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Dar S, Ekart A, Bernardet U. Usability, acceptance, and the role of realism in virtual humans for breathing exercise training. Sci Rep 2025; 15:1536. [PMID: 39789012 PMCID: PMC11718229 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-82886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 12/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2025] Open
Abstract
Breathing exercises are used to address a multitude of issues ranging from mental health to physical well-being. While they are recommended for various health conditions, access to professional support is often limited due to time and cost constraints. Virtual Reality technology offers a promising solution for enhancing mindfulness and relaxation practices, including breathing exercises. In our study, we explored the effectiveness of a computer-generated "virtual breathing coach". Our virtual coach has a human appearance, speaks in a human voice, and displays breathing physiology while guiding the participants through a set of breathing exercises of different cycle lengths. The agent exhibits breathing behaviour with the aim of augmenting the influence the agent exerts through the mechanisms of physiological entrainment known from human-to-human interaction. Our empirical, exploratory study with 20 participants, was conducted using non-immersive VR where the system ran on a web browser. On the one hand, we investigated the perception of the virtual human coach, and on the other hand, we evaluated the usability, acceptability, and adherence of the system. We also evaluated the role of realism in acceptance of and adherence to the virtual coach. Participants' responses were recorded using questionnaires. Participants were influenced by the virtual coach and adhered to it if they perceived the virtual coach as more realistic. The participants reported that the system ran well, and they would be willing to continue using the system in the future. Although the virtual human-to-human interaction experience provided by our system is not on par with the naturalistic human-to-human interaction, the results indicate that people are willing to replace a real human coach with a virtual coach. Systems like this are a step towards improving the affordability and on-demand access to another human, such as a coach in our system, especially where access and affordability are limited such as in healthcare. The qualities such as trust and likeability in an embodied interaction can make this interaction more efficient and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanobar Dar
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Aniko Ekart
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Ulysses Bernardet
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
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Newman RI, Yim O, Stewart MC. Breathing life into social emotional learning programs: A Bio-Psycho-Social approach to risk reduction and positive youth development. J Adolesc 2024; 96:1065-1077. [PMID: 38605512 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over one-third of US adolescents engage in health risk and problem behaviors. Additionally, significant percentages of problem-free youth aren't flourishing. Left unaddressed, the lifetime mental/physical health and financial burdens may be substantial. Social-Emotional Learning (SEL) and Positive Youth Development (PYD) programs have proliferated to address the drivers of adaptive versus risk behaviors. Research suggests SEL/PYD program outcomes can be improved by adding techniques that physiologically induce calmness, yet few studies exist. METHODS This randomized controlled trial of 79 urban eighth-graders examined a standardized bio-psycho-social program, SKY Schools, which incorporates a physiologically calming component: controlled yogic breathing. RESULTS Repeated-measures ANOVAs demonstrated that compared to controls, SKY graduates exhibited significant improvements in emotion regulation, planning and concentration, and distractibility. After 3 months, significant improvements were evidenced in emotion regulation, planning and concentration, identity formation, and aggressive normative beliefs. CONCLUSION SEL/PYD programs may benefit by incorporating biologically-calming techniques to enhance well-being and prevent risk/problem behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie I Newman
- International Association for Human Values, Wasington, D.C., USA
- Lifelong Learning Institute, Nova Southeasern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States
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Fincham GW, Kartar A, Uthaug MV, Anderson B, Hall L, Nagai Y, Critchley H, Colasanti A. High ventilation breathwork practices: An overview of their effects, mechanisms, and considerations for clinical applications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105453. [PMID: 37923236 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
High Ventilation Breathwork (HVB) refers to practices employing specific volitional manipulation of breathing, with a long history of use to relieve various forms of psychological distress. This paper seeks to offer a consolidative insight into potential clinical application of HVB as a treatment of psychiatric disorders. We thus review the characteristic phenomenological and neurophysiological effects of these practices to inform their mechanism of therapeutic action, safety profiles and future clinical applications. Clinical observations and data from neurophysiological studies indicate that HVB is associated with extraordinary changes in subjective experience, as well as with profound effects on central and autonomic nervous systems functions through modulation of neurometabolic parameters and interoceptive sensory systems. This growing evidence base may guide how the phenomenological effects of HVB can be understood, and potentially harnessed in the context of such volitional perturbation of psychophysiological state. Reports of putative beneficial effects for trauma-related, affective, and somatic disorders invite further research to obtain detailed mechanistic knowledge, and rigorous clinical testing of these potential therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy W Fincham
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sussex, UK; University of Sussex, School of Psychology, Brighton, UK.
| | - Amy Kartar
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sussex, UK
| | - Malin V Uthaug
- The Centre for Psychedelic Research, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, UK; Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Brittany Anderson
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Lottie Hall
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sussex, UK
| | - Yoko Nagai
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sussex, UK
| | - Hugo Critchley
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sussex, UK
| | - Alessandro Colasanti
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sussex, UK; Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust.
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Impact of the global pandemic upon young People's use of technology for emotion regulation. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Kluge MG, Maltby S, Walker N, Bennett N, Aidman E, Nalivaiko E, Walker FR. Development of a modular stress management platform (Performance Edge VR) and a pilot efficacy trial of a bio-feedback enhanced training module for controlled breathing. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245068. [PMID: 33529187 PMCID: PMC7853514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the conceptual design of a virtual reality-based stress management training tool and evaluation of the initial prototype in a pilot efficacy study. Performance Edge virtual-reality (VR) was co-developed with the Australian Defence Force (ADF) to address the need for practical stress management training for ADF personnel. The VR application is biofeedback-enabled and contains key stress management techniques derived from acceptance and commitment and cognitive behavioural therapy in a modular framework. End-user-provided feedback on usability, design, and user experience was positive, and particularly complimentary of the respiratory biofeedback functionality. Training of controlled breathing delivered across 3 sessions increased participants' self-reported use of breath control in everyday life and progressively improved controlled breathing skills (objectively assessed as a reduction in breathing rate and variability). Thus the data show that a biofeedback-enabled controlled breathing protocol delivered through Performance Edge VR can produce both behaviour change and objective improvement in breathing metrics. These results confirm the validity of Performance Edge VR platform, and its Controlled Breathing module, as a novel approach to tailoring VR-based applications to train stress management skills in a workplace setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle G. Kluge
- Centre for Advanced Training Systems, Faculty of Health & Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven Maltby
- Centre for Advanced Training Systems, Faculty of Health & Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole Walker
- Army School of Health, Latchford Barracks, Bonegilla, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Eugene Aidman
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Land Division, Defence Science & Technology Group, Edinburgh, SA, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eugene Nalivaiko
- Centre for Advanced Training Systems, Faculty of Health & Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Frederick Rohan Walker
- Centre for Advanced Training Systems, Faculty of Health & Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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When Agents Become Partners: A Review of the Role the Implicit Plays in the Interaction with Artificial Social Agents. MULTIMODAL TECHNOLOGIES AND INTERACTION 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/mti4040081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The way we interact with computers has significantly changed over recent decades. However, interaction with computers still falls behind human to human interaction in terms of seamlessness, effortlessness, and satisfaction. We argue that simultaneously using verbal, nonverbal, explicit, implicit, intentional, and unintentional communication channels addresses these three aspects of the interaction process. To better understand what has been done in the field of Human Computer Interaction (HCI) in terms of incorporating the type channels mentioned above, we reviewed the literature on implicit nonverbal interaction with a specific emphasis on the interaction between humans on the one side, and robot and virtual humans on the other side. These Artificial Social Agents (ASA) are increasingly used as advanced tools for solving not only physical but also social tasks. In the literature review, we identify domains of interaction between humans and artificial social agents that have shown exponential growth over the years. The review highlights the value of incorporating implicit interaction capabilities in Human Agent Interaction (HAI) which we believe will lead to satisfying human and artificial social agent team performance. We conclude the article by presenting a case study of a system that harnesses subtle nonverbal, implicit interaction to increase the state of relaxation in users. This “Virtual Human Breathing Relaxation System” works on the principle of physiological synchronisation between a human and a virtual, computer-generated human. The active entrainment concept behind the relaxation system is generic and can be applied to other human agent interaction domains of implicit physiology-based interaction.
