part due to chronic stress. This study aimed to examine the experience of stigma as a source of chronic stress among parents of individuals with developmental disorders or mental health problems and the effect of stigma on parental health outcomes. METHOD Using data from the Survey of Midlife in the United States (MIDUS 2 and 3), we constructed a sample for a longitudinal analysis including 128 parents of individuals with developmental disorders (e.g., autism, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, Down syndrome, intellectual disabilities, brain injury, ADD/ADHD) or mental health problems (e.g., bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, major depression) and 2256 parents whose children were nondisabled. RESULTS Parents who had children with developmental disorders or mental health problems prior to the beginning of the study (i.e., at MIDUS 1) reported higher levels of stigma related to embarrassment/shame and daily discrimination than parents of nondisabled individuals ten years later at MIDUS 2, which in turn were associated with poorer parental health outcomes (poorer self-rated health and a greater number of chronic conditions) nearly a decade after that at MIDUS 3. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the stigma associated with parenting a child with disabilities may be one mechanism that places such parents at risk for poor health. Efforts to alleviate the stigma associated with developmental disorders or mental health problems may have beneficial effects on health of parents of individuals with such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Song
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.
| | - Marsha R Mailick
- School of Social Work and Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA.
| | - Jan S Greenberg
- School of Social Work and Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA.
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Arnold CK, Heller T. Caregiving Experiences and Outcomes: Wellness of Adult Siblings of People with Intellectual Disabilities. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-018-0143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Namkung EH, Greenberg JS, Mailick MR, Floyd FJ. Lifelong Parenting of Adults With Developmental Disabilities: Growth Trends Over 20 Years in Midlife and Later Life. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 123:228-240. [PMID: 29671639 PMCID: PMC6442468 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-123.3.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This research examined how parenting adults with developmental disabilities affects parental well-being beyond midlife and into old age. Parents of adults with developmental disabilities ( n = 249) and parents of adults without disabilities ( n = 9,016), studied in their early 50s and mid-60s, were longitudinally tracked into their early 70s. Compared to parents of adults without disabilities, parents of adults with disabilities showed a pattern of normative functioning in their 50s, followed by poorer well-being in their mid-60s, and further declines in health and well-being into the early 70s. Aging parents who co-resided with their adult child with disabilities were particularly vulnerable, experiencing a steeper increase in depressive symptoms and body mass index (BMI) than parents whose child with disabilities lived away from home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ha Namkung
- Eun Ha Namkung, School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin-Madison; The Lurie Institute for Disability Policy, Brandeis University
| | - Jan S Greenberg
- Jan S. Greenberg, School of Social Work and Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Marsha R Mailick
- Marsha R. Mailick, School of Social Work and Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison; and
| | - Frank J Floyd
- Frank J. Floyd, Psychology Department, University of Hawaii at Manoa
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The Effectiveness of a Knowledge Translation Cognitive-Educational Intervention for Family Members of Persons Coping with Severe Mental Illness. Community Ment Health J 2018; 54:485-495. [PMID: 28905138 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-017-0169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Keshet, a course for family members of persons' coping with mental illness, was developed to enhance positive family cognitive communication skills. Improving communication with the use of mediation techniques, primarily used by therapists, creates a learning environment viewed as a strategy of Knowledge Translation. To examine the effectiveness of Keshet in improving attitudes, problem solving, communication skills and attenuation of burden a quasi-experimental research design was applied with study and control condition. The same group of participants (N = 38) completed questionnaires at different stages: 3 months prior to course, initiation and completion. Following participation, significant changes were observed in attitudes regarding knowledge of how to cope and interact with family member. A correlation was found between improved knowledge and decline in burden. Implementing interventions which provide caregivers with professional "know-how" leads to lessened burden, thus contributing to maintaining well-being of family caregiver population.
