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Mesut B, Al-Mohaya M, Gholap AD, Yeşilkaya E, Das U, Akhtar MS, Sah R, Khan S, Moin A, Faiyazuddin M. Demystifying the potential of lipid-based nanocarriers in targeting brain malignancies. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03212-6. [PMID: 38963550 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Drug targeting for brain malignancies is restricted due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB), which act as barriers between the blood and brain parenchyma. Certainly, the limited therapeutic options for brain malignancies have made notable progress with enhanced biological understanding and innovative approaches, such as targeted therapies and immunotherapies. These advancements significantly contribute to improving patient prognoses and represent a promising shift in the landscape of brain malignancy treatments. A more comprehensive understanding of the histology and pathogenesis of brain malignancies is urgently needed. Continued research focused on unraveling the intricacies of brain malignancy biology holds the key to developing innovative and tailored therapies that can improve patient outcomes. Lipid nanocarriers are highly effective drug delivery systems that significantly improve their solubility, bioavailability, and stability while also minimizing unwanted side effects. Surface-modified lipid nanocarriers (liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, lipid nanocapsules, lipid-polymer hybrid nanocarriers, lipoproteins, and lipoplexes) are employed to improve BBB penetration and uptake through various mechanisms. This systematic review illuminates and covers various topics related to brain malignancies. It explores the different methods of drug delivery used in treating brain malignancies and delves into the benefits, limitations, and types of brain-targeted lipid-based nanocarriers. Additionally, this review discusses ongoing clinical trials and patents related to brain malignancy therapies and provides a glance into future perspectives for treating this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Mesut
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34216, Turkey
| | - Mazen Al-Mohaya
- Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34216, Turkey
| | - Amol D Gholap
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar, 401404, Maharashtra, India
| | - Eda Yeşilkaya
- Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34216, Turkey
| | - Ushasi Das
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mohammad Shabib Akhtar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal.
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, 411018, Maharashtra, India.
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, 411018, Maharashtra, India.
| | | | - Afrasim Moin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, 2440, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Faiyazuddin
- School of Pharmacy, Al - Karim University, Katihar, 854106, Bihar, India.
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Ramos-Martínez E, Almeida-Aguirre EKP, Ramos-Martínez I, Torres-García VM, Pérez-Torres A, Roldán-Roldán G, Valencia-Ortega J, Moreno-Eutimio MA, Pastelin-Palacios R, Cerbón M. Neuroprotection mediated by prolactin against streptozotocin injury in brain rat areas. Brain Res 2024; 1842:149104. [PMID: 38945469 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Prolactin has been recognized as neuroprotective hormone against various types of neuronal damage. This study was aimed to determine if prolactin protects against streptozotocin injury. A series of experiments were performed to determine neuronal survival by counting total neurons in medial hippocampus cortex and cerebellum. Astrogliosis was determined by immunofluorescence assays using GFAP, and behavioral improvement by prolactin after neuronal damage was determined by open-field and light-dark box tests. Results demonstrated that prolactin induced significant neuronal survival in both the hippocampus and cortex, but not in the cerebellum. No increase in astrogliosis was identified, but a significant reduction in anxiety levels was observed. Overall data indicate that prolactin may protect against a complex form of cell damage including oxidant stress and metabolic disruption by streptozotocin. Prolactin may be helpful strategy in the treatment of neuronal damage in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Ramos-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico; Escuela de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68150, Mexico
| | | | - Iván Ramos-Martínez
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico
| | - Víctor Manuel Torres-García
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Armando Pérez-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Roldán-Roldán
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Valencia-Ortega
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico
| | - Mario Adán Moreno-Eutimio
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Pastelin-Palacios
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico.
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico.
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Pirmoradi Z, Nakhaie M, Ranjbar H, Kalantar-Neyestanaki D, Kohlmeier KA, Asadi-Shekaari M, Hassanshahi A, Shabani M. Resveratrol and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D decrease Lingo-1 levels, and improve behavior in harmaline-induced Essential tremor, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9864. [PMID: 38684734 PMCID: PMC11058818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) is a neurological disease that impairs motor and cognitive functioning. A variant of the Lingo-1 genetic locus is associated with a heightened ET risk, and increased expression of cerebellar Lingo-1. Lingo-1 has been associated with neurodegenerative processes; however, neuroprotection from ET-associated degeneration can be conferred by the protein Sirt1. Sirt1 activity can be promoted by Resveratrol (Res) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VitD3), and thus these factors may exert neuroprotective properties through a Sirt1 mechanism. As Res and VitD3 are linked to Sirt1, enhancing Sirt1 could counteract the negative effects of increased Lingo-1. Therefore, we hypothesized that a combination of Res-VitD3 in a harmaline injection model of ET would modulate Sirt1 and Lingo-1 levels. As expected, harmaline exposure (10 mg/kg/every other day; i.p.) impaired motor coordination, enhanced tremors, rearing, and cognitive dysfunction. When Res (5 mg/kg/day; i.p.) and VitD3 (0.1 mg/kg/day; i.p.) were given to adult rats (n = 8 per group) an hour before harmaline, tremor severity, rearing, and memory impairment were reduced. Individual treatment with Res and VitD3 decreased Lingo-1 gene expression levels in qPCR assays. Co-treatment with Res and VitD3 increased and decreased Sirt1 and Lingo-1 gene expression levels, respectively, and in some cases, beneficial effects on behavior were noted, which were not seen when Res or VitD3 were individually applied. Taken together, our study found that Res and VitD3 improved locomotor and cognitive deficits, modulated Sirt1 and Lingo-1. Therefore, we would recommend co-treatment of VitD3 and Res to leverage complementary effects for the management of ET symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Pirmoradi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, 76198-13159, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nakhaie
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hoda Ranjbar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, 76198-13159, Iran
| | | | - Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Majid Asadi-Shekaari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, 76198-13159, Iran
| | - Amin Hassanshahi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, 76198-13159, Iran.
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Bolon B, Gary JM. Toxicologic Pathology Forum Opinion: Apoptosis/Single Cell Necrosis as a Possible Procedural Effect in Primate Brain Following Ice-Cold Saline Perfusion. Toxicol Pathol 2024:1926233241247044. [PMID: 38661106 DOI: 10.1177/01926233241247044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Nonclinical studies of test articles (TAs) in nonhuman primates are often designed to assess both biodistribution and toxicity. For this purpose, studies commonly use intravenous perfusion of ice-cold (2°C-8°C) saline to facilitate measurements of TA-associated nucleic acids and proteins, after which tissues undergo later fixation by immersion for histological processing and microscopic evaluation. Intriguingly, minimal apoptosis/single cell necrosis (A/SCN) of randomly distributed neural cells is evident in the cerebral cortex and less often the hippocampus in animals from all groups, including vehicle-treated controls. Affected cells exhibit end-stage features such as cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia, nuclear condensation or fragmentation, and shape distortions, so their lineage(s) generally cannot be defined; classical apoptotic bodies are exceedingly rare. In addition, A/SCN is not accompanied by glial reactions, leukocyte infiltration/inflammation, or other parenchymal changes. The severity is minimal in controls but may be slightly exacerbated (to mild) by TA that accumulate in neural cells. One plausible hypothesis explaining this A/SCN exacerbation is that cold shock (perhaps complicated by concurrent tissue acidity and hypoxia) drives still-viable but TA-stressed cells to launch a self-directed death program. Taken together, these observations indicate that A/SCN in brain processed by cold saline perfusion with delayed immersion fixation represents a procedural artifact and not a TA-related lesion.
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Durán-Carabali LE, Odorcyk FK, Grun LK, Schmitz F, Ramires Junior OV, de Oliveria MR, Campos KF, Hoeper E, Carvalho AVS, Greggio S, Venturine GT, Zimmer ER, Barbé-Tuana F, Wyse ATS, Netto CA. Maternal environmental enrichment protects neonatal brains from hypoxic-ischemic challenge by mitigating brain energetic dysfunction and modulating glial cell responses. Exp Neurol 2024; 374:114713. [PMID: 38325654 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
There is evidence that maternal milieu and changes in environmental factors during the prenatal period may exert a lasting impact on the brain health of the newborn, even in case of neonatal brain hypoxia-ischemia (HI). The present study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal environmental enrichment (EE) on HI-induced energetic and metabolic failure, along with subsequent neural cell responses in the early postnatal period. Male Wistar pups born to dams exposed to maternal EE or standard conditions (SC) were randomly divided into Sham-SC, HI-SC, Sham-EE, and HI-EE groups. Neonatal HI was induced on postnatal day (PND) 3. The Na+,K+-ATPase activity, mitochondrial function and neuroinflammatory related-proteins were assessed at 24 h and 48 h after HI. MicroPET-FDG scans were used to measure glucose uptake at three time points: 24 h post-HI, PND18, and PND24. Moreover, neuronal preservation and glial cell responses were evaluated at PND18. After HI, animals exposed to maternal EE showed an increase in Na+,K+-ATPase activity, preservation of mitochondrial potential/mass ratio, and a reduction in mitochondrial swelling. Glucose uptake was preserved in HI-EE animals from PND18 onwards. Maternal EE attenuated HI-induced cell degeneration, white matter injury, and reduced astrocyte immunofluorescence. Moreover, the HI-EE group exhibited elevated levels of IL-10 and a reduction in Iba-1 positive cells. Data suggested that the regulation of AKT/ERK1/2 signaling pathways could be involved in the effects of maternal EE. This study evidenced that antenatal environmental stimuli could promote bioenergetic and neural resilience in the offspring against early HI damage, supporting the translational value of pregnancy-focused environmental treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Durán-Carabali
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - F K Odorcyk
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - L K Grun
- Group of Inflammation and Cellular Senescence, Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - F Schmitz
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (Wyse's Lab.), Brazil
| | - O V Ramires Junior
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (Wyse's Lab.), Brazil
| | - M R de Oliveria
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - K F Campos
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - E Hoeper
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Neuroscience, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - A V S Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - S Greggio
- Undergraduate Program in Biomedicine, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Preclinical Research Center, Brain Institute (BraIns) of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - G T Venturine
- Preclinical Research Center, Brain Institute (BraIns) of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - E R Zimmer
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - F Barbé-Tuana
- Group of Inflammation and Cellular Senescence, Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A T S Wyse
- Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (Wyse's Lab.), Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - C A Netto
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Graïc JM, Corain L, Finos L, Vadori V, Grisan E, Gerussi T, Orekhova K, Centelleghe C, Cozzi B, Peruffo A. Age-related changes in the primary auditory cortex of newborn, adults and aging bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus) are located in the upper cortical layers. Front Neuroanat 2024; 17:1330384. [PMID: 38250022 PMCID: PMC10796513 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1330384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The auditory system of dolphins and whales allows them to dive in dark waters, hunt for prey well below the limit of solar light absorption, and to communicate with their conspecific. These complex behaviors require specific and sufficient functional circuitry in the neocortex, and vicarious learning capacities. Dolphins are also precocious animals that can hold their breath and swim within minutes after birth. However, diving and hunting behaviors are likely not innate and need to be learned. Our hypothesis is that the organization of the auditory cortex of dolphins grows and mature not only in the early phases of life, but also in adults and aging individuals. These changes may be subtle and involve sub-populations of cells specificall linked to some circuits. Methods In the primary auditory cortex of 11 bottlenose dolphins belonging to three age groups (calves, adults, and old animals), neuronal cell shapes were analyzed separately and by cortical layer using custom computer vision and multivariate statistical analysis, to determine potential minute morphological differences across these age groups. Results The results show definite changes in interneurons, characterized by round and ellipsoid shapes predominantly located in upper cortical layers. Notably, neonates interneurons exhibited a pattern of being closer together and smaller, developing into a more dispersed and diverse set of shapes in adulthood. Discussion This trend persisted in older animals, suggesting a continuous development of connections throughout the life of these marine animals. Our findings further support the proposition that thalamic input reach upper layers in cetaceans, at least within a cortical area critical for their survival. Moreover, our results indicate the likelihood of changes in cell populations occurring in adult animals, prompting the need for characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Graïc
