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Helm B, Liedvogel M. Avian migration clocks in a changing world. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:691-716. [PMID: 38305877 PMCID: PMC11226503 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01688-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Avian long-distance migration requires refined programming to orchestrate the birds' movements on annual temporal and continental spatial scales. Programming is particularly important as long-distance movements typically anticipate future environmental conditions. Hence, migration has long been of particular interest in chronobiology. Captivity studies using a proxy, the shift to nocturnality during migration seasons (i.e., migratory restlessness), have revealed circannual and circadian regulation, as well as an innate sense of direction. Thanks to rapid development of tracking technology, detailed information from free-flying birds, including annual-cycle data and actograms, now allows relating this mechanistic background to behaviour in the wild. Likewise, genomic approaches begin to unravel the many physiological pathways that contribute to migration. Despite these advances, it is still unclear how migration programmes are integrated with specific environmental conditions experienced during the journey. Such knowledge is imminently important as temporal environments undergo rapid anthropogenic modification. Migratory birds as a group are not dealing well with the changes, yet some species show remarkable adjustments at behavioural and genetic levels. Integrated research programmes and interdisciplinary collaborations are needed to understand the range of responses of migratory birds to environmental change, and more broadly, the functioning of timing programmes under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Helm
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Bird Migration Unit, Seerose 1, CH-6204, Sempach, Schweiz.
| | - Miriam Liedvogel
- Institute of Avian Research, An Der Vogelwarte 21, 26386, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
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2
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Schmal C. The seasons within: a theoretical perspective on photoperiodic entrainment and encoding. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:549-564. [PMID: 37659985 PMCID: PMC11226496 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Circadian clocks are internal timing devices that have evolved as an adaption to the omnipresent natural 24 h rhythmicity of daylight intensity. Properties of the circadian system are photoperiod dependent. The phase of entrainment varies systematically with season. Plastic photoperiod-dependent re-arrangements in the mammalian circadian core pacemaker yield an internal representation of season. Output pathways of the circadian clock regulate photoperiodic responses such as flowering time in plants or hibernation in mammals. Here, we review the concepts of seasonal entrainment and photoperiodic encoding. We introduce conceptual phase oscillator models as their high level of abstraction, but, yet, intuitive interpretation of underlying parameters allows for a straightforward analysis of principles that determine entrainment characteristics. Results from this class of models are related and discussed in the context of more complex conceptual amplitude-phase oscillators as well as contextual molecular models that take into account organism, tissue, and cell-type-specific details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schmal
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Stengl M, Schneider AC. Contribution of membrane-associated oscillators to biological timing at different timescales. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1243455. [PMID: 38264332 PMCID: PMC10803594 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1243455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental rhythms such as the daily light-dark cycle selected for endogenous clocks. These clocks predict regular environmental changes and provide the basis for well-timed adaptive homeostasis in physiology and behavior of organisms. Endogenous clocks are oscillators that are based on positive feedforward and negative feedback loops. They generate stable rhythms even under constant conditions. Since even weak interactions between oscillators allow for autonomous synchronization, coupling/synchronization of oscillators provides the basis of self-organized physiological timing. Amongst the most thoroughly researched clocks are the endogenous circadian clock neurons in mammals and insects. They comprise nuclear clockworks of transcriptional/translational feedback loops (TTFL) that generate ∼24 h rhythms in clock gene expression entrained to the environmental day-night cycle. It is generally assumed that this TTFL clockwork drives all circadian oscillations within and between clock cells, being the basis of any circadian rhythm in physiology and behavior of organisms. Instead of the current gene-based hierarchical clock model we provide here a systems view of timing. We suggest that a coupled system of autonomous TTFL and posttranslational feedback loop (PTFL) oscillators/clocks that run at multiple timescales governs adaptive, dynamic homeostasis of physiology and behavior. We focus on mammalian and insect neurons as endogenous oscillators at multiple timescales. We suggest that neuronal plasma membrane-associated signalosomes constitute specific autonomous PTFL clocks that generate localized but interlinked oscillations of membrane potential and intracellular messengers with specific endogenous frequencies. In each clock neuron multiscale interactions of TTFL and PTFL oscillators/clocks form a temporally structured oscillatory network with a common complex frequency-band comprising superimposed multiscale oscillations. Coupling between oscillator/clock neurons provides the next level of complexity of an oscillatory network. This systemic dynamic network of molecular and cellular oscillators/clocks is suggested to form the basis of any physiological homeostasis that cycles through dynamic homeostatic setpoints with a characteristic frequency-band as hallmark. We propose that mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity maintain the stability of these dynamic setpoints, whereas Hebbian plasticity enables switching between setpoints via coupling factors, like biogenic amines and/or neuropeptides. They reprogram the network to a new common frequency, a new dynamic setpoint. Our novel hypothesis is up for experimental challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Stengl
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology/Neuroethology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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4
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Mochida S. Calcium Channels and Calcium-Binding Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14257. [PMID: 37762560 PMCID: PMC10532058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Signals of nerve impulses are transmitted to excitatory cells to induce the action of organs via the activation of Ca2+ entry through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCC), which are classified based on their activation threshold into high- and low-voltage activated channels, expressed specifically for each organ [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiko Mochida
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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5
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Cheng PC, Cheng RC, Huang RC. Glutamate-Evoked Ca2+ Responses in the Rat Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: Involvement of Na+/K+-ATPase and Na+/Ca2+-Exchanger. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076444. [PMID: 37047417 PMCID: PMC10095050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate mediates photic entrainment of the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) by evoking intracellular Ca2+ signaling mechanisms. However, the detailed mechanisms of glutamate-evoked Ca2+ signals are not entirely clear. Here, we used a ratiometric Ca2+ and Na+ imaging technique to investigate glutamate-evoked Ca2+ responses. The comparison of Ca2+ responses to glutamate (100 μM) and high (20 mM) K+ solution indicated slower Ca2+ clearance, along with rebound Ca2+ suppression for glutamate-evoked Ca2+ transients. Increasing the length of exposure time in glutamate, but not in 20 mM K+, slowed Ca2+ clearance and increased rebound Ca2+ suppression, a result correlated with glutamate-induced Na+ loads. The rebound Ca2+ suppression was abolished by ouabain, monensin, Na+-free solution, or nimodipine, suggesting an origin of activated Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) by glutamate-induced Na+ loads. Ouabain or Na+-free solution also slowed Ca2+ clearance, apparently by retarding Na+/Ca2+-exchanger (NCX)-mediated Ca2+ extrusion. Together, our results indicated the involvement of glutamate-induced Na+ loads, NKA, and NCX in shaping the Ca2+ response to glutamate. Nevertheless, in the absence of external Na+ (NMDG substituted), Ca2+ clearance was still slower for the Ca2+ response to glutamate than for 20 mM K+, suggesting participation of additional Ca2+ handlers to the slower Ca2+ clearance under this condition.