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Weijers D, van Steensel FJA, Bögels SM. Associations between Psychopathology in Mothers, Fathers and Their Children: A Structural Modeling Approach. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2018; 27:1992-2003. [PMID: 29755251 PMCID: PMC5932095 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-018-1024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated associations between parental and child psychopathology with parenting stress as a possible mediator, in order to get more insight in mothers' and fathers' roles in the development of psychopathology in children. Parents of 272 clinically referred (aged 6-20, 66% boys) reported about their own and their child's behavioral problems, and about parenting stress. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling. Outcomes of path models demonstrated that mothers' higher internalizing and externalizing problems were associated with respectively children's higher internalizing and externalizing problems. Fathers' higher externalizing problems were associated with both children's higher internalizing and externalizing problems, but fathers' internalizing problems were only associated with children's lower externalizing problems. Parenting stress fully mediated the relation between mothers' and children's externalizing problems, and partly mediated the relation between mothers' and children's internalizing problems. For fathers, parenting stress partly mediated the relation between fathers' internalizing problems and children's externalizing problems. Findings indicate that for mothers, the association between parental and child psychopathology is specific, whereas for fathers it is non-specific. Furthermore, results suggest that reducing parenting stress may decrease child problem behavior. Longitudinal studies are needed in order to gain more insight in the direction and underlying mechanisms of the relation between parental and child psychopathology, including parental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Weijers
- Kohnstamm Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F. J. A. van Steensel
- Research Institute Child Development and Education, Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- UvA minds, Academic Treatment Center for Children and Parents, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S. M. Bögels
- Research Institute Child Development and Education, Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- UvA minds, Academic Treatment Center for Children and Parents, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Olsen DL. Later Life Impacts of Social Participation on Parents of Adult Offspring With and Without Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 123:50-60. [PMID: 29281323 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-123.1.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Social participation is an important resource for parents in old age, and may be particularly important for parents living with adult offspring with intellectual and developmental disabilities. To evaluate whether socializing with friends and family and participating in social organizations protects against depression in old age, this study examined parents of adult offspring with disabilities ( n = 164) and without disabilities ( n = 820). As expected, more socializing with friends and more participating in organizations were associated with fewer depressive symptoms for all parents. However, socializing with family members predicted fewer depressive symptoms only for parents co-residing with their adult offspring with disabilities, suggesting that socializing with family is particularly important for parents providing direct care to adults with disabilities.
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Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) requires total caregiver attention and leads to potential difficulties throughout life. The Caregiver Burden Inventory, designed for Alzheimer disease, was modified to a RTT Caregiver Inventory Assessment (RTT CIA). Reliability and face, construct, and concurrent validity were assessed in caregivers of individuals with RTT. Chi square or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and t tests or Wilcoxon two-sample tests for continuous variables were utilized. Survey completed by 198 caregivers; 70 caregivers completed follow-up assessment. Exploratory factor analysis revealed good agreement for physical burden, emotional burden, and social burden. Internal reliability was high (Cronbach's alpha 0.898). RTT CIA represents a reliable and valid measure, providing a needed metric of caregiver burden in this disorder.
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Messiah A, Lacoste J, Gokalsing E, Shultz JM, Rodríguez de la Vega P, Castro G, Acuna JM. Mental Health Impact of Hosting Disaster Refugees: Analyses from a Random Sample Survey Among Haitians Living in Miami. South Med J 2017; 109:458-64. [PMID: 27490654 DOI: 10.14423/smj.0000000000000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies on the mental health of families hosting disaster refugees are lacking. This study compares participants in households that hosted 2010 Haitian earthquake disaster refugees with their nonhost counterparts. METHODS A random sample survey was conducted from October 2011 through December 2012 in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Haitian participants were assessed regarding their 2010 earthquake exposure and impact on family and friends and whether they hosted earthquake refugees. Using standardized scores and thresholds, they were evaluated for symptoms of three common mental disorders (CMDs): posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and major depressive disorder (MDD). RESULTS Participants who hosted refugees (n = 51) had significantly higher percentages of scores beyond thresholds for MDD than those who did not host refugees (n = 365) and for at least one CMD, after adjusting for participants' earthquake exposures and effects on family and friends. CONCLUSIONS Hosting refugees from a natural disaster appears to elevate the risk for MDD and possibly other CMDs, independent of risks posed by exposure to the disaster itself. Families hosting refugees deserve special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Messiah
- From the INSERM U-1178, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France, the Center for Disaster & Extreme Event Preparedness, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, and the Department of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami
| | - Jérôme Lacoste
- From the INSERM U-1178, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France, the Center for Disaster & Extreme Event Preparedness, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, and the Department of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami
| | - Erick Gokalsing
- From the INSERM U-1178, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France, the Center for Disaster & Extreme Event Preparedness, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, and the Department of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami
| | - James M Shultz
- From the INSERM U-1178, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France, the Center for Disaster & Extreme Event Preparedness, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, and the Department of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami
| | - Pura Rodríguez de la Vega
- From the INSERM U-1178, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France, the Center for Disaster & Extreme Event Preparedness, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, and the Department of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami
| | - Grettel Castro
- From the INSERM U-1178, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France, the Center for Disaster & Extreme Event Preparedness, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, and the Department of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami
| | - Juan M Acuna
- From the INSERM U-1178, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France, the Center for Disaster & Extreme Event Preparedness, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, and the Department of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami