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Livio Corain
- Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Livio Finos
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Vadori
- Department of Computer Science and Informatics, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Enrico Grisan
- Department of Computer Science and Informatics, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tommaso Gerussi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Ksenia Orekhova
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Cinzia Centelleghe
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Bruno Cozzi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Antonella Peruffo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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Mohammadpanah M, Farrokhi S, Sani M, Moghaddam MH, Bayat AH, Boroujeni ME, Abdollahifar MA, Fathi M, Vakili K, Nikpour F, Omran HS, Ahmadirad H, Ghorbani Z, Peyvandi AA, Aliaghaei A. Exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol leads to a rise in caspase-3, morphological changes in microglial, and astrocyte reactivity in the cerebellum of rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:1077-1094. [PMID: 38145099 PMCID: PMC10734605 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to elucidate the effect of 10 mg/kg Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on cerebellar neuronal and glial morphology, apoptosis and inflammatory gene expression using a series of histological assays including stereology, Sholl analysis, immunofluorescence and real-time qPCR in male Wistar rats. A decrease in the number of Purkinje neurons and the thickness of the granular layer in the cerebellum was reported in THC-treated rats. Increased expression of Iba-1 and arborization of microglial processes were evidence of microgliosis and morphological changes in microglia. In addition, astrogliosis and changes in astrocyte morphology were other findings associated with THC administration. THC also led to an increase in caspase-3 positive cells and a decrease in autophagy and inflammatory gene expression such as mTOR, BECN1 and LAMP2. However, there were no significant changes in the volume of molecular layers and white matter, the spatial arrangement of granular layers and white matter, or the spatial arrangement of granular layers and white matter in the cerebellum. Taken together, our data showed both neuroprotective and neurodegenerative properties of THC in the cerebellum, which require further study in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Mohammadpanah
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sheida Farrokhi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sani
- Department of Educational Neuroscience, Aras International Campus, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Meysam Hassani Moghaddam
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hossein Bayat
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Sciences and Advanced Technology in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Eskandarian Boroujeni
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mobina Fathi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Vakili
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nikpour
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Salehi Omran
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ahmadirad
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeynab Ghorbani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Peyvandi
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Aliaghaei
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Guha L, Agnihotri TG, Jain A, Kumar H. Gut microbiota and traumatic central nervous system injuries: Insights into pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches. Life Sci 2023; 334:122193. [PMID: 37865177 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury are two distinct but fundamentally similar types of acute insults to the central nervous system (CNS) that often culminate in death or cognitive and motor impairment. Over the past decade, researchers have tapped into research to discover the potential role being played by gut bacteria in CNS. After an acute CNS injury, the altered composition of the gut microbiota disturbs the balance of the bidirectional gut-brain axis, aggravating secondary CNS injury, motor dysfunctions, and cognitive deficits, which worsens the patient's prognosis. Some of the well-known therapeutic interventions which can also be used as adjuvant therapy for alleviating CNS injuries include, the use of pro and prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and microbial engineering. In this review, we aim to discuss the importance of gut microbes in our nervous system, anatomy, and signaling pathways involved in regulating the gut-brain axis, the alteration of the gut microbiome in CNS injuries, and the therapeutic strategies to target gut microbiomes in traumatic CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lahanya Guha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Tejas Girish Agnihotri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Aakanchha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India.
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Machado DN, Durán-Carabali LE, Odorcyk FK, Carvalho AVS, Martini APR, Schlemmer LM, de Mattos MDM, Bernd GP, Dalmaz C, Netto CA. Bumetanide Attenuates Cognitive Deficits and Brain Damage in Rats Subjected to Hypoxia-Ischemia at Two Time Points of the Early Postnatal Period. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:526-545. [PMID: 37378827 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is one of the main causes of tissue damage, cell death, and imbalance between neuronal excitation and inhibition and synaptic loss in newborns. GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system (CNS) in adults, is excitatory at the onset of neurodevelopment and its action depends on the chloride (Cl-) cotransporters NKCC1 (imports Cl-) and KCC2 (exports Cl-) expression. Under basal conditions, the NKCC1/KCC2 ratio decreases over neurodevelopment. Thus, changes in this ratio caused by HI may be related to neurological disorders. The present study evaluated the effects of bumetanide (NKCC cotransporters inhibitor) on HI impairments in two neurodevelopmental periods. Male Wistar rat pups, 3 (PND3) and 11 (PND11) days old, were submitted to the Rice-Vannucci model. Animals were divided into 3 groups: SHAM, HI-SAL, and HI-BUM, considering each age. Bumetanide was administered intraperitoneally at 1, 24, 48, and 72 h after HI. NKCC1, KCC2, PSD-95, and synaptophysin proteins were analyzed after the last injection by western blot. Negative geotaxis, righting reflex, open field, object recognition test, and Morris water maze task were performed to assess neurological reflexes, locomotion, and memory function. Tissue atrophy and cell death were evaluated by histology. Bumetanide prevented neurodevelopmental delay, hyperactivity, and declarative and spatial memory deficits. Furthermore, bumetanide reversed HI-induced brain tissue damage, reduced neuronal death and controlled GABAergic tone, maintained the NKCC1/KCC2 ratio, and synaptogenesis close to normality. Thereby, bumetanide appears to play an important therapeutic role in the CNS, protecting the animals against HI damage and improving functional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diorlon Nunes Machado
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Luz Elena Durán-Carabali
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe Kawa Odorcyk
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andrey Vinicios Soares Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Rodrigues Martini
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Neuroscience, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Livia Machado Schlemmer
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Marcel de Medeiros de Mattos
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Pereira Bernd
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Carla Dalmaz
- Departament of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Departament of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departament of Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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10
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López-Ornelas A, Escobedo-Avila I, Ramírez-García G, Lara-Rodarte R, Meléndez-Ramírez C, Urrieta-Chávez B, Barrios-García T, Cáceres-Chávez VA, Flores-Ponce X, Carmona F, Reynoso CA, Aguilar C, Kerik NE, Rocha L, Verdugo-Díaz L, Treviño V, Bargas J, Ramos-Mejía V, Fernández-Ruiz J, Campos-Romo A, Velasco I. Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Immature Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Transplanted in Parkinsonian Monkeys. Cells 2023; 12:2738. [PMID: 38067166 PMCID: PMC10706241 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) differentiate into specialized cells, including midbrain dopaminergic neurons (DANs), and Non-human primates (NHPs) injected with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine develop some alterations observed in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Here, we obtained well-characterized DANs from hESCs and transplanted them into two parkinsonian monkeys to assess their behavioral and imaging changes. DANs from hESCs expressed dopaminergic markers, generated action potentials, and released dopamine (DA) in vitro. These neurons were transplanted bilaterally into the putamen of parkinsonian NHPs, and using magnetic resonance imaging techniques, we calculated the fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), both employed for the first time for these purposes, to detect in vivo axonal and cellular density changes in the brain. Likewise, positron-emission tomography scans were performed to evaluate grafted DANs. Histological analyses identified grafted DANs, which were quantified stereologically. After grafting, animals showed signs of partially improved motor behavior in some of the HALLWAY motor tasks. Improvement in motor evaluations was inversely correlated with increases in bilateral FA. MD did not correlate with behavior but presented a negative correlation with FA. We also found higher 11C-DTBZ binding in positron-emission tomography scans associated with grafts. Higher DA levels measured by microdialysis after stimulation with a high-potassium solution or amphetamine were present in grafted animals after ten months, which has not been previously reported. Postmortem analysis of NHP brains showed that transplanted DANs survived in the putamen long-term, without developing tumors, in immunosuppressed animals. Although these results need to be confirmed with larger groups of NHPs, our molecular, behavioral, biochemical, and imaging findings support the integration and survival of human DANs in this pre-clinical PD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo López-Ornelas
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular—Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.L.-O.); (I.E.-A.); (R.L.-R.); (C.M.-R.); (B.U.-C.); (V.A.C.-C.); (X.F.-P.); (J.B.)
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
- División de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, Mexico
| | - Itzel Escobedo-Avila
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular—Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.L.-O.); (I.E.-A.); (R.L.-R.); (C.M.-R.); (B.U.-C.); (V.A.C.-C.); (X.F.-P.); (J.B.)
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (L.V.-D.); (J.F.-R.)
- Unidad Periférica de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
| | - Gabriel Ramírez-García
- Unidad Periférica de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
| | - Rolando Lara-Rodarte
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular—Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.L.-O.); (I.E.-A.); (R.L.-R.); (C.M.-R.); (B.U.-C.); (V.A.C.-C.); (X.F.-P.); (J.B.)
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - César Meléndez-Ramírez
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular—Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.L.-O.); (I.E.-A.); (R.L.-R.); (C.M.-R.); (B.U.-C.); (V.A.C.-C.); (X.F.-P.); (J.B.)
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Beetsi Urrieta-Chávez
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular—Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.L.-O.); (I.E.-A.); (R.L.-R.); (C.M.-R.); (B.U.-C.); (V.A.C.-C.); (X.F.-P.); (J.B.)
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Tonatiuh Barrios-García
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64710, Mexico; (T.B.-G.); (V.T.)
| | - Verónica A. Cáceres-Chávez
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular—Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.L.-O.); (I.E.-A.); (R.L.-R.); (C.M.-R.); (B.U.-C.); (V.A.C.-C.); (X.F.-P.); (J.B.)
| | - Xóchitl Flores-Ponce
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular—Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.L.-O.); (I.E.-A.); (R.L.-R.); (C.M.-R.); (B.U.-C.); (V.A.C.-C.); (X.F.-P.); (J.B.)
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Francia Carmona
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav), Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (F.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Carlos Alberto Reynoso
- Molecular Imaging PET-CT Unit, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.A.R.); (C.A.); (N.E.K.)
| | - Carlos Aguilar
- Molecular Imaging PET-CT Unit, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.A.R.); (C.A.); (N.E.K.)
| | - Nora E. Kerik
- Molecular Imaging PET-CT Unit, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.A.R.); (C.A.); (N.E.K.)
| | - Luisa Rocha
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav), Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (F.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Leticia Verdugo-Díaz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (L.V.-D.); (J.F.-R.)
| | - Víctor Treviño
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64710, Mexico; (T.B.-G.); (V.T.)
| | - José Bargas
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular—Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.L.-O.); (I.E.-A.); (R.L.-R.); (C.M.-R.); (B.U.-C.); (V.A.C.-C.); (X.F.-P.); (J.B.)
| | - Verónica Ramos-Mejía
- Gene Regulation, Stem Cells, and Development Group, GENYO-Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, PTS, 18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - Juan Fernández-Ruiz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (L.V.-D.); (J.F.-R.)
| | - Aurelio Campos-Romo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (L.V.-D.); (J.F.-R.)
- Unidad Periférica de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular—Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.L.-O.); (I.E.-A.); (R.L.-R.); (C.M.-R.); (B.U.-C.); (V.A.C.-C.); (X.F.-P.); (J.B.)