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Hegde D, Bhargav PH, Bhargav H, Babu H, Varsha KA, Raghuram N. Feasibility and Pilot Efficacy Testing of Integrated Yoga and Shirodhara (Ayurvedic Oil-Dripping) Intervention on Clinical Symptoms, Cognitive Functions and Sleep Quality of Adults with Anxiety Disorder. Int J Yoga 2020; 13:32-41. [PMID: 32030019 PMCID: PMC6937873 DOI: 10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_44_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Beneficial effects of yoga therapy in anxiety disorders (ADs) are known. Traditional texts describe usefulness of Ayurvedic oil-dripping, Shirodhara technique, in relieving anxiety. Thus, present study was planned to assess the feasibility and synergistic value of Shirodhara as an add-on to yoga therapy in adults with AD. Materials and Methods: Thirty adults (males = 14, females = 16) admitted in a residential holistic health care center with an age range of 29.66 ± 6.63 years and diagnosis of one of the ADs (generalized AD, n = 18; social phobia, n = 8; and panic AD, n = 4) as per mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (M. I. N. I. English version 5.0) by a psychiatrist were randomly divided into two groups: (1) integrated yoga-based lifestyle program (YT; n = 15) and (2) YT + Ayurveda (YA; n = 15). Both groups continued to receive conventional treatment and were on stable medications throughout the study period except in cases of emergency. Assessments were done by an independent assessor at baseline and after 2 weeks of intervention for clinical symptoms (HAM-A, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale), sleep quality (sleep rating questionnaire), and cognition (Stroop test and digit letter substitution test) using standard validated tools. Parametric tests were applied using SPSS 10.0 to analyze the data. Results: Twelve subjects in yoga group and thirteen subjects in YA group completed the trial. No side effects were reported in any of the groups. Within-group comparisons showed a significant improvement in clinical symptoms, cognition and sleep quality in both the groups. Between-group comparisons showed significantly better scores in Stroop word task for YA group as compared to YT group. Furthermore, there was a trend toward better improvement in sleep quality for YA group. Conclusion: Adding of Shirodhara technique to YT was feasible and may be useful in improving executive memory and sleep quality in adults with ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Hegde
- Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, School of Yoga and Life Sciences, S-VYASA Yoga University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Praerna H Bhargav
- Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS Integrated Centre of Yoga, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Hemant Bhargav
- Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS Integrated Centre of Yoga, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Harish Babu
- Department of Kayachikitsa, Sushrutha Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K A Varsha
- Arogyadhama Health Center, S-VYASA Yoga University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Nagarathna Raghuram
- Arogyadhama Health Center, S-VYASA Yoga University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Noble DJ, Hochman S. Hypothesis: Pulmonary Afferent Activity Patterns During Slow, Deep Breathing Contribute to the Neural Induction of Physiological Relaxation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1176. [PMID: 31572221 PMCID: PMC6753868 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of respiration provides a powerful voluntary portal to entrain and modulate central autonomic networks. Slowing and deepening breathing as a relaxation technique has shown promise in a variety of cardiorespiratory and stress-related disorders, but few studies have investigated the physiological mechanisms conferring its benefits. Recent evidence suggests that breathing at a frequency near 0.1 Hz (6 breaths per minute) promotes behavioral relaxation and baroreflex resonance effects that maximize heart rate variability. Breathing around this frequency appears to elicit resonant and coherent features in neuro-mechanical interactions that optimize physiological function. Here we explore the neurophysiology of slow, deep breathing and propose that coincident features of respiratory and baroreceptor afferent activity cycling at 0.1 Hz entrain central autonomic networks. An important role is assigned to the preferential recruitment of slowly-adapting pulmonary afferents (SARs) during prolonged inhalations. These afferents project to discrete areas in the brainstem within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and initiate inhibitory actions on downstream targets. Conversely, deep exhalations terminate SAR activity and activate arterial baroreceptors via increases in blood pressure to stimulate, through NTS projections, parasympathetic outflow to the heart. Reciprocal SAR and baroreceptor afferent-evoked actions combine to enhance sympathetic activity during inhalation and parasympathetic activity during exhalation, respectively. This leads to pronounced heart rate variability in phase with the respiratory cycle (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) and improved ventilation-perfusion matching. NTS relay neurons project extensively to areas of the central autonomic network to encode important features of the breathing pattern that may modulate anxiety, arousal, and attention. In our model, pronounced respiratory rhythms during slow, deep breathing also support expression of slow cortical rhythms to induce a functional state of alert relaxation, and, via nasal respiration-based actions on olfactory signaling, recruit hippocampal pathways to boost memory consolidation. Collectively, we assert that the neurophysiological processes recruited during slow, deep breathing enhance the cognitive and behavioral therapeutic outcomes obtained through various mind-body practices. Future studies are required to better understand the physio-behavioral processes involved, including in animal models that control for confounding factors such as expectancy biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J. Noble