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Scorgie K. Broadening Family Perspectives: The Experiences of Fathers and Siblings When a Child Has Chronic Illness or Disability. INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON INCLUSIVE EDUCATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1108/s1479-363620170000010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Grey JM, Totsika V, Hastings RP. Physical and psychological health of family carers co-residing with an adult relative with an intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2017; 31 Suppl 2:191-202. [PMID: 28378391 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Providing long-term care to an adult relative with intellectual disability can impact negatively on caregivers' health and well-being. METHODS Data were collected via online and postal questionnaires on 110 family carers' physical and psychological health, family stress and perceived positive gains from caring. Psychological adaptation and carers' satisfaction with available support were also examined. RESULTS Study participants reported more health problems than general populations. Higher support needs of care recipients were associated with increased family stress. Carers being female were associated with lower family stress. Older age and better socio-economic position were associated with better psychological outcomes. Other associations were consistent with psychological adaption and perceived helpfulness of support buffering negative outcomes and facilitating positive gains from caring. CONCLUSIONS Family carers of adults with intellectual disability appear to experience poorer health outcome than population norms. Adaption to the caregiving role may buffer negative outcomes. Further large scale, population-based, longitudinal research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Grey
- DECIPHer, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Vasiliki Totsika
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Richard P Hastings
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Thackeray LA, Eatough V. 'Shutting the World Out': An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Exploring the Paternal Experience of Parenting a Young Adult with a Developmental Disability. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2016; 31 Suppl 2:179-190. [PMID: 27990731 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An in-depth exploration of the experience of midlife fathers of developmentally disabled young adults (aged 19-32 years) was motivated by a dearth of research in this area (McKnight, PsyPAG Quarterly, 94, 2015, 10). METHOD Five fathers participated in semi-structured interviews which were subjected to interpretative phenomenological analysis (Smith, Flowers and Larkin, 2009, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: Theory, Method, and Research. London: Sage). RESULTS The final thematic structure comprises four inter-related themes. They demonstrate a high degree of concern for children's well-being; the joy adult children confers on their father's lives as well as the difficulties men experience in response to the limited opportunities available to their offspring. Importantly findings also illustrate the way in which men struggle to contend with painful emotions. CONCLUSIONS Societal conceptions of masculinity, fatherhood and disability necessarily influence the way fathers experience the world (Yarwood, Fathering, 9, 2011, 150). It is imperative that service providers recognize the particular challenges faced by fathers, seeking ways to better engage and support them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Thackeray
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Virginia Eatough
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
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Shenaar-Golan V. The Subjective Well-Being of Parents of Children with Developmental Disabilities: The Role of Hope as Predictor and Fosterer of Well-Being. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK IN DISABILITY & REHABILITATION 2016; 15:77-95. [PMID: 26959099 DOI: 10.1080/1536710x.2016.1162119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify factors that can improve the subjective well-being (SWB) of parents of children with a developmental disability, expand the knowledge relating to the role of hope in their lives, and improve the extent to which parent appraisals of the influence of the disability (on the couple's relationship, family functioning, and personal development) moderate this association. The results revealed that parental SWB was below the societal average; however, it differed significantly across levels of parent appraisals of their child's disability. Findings from this study point to the importance of hope to improve parental SWB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Shenaar-Golan
- a Department of Social Work , Tel-Hai Academic College , Upper Galilee , Israel
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Ghosh S, Ha JH, Pai M, Essenfeld H, Park SM. Impact of Mid-Life Symptoms of Alcoholism on the Health and Wellbeing of Aging Parents of Adults with Disabilities. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIAL WORK 2016; 59:56-72. [PMID: 26734891 DOI: 10.1080/01634372.2015.1135841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The study examined the effect of adult children's disability on parents' physical health in later life and the extent to which parents' symptoms of alcoholism in mid-life moderates the link between children's disability and later life parental health. Analyses are based on data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. The analytic sample included parents of children with developmental disabilities (n = 145) or mental health problems (n = 200) and 2,432 parents of unaffected children. The results showed that the negative health consequences in later life of having a child with a developmental disability were greater for those who showed more symptoms of alcoholism in mid-life. However, symptoms of alcoholism in mid-life did not significantly moderate the impact of an adult child's mental health problems on parents' later life physical health. The findings suggest a potential area where gerontological social workers could intervene, given the negative impact of symptoms of alcoholism on the health of aging parents of children with a disability who may be significantly more susceptible to the negative health impacts of alcohol compared to their younger counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subharati Ghosh
- a School of Social Work, Tata Institute of Social Sciences , Mumbai , India
| | - Jung-Hwa Ha
- b Department of Social Welfare, Seoul National University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Manacy Pai
- c Department of Sociology, Kent State University , Kent , Ohio , USA
| | - Harper Essenfeld
- d School of Social Service Administration, University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Sang Min Park
- e Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , South Korea
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Weitzman A. Do Fathers' Sexual Behaviors Vary with the Sex of Firstborns? Evidence from 37 Countries. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2015; 56:495-513. [PMID: 26646743 DOI: 10.1177/0022146515611732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This article investigates whether men's sexual behavior is influenced by the sex of their firstborn children and, if so, at what stage of firstborns' development this occurs. Using standardized data from 37 Demographic and Health Surveys (N = 61,801), I compare the sexual activities, sexually transmitted infection symptoms, and sexual ideologies of fathers with firstborn sons and fathers with firstborn daughters. I also explore whether fathers' attitudes mediate the effects of firstborn sex. The findings indicate that fathers with firstborn sons are less likely to report using condoms and more likely to report paying for sex and having genital ulcers than fathers with firstborn daughters. These differences are limited to the firstborn's adolescent years and are slightly mediated by attitudinal differences. Together, these results raise new questions about the underlying mechanisms linking men's sexual behavior to their children's gendered development.