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6
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Circle(s) of Life: The Circadian Clock from Birth to Death. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030383. [PMID: 36979075 PMCID: PMC10045474 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Most lifeforms on earth use endogenous, so-called circadian clocks to adapt to 24-h cycles in environmental demands driven by the planet’s rotation around its axis. Interactions with the environment change over the course of a lifetime, and so does regulation of the circadian clock system. In this review, we summarize how circadian clocks develop in humans and experimental rodents during embryonic development, how they mature after birth and what changes occur during puberty, adolescence and with increasing age. Special emphasis is laid on the circadian regulation of reproductive systems as major organizers of life segments and life span. We discuss differences in sexes and outline potential areas for future research. Finally, potential options for medical applications of lifespan chronobiology are discussed.
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7
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Bossu CM, Heath JA, Kaltenecker GS, Helm B, Ruegg KC. Clock-linked genes underlie seasonal migratory timing in a diurnal raptor. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212507. [PMID: 35506230 PMCID: PMC9069262 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal migration is a dynamic natural phenomenon that allows organisms to exploit favourable habitats across the annual cycle. While the morphological, physiological and behavioural changes associated with migratory behaviour are well characterized, the genetic basis of migration and its link to endogenous biological time-keeping pathways are poorly understood. Historically, genome-wide research has focused on genes of large effect, whereas many genes of small effect may work together to regulate complex traits like migratory behaviour. Here, we explicitly relax stringent outlier detection thresholds and, as a result, discover how multiple biological time-keeping genes are important to migratory timing in an iconic raptor species, the American kestrel (Falco sparverius). To validate the role of candidate loci in migratory timing, we genotyped kestrels captured across autumn migration and found significant associations between migratory timing and genetic variation in metabolic and light-input pathway genes that modulate biological clocks (top1, phlpp1, cpne4 and peak1). Further, we demonstrate that migrating individuals originated from a single panmictic source population, suggesting the existence of distinct early and late migratory genotypes (i.e. chronotypes). Overall, our results provide empirical support for the existence of a within-population-level polymorphism in genes underlying migratory timing in a diurnally migrating raptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christen M. Bossu
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Julie A. Heath
- Raptor Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Gregory S. Kaltenecker
- Intermountain Bird Observatory, Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Barbara Helm
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Kristen C. Ruegg
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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8
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Delorme TC, Srikanta SB, Fisk AS, Cloutier MÈ, Sato M, Pothecary CA, Merz C, Foster RG, Brown SA, Peirson SN, Cermakian N, Banks GT. Chronic Exposure to Dim Light at Night or Irregular Lighting Conditions Impact Circadian Behavior, Motor Coordination, and Neuronal Morphology. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:855154. [PMID: 35495037 PMCID: PMC9043330 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.855154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mistimed exposure to light has been demonstrated to negatively affect multiple aspects of physiology and behavior. Here we analyzed the effects of chronic exposure to abnormal lighting conditions in mice. We exposed mice for 1 year to either: a standard light/dark cycle, a “light-pollution” condition in which low levels of light were present in the dark phase of the circadian cycle (dim light at night, DLAN), or altered light cycles in which the length of the weekday and weekend light phase differed by 6 h (“social jetlag”). Mice exhibited several circadian activity phenotypes, as well as changes in motor function, associated particularly with the DLAN condition. Our data suggest that these phenotypes might be due to changes outside the core clock. Dendritic spine changes in other brain regions raise the possibility that these phenotypes are mediated by changes in neuronal coordination outside of the clock. Given the prevalence of artificial light exposure in the modern world, further work is required to establish whether these negative effects are observed in humans as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C. Delorme
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Shashank B. Srikanta
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Angus S. Fisk
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Ève Cloutier
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Miho Sato
- Chronobiology and Sleep Research Group, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carina A. Pothecary
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chantal Merz
- Chronobiology and Sleep Research Group, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Russell G. Foster
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A. Brown
- Chronobiology and Sleep Research Group, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stuart N. Peirson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Cermakian,
| | - Gareth T. Banks
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Gareth T. Banks,
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9
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Royo M, Escolano BA, Madrigal MP, Jurado S. AMPA Receptor Function in Hypothalamic Synapses. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:833449. [PMID: 35173598 PMCID: PMC8842481 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.833449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are critical for mediating glutamatergic synaptic transmission and plasticity, thus playing a major role in the molecular machinery underlying cellular substrates of memory and learning. Their expression pattern, transport and regulatory mechanisms have been extensively studied in the hippocampus, but their functional properties in other brain regions remain poorly understood. Interestingly, electrophysiological and molecular evidence has confirmed a prominent role of AMPARs in the regulation of hypothalamic function. This review summarizes the existing evidence on AMPAR-mediated transmission in the hypothalamus, where they are believed to orchestrate the role of glutamatergic transmission in autonomous, neuroendocrine function, body homeostasis, and social behavior.