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Hunkin H, King DL, Zajac IT. Wearable devices as adjuncts in the treatment of anxiety‐related symptoms: A narrative review of five device modalities and implications for clinical practice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Assessing emotion regulation repertoires: The Regulation of Emotion Systems Survey. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Noble DJ, Goolsby WN, Garraway SM, Martin KK, Hochman S. Slow Breathing Can Be Operantly Conditioned in the Rat and May Reduce Sensitivity to Experimental Stressors. Front Physiol 2017; 8:854. [PMID: 29163199 PMCID: PMC5670354 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, exercises involving slowed respiratory rate (SRR) counter autonomic sympathetic bias and reduce responses to stressors, including in individuals with various degrees of autonomic dysfunction. In the rat, we examined whether operant conditioning could lead to reductions in respiratory rate (RR) and performed preliminary studies to assess whether conditioned SRR was sufficient to decrease physiological and behavioral responsiveness to stressors. RR was continuously monitored during 20 2-h sessions using whole body plethysmography. SRR conditioned, but not yoked control rats, were able to turn off aversive visual stimulation (intermittent bright light) by slowing their breathing below a preset target of 80 breaths/min. SRR conditioned rats greatly increased the incidence of breaths below the target RR over training, with average resting RR decreasing from 92 to 81 breaths/min. These effects were significant as a group and vs. yoked controls. Preliminary studies in a subset of conditioned rats revealed behavioral changes suggestive of reduced reactivity to stressful and nociceptive stimuli. In these same rats, intermittent sessions without visual reinforcement and a post-training priming stressor (acute restraint) demonstrated that conditioned rats retained reduced RR vs. controls in the absence of conditioning. In conclusion, we present the first successful attempt to operantly condition reduced RR in an animal model. Although further studies are needed to clarify the physio-behavioral concomitants of slowed breathing, the developed model may aid subsequent neurophysiological inquiries on the role of slow breathing in stress reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Noble
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - William N Goolsby
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sandra M Garraway
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Karmarcha K Martin
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Shawn Hochman
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Başoğlu M. Effective management of breathlessness: a review of potential human rights issues. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/5/1602099. [PMID: 28546267 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02099-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Metin Başoğlu
- Istanbul Center for Behavior Research and Therapy (DABATEM), Istanbul, Turkey
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Faull OK, Cox PJ, Pattinson KTS. Psychophysical Differences in Ventilatory Awareness and Breathlessness between Athletes and Sedentary Individuals. Front Physiol 2016; 7:231. [PMID: 27378940 PMCID: PMC4910254 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Breathlessness is a complex set of symptoms that are comprised of both sensory and affective (emotional) dimensions. While ventilation is now understood to be a potential limiter to performance in highly-trained individuals, the contribution of breathlessness-anxiety in those nearing maximal ventilation during intense exercise has not yet been considered as a limiter to performance. Methods: In this study, we compared the physiology and psychology of breathlessness in 20 endurance athletes with 20 untrained age- and sex-matched sedentary controls. Subjects completed baseline spirometry and anxiety questionnaires, an incremental exercise test to exhaustion and a steady-state hypercapnic ventilatory response test, with concurrent measures of breathlessness intensity and breathlessness-anxiety. Results: Compared with sedentary subjects, athletes reported equivalent breathlessness intensity but greater breathlessness-anxiety at maximal exercise (athletes vs. sedentary (mean ± SD): breathlessness intensity (0–100%) 80.7 (22.7) vs. 72.5 (17.2), p = 0.21; breathlessness-anxiety (0–100%), 45.3 (36.3) vs. 22.3 (20.0), p = 0.02). Athletes operated at higher proportions of their maximal ventilatory capacity (MVV) (athletes vs. sedentary (mean ventilation ± SD; % MVV): 101.6 (27.2) vs. 73.7 (30.1), p = 0.003). In the athletes there was a positive linear correlation between ventilation and breathlessness score during the hypercapnic challenge that was not observed in the sedentary controls. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that whilst operating at high proportions of maximal ventilation, breathlessness-anxiety becomes increasingly prominent in athletes. Our results suggest that ventilatory perception pathways may be a target for improved athletic performance in some individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia K Faull
- FMRIB Centre and Nuffield Division of Anesthetics, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of OxfordOxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
| | - Pete J Cox
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Kyle T S Pattinson
- FMRIB Centre and Nuffield Division of Anesthetics, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
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klein Selle N, Verschuere B, Kindt M, Meijer E, Ben-Shakhar G. Orienting versus inhibition in the Concealed Information Test: Different cognitive processes drive different physiological measures. Psychophysiology 2015; 53:579-90. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie klein Selle
- Department of Psychology; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
- Department of Clinical Psychology; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Merel Kindt
- Department of Clinical Psychology; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ewout Meijer
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
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15
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Movement analysis of the chest compartments and a real-time quality feedback during breathing therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13721-015-0093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Fingelkurts AA, Fingelkurts AA, Kallio-Tamminen T. EEG-guided meditation: A personalized approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 109:180-190. [PMID: 25805441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of meditation for physical and mental well-being is well documented, however the possibility of adverse effects warrants further discussion of the suitability of any particular meditation practice for every given participant. This concern highlights the need for a personalized approach in the meditation practice adjusted for a concrete individual. This can be done by using an objective screening procedure that detects the weak and strong cognitive skills in brain function, thus helping design a tailored meditation training protocol. Quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) is a suitable tool that allows identification of individual neurophysiological types. Using qEEG screening can aid developing a meditation training program that maximizes results and minimizes risk of potential negative effects. This brief theoretical-conceptual review provides a discussion of the problem and presents some illustrative results on the usage of qEEG screening for the guidance of mediation personalization.