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Heller T, Gibbons HM, Fisher D. Caregiving and Family Support Interventions: Crossing Networks of Aging and Developmental Disabilities. INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 53:329-345. [PMID: 26458169 DOI: 10.1352/1934-9556-53.5.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This scoping review addressed the following questions: (a) What types of caregiver interventions are being done in both aging and developmental disability research? (b) How are these interventions similar and different? (c) What kinds of outcomes do these interventions have? (d) What innovative approaches are these interventions using? and (e) What can each field (developmental disabilities and gerontology) learn from the other based on this review? The disability review spanned 20 years (1992-2012), resulting in 14 studies; the aging review spanned 5 years (2008-2012), resulting in 55 studies. Data from the final selected studies were then extracted and compared on research design, type of intervention (governmental programs, small-group psychosocial, and other), and outcomes. Generally, in both fields, family-support interventions benefited participants' well-being and improved service access and satisfaction. Increased partnership between the fields of aging and developmental disabilities is critical to future scholarship in caregiving for both populations.
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Bemister TB, Brooks BL, Dyck RH, Kirton A. Predictors of caregiver depression and family functioning after perinatal stroke. BMC Pediatr 2015; 15:75. [PMID: 26174779 PMCID: PMC4502550 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-015-0397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal stroke is a leading cause of cerebral palsy and lifelong neurological morbidity. Studies on perinatal stroke outcomes are increasing, although examinations of its broader impact on parents and families have been limited. A recent study found that parents of children with moderate and severe outcomes have increased risk for psychosocial concerns, including depressive symptoms and poor family functioning. Other parents adapt remarkably well, but how this occurs is unknown. The primary aim of this study was to examine predictors of parent and family outcomes, namely caregiver depression and family functioning. The secondary aim was to explore potential mediators and moderators of the relationship between condition severity and parent and family outcomes. METHODS Parents were recruited from a large, population-based perinatal stroke research cohort, and they completed measures assessing their demographics, social supports, stress levels, marital quality, feelings of guilt and blame, psychological well-being, and family functioning. Bivariate analyses compared these variables. Predictor variables, mediators, and moderators were chosen according to the strength of their relationship with the outcome variables (i.e., caregiver depression and family functioning) and theory. Hierarchical regression, mediator, and moderator analyses were conducted accordingly. RESULTS A total of 103 parents participated in this study (76 mothers, 27 fathers; mean age of 39.2 years; mean child age of 7.46 years). Condition severity, anxiety, social support, and blame independently predicted caregiver depression while condition severity, stress levels, and marital quality independently predicted family functioning. Blame regarding the cause of their child's condition also mediated the relationship between condition severity and caregiver depression. CONCLUSIONS Adverse parental outcomes can be predicted in perinatal stroke populations. Moreover, anxiety and stress management techniques, marital support, and psychoeducation regarding the unpreventable nature of perinatal stroke may be utilized in the future to enhance family outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn B Bemister
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1 N4, Canada. .,Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada.
| | - Brian L Brooks
- Neurosciences, Brain Injury and Rehabilitation Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada. .,Departments of Paediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N1, Canada. .,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Heritage Medical Research Building, Room 293, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N1, Canada.
| | - Richard H Dyck
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1 N4, Canada.
| | - Adam Kirton
- Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada. .,Departments of Paediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N1, Canada. .,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Heritage Medical Research Building, Room 293, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N1, Canada.
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