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10
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Gabryelska A, Turkiewicz S, Karuga FF, Sochal M, Strzelecki D, Białasiewicz P. Disruption of Circadian Rhythm Genes in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients-Possible Mechanisms Involved and Clinical Implication. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020709. [PMID: 35054894 PMCID: PMC8775490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent pauses in breathing caused by the collapse of the upper airways, which results in intermittent hypoxia and arousals during the night. The disorder is associated with a vast number of comorbidities affecting different systems, including cardiovascular, metabolic, psychiatric, and neurological complications. Due to abnormal sleep architecture, OSA patients are at high risk of circadian clock disruption, as has been reported in several recent studies. The circadian clock affects almost all daily behavioral patterns, as well as a plethora of physiological processes, and might be one of the key factors contributing to OSA complications. An intricate interaction between the circadian clock and hypoxia may further affect these processes, which has a strong foundation on the molecular level. Recent studies revealed an interaction between hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a key regulator of oxygen metabolism, and elements of circadian clocks. This relationship has a strong base in the structure of involved elements, as HIF-1 as well as PER, CLOCK, and BMAL, belong to the same Per-Arnt-Sim domain family. Therefore, this review summarizes the available knowledge on the molecular mechanism of circadian clock disruption and its influence on the development and progression of OSA comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Gabryelska
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (S.T.); (F.F.K.); (M.S.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-660796004
| | - Szymon Turkiewicz
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (S.T.); (F.F.K.); (M.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Filip Franciszek Karuga
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (S.T.); (F.F.K.); (M.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Marcin Sochal
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (S.T.); (F.F.K.); (M.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Piotr Białasiewicz
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (S.T.); (F.F.K.); (M.S.); (P.B.)
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11
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Ashton A, Foster RG, Jagannath A. Photic Entrainment of the Circadian System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020729. [PMID: 35054913 PMCID: PMC8775994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are essential for the survival of all organisms, enabling them to predict daily changes in the environment and time their behaviour appropriately. The molecular basis of such rhythms is the circadian clock, a self-sustaining molecular oscillator comprising a transcriptional–translational feedback loop. This must be continually readjusted to remain in alignment with the external world through a process termed entrainment, in which the phase of the master circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) is adjusted in response to external time cues. In mammals, the primary time cue, or “zeitgeber”, is light, which inputs directly to the SCN where it is integrated with additional non-photic zeitgebers. The molecular mechanisms underlying photic entrainment are complex, comprising a number of regulatory factors. This review will outline the photoreception pathways mediating photic entrainment, and our current understanding of the molecular pathways that drive it in the SCN.
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12
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Zheng W, Gu C, Yang H, Rohling JHT. Motif structure for the four subgroups within the suprachiasmatic nuclei affects its entrainment ability. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:014314. [PMID: 35193260 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.014314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms of physiological and behavioral activities are regulated by a central clock. This clock is located in the bilaterally symmetrical suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of mammals. Each nucleus contains a light-sensitive group of neurons, named the ventrolateral (VL) part, with the rest of the neurons being insensitive to light, named the dorsomedial (DM) group. While the coupling between the VL and DM subgroups have been investigated quite well, the communication among the four subgroups across the nuclei did not get a lot of attention. In this article, we theoretically analyzed seven motiflike connection patterns to investigate the network of the two nuclei of the SCN as a whole in relation to the function of the SCN. We investigated the entrainment ability of the SCN and found that the entrainment range is larger in the motifs containing a link between the two VL parts across the nuclei, but it is smaller in the motifs that contain a link between the two DM parts across the nuclei. The SCN may strengthen or weaken connections between the left and right nucleus to accomodate changes in external conditions, such as resynchronization after a jet lag, adjustment to photoperiod or for the aging SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Zheng
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Changgui Gu
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Huijie Yang
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jos H T Rohling
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
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13
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The Drosophila circadian phase response curve to light: Conservation across seasonally relevant photoperiods and anchorage to sunset. Physiol Behav 2021; 245:113691. [PMID: 34958825 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photic history, including the relative duration of day versus night in a 24-hour cycle, is known to influence subsequent circadian responses to light in mammals. Whether such modulation is present in Drosophila is currently unknown. To date, all photic phase-response curves (PRCs) generated from Drosophila have done so with animals housed under seasonally agnostic equatorial photoperiods with alternating 12-hour segments of light and darkness. However, the genus contains thousands of species, some of which populate high and low-latitude habitats (20-50° north or south of the Equator) where seasonal variations in the light-dark schedule are pronounced. Here, we address this disconnect by constructing the first high-resolution Drosophila seasonal atlas for light-induced circadian phase-resetting. Testing the light responses of over 4,000 Drosophila at 120 timepoints across 5 seasonally-relevant rectangular photoperiods (i.e., LD 8:16, 10:14, 12:12, 14:10, and 16:8; 24 hourly intervals surveyed in each), we determined that many aspects of the fly circadian PRC waveform are conserved with increasing daylength. Surprisingly though, irrespective of LD schedule, the start of the PRCs always remained anchored to the timing of subjective sunset, creating a differential overlap of the advance zone with the morning hours after subjective sunrise that was maximized under summer photoperiods and minimized under winter photoperiods. These data suggest that there may be differences in flies versus mammals as to how the photoperiod modulates the waveform and amplitude of the circadian PRC to light. On the other hand, they support the possibility that the lights-off transition determines the phase-positioning of photic PRCs across seasons and across species. More work is necessary to test this claim and whether it might factor into the timing of seasonal light responses in humans.