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Delgado D, Hayes LJ. An Integrative Approach to Learning Processes: Revisiting Substitution of Functions. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-014-0071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Golubovich J, Chang CH, Eatough EM. Safety climate, hardiness, and musculoskeletal complaints: a mediated moderation model. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2014; 45:757-766. [PMID: 24169091 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the mechanisms linking the psychosocial characteristics of the workplace with employees' work-related musculoskeletal complaints. Poor safety climate perceptions represent a stressor that may elicit frustration, and subsequently, increase employees' reports of musculoskeletal discomforts. Results from an employee sample supported that when employees' perceived safety was considered a priority, they experienced less frustration and reported fewer work-related upper body musculoskeletal symptoms. Psychological hardiness, a personality trait that is indicative of individuals' resilience and success in managing stressful circumstances, moderated these relationships. Interestingly, employees with high hardiness were more affected by poor safety climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliya Golubovich
- Michigan State University, Department of Psychology, 316 Physics Road, Room 348, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Chu-Hsiang Chang
- Michigan State University, Department of Psychology, 316 Physics Road, Room 348, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Erin M Eatough
- The City University of New York, Baruch College, Department of Psychology, One Bernard Baruch Way, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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Henje Blom E, Serlachius E, Chesney MA, Olsson EMG. Adolescent girls with emotional disorders have a lower end-tidal CO2 and increased respiratory rate compared with healthy controls. Psychophysiology 2014; 51:412-8. [PMID: 24571123 PMCID: PMC4286011 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hyperventilation has been linked to emotional distress in adults. This study investigates end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), respiratory rate (RR), and heart rate variability (HRV) in adolescent girls with emotional disorders and healthy controls. ETCO2, RR, HRV, and ratings of emotional symptom severity were collected in adolescent female psychiatric patients with emotional disorders (n = 63) and healthy controls (n = 62). ETCO2 and RR differed significantly between patients and controls. ETCO2, HR, and HRV were significant independent predictors of group status, that is, clinical or healthy, while RR was not. ETCO2 and RR were significantly related to emotional symptom severity and to HRV in the total group. ETCO2 and RR were not affected by use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. It is concluded that emotional dysregulation is related to hyperventilation in adolescent girls. Respiratory-based treatments may be relevant to investigate in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Henje Blom
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
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CliftonSmith T, Rowley J. Breathing pattern disorders and physiotherapy: inspiration for our profession. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/1743288x10y.0000000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Yii ACA, Koh MS. A review of psychological dysfunction in asthma: affective, behavioral and cognitive factors. J Asthma 2013; 50:915-21. [PMID: 23808821 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2013.819887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The research on psychological dysfunction in asthma is extensive but heterogeneous. We undertook a narrative review about the effects of psychological dysfunction on asthma. METHODS Electronic searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library were conducted, supplemented by hand-searching bibliographies and seeking expert opinion. RESULTS The impact of psychological factors on asthma can be classified according to dysfunction in the domains of affect, behavior and cognition. Affective or emotional disturbance may lead to poor asthma control by directly modulating disease activity. Maladaptive behaviors may occur in asthma patients. These include maladaptive breathing behaviors, such as impaired voluntary drive to breathe and dysfunctional breathing, as well as impaired asthma health behaviors, that is, a coordinated range of activities performed to maintain good disease control. Dysfunctional cognitions (thoughts and beliefs) about asthma and impaired cognitive processing of the perception of dyspnea are associated with poorly controlled disease and asthma deaths, respectively. The three domains of psychological dysfunction are often closely intertwined, leading to vicious circles. CONCLUSIONS We have conceptualized psychological dysfunction in asthma using a framework consisting of affect, behavior and cognition. Their influences are intertwined and complex. Future research should focus on the formulation of a psychological assessment tool based on this framework and evaluating its efficacy in improving asthma outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C A Yii
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital , Singapore
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Hayen A, Herigstad M, Pattinson KTS. Understanding dyspnea as a complex individual experience. Maturitas 2013; 76:45-50. [PMID: 23849705 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dyspnea is the highly threatening experience of breathlessness experienced by patients with diverse pathologies, including respiratory, cardiovascular, and neuromuscular diseases, cancer and panic disorder. This debilitating symptom is especially prominent in the elderly and the obese, two growing populations in the Western world. It has further been found that women suffer more strongly from dyspnea than men. Despite optimization of disease-specific treatments, dyspnea is often inadequately treated. The immense burden faced by patients, families and the healthcare system makes improving management of chronic dyspnea a priority. Dyspnea is a multidimensional sensation that encompasses an array of unpleasant respiratory sensations that vary according to underlying cause and patient characteristics. Biopsychological factors beyond disease pathology exacerbate the perception of dyspnea, increase symptom severity and reduce quality of life. Psychological state (especially comorbid anxiety and depression), hormone status, gender, body weight (obesity) and general fitness level are particularly important. Neuroimaging has started to uncover the neural mechanisms involved in the processing of sensory and affective components of dyspnea. Awareness of biopsychological factors beyond pathology is essential for diagnosis and treatment of dyspnea. Increasing understanding the interactions between biopsychological factors and dyspnea perception will enhance the development of symptomatic treatments that specifically address each patient's most pressing needs at a specific stage in life. Future neuroimaging research can provide objective markers to fully understand the role of biopsychological factors in the perception of dyspnea in the hope of uncovering target areas for pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hayen
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.
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Bell KM, Meadows EA. Efficacy of a Brief Relaxation Training Intervention for Pediatric Recurrent Abdominal Pain. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Panic disorder is a common and disabling illness for which treatments are too frequently ineffective. Greater knowledge of the underlying biology could aid the discovery of better therapies. Although panic attacks occur unpredictably, the ability to provoke them in the laboratory with challenge protocols provides an opportunity for crucial insight into the neurobiology of panic. Two of the most well-studied panic provocation challenges are CO(2) inhalation and lactate infusion. Although it remains unclear how these challenges provoke panic animal models of CO(2) and lactate action are beginning to emerge, and offer unprecedented opportunities to probe the molecules and circuits underlying panic attacks. Both CO(2) and lactate alter pH balance and may generate acidosis that can influence neuron function through a growing list of pH-sensitive receptors. These observations suggest that a key to better understanding of panic disorder may He in more knowledge of brain pH regulation and pH-sensitive receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Wemmie
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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25
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Dan-Glauser ES, Gross JJ. The temporal dynamics of two response-focused forms of emotion regulation: experiential, expressive, and autonomic consequences. Psychophysiology 2011; 48:1309-22. [PMID: 21361967 PMCID: PMC3136552 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the early affective consequences of two close forms of suppression. Participants (N=37) were shown negative, positive, and neutral pictures and cued either to attend to the pictures, or to perform expressive or physiological suppression (i.e., reduce body reactions). Continuous measures of experience, expressivity, and autonomic responses showed that both suppression strategies produced rapid response modulation. Common effects of the two strategies included a transient increase in negative feeling, a durable decrease in positive feeling, and a decrease in expressivity, cardiovascular activity, and oxygenation. The two strategies were significantly different only in response to positive stimuli, with physiological suppression showing a larger decrease in experience intensity and blood pressure. These results suggest a strong overlap between the two suppression strategies in terms of their early impact on emotional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise S Dan-Glauser
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2130, USA.