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
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11
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Draper M, Bester MJ, Van Rooy MJ, Oberholzer HM. Adverse neurological effects after exposure to copper, manganese, and mercury mixtures in a Spraque-Dawley rat model: an ultrastructural investigation. Ultrastruct Pathol 2023; 47:509-528. [PMID: 37849276 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2023.2270580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental metal pollutants is linked to oxidative stress and the subsequent development of neurological disease. In this study, the effects of copper, manganese, and mercury, were evaluated at X100 the World Health Organization safety limits for drinking water. Using a Sprague-Dawley rat model, following exposure for 28 days, the effects of these metals on biochemical blood parameters and tissue and cellular structure of the brain were determined. Biochemical analysis revealed no hepatocellular injury with minor changes associated with the hepatobiliary system. Minimal changes were found for renal function and the Na+/K+ ratio was reduced in the copper and manganese (Cu + Mn) and copper, manganese, and mercury (Cu, Mn + Hg) groups that could affect neurological function. Light microscopy of the brain revealed abnormal histopathology of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum and pyramidal cells in the cerebrum as well as tissue damage and fibrosis of the surface blood vessels. Transmission electron microscopy of the cerebral neurons showed microscopic signs of axonal damage, chromatin condensation, the presence of indistinct nucleoli and mitochondrial damage. Together these cellular features suggest the presence and influence of oxidative stress. Exposure to these metals at X100 the safety limits, as part of mixtures, induces changes to neurological tissue that could adversely influence neurological functioning in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine Draper
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Megan Jean Bester
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Mia-Jeanne Van Rooy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
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12
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Palumbo MC, Gautam M, Sonneborn A, Kim K, Wilmarth PA, Reddy AP, Shi X, Marks DL, Sahay G, Abbas AI, Janowsky A. MicroRNA137-loaded lipid nanoparticles regulate synaptic proteins in the prefrontal cortex. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2975-2990. [PMID: 37644723 PMCID: PMC10556225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies indicate that allele variants in MIR137, the host gene of microRNA137 (miR137), confer an increased risk of schizophrenia (SCZ). Aberrant expression of miR137 and its targets, many of which regulate synaptic functioning, are also associated with an increased risk of SCZ. Thus, miR137 represents an attractive target aimed at correcting the molecular basis for synaptic dysfunction in individuals with high genetic risk for SCZ. Advancements in nanotechnology utilize lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to transport and deliver therapeutic RNA. However, there remains a gap in using LNPs to regulate gene and protein expression in the brain. To study the delivery of nucleic acids by LNPs to the brain, we found that LNPs released miR137 cargo and inhibited target transcripts of interest in neuroblastoma cells. Biodistribution of LNPs loaded with firefly luciferase mRNA remained localized to the mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC) injection site without circulating to off-target organs. LNPs encapsulating Cre mRNA preferentially co-expressed in neuronal over microglial or astrocytic cells. Using quantitative proteomics, we found miR137 modulated glutamatergic synaptic protein networks that are commonly dysregulated in SCZ. These studies support engineering the next generation of brain-specific LNPs to deliver RNA therapeutics and improve symptoms of central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Palumbo
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Milan Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Alex Sonneborn
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kilsun Kim
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Phillip A Wilmarth
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ashok P Reddy
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Xiao Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Daniel L Marks
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gaurav Sahay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Atheir I Abbas
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Aaron Janowsky
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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13
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Kolesnikova IA, Lalkovičova M, Severyukhin YS, Golikova KN, Utina DM, Pronskikh EV, Despotović SZ, Gaevsky VN, Pirić D, Masnikosa R, Budennaya NN. The Effects of Whole Body Gamma Irradiation on Mice, Age-Related Behavioral, and Pathophysiological Changes. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3723-3741. [PMID: 37402948 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
We designed a study with the objective to determine the long-term radiation effects of gamma rays, originating from a single shot of Co60 at a dose of 2 Gy on the 7-month-old male mice of the ICR line in 30 days after the irradiation. The aim of this study was to characterize the behavior of animals using the Open Field test, immuno-hematological status, and morpho-functional changes in the central nervous system of mice. Irradiated animals displayed significantly different behavior in the OF in comparison with the control group. The radiation damage was confirmed by assessing the ratio of leukocytes in the peripheral blood of mice at a later date after exposure to Co60. After irradiation, a decrease in the glioneuronal complex was observed in the irritated group as well as histological changes of brain cells. To sum up, not only was the hematological status of mice altered upon the total gamma irradiation, but also their behavior, which was most probably due to significant alterations in the CNS. Study of influence of ionizing radiation on female mice, comparison between different age groups. Open Field test on the 30 days after 2 Gy of γ-rays and histological analysis indicated changes in behavioral patterns, leucocytes, and brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Kolesnikova
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, Dubna, Russia, 14198
| | - M Lalkovičova
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, Dubna, Russia, 14198.
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 04154, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Yu S Severyukhin
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, Dubna, Russia, 14198
- State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of the Moscow Region University Dubna, Dubna, Russia
| | - K N Golikova
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, Dubna, Russia, 14198
| | - D M Utina
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, Dubna, Russia, 14198
| | - E V Pronskikh
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, Dubna, Russia, 14198
- State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of the Moscow Region University Dubna, Dubna, Russia
| | - Sanja Z Despotović
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - V N Gaevsky
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, Dubna, Russia, 14198
| | - D Pirić
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinča, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - R Masnikosa
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinča, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - N N Budennaya
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, Dubna, Russia, 14198
- State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of the Moscow Region University Dubna, Dubna, Russia
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14
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Bolon B. Toxicologic Pathology Forum Opinion: Rational Approaches to Expanded Neurohistopathology Evaluation for Nonclinical General Toxicity Studies and Juvenile Animal Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2023; 51:363-374. [PMID: 38288942 DOI: 10.1177/01926233231225239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Existing nervous system sampling and processing "best practices" for nonclinical general toxicity studies (GTS) were designed to assess test articles with unknown, no known, or well-known neurotoxic potential. Similar practices are applicable to juvenile animal studies (JAS). In GTS and JAS, the recommended baseline sampling for all species includes brain (7 sections), spinal cord (cervical and lumbar divisions [cross and longitudinal sections for each]), and 1 nerve (sciatic or tibial [cross and longitudinal sections]) in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. Extra sampling and processing (ie, an "expanded neurohistopathology evaluation" [ENHP]) are used for agents with anticipated neuroactivity (toxic ± therapeutic) of incompletely characterized location and degree. Expanded sampling incorporates additional brain (usually 8-15 sections total), spinal cord (thoracic ± sacral divisions), ganglia (somatic ± autonomic, often 2-8 total), and/or nerves (2-6 total) depending on the species and study objectives. Expanded processing typically adds special neurohistological procedures (usually 1-4 for selected samples) to characterize glial reactions, myelin integrity, and/or neuroaxonal damage. In my view, GTS and JAS designs should sample neural tissues at necropsy as if ENHP will be needed eventually, and when warranted ENHP may incorporate expanded sampling and/or expanded processing depending on the study objective(s).
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15
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Lynch DG, Shah KA, Powell K, Wadolowski S, Tambo W, Strohl JJ, Unadkat P, Eidelberg D, Huerta PT, Li C. Neurobehavioral Impairments Predict Specific Cerebral Damage in Rat Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2023:10.1007/s12975-023-01180-2. [PMID: 37493939 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a severe form of stroke that can cause unpredictable and diffuse cerebral damage, which is difficult to detect until it becomes irreversible. Therefore, there is a need for a reliable method to identify dysfunctional regions and initiate treatment before permanent damage occurs. Neurobehavioral assessments have been suggested as a possible tool to detect and approximately localize dysfunctional cerebral regions. In this study, we hypothesized that a neurobehavioral assessment battery could be a sensitive and specific method for detecting damage in discrete cerebral regions following SAH. To test this hypothesis, a behavioral battery was employed at multiple time points after SAH induced via an endovascular perforation, and brain damage was confirmed via postmortem histopathological analysis. Our results demonstrate that impairment of sensorimotor function accurately predict damage in the cerebral cortex (AUC 0.905; sensitivity 81.8%; specificity 90.9%) and striatum (AUC 0.913; sensitivity 90.1%; specificity 100%), while impaired novel object recognition is a more accurate indicator of damage to the hippocampus (AUC 0.902; sensitivity 74.1%; specificity 83.3%) than impaired reference memory (AUC 0.746; sensitivity 72.2%; specificity 58.0%). Tests for anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors predict damage to the amygdala (AUC 0.900; sensitivity 77.0%; specificity 81.7%) and thalamus (AUC 0.963; sensitivity 86.3%; specificity 87.8%), respectively. This study suggests that recurring behavioral testing can accurately predict damage in specific brain regions, which could be developed into a clinical battery for early detection of SAH damage in humans, potentially improving early treatment and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Lynch
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Kevin A Shah
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Keren Powell
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Steven Wadolowski
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Willians Tambo
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Joshua J Strohl
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Immune and Neural Networks, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Prashin Unadkat
- Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Center for Neurosciences, Lab for Behavioral and Molecular Neuroimaging, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - David Eidelberg
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Center for Neurosciences, Lab for Behavioral and Molecular Neuroimaging, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Patricio T Huerta
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Immune and Neural Networks, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Chunyan Li
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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16
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Abdelrahman SA, El-Shal AS, Abdelrahman AA, Saleh EZH, Mahmoud AA. Neuroprotective effects of quercetin on the cerebellum of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnoNps)-exposed rats. Tissue Barriers 2023; 11:2115273. [PMID: 35996208 PMCID: PMC10364653 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2115273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials induce hazardous effects at the cellular and molecular levels. We investigated different mechanisms underlying the neurotoxic potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on cerebellar tissue and clarified the ameliorative role of Quercetin supplementation. Forty adult male albino rats were divided into control group (I), ZnONPs-exposed group (II), and ZnONPs and Quercetin group (III). Oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA & TOS), antioxidant biomarkers (SOD, GSH, GR, and TAC), serum interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were measured. Serum micro-RNA (miRNA): miRNA-21-5p, miRNA-122-5p, miRNA-125b-5p, and miRNA-155-3p expression levels were quantified by real-time quantitative polymerase-chain reaction (RT-QPCR). Cerebellar tissue sections were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin and Silver stains and examined microscopically. Expression levels of Calbindin D28k, GFAP, and BAX proteins in cerebellar tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry. Quercetin supplementation lowered oxidative stress biomarkers levels and ameliorated the antioxidant parameters that were decreased by ZnONPs. No significant differences in GR activity were detected between the study groups. ZnONPs significantly increased serum IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α which were improved with Quercetin. Serum miRNA-21-5p, miRNA-122-5p, miRNA-125b-5p, and miRNA-155-p expression levels showed significant increase in ZnONPs group, while no significant difference was observed between Quercetin-treated group and control group. ZnONPs markedly impaired cerebellar tissue structure with decreased levels of calbindin D28k, increased BAX and GFAP expression. Quercetin supplementation ameliorated cerebellar tissue apoptosis, gliosis and improved calbindin levels. In conclusion: Quercetin supplementation ameliorated cerebellar neurotoxicity induced by ZnONPs at cellular and molecular basis by different studied mechanisms.Abbreviations: NPs: Nanoparticles, ROS: reactive oxygen species, ZnONPs: Zinc oxide nanoparticles, AgNPs: silver nanoparticles, BBB: blood-brain barrier, ncRNAs: Non-coding RNAs, miRNA: Micro RNA, DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide, LPO: lipid peroxidation, MDA: malondialdehyde, TBA: thiobarbituric acid, TOS: total oxidative status, ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, H2O2: hydrogen peroxide, SOD: superoxide dismutase, GR: glutathione reductase, TAC: total antioxidant capacity, IL-1: interleukin-1, TNF: tumor necrosis factor alpha, cDNA: complementary DNA, RT-QPCR: Real-time quantitative polymerase-chain reaction, ABC: Avidin biotin complex technique, DAB: 3', 3-diaminobenzidine, SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences, ANOVA: One way analysis of variance, Tukey's HSD: Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference, GFAP: glial fiberillar acitic protein, iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase, NO: nitric oxide, HO-1: heme oxygenase-1, Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, NF-B: nuclear factor-B, SCI: spinal cord injury, CB: Calbindin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa A. Abdelrahman