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14
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Ang G, Brown LA, Tam SKE, Davies KE, Foster RG, Harrison PJ, Sprengel R, Vyazovskiy VV, Oliver PL, Bannerman DM, Peirson SN. Deletion of AMPA receptor GluA1 subunit gene (Gria1) causes circadian rhythm disruption and aberrant responses to environmental cues. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:588. [PMID: 34782594 PMCID: PMC8593011 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01690-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the glutamate α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor GluA1 subunit and deficits in synaptic plasticity are implicated in schizophrenia and sleep and circadian rhythm disruption. To investigate the role of GluA1 in circadian and sleep behaviour, we used wheel-running, passive-infrared, and video-based home-cage activity monitoring to assess daily rest-activity profiles of GluA1-knockout mice (Gria1-/-). We showed that these mice displayed various circadian abnormalities, including misaligned, fragmented, and more variable rest-activity patterns. In addition, they showed heightened, but transient, behavioural arousal to light→dark and dark→light transitions, as well as attenuated nocturnal-light-induced activity suppression (negative masking). In the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), nocturnal-light-induced cFos signals (a molecular marker of neuronal activity in the preceding ~1-2 h) were attenuated, indicating reduced light sensitivity in the SCN. However, there was no change in the neuroanatomical distribution of expression levels of two neuropeptides-vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and arginine vasopressin (AVP)-differentially expressed in the core (ventromedial) vs. shell (dorsolateral) SCN subregions and both are known to be important for neuronal synchronisation within the SCN and circadian rhythmicity. In the motor cortex (area M1/M2), there was increased inter-individual variability in cFos levels during the evening period, mirroring the increased inter-individual variability in locomotor activity under nocturnal light. Finally, in the spontaneous odour recognition task GluA1 knockouts' short-term memory was impaired due to enhanced attention to the recently encountered familiar odour. These abnormalities due to altered AMPA-receptor-mediated signalling resemble and may contribute to sleep and circadian rhythm disruption and attentional deficits in different modalities in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Ang
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laurence A Brown
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- IT Services, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shu K E Tam
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kay E Davies
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Rolf Sprengel
- Research Group of the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research at the Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter L Oliver
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, UK.
| | - David M Bannerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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15
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Brenna A, Ripperger JA, Saro G, Glauser DA, Yang Z, Albrecht U. PER2 mediates CREB-dependent light induction of the clock gene Per1. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21766. [PMID: 34741086 PMCID: PMC8571357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Light affects many physiological processes in mammals such as entrainment of the circadian clock, regulation of mood, and relaxation of blood vessels. At the molecular level, a stimulus such as light initiates a cascade of kinases that phosphorylate CREB at various sites, including serine 133 (S133). This modification leads CREB to recruit the co-factor CRCT1 and the histone acetyltransferase CBP to stimulate the transcription of genes containing a CRE element in their promoters, such as Period 1 (Per1). However, the details of this pathway are poorly understood. Here we provide evidence that PER2 acts as a co-factor of CREB to facilitate the formation of a transactivation complex on the CRE element of the Per1 gene regulatory region in response to light or forskolin. Using in vitro and in vivo approaches, we show that PER2 modulates the interaction between CREB and its co-regulator CRTC1 to support complex formation only after a light or forskolin stimulus. Furthermore, the absence of PER2 abolished the interaction between the histone acetyltransferase CBP and CREB. This process was accompanied by a reduction of histone H3 acetylation and decreased recruitment of RNA Pol II to the Per1 gene. Collectively, our data show that PER2 supports the stimulus-dependent induction of the Per1 gene via modulation of the CREB/CRTC1/CBP complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brenna
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Cardiovascular System, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen A Ripperger
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Saro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dominique A Glauser
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Cardiovascular System, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Urs Albrecht
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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16
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Plante AE, Rao VP, Rizzo MA, Meredith AL. Comparative Ca 2+ channel contributions to intracellular Ca 2+ levels in the circadian clock. BIOPHYSICAL REPORTS 2021; 1:100005. [PMID: 35330949 PMCID: PMC8942421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpr.2021.100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in mammals are coordinated by the central clock in the brain, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Multiple molecular and cellular signals display a circadian variation within SCN neurons, including intracellular Ca2+, but the mechanisms are not definitively established. SCN cytosolic Ca2+ levels exhibit a peak during the day, when both action potential firing and Ca2+ channel activity are increased, and are decreased at night, correlating with a reduction in firing rate. In this study, we employ a single-color fluorescence anisotropy reporter (FLARE), Venus FLARE-Cameleon, and polarization inverted selective-plane illumination microscopy to measure rhythmic changes in cytosolic Ca2+ in SCN neurons. Using this technique, the Ca2+ channel subtypes contributing to intracellular Ca2+ at the peak and trough of the circadian cycle were assessed using a pharmacological approach with Ca2+ channel inhibitors. Peak (218 ± 16 nM) and trough (172 ± 13 nM) Ca2+ levels were quantified, indicating a 1.3-fold circadian variance in Ca2+ concentration. Inhibition of ryanodine-receptor-mediated Ca2+ release produced a larger relative decrease in cytosolic Ca2+ at both time points compared to voltage-gated Ca2+channels. These results support the hypothesis that circadian Ca2+ rhythms in SCN neurons are predominantly driven by intracellular Ca2+ channels, although not exclusively so. The study provides a foundation for future experiments to probe Ca2+ signaling in a dynamic biological context using FLAREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber E. Plante