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26
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Hegoburu C, Shionoya K, Garcia S, Messaoudi B, Thévenet M, Mouly AM. The RUB Cage: Respiration-Ultrasonic Vocalizations-Behavior Acquisition Setup for Assessing Emotional Memory in Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2011; 5:25. [PMID: 21637320 PMCID: PMC3101376 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In animals, emotional memory is classically assessed through pavlovian fear conditioning in which a neutral novel stimulus (conditioned stimulus) is paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus. After conditioning, the conditioned stimulus elicits a fear response characterized by a wide range of behavioral and physiological responses. Despite the existence of this large repertoire of responses, freezing behavior is often the sole parameter used for quantifying fear response, thus limiting emotional memory appraisal to this unique index. Interestingly, respiratory changes and ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) can occur during fear response, yet very few studies investigated the link between these different parameters and freezing. The aim of the present study was to design an experimental setup allowing the simultaneous recording of respiration, USV, and behavior (RUB cage), and the offline synchronization of the collected data for fine-grain second by second analysis. The setup consisted of a customized plethysmograph for respiration monitoring, equipped with a microphone capturing USV, and with four video cameras for behavior recording. In addition, the bottom of the plethysmograph was equipped with a shock-floor allowing foot-shock delivery, and the top received tubing for odor presentations. Using this experimental setup we first described the characteristics of respiration and USV in different behaviors and emotional states. Then we monitored these parameters during contextual fear conditioning and showed that they bring complementary information about the animal's anxiety state and the strength of aversive memory. The present setup may be valuable in providing a clearer appraisal of the physiological and behavioral changes that occur during acquisition as well as retrieval of emotional memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Hegoburu
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory", Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292 Lyon, France
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Mileykovskiy B, Morales M. Duration of inhibition of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons encodes a level of conditioned fear. J Neurosci 2011; 31:7471-6. [PMID: 21593330 PMCID: PMC3153414 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5731-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons encode actual and expected reward values by phasic alterations in firing rate. However, how DA neurons encode negative events in the environment is still unclear because some DA neurons appear to be depressed and others excited by aversive stimuli. Here, we show that exposing fear-conditioned rats to stimuli predicting electrical shock elicited three types of biphasic responses, each of which contained an inhibitory pause, in neurochemically identified ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons. The duration of the inhibitory pause in these responses of VTA DA neurons was in direct proportion to the increase in respiratory rate reflecting the level of conditioned fear. Our results suggest that the duration of inhibition of VTA DA neurons encodes negative emotional values of signals predicting aversive events in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Mileykovskiy
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Neuronal Networks Section, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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28
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Consolidation and long-term retention of an implanted behavioral memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2010; 95:286-95. [PMID: 21156212 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypothesized circuitry enabling information storage can be tested by attempting to implant memory directly in the brain in the absence of normal experience. Previously, we found that tone paired with activation of the cholinergic nucleus basalis (NB) does induce behavioral memory that shares cardinal features with natural memory; it is associative, highly specific, rapidly formed, consolidates and shows intermediate retention. Here we determine if implanted memory also exhibits long-term consolidation and retention. Adult male rats were first tested for behavioral responses (disruption of ongoing respiration) to tones (1-15 kHz), yielding pre-training behavioral frequency generalization gradients. They next received 3 days of training with a conditioned stimulus (CS) tone (8.0 kHz, 70 dB, 2s) either paired (n=7) or unpaired (n=6) with moderate electrical stimulation of the nucleus basalis (∼ 65 μA, 100 Hz, 0.2s, co-terminating with CS offset). Testing for long-term retention was performed by obtaining post-training behavioral frequency generalization gradients 24h and 2 weeks after training. At 24h post-training, the Paired group exhibited specific associative behavioral memory, manifested by larger responses to the CS frequency band than the Unpaired group. This memory was retained 2 weeks post-training. Moreover, 2 weeks later, the specificity and magnitude of memory had become greater, indicating that the implanted memory had undergone consolidation. Overall, the results demonstrate the validity of NB-implanted memory for understanding natural memory and that activation of the cholinergic nucleus basalis is sufficient to form natural associative memory.
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Kabir MM, Beig MI, Baumert M, Trombini M, Mastorci F, Sgoifo A, Walker FR, Day TA, Nalivaiko E. Respiratory pattern in awake rats: Effects of motor activity and of alerting stimuli. Physiol Behav 2010; 101:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Gavish B. Device-guided breathing in the home setting: Technology, performance and clinical outcomes. Biol Psychol 2010; 84:150-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
Yoga breathing is an important part of health and spiritual practices in Indo-Tibetan traditions. Considered fundamental for the development of physical well-being, meditation, awareness, and enlightenment, it is both a form of meditation in itself and a preparation for deep meditation. Yoga breathing (pranayama) can rapidly bring the mind to the present moment and reduce stress. In this paper, we review data indicating how breath work can affect longevity mechanisms in some ways that overlap with meditation and in other ways that are different from, but that synergistically enhance, the effects of meditation. We also provide clinical evidence for the use of yoga breathing in the treatment of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and for victims of mass disasters. By inducing stress resilience, breath work enables us to rapidly and compassionately relieve many forms of suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Brown
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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32
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Dakpa T, Dodson-Lavelle B. “Subtle” Psychosomatic Aspects of Tibetan Medicine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1172:181-5. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1393.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Van Diest I, Bradley MM, Guerra P, Van den Bergh O, Lang PJ. Fear-conditioned respiration and its association to cardiac reactivity. Biol Psychol 2009; 80:212-7. [PMID: 18955105 PMCID: PMC2670487 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate ventilatory correlates of conditioned fear responses. Respiratory, end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (PetCO(2)) and heart rate changes were studied in a differential fear-conditioning paradigm. Forty-two participants viewed pictures of faces. One picture (CS+) was followed by a human scream (US) during the acquisition phase, but not in a subsequent extinction phase. Conditioning of PetCO(2) (decrease), respiratory cycle time (decrease) and inspiratory duty time (increase) was established and subsequently extinguished. When participants were clustered according to their conditioned PetCO(2) responses during acquisition, only a group showing a conditioned decrease in PetCO(2) showed also a differential cardiac acceleration, a decrease in expiratory duration and an increase in inspiratory duty time in response to the CS+. These results suggest that preparation for defensive action is characterized by a tendency towards hyperventilation and cardiac acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Van Diest
- Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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34
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Carbon dioxide induces erratic respiratory responses in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2009; 112:193-200. [PMID: 18495250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CO(2) respiration stimulates both anxiety and dyspnea ("air hunger") and has long been used to study panic vulnerability and respiratory control. High comorbidity with panic attacks suggests individuals with bipolar disorder may also mount a heightened anxiety response to CO(2). Moreover, problems in the arousal and modulation of appetites are central to the clinical syndromes of mania and depression; hence CO(2) may arouse an abnormal respiratory response to "air hunger". METHODS 72 individuals (34 bipolar I, 25 depressive and bipolar spectrum, 13 with no major affective diagnosis) breathed air and air with 5% CO(2) via facemask for up to 15 min each; subjective and respiratory responses were recorded. RESULTS Nearly half the subjects diverged from the typical response to a fixed, mildly hypercapneic environment, which is to increase breathing acutely, and then maintain a hyperpneic plateau. The best predictors of an abnormal pattern were bipolar diagnosis and anxiety from air alone. 25 individuals had a panic response; panic responses from CO(2) were more likely in subjects with bipolar I compared to other subjects, however the best predictors of a panic response overall were anxiety from air alone and prior history of panic attacks. LIMITATIONS Heterogeneous sample, liberal definition of panic attack. CONCLUSION Carbon dioxide produces abnormal respiratory and heightened anxiety responses among individuals with bipolar and depressive disorders. These may be due to deficits in emotional conditioning related to fear and appetite. Although preliminary, this work suggests a potentially useful test of a specific functional deficit in bipolar disorder.