- Medical Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amal S. El-Shal
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer A. Abdelrahman
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ebtehal Zaid Hassen Saleh
- Medical Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Abeer A. Mahmoud
- Medical Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Flores A, Moyano P, Sola E, García JM, García J, Frejo MT, Guerra-Menéndez L, Labajo E, Lobo I, Abascal L, Pino JD. Bisphenol-A Neurotoxic Effects on Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:782. [PMID: 37372067 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The widely used plasticizer bisphenol-A (BPA) is well-known for producing neurodegeneration and cognitive disorders, following acute and long-term exposure. Although some of the BPA actions involved in these effects have been unraveled, they are still incompletely known. Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) regulate memory and learning processes and their selective loss, as observed in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, leads to cognitive decline. In order to study the BPA neurotoxic effects on BFCN and the mechanisms through which they are induced, 60-day old Wistar rats were used, and a neuroblastoma cholinergic cell line from the basal forebrain (SN56) was used as a basal forebrain cholinergic neuron model. Acute treatment of rats with BPA (40 µg/kg) induced a more pronounced basal forebrain cholinergic neuronal loss. Exposure to BPA, following 1- or 14-days, produced postsynaptic-density-protein-95 (PSD95), synaptophysin, spinophilin, and N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor-subunit-1 (NMDAR1) synaptic proteins downregulation, an increase in glutamate content through an increase in glutaminase activity, a downregulation in the vesicular-glutamate-transporter-2 (VGLUT2) and in the WNT/β-Catenin pathway, and cell death in SN56 cells. These toxic effects observed in SN56 cells were mediated by overexpression of histone-deacetylase-2 (HDAC2). These results may help to explain the synaptic plasticity, cognitive dysfunction, and neurodegeneration induced by the plasticizer BPA, which could contribute to their prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Flores
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Moyano
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Sola
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel García
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jimena García
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Frejo
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Guerra-Menéndez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo CEU, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Labajo
- Departamento de Medicina Legal, Psiquiatría y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Lobo
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa Abascal
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Del Pino
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Lynch DG, Shah KA, Powell K, Wadolowski S, Ayol WT, Strohl JJ, Unadkat P, Eidelberg D, Huerta PT, Li C. Neurobehavioral impairments predict specific cerebral damage in rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2943917. [PMID: 37292945 PMCID: PMC10246236 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2943917/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a severe form of stroke that can cause unpredictable and diffuse cerebral damage, which is difficult to detect until it becomes irreversible. Therefore, there is a need for a reliable method to identify dysfunctional regions and initiate treatment before permanent damage occurs. Neurobehavioral assessments have been suggested as a possible tool to detect and approximately localize dysfunctional cerebral regions. In this study, we hypothesized that a neurobehavioral assessment battery could be a sensitive and specific early warning for damage in discrete cerebral regions following SAH. To test this hypothesis, a behavioral battery was employed at multiple time points after SAH induced via an endovascular perforation, and brain damage was confirmed via postmortem histopathological analysis. Our results demonstrate that impairment of sensorimotor function accurately predict damage in the cerebral cortex (AUC: 0.905; sensitivity: 81.8%; specificity: 90.9%) and striatum (AUC: 0.913; sensitivity: 90.1%; specificity: 100%), while impaired novel object recognition is a more accurate indicator of damage to the hippocampus (AUC: 0.902; sensitivity: 74.1%; specificity: 83.3%) than impaired reference memory (AUC: 0.746; sensitivity: 72.2%; specificity: 58.0%). Tests for anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors predict damage to the amygdala (AUC: 0.900; sensitivity: 77.0%; specificity: 81.7%) and thalamus (AUC: 0.963; sensitivity: 86.3%; specificity: 87.8%), respectively. This study suggests that recurring behavioral testing can accurately predict damage in specific brain regions, which could be developed into a clinical battery for early detection of SAH damage in humans, potentially improving early treatment and outcomes.
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Carvalho PS, Fonseca-Rodrigues D, Pacheco M, Almeida A, Pinto-Ribeiro F, Pereira P. Comparative neurotoxicity of dietary methylmercury and waterborne inorganic mercury in fish: Evidence of optic tectum vulnerability through morphometric and histopathological assessments. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 261:106557. [PMID: 37329637 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the effects of inorganic mercury (iHg) and methylmercury (MeHg) on the fish optic tectum morphology, viz. in relation to: (i) vulnerability of specific optic tectum layers; (ii) preferential targeting of Hg forms to neurons or glial cells; (iii) comparative toxicity of iHg and MeHg in this brain area that is in the maintenance of several fish behaviors. Two experiments exposing juvenile white seabream (Diplodus sargus) to waterborne iHg [HgCl2 (2 μg L-1)] and dietary MeHg (8.7 μg g-1) were performed, comprising both exposure (7 and 14 days; E7 and E14, respectively) and post-exposure (28 days; PE28) periods. Morphometric assessments were performed using stereological methods where the layers of the optic tectum were outlined, while its area and the number of neurons and glial cells were estimated. A histopathological assessment was also performed per section and per layer of optic tectum. iHg exposure did not trigger the loss of neurons during the exposure periods, while a decrease of glial cells was detected in a single layer of the optic tectum at E14. Differently, upon MeHg exposure, a decrease on the number of neurons and glial cells was found in several layers of optic tectum. In the post-exposure, both Hg forms triggered the loss of neurons, while only MeHg exposure led to a decrease on the number of glia cells. The histopathological assessment pointed out a higher toxicity of MeHg in the optic tectum layers, particularly in the post-exposure period, while no significant alterations were found in fish exposed to iHg. Hg forms targeted preferentially neurons. iHg and MeHg are relevant neurotoxicants to fish, with MeHg exposure leading to a higher toxicity than iHg in the optic tectum. After 28 days of post-exposure, iHg and MeHg neurotoxicity remained prominent, suggesting long-term effects of these toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia S Carvalho
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Diana Fonseca-Rodrigues
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga 4750-057, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mário Pacheco
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Armando Almeida
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga 4750-057, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Filipa Pinto-Ribeiro
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga 4750-057, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Pereira
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
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Martínez-Tapia R, Estrada-Rojo F, López-Aceves T, García-Velasco S, Rodríguez-Mata V, Pulido-Camarillo E, Pérez-Torres A, López-Flores E, Ugalde-Muñiz P, Noriega-Navarro R, Navarro L. A model of traumatic brain injury in rats is influenced by neuroprotection of diurnal variation which improves motor behavior and histopathology in white matter myelin. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16088. [PMID: 37215868 PMCID: PMC10196591 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a significant public health concern and has been associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. TBI generates two types of brain damage: primary and secondary. Secondary damage originates a series of pathophysiological processes, which include metabolic crisis, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation, which have deleterious consequences for neuronal function. However, neuroprotective mechanisms are also activated. The balance among these tissue responses, and its variations throughout the day determines the fate of the damage tissue. We have demonstrated less behavioral and morphological damage when a rat model of TBI was induced during the light hours of the day. Moreover, here we show that rats subjected to TBI in the dark lost less body weight than those subjected to TBI in the light, despite no change in food intake. Besides, the rats subjected to TBI in the dark had better performance in the beam walking test and presented less histological damage in the corpus callosum and the cingulum bundle, as shown by the Klüver-Barrera staining. Our results suggest that the time of day when the injury occurs is important. Thus, this data should be used to evaluate the pathophysiological processes of TBI events and develop better therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.J. Martínez-Tapia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - F. Estrada-Rojo
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - T.G. López-Aceves
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - S. García-Velasco
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - V. Rodríguez-Mata
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E. Pulido-Camarillo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A. Pérez-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E.Y. López-Flores
- Residente de Anatomía Patológica, CMN “20 de Noviembre”, ISSSTE, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - P. Ugalde-Muñiz
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - R. Noriega-Navarro
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - L. Navarro
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
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Sola E, Moyano P, Flores A, García JM, García J, Anadon MJ, Frejo MT, Pelayo A, de la Cabeza Fernandez M, Del Pino J. Cadmium-promoted thyroid hormones disruption mediates ROS, inflammation, Aβ and Tau proteins production, gliosis, spongiosis and neurodegeneration in rat basal forebrain. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 375:110428. [PMID: 36868496 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) produces cognition decline following single and repeated treatment, although the complete mechanisms are still unrevealed. Basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons innervate the cortex and hippocampus, regulating cognition. Cd single and repeated exposure induced BF cholinergic neuronal loss, partly through thyroid hormones (THs) disruption, which may cause the cognition decline observed following Cd exposure. However, the mechanisms through which THs disruption mediate this effect remain unknown. To research the possible mechanisms through which Cd-induced THs deficiency may mediate BF neurodegeneration, Wistar male rats were treated with Cd for 1- (1 mg/kg) or 28-days (0.1 mg/kg) with or without triiodothyronine (T3, 40 μg/kg/day). Cd exposure promoted neurodegeneration, spongiosis, gliosis and several mechanisms related to these alterations (increased H202, malondialdehyde, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, BACE1, Aβ and phosphorylated-Tau levels, and decreased phosphorylated-AKT and phosphorylated-GSK-3β levels). T3 supplementation partially reversed the effects observed. Our results show that Cd induces several mechanisms that may be responsible for the neurodegeneration, spongiosis and gliosis observed in the rats' BF, which are partially mediated by a reduction in THs levels. These data may help to explain the mechanisms through which Cd induces BF neurodegeneration, possibly leading to the cognitive decline observed, providing new therapeutic tools to prevent and treat these damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sola
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Moyano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Andrea Flores
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel García
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jimena García
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Anadon
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Frejo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adela Pelayo
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria de la Cabeza Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Del Pino
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Li C, Song W, Chan JFW, Chen Y, Liu F, Ye Z, Lam AHC, Cai J, Lee ACY, Wong BHY, Chu H, Lung DC, Sridhar S, Chen H, Zhang AJX, Yuen KY. Intranasal infection by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants can induce inflammatory brain damage in newly-weaned hamsters. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023:2207678. [PMID: 37122119 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2207678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
SummaryIntranasal infection of newly-weaned Syrian hamsters by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants can lead to brain inflammation and neuron degeneration with detectable low viral load and sparse expression of viral nucleoprotein.AbstractChildren infected by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant may develop neurological complications. To study the pathogenesis in the growing brain, we intranasally challenged newly-weaned or mature hamsters with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, BA.5 or Delta variant. Omicron BA.2 and Delta infection produced a significantly lower viral load in the lung tissues of newly-weaned than mature hamsters despite comparable histopathological damages. Newly-weaned hamsters had higher brain viral load, significantly increased cerebrospinal fluid concentration of TNF-α and CXCL10 and inflammatory damages including mild meningitis and parenchymal vascular congestion, despite sparse expression of nucleocapsid antigen in brain cells. Furthermore, 63.6% (28/44) of all SARS-CoV-2 infected newly-weaned hamsters showed microgliosis in olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex and hippocampus. In infected mature hamsters, microgliosis were observed mainly in olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex of 35.3% (12/34) of their brains. Neuronal degeneration was found in 75% (33/44) of newly-weaned hamsters affecting multiple regions including olfactory bulb, olfactory cortex, midbrain cortex and hippocampus, while such changes were mainly observed in hippocampus of mature hamsters. Importantly, similar brain histopathology was observed in Omicron BA.5 infected newly-weaned hamsters. Our study suggested that SARS-CoV-2 may affect the brain at young age. This kind of brain involvement and histological changes are not virus variant or subvariant specific. Incidentally, moderate amount of eosinophilic infiltration was observed in the mucosa of nasal turbinate and trachea of newly-weaned hamsters infected by Omicron BA.2 and BA.5 but not Delta variant. This histological finding is consistent with the higher incidence of laryngotracheobronchitis in young children infected by the Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wenchen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Yanxia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Feifei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhanhong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Alvin Hui-Chung Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jianpiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Andrew Chak-Yiu Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Bosco Ho-Yin Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - David Christopher Lung