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vishnu P. Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Megan A. Rizzo
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrea L. Meredith
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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17
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Gu C, Li J, Zhou J, Yang H, Rohling J. Network Structure of the Master Clock Is Important for Its Primary Function. Front Physiol 2021; 12:678391. [PMID: 34483953 PMCID: PMC8415478 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.678391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A master clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulates the circadian rhythm of physiological and behavioral activities in mammals. The SCN has two main functions in the regulation: an endogenous clock produces the endogenous rhythmic signal in body rhythms, and a calibrator synchronizes the body rhythms to the external light-dark cycle. These two functions have been determined to depend on either the dynamic behaviors of individual neurons or the whole SCN neuronal network. In this review, we first introduce possible network structures for the SCN, as revealed by time series analysis from real experimental data. It was found that the SCN network is heterogeneous and sparse, that is, the average shortest path length is very short, some nodes are hubs with large node degrees but most nodes have small node degrees, and the average node degree of the network is small. Secondly, the effects of the SCN network structure on the SCN function are reviewed based on mathematical models of the SCN network. It was found that robust rhythms with large amplitudes, a high synchronization between SCN neurons and a large entrainment ability exists mainly in small-world and scale-free type networks, but not other types. We conclude that the SCN most probably is an efficient small-world type or scale-free type network, which drives SCN function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changgui Gu
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijie Yang
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jos Rohling
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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18
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Tuvia N, Pivovarova-Ramich O, Murahovschi V, Lück S, Grudziecki A, Ost AC, Kruse M, Nikiforova VJ, Osterhoff M, Gottmann P, Gögebakan Ö, Sticht C, Gretz N, Schupp M, Schürmann A, Rudovich N, Pfeiffer AFH, Kramer A. Insulin Directly Regulates the Circadian Clock in Adipose Tissue. Diabetes 2021; 70:1985-1999. [PMID: 34226282 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is a key metabolic organ which functions are rhythmically regulated by an endogenous circadian clock. Feeding is a "zeitgeber" aligning the clock in AT with the external time, but mechanisms of this regulation remain largely unclear. We tested the hypothesis that postprandial changes of the hormone insulin directly entrain circadian clocks in AT and investigated a transcriptional-dependent mechanism of this regulation. We analyzed gene expression in subcutaneous AT (SAT) of obese subjects collected before and after the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp or control saline infusion (SC). The expressions of core clock genes PER2, PER3, and NR1D1 in SAT were differentially changed upon insulin and saline infusion, suggesting insulin-dependent clock regulation. In human stem cell-derived adipocytes, mouse 3T3-L1 cells, and AT explants from mPer2Luc knockin mice, insulin induced a transient increase of the Per2 mRNA and protein expression, leading to the phase shift of circadian oscillations, with similar effects for Per1 Insulin effects were dependent on the region between -64 and -43 in the Per2 promoter but not on CRE and E-box elements. Our results demonstrate that insulin directly regulates circadian clocks in AT and isolated adipocytes, thus representing a primary mechanism of feeding-induced AT clock entrainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Tuvia
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Laboratory of Chronobiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Pivovarova-Ramich
- Reseach Group Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Veronica Murahovschi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Lück
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Laboratory of Chronobiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Astrid Grudziecki
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Laboratory of Chronobiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne-Catrin Ost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Michael Kruse
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victoria J Nikiforova
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Martin Osterhoff
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascal Gottmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Özlem Gögebakan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Schupp
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Natalia Rudovich
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Spital Bülach, Bülach, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Achim Kramer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Laboratory of Chronobiology, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Mendoza J. Nighttime Light Hurts Mammalian Physiology: What Diurnal Rodent Models Are Telling Us. Clocks Sleep 2021; 3:236-250. [PMID: 33915800 PMCID: PMC8167723 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep3020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural sunlight permits organisms to synchronize their physiology to the external world. However, in current times, natural sunlight has been replaced by artificial light in both day and nighttime. While in the daytime, indoor artificial light is of lower intensity than natural sunlight, leading to a weak entrainment signal for our internal biological clock, at night the exposure to artificial light perturbs the body clock and sleep. Although electric light at night allows us "to live in darkness", our current lifestyle facilitates nighttime exposure to light by the use, or abuse, of electronic devices (e.g., smartphones). The chronic exposure to light at nighttime has been correlated to mood alterations, metabolic dysfunctions, and poor cognition. To decipher the brain mechanisms underlying these alterations, fundamental research has been conducted using animal models, principally of nocturnal nature (e.g., mice). Nevertheless, because of the diurnal nature of human physiology, it is also important to find and propose diurnal animal models for the study of the light effects in circadian biology. The present review provides an overview of the effects of light at nighttime on physiology and behavior in diurnal mammals, including humans. Knowing how the brain reacts to artificial light exposure, using diurnal rodent models, is fundamental for the development of new strategies in human health based in circadian biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mendoza