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Chou YL, Davenport PW. The effect of increased background resistance on the resistive load threshold for eliciting the respiratory-related evoked potential. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:2012-7. [PMID: 17872401 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01232.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection threshold (ΔR50) of resistive (R) loads is a function of the total background resistance (R0). Increased R0 increases the ΔR50, but the ratio ΔR50/R0 remains constant. The respiratory-related evoked potential (RREP) is elicited only by R loads greater than the cognitive detection threshold, ΔR50. We hypothesized that the RREP Nf, P1, and N1 peaks will be elicited only when the added load ΔR/R0 is greater than the normal detection threshold, ΔR50/R0 = 0.30. We also hypothesized that when the R0 is increased by adding extrinsic R, the RREP will not be elicited if the ΔR/R0 is less than the 0.30 ratio. RREPs were recorded with healthy volunteers ( n = 20) respiring through a non-rebreathing valve. Three inspiratory R loads that spanned the ΔR50/R0 = 0.30 detection threshold were presented in two conditions: 1) no added R0 (R1 < 0.30, R2 > 0.30, R3 > 0.30); and 2) increased R0 = 13.3 cmH2O·l−1·s (R1 < 0.30, R2 < 0.30, R3 > 0.30). For the control R0, P1, Nf, and N1 peaks of the RREP were elicited by both R2 and R3, and not present with R1. The increased R0 decreased R2/R0 > 1.5 to R2/R0 < 0.15. With increased R0, the R1 and R2 loads did not elicit the RREP, but the Nf, P1, and N1 peaks were present for R3. These results demonstrate that the RREP is present if the ΔR is above the cognitive detection threshold, and the RREP is absent if the load is below the detection threshold. When the R0 is increased to make the ΔR/R0 less than the detection threshold, the ΔR no longer elicits the RREP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ling Chou
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Nilsson M, Funk P, Olsson EMG, von Schéele B, Xiong N. Clinical decision-support for diagnosing stress-related disorders by applying psychophysiological medical knowledge to an instance-based learning system. Artif Intell Med 2006; 36:159-76. [PMID: 16364617 DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Revised: 03/27/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An important procedure in diagnosing stress-related disorders caused by dysfunction in the interaction of the heart with breathing, i.e., respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), is to analyse the breathing first and then the heart rate. Analysing these measurements is a time-consuming task for the diagnosing clinician. A decision-support system in this area would reduce the analysis task of the clinician and enable him/her to give more attention to the patient. We have created a decision-support system which contains a signal classifier and a pattern identifier. The system performs an analysis of the physiological time series concerned which would otherwise be performed manually by the clinician. METHODS The signal-classifier, HR3Modul, classifies heart-rate patterns by analysing both cardio- and pulmonary signals, i.e., physiological time series. HR3Modul uses case-based reasoning (CBR), using a wavelet-based method for retrieving features from the signals. The system searches for familiar shapes in the signals by comparing them with shapes already stored. We have applied a best fit scheme for handling signals of different lengths, as the length of a breath is highly dynamic. We also apply automatic weighting to the features to obtain a more autonomous system. The classified heart signals indicate if a patient may be suffering from a stress-related disorder and the nature of the disorder. These classified signals are thereafter sent to the second subsystem, the pattern-identifier. The pattern-identifier analyses the classified signals and searches for familiar patterns by identifying sequences in the classified signals. The identified sequences give clinicians a more complete analysis of the measurements, providing them with a better basis for diagnosis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION We have shown that a case-based classifier with a wavelet feature extractor and automatic weighting is a viable option for building a decision-support system for the psychophysiological domain, as it is at par, or even outperforms other retrieval techniques and is less complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Nilsson
- Department of Computer Science and Electronics, Mälardalen University, Högskoleplan 1, P.O. Box 832, 721 22 Västerås, Sweden.
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Brown RP, Gerbarg PL. Sudarshan Kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: part I-neurophysiologic model. J Altern Complement Med 2005; 11:189-201. [PMID: 15750381 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2005.11.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mind-body interventions are beneficial in stress-related mental and physical disorders. Current research is finding associations between emotional disorders and vagal tone as indicated by heart rate variability. A neurophysiologic model of yogic breathing proposes to integrate research on yoga with polyvagal theory, vagal stimulation, hyperventilation, and clinical observations. Yogic breathing is a unique method for balancing the autonomic nervous system and influencing psychologic and stress-related disorders. Many studies demonstrate effects of yogic breathing on brain function and physiologic parameters, but the mechanisms have not been clarified. Sudarshan Kriya yoga (SKY), a sequence of specific breathing techniques (ujjayi, bhastrika, and Sudarshan Kriya) can alleviate anxiety, depression, everyday stress, post-traumatic stress, and stress-related medical illnesses. Mechanisms contributing to a state of calm alertness include increased parasympathetic drive, calming of stress response systems, neuroendocrine release of hormones, and thalamic generators. This model has heuristic value, research implications, and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Brown
- Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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Fokkema DS, Maarsingh EJW, van Eykern LA, van Aalderen WMC. Different breathing patterns in healthy and asthmatic children: responses to an arithmetic task. Respir Med 2005; 100:148-56. [PMID: 16338598 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Asthma patients have been reported to be sensitive to breathlessness, independent of the degree of airway obstruction. Paying attention and task performance may induce changes in breathing pattern and these in turn may mediate such a feeling. The present experiment investigates whether strained breathing induced by an arithmetic task was different in children with asthma compared to healthy children. METHODS Seven healthy and eight asthmatic but symptom-free school children were equipped with electrodes for surface electromyographic (EMG) measurements of diaphragm, abdominal and intercostal (IC) muscles and with a strain gauge to monitor the pattern of breathing at rest and during an arithmetic task. The relative duration of exhalation and the relative speed of exhalation are used as measures of straining. The phase angle of maximal respiratory muscle activities relative to the maximal chest extension (MCE) are additional discriminating parameters. RESULTS Asthmatic children breathed more slowly and already at rest the phase of their respiratory muscle activity appears to be different. While in healthy children the maximal activity of the (left)abdominal muscles occurred 5+/-29% later than the MCE, in children with asthma the maximal activity occurred 26+/-30% of the cycle earlier than MCE. In children with asthma the activity of the IC muscles starts weaning already at 10+/-30% before MCE, in contrast to the healthy children in which intercostal muscle weaning starts only at 1+/-24% after MCE. During arithmetic, the significant difference between the groups in this respect disappeared. CONCLUSION Children with asthma show, even at rest, signs of respiratory muscle straining, probably in order to keep close control over the airflow in a similar way as healthy children during mental tasks. Such a 'careful' breathing pattern may work to prevent airway irritation also when they are free of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Fokkema