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Anna Jin-Xia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, China
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Klein M, Naffaa V, Chevillard L, Risède P, Saubaméa B, Adle-Biassette H, Mégarbane B. Does lithium poisoning induce brain injuries?-A histopathological rat study. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 132:449-453. [PMID: 36808477 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Due to a narrow therapeutic index, prolonged lithium treatment and overdose may result in neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicity is deemed reversible with lithium clearance. However, echoing the report of syndrome of irreversible lithium-effectuated neurotoxicity (SILENT) in rare severe poisonings, lithium-induced histopathological brain injuries including extensive neuronal vacuolization, spongiosis and ageing-like neurodegenerative changes were described in the rat following acute toxic and pharmacological exposure. We aimed to investigate the histopathological consequences of lithium exposure in rat models mimicking prolonged treatment and all three patterns of acute, acute-on-chronic and chronic poisonings observed in humans. We performed histopathology and immunostaining-based analyses using optic microscopy of brains obtained from male Sprague-Dawley rats randomly assigned to lithium or saline (controls) and treated according to the therapeutic or to the three poisoning models. No lesion was observed in any brain structure in any of the models. Neuron and astrocyte counts did not differ significantly between lithium-treated rats and controls. Our findings support that lithium-induced neurotoxicity is reversible and brain injury not a common feature of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Klein
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS-1144, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Homa Adle-Biassette
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm NeuroDiderot, Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS-1144, Paris, France.,Réanimation Médicale et Toxicologique, Hôpital Lariboisière, Fédération de Toxicologie, AP-HP, Paris, France
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24
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Chin JS, Milbreta U, Becker DL, Chew SY. Targeting connexin 43 expression via scaffold mediated delivery of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide preserves neurons, enhances axonal extension, reduces astrocyte and microglial activation after spinal cord injury. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314221145789. [PMID: 36798907 PMCID: PMC9926388 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221145789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) provokes an inflammatory reaction and secondary damage that result in further tissue damage and destruction of neurons away from the injury site. Upon injury, expression of connexin 43 (Cx43), a gap junction protein, upregulates and is responsible for the spread and amplification of cell death signals through these gap junctions. In this study, we hypothesise that the downregulation of Cx43 by scaffold-mediated controlled delivery of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (asODN), would minimise secondary injuries and cell death, and thereby support tissue regeneration after nerve injuries. Specifically, using spinal cord injury (SCI) as a proof-of-principle, we utilised a fibre-hydrogel scaffold for sustained delivery of Cx43asODN, while providing synergistic topographical cues to guide axonal ingrowth. Correspondingly, scaffolds loaded with Cx43asODN, in the presence of NT-3, suppressed Cx43 up-regulation after complete transection SCI in rats. These scaffolds facilitated the sustained release of Cx43asODN for up to 25 days. Importantly, asODN treatment preserved neurons around the injury site, promoted axonal extension, decreased glial scarring, and reduced microglial activation after SCI. Our results suggest that implantation of such scaffold-mediated asODN delivery platform could serve as an effective alternative SCI therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiah Shin Chin
- Nanyang Institute of Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Ulla Milbreta
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - David L Becker
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,Skin Research Institute Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, Singapore
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,Sing Yian Chew, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 639798, Singapore.
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25
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Bolon B. Toxicologic Pathology Forum Opinion: Interpretation of Gliosis in the Brain and Spinal Cord Observed During Nonclinical Safety Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2023; 51:68-76. [PMID: 37057409 DOI: 10.1177/01926233231164557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Gliosis, defined as a nonneoplastic reaction (hypertrophy and/or proliferation) of astrocytes and/or microglial cells, is a frequent finding in the central nervous system (CNS [brain and/or spinal cord]) in nonclinical safety studies. Gliosis in rodents and nonrodents occurs at low incidence as a spontaneous finding and is induced by various test articles (e.g., biomolecules, cell and gene therapies, small molecules) delivered centrally (i.e., by injection or infusion into cerebrospinal fluid or neural tissue) or systemically. Several CNS gliosis patterns occur in nonclinical species. First, gliosis may accompany degeneration and/or necrosis of cells (mainly neurons) or neural parenchyma (neuron processes and myelin). Second, gliosis often follows inflammation (i.e., leukocyte accumulation causing parenchymal damage) or neoplasm formation. Third, gliosis may appear as variably sized, randomly scattered foci of reactive glial cells in the absence of visible parenchymal damage or inflammation. In interpreting test article-related CNS gliosis, adversity is indicated by parenchymal injury (e.g., degeneration, necrosis, or inflammation) and not the mere existence of a glial reaction. In the absence of clear structural damage to the parenchyma, gliosis as a standalone CNS finding should be interpreted as a nonadverse reaction to regional alterations in microenvironmental conditions rather than as evidence of a glial reaction associated with neurotoxicity.
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Alternate day fasting and time-restricted feeding may confer similar neuroprotective effects during aging in male rats. Biogerontology 2022; 23:757-770. [PMID: 36138254 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09991-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Age associated neurodegenerative changes are acknowledged to play a causative role in a majority of neurological diseases that accompany aging in organisms. To alleviate the deteriorative effects of aging in the brain, we investigated the effects oftwo types of intermittent fasting (IF) methods: alternate day fasting (ADF) and time- restricted feeding (TRF) in young (3 months) and old (24 months) in male Wistar rats comparing the results with age matched controls. The evaluation of biomarkers of oxidative stress showed significant decline in the old (ADF and TRF) groups in addition to up regulation in antioxidant levels. It was observed that ADF and TRF methods helped reduce ROS accumulation in the mitochondria and increased the activity of the electron transport chain complexes especially C-I and III. Gene expression analysis of autophagy genes like beclin and LC3B showed upregulated expression in ADF and TRF group. Sirtuin1 expression too significantly increased during fasting in both young and old groups showing fasting induced protection from aging. Histological analysis of sections of cerebral cortex and CA1 area provide evidence that fasting protected neurons against degeneration with age. Our results prompt us to conclude that the efficacy of these fasting methods ADF and TRF are reliable anti- aging strategies with respect to dietary restriction interventions. Moreover, both these methods compete closely in conferring protection from oxidative stress and inducing neuroprotective changes in brain of aged rats when compared to their young counterparts.
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27
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Ward JM, Vogel P, Sundberg JP. Brain and spinal cord lesions in 28 inbred strains of aging mice. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:1047-1055. [PMID: 36062914 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221120009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brain and spinal cord histopathology findings in male and female 20-month-old mice in a large-scale aging study of 28 inbred Jackson Laboratory mouse strains from 7 genetic families are described. Brain sections from selected strains at 12 and 24 months of age or older were also reviewed. Common lesions include axonal dystrophy in the gracile and/or cuneate nucleus in the sensory tract of the dorsal medulla and in the spinal cord in all strains. Hirano-like bodies were seen in 24/28 strains, and mineralization was observed in the thalamus of 9/28 strains. Less common lesions were also seen in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and other brain areas. No brain or spinal cord tumors were found. Evidence of an impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and/or suspected autophagy was manifested as medullary axonal dystrophy with intra-axonal granular eosinophilic bodies and LC3B immunohistochemistry in most strains. RIIIS/J, the most severely affected strain, showed moderate axonal dystrophy at 12 months, which progressed to severe lesions at 20 months. Comparative pathology in various species is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold M Ward
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME.,Global Vet Pathology, Montgomery Village, MD
| | - Peter Vogel
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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28
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Klemens CA, Dissanayake LV, Levchenko V, Zietara A, Palygin O, Staruschenko A. Modulation of blood pressure regulatory genes in the Agtrap-Plod1 locus associated with a deletion in Clcn6. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15417. [PMID: 35927940 PMCID: PMC9353118 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The AGTRAP-PLOD1 locus is a conserved gene cluster containing several blood pressure regulatory genes, including CLCN6, MTHFR, NPPA, and NPPB. Previous work revealed that knockout of Clcn6 on the Dahl Salt-Sensitive (SS) rat background (SS-Clcn6) resulted in lower diastolic blood pressure compared to SS-WT rats. Additionally, a recent study found sickle cell anemia patients with mutations in CLCN6 had improved survival and reduced stroke risk. We investigated whether loss of Clcn6 would delay the mortality of Dahl SS rats on an 8% NaCl (HS) diet. No significant difference in survival was found. The ability of Clcn6 to affect mRNA expression of nearby Mthfr, Nppa, and Nppb genes was also tested. On normal salt (0.4% NaCl, NS) diets, renal Mthfr mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased in the SS-Clcn6 rats. MTHFR reduces homocysteine to methionine, but no differences in circulating homocysteine levels were detected. Nppa mRNA levels in cardiac tissue from SS-Clcn6 rat in both normotensive and hypertensive conditions were significantly reduced compared to SS-WT. Nppb mRNA expression in SS-Clcn6 rats on a NS diet was also substantially decreased. Heightened Mthfr expression would be predicted to be protective; however, diminished Nppa and Nppb expression could be deleterious and by preventing or blunting vasodilation, natriuresis, and diuresis that ought to normally occur to offset blood pressure increases. The conserved nature of this genetic locus in humans and rats suggests more studies are warranted to understand how mutations in and around these genes may be influencing the expression of their neighbors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. Klemens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
- Hypertension and Kidney Research CenterUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Lashodya V. Dissanayake
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
- Department of PhysiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Vladislav Levchenko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Adrian Zietara
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
- Department of PhysiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Department of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
- Hypertension and Kidney Research CenterUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
- James A. Haley Veterans' HospitalTampaFloridaUSA
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29
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Modulation of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor has potential therapeutic utility in the 3-acetylpyridine cerebellar ataxia rat model. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2339-2348. [PMID: 35859208 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia is a neurodegenerative disorder leading to severe motor incoordination. Recently, it has been suggested that cannabinoids play a role in modulating ataxic symptoms. To understand the possible therapeutic effect of cannabinoids for the management of cerebellar ataxia, we used cannabinoid agonist/antagonists to target the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) in the 3 acetyl pyridine (3AP) rat model of ataxia. The role of the CB1R was examined using three different doses of the CB1R agonist, WIN-55,212-2 (WIN; 0.1, 0.5, 1 mg/kg) administrated 30 min prior to 3AP (55 mg/kg, i.p.) which leads to motor impairment through destruction of the inferior olive. In some groups, the CB1R antagonist AM251 (1 mg/kg) was given in combination with WIN. Locomotor activity and motor coordination were impaired by 3AP, and the application of WIN did not ameliorate this effect. However, the abnormal gait, rearing and grooming caused by 3AP were prevented by co-administration of AM251 with WIN. While the addition of the CB1R antagonist improved some ataxic symptoms, there was no effect of AM251 on balance or locomotor activity when co-administrated with WIN. Behavioral testing indicated that not only did WIN fail to exert any protective effect on ataxic symptoms; it exacerbated ataxic symptoms, suggesting that CB1R agonists may not be the ideal therapeutic drug in this disorder. When taken together, the findings from the present study indicate that cannabinoid modulation of ataxia symptoms may not act solely through CB1Rs and other cannabinoid receptors should be considered in future studies.