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience CNRS UPR3212, University of Strasburg, 8 allée du Général Rouvillois, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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20
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Lužná V, Liška K, Sládek M, Sumová A. Hormonal fine-tuning of clock in decidual region of mouse placenta by dopamine, melatonin, insulin, leptin and ghrelin. Placenta 2021; 108:55-63. [PMID: 33819862 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The maternal part of the rodent placenta harbors a circadian clock which robustly responds to glucocorticoids, however, its sensitivity to other hormones has not been elucidated. In this study, we tested five selected hormones (dopamine, melatonin, insulin, leptin and ghrelin) for their effectiveness to affect the clock in decidual region of mouse placenta in vitro. METHODS We administered the hormones or corresponding vehicles at various time points over 24 h to organotypic placental explants of mPer2Luc mice containing the decidua basalis (DB) region and monitored their effects on amplitude, period, median expression level (mesor) and phase of PER2-driven bioluminescence rhythms. RESULTS Dopamine significantly increased the amplitude, robustly dampened the mesor, and during a narrow time interval (corresponding to daytime) induced phase delays of the rhythms. In contrast, melatonin had no effect on amplitude, but induced phase advances of the rhythms at the opposite time window than dopamine (corresponding to nighttime). Leptin and ghrelin, but not insulin, slightly increased amplitudes and moderately modulated phase delays of the clock, suggesting that the DB clock, in contrast to other peripheral clocks, is rather resilient to abrupt changes in levels of feeding- and metabolism-related hormones. DISCUSSION The results demonstrate for the first time that dopamine and melatonin exhibit delicate yet specific effects on parameters of the DB clock and may thus potentially contribute to fine-tuning of its phase under in vivo conditions. It also implies that dysregulation of their levels, which accompany various pathologies, may account for malfunction of the clock in DB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vendula Lužná
- Laboratory of Biological Rhythms, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Liška
- Laboratory of Biological Rhythms, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Sládek
- Laboratory of Biological Rhythms, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Sumová
- Laboratory of Biological Rhythms, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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21
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Rea MS, Nagare R, Figueiro MG. Modeling Circadian Phototransduction: Retinal Neurophysiology and Neuroanatomy. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:615305. [PMID: 33613175 PMCID: PMC7892603 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.615305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is a complex, but well-organized neural structure that converts optical radiation into neural signals that convey photic information to a wide variety of brain structures. The present paper is concerned with the neural circuits underlying phototransduction for the central pacemaker of the human circadian system. The proposed neural framework adheres to orthodox retinal neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. Several postulated mechanisms are also offered to account for the high threshold and for the subadditive response to polychromatic light exhibited by the human circadian phototransduction circuit. A companion paper, modeling circadian phototransduction: Quantitative predictions of psychophysical data, provides a computational model for predicting psychophysical data associated with nocturnal melatonin suppression while staying within the constraints of the neurophysiology and neuroanatomy offered here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Rea
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rohan Nagare
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mariana G. Figueiro
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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22
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Dannerfjord AA, Brown LA, Foster RG, Peirson SN. Light Input to the Mammalian Circadian Clock. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2130:233-247. [PMID: 33284449 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0381-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are 24-h cycles in physiology and behavior that occur in virtually all organisms. These processes are not simply driven by changes in the external environment as they persist under constant conditions, providing evidence for an internal biological clock. In mammals, this clock is located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and is based upon an intracellular mechanism composed of a transcriptional-translational feedback loop composed of a number of core clock genes. However, a clock is of no use unless it can be set to the correct time. The primary time cue for the molecular clock in the SCN is light detected by the eye. The photoreceptors involved in this process include the rods and cones that mediate vision, as well as the recently identified melanopsin-expressing photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGCs). Light information is conveyed to the SCN via the retinohypothalamic tract, resulting in an intracellular signaling cascade which converges on cAMP-response elements in the promoters of several key clock genes. Over the last two decades a number of studies have investigated the transcriptional response of the SCN to light stimuli with the aim of further understanding these molecular signaling pathways. Here we provide an overview of these studies and provide protocols for studying the molecular responses to light in the SCN clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Dannerfjord
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, UK
| | - Laurence A Brown
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, UK
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, UK.