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, University of Groningen, PO box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Davydov DM, Shapiro D, Goldstein IB, Chicz-DeMet A. Moods in everyday situations: effects of menstrual cycle, work, and stress hormones. J Psychosom Res 2005; 58:343-9. [PMID: 15992570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined women's mood responsiveness on work and off days during different phases of the menstrual cycle. METHODS Self-reports of negative, positive, and energy dimensions of mood were obtained throughout the day on two work and two off days during the luteal and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle in 203 women nurses. Individual differences in daytime and nighttime epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol were assessed. RESULTS High daytime norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol levels were associated with higher ratings of stress and tired, and with lower ratings of happy. The phase of the menstrual cycle and the day factor (workday, off day) were also associated with mood differences, and the direction of the effects depended on hormone levels and hormone sampling period. CONCLUSION The experience of moods is affected by the arousal-related interaction of hormone levels with the phase of the menstrual cycle and occupational stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry M Davydov
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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40
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Fiedler N, Giardino N, Natelson B, Ottenweller JE, Weisel C, Lioy P, Lehrer P, Ohman-Strickland P, Kelly-McNeil K, Kipen H. Responses to controlled diesel vapor exposure among chemically sensitive Gulf War veterans. Psychosom Med 2004; 66:588-98. [PMID: 15272108 DOI: 10.1097/01.psy.0000127872.53932.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A significant proportion of Gulf War veterans (GWVs) report chemical sensitivity, fatigue, and unexplained symptoms resulting in ongoing disability. GWVs frequently recall an association between diesel and petrochemical fume exposure and symptoms during service. The purpose of the present study among GWVs was to evaluate the immediate health effects of acute exposure to chemicals (diesel vapors with acetaldehyde) with and without stress. METHODS In a single, controlled exposure to 5 parts per million (ppm) diesel vapors, symptoms, odor ratings, neurobehavioral performance, and psychophysiologic responses of 12 ill GWVs (GWV-I) were compared with 19 age- and gender-matched healthy GWVs (GWV-H). RESULTS Relative to baseline and to GWV-H, GWV-I reported significantly increased symptoms such as disorientation and dizziness and displayed significantly reduced end-tidal CO(2) just after the onset of exposure. As exposure increased over time, GWV-I relative to GWV-H reported significantly increased symptoms of respiratory discomfort and general malaise. GWV-I were also physiologically hyporeactive in response to behavioral tasks administered during but not before exposure. CONCLUSIONS Current symptoms among GWV-I may be exacerbated by ongoing environmental chemical exposures reminiscent of the Gulf War. Both psychologic and physiologic mechanisms contribute to current symptomatic responses of GWV-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Fiedler
- Department of Environmental and Community Medicine of UMDNJ-RWJ Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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41
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Abstract
The epigenetic effect of deprivation and stress on brain development is one of the most enduring topics in neurobiology and one that arguably has had the most far reaching influences on modern societies. Persistent deficits in perception, cognition, and social development are attributed to maternal separation and/or environmental deprivation of human infants. Given the retrospective nature of these human studies, the animal experiments they have inspired are particularly significant insofar as objective changes in physiology, neuronal structure and brain size follow manipulations of the perinatal sensory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R McCrimmon
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Neuroscience, North-western University, Feinberg School of Medicine303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA
| | - George F Alheid
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Neuroscience, North-western University, Feinberg School of Medicine303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA
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Mongeluzi DL, Rosellini RA, Ley R, Caldarone BJ, Stock HS. The conditioning of dyspneic suffocation fear. Effects of carbon dioxide concentration on behavioral freezing and analgesia. Behav Modif 2003; 27:620-36. [PMID: 14531158 DOI: 10.1177/0145445503256316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that a single exposure to 100% carbon dioxide (CO2) can serve as an effective unconditioned stimulus (US) in a Pavlovian aversive-context conditioning paradigm in rats. Although the US exposure parameters employed in the initial studies were sufficient for producing a context-specific enhancement of behavioral freezing and analgesia, it had yet to be determined whether variations of these CO2 conditioning procedures would produce other conditioning effects. Thus, the purpose of the following experiment was to investigate the intensity of the US on the conditioned response (CR). The findings confirm that variations in CO2 concentrations produce changes in the CR that are consistent with principles of Pavlovian conditioning. The findings lend additional support to the tenability of a dyspneic suffocation fear theory of panic disorder, a theory that postulates that at least one type of panic attack could be a consequence of Pavlovian conditioning.
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43
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Abstract
Breathing exercises are frequently recommended as an adjunctive treatment for asthma. A review of the current literature found little that is systematic documenting the benefits of these techniques in asthma patients. The physiological rationale of abdominal breathing in asthma is not clear, and adverse effects have been reported in chronic obstructive states. Theoretical analysis and empirical observations suggest positive effects of pursed-lip breathing and nasal breathing but clinical evidence is lacking. Modification of breathing patterns alone does not yield any significant benefit. There is limited evidence that inspiratory muscle training and hypoventilation training can help reduce medication consumption, in particular beta-adrenergic inhaler use. Breathing exercises do not seem to have any substantial effect on parameters of basal lung function. Additional research is needed on the psychological and physiological mechanisms of individual breathing techniques in asthma, differential effects in subgroups of asthma patients, and the generalization of training effects on daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ritz
- Psychological Institute III, University of Hamburg, Germany.
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44
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Abstract
Although recent evidence demonstrates considerable neuroplasticity in the respiratory control system, a comprehensive conceptual framework is lacking. Our goals in this review are to define plasticity (and related neural properties) as it pertains to respiratory control and to discuss potential sites, mechanisms, and known categories of respiratory plasticity. Respiratory plasticity is defined as a persistent change in the neural control system based on prior experience. Plasticity may involve structural and/or functional alterations (most commonly both) and can arise from multiple cellular/synaptic mechanisms at different sites in the respiratory control system. Respiratory neuroplasticity is critically dependent on the establishment of necessary preconditions, the stimulus paradigm, the balance between opposing modulatory systems, age, gender, and genetics. Respiratory plasticity can be induced by hypoxia, hypercapnia, exercise, injury, stress, and pharmacological interventions or conditioning and occurs during development as well as in adults. Developmental plasticity is induced by experiences (e.g., altered respiratory gases) during sensitive developmental periods, thereby altering mature respiratory control. The same experience later in life has little or no effect. In adults, neuromodulation plays a prominent role in several forms of respiratory plasticity. For example, serotonergic modulation is thought to initiate and/or maintain respiratory plasticity following intermittent hypoxia, repeated hypercapnic exercise, spinal sensory denervation, spinal cord injury, and at least some conditioned reflexes. Considerable work is necessary before we fully appreciate the biological significance of respiratory plasticity, its underlying cellular/molecular and network mechanisms, and the potential to harness respiratory plasticity as a therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon S Mitchell
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA.