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30
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Akingbade GT, Ijomone OM, Imam A, Aschner M, Ajao MS. D-Ribose-LCysteine attenuates manganese-induced cognitive and motor deficit, oxidative damage, and reactive microglia activation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 93:103872. [PMID: 35513219 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to overexposure, manganese (Mn) accumulation in the brain can trigger the inhibition of glutathione synthesis and lead to increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. D-Ribose-L-Cysteine (RibCys) has been demonstrated to effectively support glutathione synthesis to scavenge ROS and protect cells from oxidative damage. In the present study, we examined the effects of RibCys on weight changes, cognitive and motor associated activities, oxidative stress markers, striatal and cortical histology, and microglia activation following Mn exposure. Rats were exposed to either saline, Mn or/and RibCys for two weeks. The Mn exposed rats received RibCys either as pre-, co-, or post-treatments. Mn caused a significant decrease in weight, memory and motor activities, increased lactate dehydrogenase level, overexpression of IBA1 reflecting microglia activation, and distortion of the neuronal cytoarchitecture of the striatum and motor cortex, respectively. Interventions with RibCys mitigated Mn-induced neurotoxic events. Our novel study demonstrates that RibCys effectively ameliorates the neurotoxicity following Mn treatment and maybe a therapeutic strategy against the neurological consequences of Mn overexposurec.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace T Akingbade
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria; The Neuro- Lab, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA.
| | - Omamuyovwi M Ijomone
- The Neuro- Lab, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Aminu Imam
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Moyosore S Ajao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
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31
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Battalapalli D, Rao BVVSNP, Yogeeswari P, Kesavadas C, Rajagopalan V. An optimal brain tumor segmentation algorithm for clinical MRI dataset with low resolution and non-contiguous slices. BMC Med Imaging 2022; 22:89. [PMID: 35568820 PMCID: PMC9107172 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-022-00812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Segmenting brain tumor and its constituent regions from magnetic resonance images (MRI) is important for planning diagnosis and treatment. In clinical routine often an experienced radiologist delineates the tumor regions using multimodal MRI. But this manual segmentation is prone to poor reproducibility and is time consuming. Also, routine clinical scans are usually of low resolution. To overcome these limitations an automated and precise segmentation algorithm based on computer vision is needed. Methods We investigated the performance of three widely used segmentation methods namely region growing, fuzzy C means and deep neural networks (deepmedic). We evaluated these algorithms on the BRATS 2018 dataset by choosing randomly 48 patients data (high grade, n = 24 and low grade, n = 24) and on our routine clinical MRI brain tumor dataset (high grade, n = 15 and low grade, n = 28). We measured their performance using dice similarity coefficient, Hausdorff distance and volume measures. Results Region growing method performed very poorly when compared to fuzzy C means (fcm) and deepmedic network. Dice similarity coefficient scores for FCM and deepmedic algorithms were close to each other for BRATS and clinical dataset. The accuracy was below 70% for both these methods in general. Conclusion Even though the deepmedic network showed very high accuracy in BRATS challenge for brain tumor segmentation, it has to be custom trained for the low resolution routine clinical scans. It also requires large training data to be used as a stand-alone algorithm for clinical applications. Nevertheless deepmedic may be a better algorithm for brain tumor segmentation when compared to region growing or FCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheerendranath Battalapalli
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - B V V S N Prabhakar Rao
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - P Yogeeswari
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - C Kesavadas
- Department of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, 695011, India
| | - Venkateswaran Rajagopalan
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
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32
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Westerhaus A, Joseph T, Meyers AJ, Jang Y, Na CH, Cave C, Sockanathan S. The distribution and function of GDE2, a regulator of spinal motor neuron survival, are disrupted in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:73. [PMID: 35550203 PMCID: PMC9102353 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01376-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects the viability of upper and lower motor neurons. Current options for treatment are limited, necessitating deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying ALS pathogenesis. Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase 2 (GDE2 or GDPD5) is a six-transmembrane protein that acts on the cell surface to cleave the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor that tethers some proteins to the membrane. GDE2 is required for the survival of spinal motor neurons but whether GDE2 neuroprotective activity is disrupted in ALS is not known. We utilized a combination of mouse models and patient post-mortem samples to evaluate GDE2 functionality in ALS. Haplogenetic reduction of GDE2 exacerbated motor neuron degeneration and loss in SOD1G93A mice but not in control SOD1WT transgenic animals, indicating that GDE2 neuroprotective function is diminished in the context of SOD1G93A. In tissue samples from patients with ALS, total levels of GDE2 protein were equivalent to healthy controls; however, membrane levels of GDE2 were substantially reduced. Indeed, GDE2 was found to aberrantly accumulate in intracellular compartments of ALS motor cortex, consistent with a disruption of GDE2 function at the cell surface. Supporting the impairment of GDE2 activity in ALS, tandem-mass-tag mass spectrometry revealed a pronounced reduction of GPI-anchored proteins released into the CSF of patients with ALS compared with control patients. Taken together, this study provides cellular and biochemical evidence that GDE2 distribution and activity is disrupted in ALS, supporting the notion that the failure of GDE2-dependent neuroprotective pathways contributes to neurodegeneration and motor neuron loss in disease. These observations highlight the dysregulation of GPI-anchored protein pathways as candidate mediators of disease onset and progression and accordingly, provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying ALS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Westerhaus
- The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, PCTB1004, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Thea Joseph
- Neuroscience Program, Middlebury College, 276 Bicentennial Way, Middlebury, VT 05753 USA
| | - Alison J. Meyers
- Neuroscience Program, Middlebury College, 276 Bicentennial Way, Middlebury, VT 05753 USA
| | - Yura Jang
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MRB 706, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Chan Hyun Na
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MRB 706, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Clinton Cave
- Neuroscience Program, Middlebury College, 276 Bicentennial Way, Middlebury, VT 05753 USA
| | - Shanthini Sockanathan
- The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, PCTB1004, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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33
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Giglia G, Agliani G, Lepri E, Baldoni E, Gobbi M, Ceccherelli R, Gröne A, van den Brand JMA, Mandara MT. Neuronal satellitosis is a common finding in the avian brain. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:381-387. [PMID: 35503252 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2073193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPerineuronal or neuronal satellitosis is the term describing the presence of glial cells in the satellite space surrounding the neuronal perikaryon. Confusingly, this finding has been described both as a physiologic and pathologic condition in humans and animals. In animals, neuronal satellitosis has been described in mammals, as well as in avian species. For the latter, authors wondered whether this finding can be expressed in the normal telencephalon of different avian orders and families and whether this pattern in different species shows a specific brain-region association. For these aims, this study explored the presence of neuronal satellitosis in the major areas of the healthy telencephalon in wild avian species of different orders and families, evaluating its grade in different brain regions. Neuronal satellitosis was seen in the Hyperpallium and Mesopallium as areas with the highest grade. Passeriformes showed the highest grade of neuronal satellitosis compared to Diurnal, Nocturnal raptors, and Charadriiformes. To clarify the exact role of neuronal satellitosis in animals without neurological disease further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Giglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.,Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gianfilippo Agliani
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elvio Lepri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Erika Baldoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.,Diagnostic Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Renato Ceccherelli
- Centro Recupero Uccelli Marini e Acquatici (CRUMA), Via delle Sorgenti, 430, 57121 Livorno, Italy
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M A van den Brand
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Teresa Mandara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Dudink I, White TA, Ardalan M, Mallard C, Ballerin G, Creed SJ, Pham Y, Sutherland AE, Castillo-Melendez M, Allison BJ, Miller SL. An optimized and detailed step-by-step protocol for the analysis of neuronal morphology in golgi-stained fetal sheep brain. Dev Neurosci 2022; 44:344-362. [DOI: 10.1159/000524055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antenatal brain development during the final trimester of human pregnancy is a time when mature neurons become increasingly complex in morphology, through axonal and dendritic outgrowth, dendritic branching, and synaptogenesis, together with myelin production. Characterizing neuronal morphological development over time is of interest to developmental neuroscience and provides the framework to measure grey matter pathology in pregnancy compromise. Neuronal microstructure can be assessed with Golgi staining, which selectively stains a small percentage (1-3%) of neurons and their entire dendritic arbor. Advanced imaging processing and analysis tools can then be employed to quantitate neuronal cytoarchitecture. Traditional Golgi staining protocols have been optimized and commercial kits are readily available offering improved speed and sensitivity of Golgi staining to produce consistent results. Golgi stained tissue is then visualized under light microscopy and image analysis may be completed with several software programs for morphological analysis of neurons, including freeware and commercial products. Each program requires optimization, whether semi-automated or automated, requiring different levels of investigator intervention and interpretation, which is a critical consideration for unbiased analysis. Detailed protocols for fetal ovine brain tissue are lacking and therefore, we provide a step-by-step workflow of computer software analysis for morphometric quantification of Golgi-stained neurons. Here, we utilized the commonly applied FD Rapid GolgiStain kit (FD NeuroTechnologies) on ovine fetal brains collected at 127 days (0.85) gestational age for the analysis of CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. We describe the step-by-step protocol to retrieve neuronal morphometrics using Imaris imaging software to provide quantification of apical and basal dendrites for measures of dendrite length (μm), branch number, branch order and Sholl analysis (intersections over radius). We also detail software add-ons for data retrieval of dendritic spines including the number of spines, spine density and spine classification, which are critical indicators of synaptic function. The assessment of neuronal morphology in the developing brain using Rapid-Golgi and Imaris software is labour-intensive, particularly during the optimization period. The methodology described in this step-by-step description is novel, detailed, and aims to provide a reproducible, working protocol to quantify neuronal cytoarchitecture with simple descriptions that will save time for the next users of these commonly used techniques.