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23
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Míková H, Kuchtiak V, Svobodová I, Spišská V, Pačesová D, Balík A, Bendová Z. Circadian Regulation of GluA2 mRNA Processing in the Rat Suprachiasmatic Nucleus and Other Brain Structures. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:439-449. [PMID: 32964314 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian circadian system consists of a major circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and peripheral clocks in the body, including brain structures. The SCN depends on glutamatergic neurotransmission for transmitting signals from the retina, and it exhibits spontaneous 24-h rhythmicity in neural activity. The aim of this work was to evaluate the degree and circadian rhythmicity of AMPA receptor GluA2 subunit R/G editing and alternative flip/flop splicing in the SCN and other brain structures in Wistar rats. Our data show that the circadian rhythmicity in the SCN's GluA2 mRNA level was highest at dawn, while the circadian rhythm in R/G editing peaked at CT10 and the rhythmic flip varied with the acrophase at the late subjective night. The circadian rhythmicity was confirmed for R/G editing and splicing in the CA3 hippocampal area, and rhythmic variation of the flip isoform was also measured in the olfactory bulbs and cerebellum. The correlations between the R/G editing and alternative flip/flop splicing revealed a structure-dependent direction. In the hippocampus, the edited (G)-form level was positively correlated with the flip variant abundance, in accord with published data; by contrast, in the SCN, the flip variant was in associated more with the unedited (R) form. The edited (G) form and flop isoform also predominated in the retina and cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Míková
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physiology, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Kuchtiak
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Svobodová
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Spišská
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physiology, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Pačesová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physiology, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Balík
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physiology, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeňka Bendová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physiology, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
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24
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Time is of the essence: Coupling sleep-wake and circadian neurobiology to the antidepressant effects of ketamine. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 221:107741. [PMID: 33189715 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of ketamine in rapidly alleviating depression and suicidal ideation. Intense research efforts have been undertaken to expose the precise mechanism underlying the antidepressant action of ketamine; however, the translation of findings into new clinical treatments has been slow. This translational gap is partially explained by a lack of understanding of the function of time and circadian timing in the complex neurobiology around ketamine. Indeed, the acute pharmacological effects of a single ketamine treatment last for only a few hours, whereas the antidepressant effects peak at around 24 hours and are sustained for the following few days. Numerous studies have investigated the acute and long-lasting neurobiological changes induced by ketamine; however, the most dramatic and fundamental change that the brain undergoes each day is rarely taken into consideration. Here, we explore the link between sleep and circadian regulation and rapid-acting antidepressant effects and summarize how diverse phenomena associated with ketamine's antidepressant actions - such as cortical excitation, synaptogenesis, and involved molecular determinants - are intimately connected with the neurobiology of wake, sleep, and circadian rhythms. We review several recently proposed hypotheses about rapid antidepressant actions, which focus on sleep or circadian regulation, and discuss their implications for ongoing research. Considering these aspects may be the last piece of the puzzle necessary to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of rapid-acting antidepressants on the brain.
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25
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Seasonality and light phase-resetting in the mammalian circadian rhythm. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19506. [PMID: 33177530 PMCID: PMC7658258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the impact of light on the mammalian circadian system using the theory of phase response curves. Using a recently developed ansatz we derive a low-dimensional macroscopic model for the core circadian clock in mammals. Significantly, the variables and parameters in our model have physiological interpretations and may be compared with experimental results. We focus on the effect of four key factors which help shape the mammalian phase response to light: heterogeneity in the population of oscillators, the structure of the typical light phase response curve, the fraction of oscillators which receive direct light input and changes in the coupling strengths associated with seasonal day-lengths. We find these factors can explain several experimental results and provide insight into the processing of light information in the mammalian circadian system. In particular, we find that the sensitivity of the circadian system to light may be modulated by changes in the relative coupling forces between the light sensing and non-sensing populations. Finally, we show how seasonal day-length, after-effects to light entrainment and seasonal variations in light sensitivity in the mammalian circadian clock are interrelated.
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Oparija-Rogenmozere L, Rajendran A, Poncet N, Camargo SMR, Verrey F. Phosphorylation of mouse intestinal basolateral amino acid uniporter LAT4 is controlled by food-entrained diurnal rhythm and dietary proteins. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233863. [PMID: 32470053 PMCID: PMC7259769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive regulation of epithelial transporters to nutrient intake is essential to decrease energy costs of their synthesis and maintenance, however such regulation is understudied. Previously we demonstrated that the transport function of the basolateral amino acid uniporter LAT4 (Slc43a2) is increased by dephosphorylation of serine 274 (S274) and nearly abolished by dephosphorylation of serine 297 (S297) when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Phosphorylation changes in the jejunum of food-entrained mice suggested an increase in LAT4 transport function during food expectation. Thus, we investigated further how phosphorylation, expression and localization of mouse intestinal LAT4 respond to food-entrained diurnal rhythm and dietary protein content. In mice entrained with 18% protein diet, LAT4 mRNA was not submitted to diurnal regulation, unlike mRNAs of luminal symporters and antiporters. Only in duodenum, LAT4 protein expression increased during food intake. Concurrently, S274 phosphorylation was decreased in all three small intestinal segments, whereas S297 phosphorylation was increased only in jejunum. Interestingly, during food intake, S274 phosphorylation was nearly absent in ileum and accompanied by strong phosphorylation of mTORC1 target S6. Entraining mice with 8% protein diet provoked a shift in jejunal LAT4 localization from the cell surface to intracellular stores and increased S274 phosphorylation in both jejunum and ileum during food anticipation, suggesting decreased transport function. In contrast, 40% dietary protein content led to increased LAT4 expression in jejunum and its internalization in ileum. Ex vivo treatments of isolated intestinal villi fraction demonstrated that S274 phosphorylation was stimulated by protein kinase A. Rapamycin-sensitive insulin treatment and amino acids increased S297 phosphorylation, suggesting that the response to food intake might be regulated via the insulin-mTORC1 pathway. Ghrelin, an oscillating orexigenic hormone, did not affect phosphorylation of intestinal LAT4. Overall, we show that phosphorylation, expression and localization of intestinal mouse LAT4 responds to diurnal and dietary stimuli in location-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Oparija-Rogenmozere