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45
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Abstract
Asthma can be affected by stress, anxiety, sadness, and suggestion, as well as by environmental irritants or allergens, exercise, and infection. It also is associated with an elevated prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders. Asthma and these psychological states and traits may mutually potentiate each other through direct psychophysiological mediation, nonadherence to medical regimen, exposure to asthma triggers, and inaccuracy of asthma symptom perception. Defensiveness is associated with inaccurate perception of airway resistance and stress-related bronchoconstriction. Asthma education programs that teach about the nature of the disease, medications, and trigger avoidance tend to reduce asthma morbidity. Other promising psychological interventions as adjuncts to medical treatment include training in symptom perception, stress management, hypnosis, yoga, and several biofeedback procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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Schleifer LM, Ley R, Spalding TW. A hyperventilation theory of job stress and musculoskeletal disorders. Am J Ind Med 2002; 41:420-32. [PMID: 12071494 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.10061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence of a link between job stress and upper extremity work-related musculoskeletal disorders. However, the biobehavioral mechanisms by which psychosocial stress factors contribute to the development of musculoskeletal disorders are uncertain. METHODS Based on established principles of breathing and job stress and the relevant empirical literatures, a hyperventilation theory of job stress and work-related musculoskeletal disorders was developed. RESULTS Hyperventilation (overbreathing) refers to a drop in arterial CO2 caused by ventilation that exceeds metabolic demands for O2. Excessive loss of CO2 (increase in rate of flow of CO2 from cells to longs) that results from hyperventilation produces a rise in blood pH (i.e., respiratory alkalosis). This disruption in the acid-base equilibrium triggers a chain of systemic physiological reactions that have adverse implications for musculoskeletal health, including increased muscle tension, muscle spasm, amplified response to catecholamines, and muscle ischemia and hypoxia. Hyperventilation is often characterized by a shift from a diaphragmatic to a thoracic breathing pattern, which imposes biomechanical stress on the neck/shoulder region due to the ancillary recruitment of sternocelidomastoid, scalene, and trapezius muscles in support of thoraci breathing. CONCLUSIONS A hyperventilation theory provides an innovative framework for understanding how job stress contributes to pathophysiological processes that increase the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. With respect to the control of these disorders, a hyperventilation theory has important implications for establishing effective work organization interventions and individual stress-management methods. In this regard, breathing is a biobehavioral metric for assessing whether psychosocial aspects of work organization are in balance with a worker's needs and resources. A hyperventilation theory also provides a unique rationale for coping with job stress and musculoskeletal discomfort through breathing training, light physical exercise, and rest breaks.
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47
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Abstract
This article was written as an introduction to a special issue of Behavior Modification dedicated to studies in the field of respiratory psychophysiology. Although the invited articles that constitute this special issue cover a fairly broad range of topics, priority was given to articles that focus on the role of respiration in panic disorder. Attention is directed to the fundamental role of breathing in applied psychophysiology and to the encouragement of research in the modification of breathing behavior. The connection between respiratory psychophysiology and behavior modification is explained by reference to (a) a recent article on Pavlovian and operant control of breathing behavior and (b) four published volumes of selected articles dedicated exclusively to the field of respiratory psychophysiology. The present special issue of Behavior Modification marks the fifth volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ley
- University at Albany, State University of New York, USA
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48
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Abstract
In this article, it is argued that learning participates to fulfill the metabolic requirements by adapting respiratory control to changing internal and external states. Recent classical-conditioning experiments in newborn mice or adult rats show the close link between conditioned respiratory and arousal responses. The conditioned fear model may be a suitable and largely unexplored model of emotionally induced hyperventilation. The parabrachial nucleus and periacqueducal grey may play a pivotal role in the ventilatory component of conditioned fear. The sensitivity of breathing to conditioning in newborn and adult animals suggests that learning processes may shape breathing pattern throughout life.
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Van Diest I, Proot P, Van De Woestijne KP, Han JN, Devriese S, Winters W, Van Den Bergh O. Critical conditions for hyperventilation responses. The role of autonomic response propositions during emotional imagery. Behav Modif 2001; 25:621-39. [PMID: 11530719 DOI: 10.1177/0145445501254008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hyperventilation is often conceived of as part of a fight-or-flight response, triggered by situations with high arousal and negative valence. However, a previous study using emotional imagery found hyperventilation responses during imagery of high-arousal scenes regardless of their valence. Those imagery scripts contained suggestions of autonomic activity, which may have partly induced or enhanced the hyperventilatory responsivity. The present study used four emotional scripts--depicting relaxing, fearful, depressive, and pleasant situations--without suggestions of autonomic or respiratory responses. After each imagery trial, participants rated their imagery for valence, arousal, and vividness. Fractional end-tidal carbon dioxide (FetCO2), inspiratory and expiratory time, tidal volume, and pulse rate were measured in a non-intrusive way. Results showed significant FetCO2 drops during the fearful and pleasant scripts. However, this effect was much smaller compared to imagery scripts with autonomic response propositions. Participants imagining scripts without autonomic response information found it harder to imagine the scripts vividly and reported lower levels of subjective arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Van Diest
- Research Group for Stress, Health, and Well-Being, Department of Psychology, University of Leuven
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50
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Poon CS, Siniaia MS. Plasticity of cardiorespiratory neural processing: classification and computational functions. RESPIRATION PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 122:83-109. [PMID: 10967337 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5687(00)00152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neural plasticity, or malleability of neuronal structure and function, is an important attribute of the mammalian forebrain and is generally thought to be a kernel of biological intelligence. In this review, we examine some reported manifestations of neural plasticity in the cardiorespiratory system and classify them into four functional categories, integral; differential; memory; and statistical-type plasticity. At the cellular and systems level the myriad forms of cardiorespiratory plasticity display emergent and self-organization properties, use- and disuse-dependent and pairing-specific properties, short-term and long-term potentiation or depression, as well as redundancy in series or parallel structures, convergent pathways or backup and fail-safe surrogate pathways. At the behavioral level, the cardiorespiratory system demonstrates the capability of associative and nonassociative learning, classical and operant conditioning as well as short-term and long-term memory. The remarkable similarity and consistency of the various types of plasticity exhibited at all levels of organization suggest that neural plasticity is integral to cardiorespiratory control and may subserve important physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Poon
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Bldg. E25-501, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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