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Gois AM, Bispo JM, Lins LC, Medeiros KA, Souza MF, Santos ER, Santos JF, Ribeiro AM, Silva RH, Paixão MO, Leopoldino JF, Marchioro M, Santos JR, Mendonça DM. Motor behavioral abnormalities and histopathological findings in middle aged male Wistar rats inoculated with cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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El-Domiaty HF, El-Roghy ES, Salem HR. Combination of magnesium supplementation with treadmill exercise improves memory deficit in aged rats by enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis and plasticity: a functional and histological study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:296-308. [PMID: 35225658 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the possible ameliorative effects of co-supplementation with Mg2+ and treadmill exercise on memory deficit in aged rats. Fifty male albino rats (10 young and 40 aged rats) were divided into 5 groups (10 rats/group): young, aged sedentary, aged exercised, aged Mg2+-supplemented, and aged exercised and Mg2+-supplemented. Memory was assessed using the Y-maze and novel object recognition tests. Plasma samples were collected for measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP). Subsequently, brain malondialdehyde and catalase levels were measured. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses of the hippocampi were performed. Our results showed impaired memory in aged sedentary rats, with significantly elevated plasma CRP and brain malondialdehyde levels and decreased brain catalase. The hippocampus of aged sedentary rats showed cellular degeneration, downregulation of synaptophysin (SYP) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and caspase-3. Mg2+ supplementation and/or treadmill exercise significantly improved memory tests in aged rats, which could be explained by the upregulation of hippocampal SYP and PCNA expression and downregulation of GFAP and caspase-3 expression with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. The combined therapy had a better effect than both treatments alone, confirming the role of Mg2+ supplementation with physical exercise in enhancing age-related memory deficit. Novelty: Magnesium supplementation with treadmill exercise improves memory deficit in aged rats. The possible mechanisms are upregulation of the hippocampal synaptophysin and PCNA, downregulation of GFAP and caspase-3, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Fathy El-Domiaty
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Eman S El-Roghy
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Heba Rady Salem
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt
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Acetylsalicylic Acid Suppresses Alcoholism-Induced Cognitive Impairment Associated with Atorvastatin Intake by Targeting Cerebral miRNA155 and NLRP3: In Vivo, and In Silico Study. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030529. [PMID: 35335908 PMCID: PMC8948796 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholism is one of the most common diseases that can lead to the development of several chronic diseases including steatosis, and cognitive dysfunction. Statins are lipid-lowering drugs that are commonly prescribed for patients with fatty liver diseases; however, the exact effect of statins on cognitive function is still not fully understood. In the present study, we have investigated the molecular and microscopic basis of cognitive impairment induced by alcohol and/or Atorvastatin (ATOR) administration to male Wistar albino rats and explored the possible protective effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). The biochemical analysis indicated that either alcohol or ATOR or together in combination produced a significant increase in the nucleotide-binding domain–like receptor 3 (NLRP3), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) miRNA155 expression levels in the frontal cortex of the brain tissue. The histological and morphometric analysis showed signs of degeneration in the neurons and the glial cells with aggregations of inflammatory cells and a decrease in the mean thickness of the frontal cortex. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant increase in the caspase-8 immunoreaction in the neurons and glial cells of the frontal cortex. Interestingly, administration of ASA reversed the deleterious effect of the alcohol and ATOR intake and improved the cognitive function as indicated by biochemical and histological analysis. ASA significantly decreased the expression levels of miRNA155, NLRP3, and IL1B, and produced a significant decrease in caspase-8 immunoreaction in the neurons and glial cells of the frontal cortex with a reduction in the process of neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. To further investigate these findings, we have performed an extensive molecular docking study to investigate the binding affinity of ASA to the binding pockets of the NLRP3 protein. Our results indicated that ASA has high binding scores toward the active sites of the NLRP3 NACHT domain with the ability to bind to the NLRP3 pockets by a set of hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions. Taken together, the present study highlights the protective pharmacological effect of ASA to attenuate the deleterious effect of alcohol intake and long term ATOR therapy on the cognitive function via targeting miRNA155 and NLRP3 proteins.
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Wu SN, Tsai MS, Huang CH, Chen WJ. Omecamtiv mecarbil treatment improves post-resuscitation cardiac function and neurological outcome in a rat model. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264165. [PMID: 35176110 PMCID: PMC8853579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myocardial dysfunction is a major cause of poor outcomes in the post-cardiac arrest period. Omecamtiv mecarbil (OM) is a selective small molecule activator of cardiac myosin that prolongs myocardial systole and increases stroke volume without apparent effects on myocardial oxygen demand. OM administration is safe and improves cardiac function in patients with acute heart failure. Whether OM improves post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction remains unclear. This study investigated the effect of OM treatment on post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction and outcomes. Methods and results Adult male rats were resuscitated after 9.5 min of asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest. OM and normal saline was continuously intravenously infused after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) at 0.25 mg/kg/h for 4 h in the experimental group and control group, respectively (n = 20 in each group). Hemodynamic parameters were measured hourly and monitored for 4 h after cardiac arrest. Recovery of neurological function was evaluated by neurological functioning scores (0–12; favorable: 11–12) for rats 72 h after cardiac arrest. OM treatment prolonged left ventricular ejection time and improved post-resuscitation cardiac output. Post-resuscitation heart rate and left ventricular systolic function (dp/dt40) were not different between groups. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed non-statistically higher 72-h survival in the OM group (72.2% [13/18] and 58.8% [10/17], p = 0.386). The OM group had a higher chance of having favorable neurological outcomes in surviving rats 72 h after cardiac arrest (84.6% [11/13] vs. 40% [4/10], p = 0.026). The percentage of damaged neurons was lower in the OM group in a histology study at 72 h after cardiac arrest (55.5±2.3% vs. 76.2±10.2%, p = 0.004). Conclusions OM treatment improved post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction and neurological outcome in an animal model. These findings support further pre-clinical studies to improve outcomes in post-cardiac arrest care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ni Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Medical College and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Shan Tsai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Medical College and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hua Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Medical College and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Wen-Jone Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Medical College and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Medical College and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sola E, Moyano P, Flores A, García J, García JM, Anadon MJ, Frejo MT, Pelayo A, de la Cabeza Fernandez M, Del Pino J. Cadmium-induced neurotoxic effects on rat basal forebrain cholinergic system through thyroid hormones disruption. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 90:103791. [PMID: 34968718 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) single and repeated exposure produces cognitive dysfunctions. Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) regulate cognitive functions. BFCN loss or cholinergic neurotransmission dysfunction leads to cognitive disabilities. Thyroid hormones (THs) maintain BFCN viability and functions, and Cd disrupts their levels. However, Cd-induced BFCN damages and THs disruption involvement was not studied. To research this we treated male Wistar rats intraperitoneally with Cd once (1 mg/kg) or repetitively for 28 days (0.1 mg/kg) with/without triiodothyronine (T3, 40 µg/kg/day). Cd increased thyroid-stimulating-hormone (TSH) and decreased T3 and tetraiodothyronine (T4). Cd altered cholinergic transmission and induced a more pronounced neurodegeneration on BFCN, mediated partially by THs reduction. Additionally, Cd antagonized muscarinic 1 receptor (M1R), overexpressed acetylcholinesterase S variant (AChE-S), downregulated AChE-R, M2R, M3R and M4R, and reduced AChE and choline acetyltransferase activities through THs disruption. These results may assist to discover cadmium mechanisms that induce cognitive disabilities, revealing a new possible therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sola
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Moyano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Flores
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jimena García
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel García
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Anadon
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Frejo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adela Pelayo
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria de la Cabeza Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharnacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Del Pino
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Lamb M, Engelhardt JA, Grubor B, Meier WA, Magee TF, Henry SP, Fikes JD. Antisense Oligonucleotide-Related Macrovesicular Vacuolation of Hippocampal Neurons in Nonhuman Primates. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:197-210. [PMID: 35042440 DOI: 10.1177/01926233211063831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
2'-methoxyethyl (MOE) antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) tested in multidose intrathecal nonhuman primate (NHP) toxicity studies have consistently revealed the presence of single large vacuoles in pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus in the absence of any cellular response. Termed "macrovesicular," these vacuoles were characterized by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy which showed that these vacuoles are dilated lysosomes in neurons containing accumulated ASO. Additionally, two NHP studies were conducted to investigate the role of tissue fixation on their histogenesis. In Fixation Study 1, 6 doses of 5 mg 2'-MOE ASO with a full phosphorothioate backbone were administered by lumbar puncture over 5 weeks; in Fixation Study 2, 5 doses of 35 mg 2'-MOE ASO with a mixed phosphorothioate/phosphodiester backbone were administered over 12 weeks. At necropsy in each study, brain slices were either immersion fixed in neutral buffered 10% formalin or Carnoy's fixative; frozen at -80 °C; or perfusion fixed with modified Karnovsky's fixative. Fixed samples were processed to paraffin, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and compared with H&E cryosections prepared from the frozen tissue of the same brain. The presence of vacuoles in fixed brain tissue but never in fresh frozen tissue showed that they arose during postmortem tissue fixation, and as such represent a processing artifact that is not relevant to human safety assessment of intrathecally administered 2'-MOE ASOs.
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Analyzing microglial phenotypes across neuropathologies: a practical guide. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:923-936. [PMID: 34623511 PMCID: PMC8498770 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
As extremely sensitive immune cells, microglia act as versatile watchdogs of the central nervous system (CNS) that tightly control tissue homeostasis. Therefore, microglial activation is an early and easily detectable hallmark of virtually all neuropsychiatric, neuro-oncological, neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. The recent introduction of novel high-throughput technologies and several single-cell methodologies as well as advances in epigenetic analyses helped to identify new microglia expression profiles, enhancer-landscapes and local signaling cues that defined diverse previously unappreciated microglia states in the healthy and diseased CNS. Here, we give an overview on the recent developments in the field of microglia biology and provide a practical guide to analyze disease-associated microglia phenotypes in both the murine and human CNS, on several morphological and molecular levels. Finally, technical limitations, potential pitfalls and data misinterpretations are discussed as well.
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42
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Awad H, Efanov A, Rajan J, Denney A, Gigax B, Kobalka P, Kelani H, Basso DM, Bozinovski J, Tili E. Histological Findings After Aortic Cross-Clamping in Preclinical Animal Models. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:895-911. [PMID: 34534333 PMCID: PMC8783616 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord ischemic injury and paralysis are devastating complications after open surgical repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Preclinical models have been developed to simulate the clinical paradigm to better understand the neuropathophysiology and develop therapeutic treatment. Neuropathological findings in the preclinical models have not been comprehensively examined before. This systematic review studies the past 40 years of the histological findings after open surgical repair in preclinical models. Our main finding is that damage is predominantly in the grey matter of the spinal cord, although white matter damage in the spinal cord is also reported. Future research needs to examine the neuropathological findings in preclinical models after endovascular repair, a newer type of surgical repair used to treat aortic aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdy Awad
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexander Efanov
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jayanth Rajan
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew Denney
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Bradley Gigax
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter Kobalka
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Hesham Kelani
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - D Michele Basso
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - John Bozinovski
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Esmerina Tili
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Mandour DA, Bendary MA, Alsemeh AE. Histological and imunohistochemical alterations of hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in a rat model of Alzheimer like-disease with a preferential role of the flavonoid "hesperidin". J Mol Histol 2021; 52:1043-1065. [PMID: 34170456 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-09998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by degeneration of the central cholinergic neurons, inflammation and oxidative stress in the basal forebrain, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Hesperidin (Hesp) is one of the flavonoids havinganti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties in some neurodegerative brain lesions. To investigate the possible neuroprotective role of Hespin an AD-like rat model induced experimentally by Scopolamine (Scop). Forty adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated into four groups. Group I-(Control), group II-(Hesp) (supplemented orally with 100 mg/kg Hesp for 28 days), group III-(AD) (injected i.p with 1 mg/kg Scop for 9 days) and group IV-(Hesp/AD). At the end of the experiment, behavioral (Y-maze test) and biochemical analysis were carried out along with histological, immunohistochemical and morphometric studies of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. AD rats displayed memory impairment in the behavioural paradigm with a concomitant increase of serum TNF-α and IL-1β, while IL-10 decreased significantly. Also, there was a rise of amyloid beta-42 (Aβ-42), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) together with a decrease of reduced glutathione (GSH) in hippocampal and prefrontal homogenate. In addition, sections of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex revealed obvious histopathological changes, overexpression of p-Tau protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) with a decrease in the expression of synaptophysin (SYN). Contradictorily, pre-treatment with Hesp offset the spatial memory deficits, redox imbalance, Aβ-42 and AChE over activity as well as preserved the histological architecture and attenuated the raised p-Tau protein and GFAP while upregulated SYN immuoreactivity of AD rats. Collectively, our results highlight the potential mitigating role of Hesp in AD-like state in rats and this may presumably raise the possibility of its future implementation as a prophylactic remedy against AD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia A Mandour
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - M A Bendary
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebeen El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Amira E Alsemeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
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El-Din SS, Abd Elwahab S, Rashed L, Fayez S, Aboulhoda BE, Heikal OA, Galal AF, Nour ZA. Possible role of rice bran extract in microglial modulation through PPAR-gamma receptors in alzheimer's disease mice model. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1903-1915. [PMID: 34043126 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00741-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder among elderly people, is ordinarily associated with progressive cognitive decline. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma (PPAR-γ) agonists can be targeted as a beneficial therapeutic strategy against AD. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the preventive and therapeutic effects of rice bran extract (RBE) as a possible PPAR-γ agonist on the microglial phenotype modulation in AD in mice compared to the effects of pioglitazone. This study included 64 adult male Swiss Albino mice divided into 8 groups, each group comprised 8 mice; control group, RBE group, lipopolysaccharide-induced neurodegeneration (a) (LPSa) group, (LPSb) group, RBE-preventive group (RBE + LPSa), pioglitazone-preventive group (PG + LPSa), RBE-treated group (RBE + LPSb), and pioglitazone-treated group (PG + LPSb). Cognitive functions were assessed by Y-maze and Morris water maze tests. The expression of PPAR-γ, CD45, arginase1, CD36, and CD163 genes was assessed by real time qPCR and the estimation of NF-kβ protein level was done by Western blot technique. Moreover, the assessment of Aβ42 and P-tau levels was performed by ELISA. Histopathological examination of brain tissues was performed for all the studied groups. Our results showed that RBE and pioglitazone could modulate microglial phenotype from M1 to M2 where they significantly decreased the expression of NF-κβ and the pro-inflammatory microglial marker (CD45) in parallel with increasing the expression of the anti-inflammatory microglial and phagocytic markers (arginase1, CD163, and CD36). In addition, RBE and pioglitazone significantly increased PPAR-γ expression and reduced Aβ42 deposition as well as p-tau protein levels. In conclusion, our study identified the possible role of PPAR-γ agonistic activity of RBE as a preventive and therapeutic agent in the treatment of the neuro-inflammation associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa Saad El-Din
- The Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sahar Abd Elwahab
- The Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila Rashed
- The Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salwa Fayez
- The Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Basma Emad Aboulhoda
- The Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ola Ahmed Heikal
- The Department of Narcotics, Ergogenics and Poisons, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Fathi Galal
- The Department of Narcotics, Ergogenics and Poisons, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Zeinab A Nour
- The Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Bontempi P, Podda R, Daducci A, Sonato N, Fattoretti P, Fiorini S, Tambalo S, Mosconi E, Merigo F, Balietti M, Marzola P. MRI characterization of rat brain aging at structural and functional level: Clues for translational applications. Exp Gerontol 2021; 152:111432. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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46
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Ibrahim KA, Abdelgaid HA, Eleyan M, Khwanes SA, Abdel-Daim MM. Ethoprophos induces rats' brain injury and neurobehavioral impairment via transcriptional activation of glial fibrillary acidic protein and tubulin-associated unit even at the threshold inhibition of acetylcholinesterase: A 90-days study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Santagostino SF, Spinazzi M, Radaelli E. Restricted Sensitivity of FJ-C Staining to Assess Neuronal Degeneration and Death in Preclinical Mouse Studies. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:643-649. [PMID: 33397212 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820985290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescein-derived fluorochromes and anionic dyes such as Fluoro-Jade (FJ) stains have been introduced to facilitate recognition of dying neurons in tissue sections. However, the definition of what is really detected by FJ-based stains and its sensitivity in the detection of neuronal cell death is unclear. In our work, we evaluated the outcome of FJ-C staining in mouse brains from 4 different well-characterized models of neurodegeneration. Neuronal degeneration and loss were highlighted with high sensitivity by FJ-C stain in mice with dysfunctional γ-secretase in the glutamatergic neurons and in mice affected by acute cerebral ischemia. Histopathologically, acute eosinophilic necrosis or "red dead" neurons were associated with FJ-C staining in both settings. Conversely, in mice affected by chronic cerebral microinfarcts due to tumor lysis syndrome as well as in a model of mitochondrial encephalopathy, FJ-C staining failed to detect neuronal death. Histopathologically, these models were characterized by extensive neuronal vacuolation associated with fading neurons ("ghost cells"). Therefore, contrary to the widespread belief that FJ-C stain has high affinity for all degenerating neurons regardless of the underlying cell death mechanism, we observed restricted sensitivity of the technique to specific conditions of neuronal cell death. As such, complementary techniques are essential to evaluate the presence of neurodegeneration in the absence of a positive FJ-C signal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Spinazzi
- 26966Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d' Angers, Angers, France
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48
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Picut CA, Mendes OR, Weil DS, Davis S, Swanson C. Use of Both Fluoro-Jade B and Hematoxylin and Eosin to Detect Cell Death in the Juvenile Rat Brain Exposed to NMDA-Receptor Antagonists or GABA-Receptor Agonists in Safety Assessment. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:1109-1116. [PMID: 34075828 DOI: 10.1177/01926233211007735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Administration of pediatric anesthetics with N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist and/or γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist activities may result in neuronal degeneration and/or neuronal cell death in neonatal rats. Evaluating pediatric drug candidates for this potential neurotoxicity is often part of overall preclinical new drug development strategy. This specialized assessment may require dosing neonatal rats at postnatal day 7 at the peak of the brain growth spurt and evaluating brain tissue 24 to 48 hours following dosing. The need to identify methods to aid in the accurate and reproducible detection of lesions associated with this type of neurotoxic profile is paramount for meeting the changing needs of neuropathology assessment and addressing emerging challenges in the neuroscience field. We document the use of Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) staining, to be used in conjunction with standard hematoxylin and eosin staining, to detect acute neurodegeneration and neuronal cell death that can be caused by some NMDA-receptor antagonists and/or GABA agonists in the neonatal rat brain. The FJB staining is simple, specific, and sensitive and can be performed on brain specimens from the same cohort of animals utilized for standard neurotoxicity assessment, thus satisfying animal welfare recommendations with no effect on achievement of scientific and regulatory goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Picut
- Safety Assessment, 25913Charles River Laboratories, LLC, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Odete R Mendes
- Safety Assessment, 25913Charles River Laboratories, LLC, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David S Weil
- Safety Assessment, 25913Charles River Laboratories, LLC, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sarah Davis
- Safety Assessment, 25913Charles River Laboratories, LLC, Ashland, OH, USA
| | - Cynthia Swanson
- Safety Assessment, 25913Charles River Laboratories, LLC, Durham, NC, USA
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Ruiz MF, Gennaro MV, Bastone LC, Godoy AR, Torruella M, Perez GR. Molecular biomarkers and integrated pathological diagnosis in the reclassification of gliomas. Mol Clin Oncol 2021; 15:150. [PMID: 34141429 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2021.2312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the impact caused by the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic classification of gliomas in 139 patients studied in Argentina. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues were used for histological and immunohistochemical analysis [glial fibrillary acidic protein, KI67, synaptophysin and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1-R132H]. DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues was used for molecular analysis: 1p/19q co-deletion and mutation status of the IDH gene. These experiments were performed by direct Sanger sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. According to the new classification, diagnoses included oligodendroglioma IDH-mutant and 1p/19q co-deletion (4.20%), anaplastic oligodendroglioma IDH-mutant and 1p/19q co-deletion (2.52%), diffuse astrocytoma IDH-mutant (6.72%), diffuse astrocytoma IDH-wild type (1.68%), anaplastic astrocytoma IDH-mutant (5.04%), anaplastic astrocytoma IDH-wild type (8.40%), glioblastoma IDH-mutant (5.88%) and glioblastoma IDH-wild type (65.56%). Regarding tumor histology, 60% of oligodendrogliomas, 35% of astrocytoma and 100% of unclassified gliomas were re-classified, while glioblastomas maintained their initial classification. Additionally, the present study evaluated the prognostic value of the histological grade for the 2007 and 2016 WHO classifications of gliomas. The histological subgroup associated with longer overall survival (OS) was grade II glioma (OS-2007WHO, 35.6 months; and OS-2016WHO, 47.7 months). Glioblastoma was the subgroup associated with a poor outcome (OS-2007WHO, 10.4 months; and OS-2016WHO, 11.1 months). The present study evaluated the OS of tumor grade subgroups with respect to their IDH status. For all subgroups, IDH-mutant tumors were associated with an improved prognosis compared with IDH-wild type tumors. The results suggested that the incorporation of molecular biomarkers in the new WHO classification improves tumor characterization and prognostic value of the subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Ruiz
- Center for Pathological Diagnosis SRL (Gamma Group), Rosario, Santa Fe 2000, Argentina.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe 2000, Argentina
| | - María Verónica Gennaro
- Center for Pathological Diagnosis SRL (Gamma Group), Rosario, Santa Fe 2000, Argentina.,Department of Pathological Anatomy, Emergency Hospital 'Dr Clemente Alvarez' (HECA), National University of Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe 2000, Argentina
| | - Laura C Bastone
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Gammalab/Private Hospital of Rosario (Gamma Group), Rosario, Santa Fe 2000, Argentina
| | - Alicia R Godoy
- Center for Pathological Diagnosis SRL (Gamma Group), Rosario, Santa Fe 2000, Argentina
| | - Mónica Torruella
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Gammalab/Private Hospital of Rosario (Gamma Group), Rosario, Santa Fe 2000, Argentina
| | - Germán R Perez
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Gammalab/Private Hospital of Rosario (Gamma Group), Rosario, Santa Fe 2000, Argentina.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe 2000, Argentina
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Ijomone OM, Aluko OM, Okoh COA, Ebokaiwe AP. N ω-nitro-L-arginine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, attenuates nickel-induced neurotoxicity. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:2202-2211. [PMID: 34013798 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1917382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The various mediums of exposure to nickel (Ni) compounds have raised enormous public health concerns, as it has been illustrated to exert toxic effects in biological organs, including the brain. We have previously implicated the involvement of elevated nitric oxide (NO) in Ni-induced oxidative stress in the brain. Hence, the present study investigated the ameliorative potential of Nω-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA), a NO synthase inhibitor, following Ni-induced neurotoxicity. Adult male rats were divided into four groups; control (normal saline), 10 mg/kg Ni chloride (NiCl2) only, 1 mg/kg L-NA, or 2 mg/kg L-NA co-administered with NiCl2. The administration was via daily intraperitoneal injections for three weeks. Neurobehavioural assessments performed thereafter ascertained short-term spatial memory and anxiety. Furthermore, histological evaluations of the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum were carried out using routine hematoxylin and eosin technique, while the phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin method was used to express the degree of astrogliosis. Biochemical analysis of NO levels was examined along with other oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, glutathione S transferase, glutathione peroxidase, myeloperoxidase, and lipid peroxidation). The results illustrated altered behavioral responses, a higher population of degenerating neurons, and astrocytes in the NiCl2 group. There was also an elevation in the NO level and a corresponding reduction in antioxidant activities. However, these debilitating changes were ameliorated in the L-NA treated groups. These results demonstrate an association between alterations in NO synthesis pathway and Ni neurotoxicity, which may render neuronal cells susceptible to damage by oxidative stress. This may yet be another mechanism and useful therapeutic marker in deciphering Ni-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omamuyovwi M Ijomone
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.,Department of Human Anatomy, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Oritoke M Aluko
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.,Department of Physiology, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Comfort O A Okoh
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Azubuike P Ebokaiwe
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
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