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anuradha Rajendran
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadège Poncet
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone M R Camargo
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - François Verrey
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,NCCR Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
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Mendoza J. Food intake and addictive-like eating behaviors: Time to think about the circadian clock(s). Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 106:122-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
Mathematical models have a long and influential history in the study of human circadian rhythms. Accurate predictive models for the human circadian light response have been used to study the impact of a host of light exposures on the circadian system. However, generally, these models do not account for the physiological basis of these rhythms. We illustrate a new paradigm for deriving models of the human circadian light response. Beginning from a high-dimensional model of the circadian neural network, we systematically derive low-dimensional models using an approach motivated by experimental measurements of circadian neurons. This systematic reduction allows for the variables and parameters of the derived model to be interpreted in a physiological context. We fit and validate the resulting models to a library of experimental measurements. Finally, we compare model predictions for experimental measurements of light levels and discuss the differences between our model’s predictions and previous models. Our modeling paradigm allows for the integration of experimental measurements across the single-cell, tissue, and behavioral scales, thereby enabling the development of accurate low-dimensional models for human circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Hannay
- Department of Mathematics, Schreiner University, Kerrville, Texas
| | - Victoria Booth
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel B. Forger
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Schirmer AE, Gallemore C, Liu T, Magle S, DiNello E, Ahmed H, Gilday T. Mapping behaviorally relevant light pollution levels to improve urban habitat planning. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11925. [PMID: 31417105 PMCID: PMC6695421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial nighttime lights have important behavioral and ecological effects on wildlife. Combining laboratory and field techniques, we identified behaviorally relevant levels of nighttime light and mapped the extent of these light levels across the city of Chicago. We began by applying a Gaussian finite mixture model to 998 sampled illumination levels around Chicago to identify clusters of light levels. A simplified sample of these levels was replicated in the laboratory to identify light levels at which C57BL/6J mice exhibited altered circadian activity patterns. We then used camera trap and high-altitude photographic data to compare our field and laboratory observations, finding activity pattern changes in the field consistent with laboratory observations. Using these results, we mapped areas across Chicago exposed to estimated illumination levels above the value associated with statistically significant behavioral changes. Based on this measure, we found that as much as 36% of the greenspace in the city is in areas illuminated at levels greater than or equal to those at which we observe behavioral differences in the field and in the laboratory. Our findings provide evidence that artificial lighting patterns may influence wildlife behavior at a broad scale throughout urban areas, and should be considered in urban habitat planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron E Schirmer
- Northeastern Illinois University, Dept. of Biology, 5500 St. Louis Ave., Chicago, IL, 60625, USA.
| | - Caleb Gallemore
- Lafayette College, International Affairs Program, 730 High St., Easton, PA, 18042, USA
| | - Ting Liu
- Northeastern Illinois University, Dept. of Geography and Environmental Studies, 5500 St. Louis Ave., Chicago, IL, 60625, USA
| | - Seth Magle
- Lincoln Park Zoo, Urban Wildlife Institute, 2001 N Clark St, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA
| | - Elisabeth DiNello
- Northeastern Illinois University, Dept. of Biology, 5500 St. Louis Ave., Chicago, IL, 60625, USA
| | - Humerah Ahmed
- Northeastern Illinois University, Dept. of Biology, 5500 St. Louis Ave., Chicago, IL, 60625, USA
| | - Thomas Gilday
- Northeastern Illinois University, Dept. of Geography and Environmental Studies, 5500 St. Louis Ave., Chicago, IL, 60625, USA
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Xie Y, Tang Q, Chen G, Xie M, Yu S, Zhao J, Chen L. New Insights Into the Circadian Rhythm and Its Related Diseases. Front Physiol 2019; 10:682. [PMID: 31293431 PMCID: PMC6603140 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms (CR) are a series of endogenous autonomous oscillators generated by the molecular circadian clock which acting on coordinating internal time with the external environment in a 24-h daily cycle. The circadian clock system is a major regulatory factor for nearly all physiological activities and its disorder has severe consequences on human health. CR disruption is a common issue in modern society, and researches about people with jet lag or shift works have revealed that CR disruption can cause cognitive impairment, psychiatric illness, metabolic syndrome, dysplasia, and cancer. In this review, we summarized the synchronizers and the synchronization methods used in experimental research, and introduced CR monitoring and detection methods. Moreover, we evaluated conventional CR databases, and analyzed experiments that characterized the underlying causes of CR disorder. Finally, we further discussed the latest developments in understanding of CR disruption, and how it may be relevant to health and disease. Briefly, this review aimed to synthesize previous studies to aid in future studies of CR and CR-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Xie
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingming Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangjin Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengru Xie
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaoling Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiajia Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Sládek M, Sumová A. Modulation of NMDA-Mediated Clock Resetting in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei of mPer2 Luc Mouse by Endocannabinoids. Front Physiol 2019; 10:361. [PMID: 30984034 PMCID: PMC6450388 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Light entrains the master circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) predominantly through glutamatergic signaling via NMDA receptors. The magnitude and the direction of resulting phase shifts depend on timing of the photic stimulus. Previous reports based on behavioral and electrophysiological data suggested that endocannabinoids (EC) might reduce the ability of the SCN clock to respond to light. However, there is little direct evidence for the involvement of EC in entrainment of the rhythmic clock gene expression in the SCN. We have used luminescence recording of cultured SCN slices from mPer2Luc mice to construct a complete phase response curve (PRC) for NMDA receptor activation. The results demonstrated that NMDA administration phase-shifts the PER2 rhythm in a time-specific manner. A stable “singularity,” in the course of which the clock seemingly stops while the overall phase is caught between delays and advances, can occur in response to NMDA at a narrow interval during the PER2 level decrease. NMDA-induced phase delays were affected neither by the agonist (WIN 55,212-2 mesylate) nor by the antagonist (rimonabant hydrochloride) of EC receptors. However, the agonist significantly reduced the NMDA-induced phase advance of the clock, while the antagonist enhanced the phase advance, causing a shift in the sensitivity window of the SCN to NMDA. The modulation of EC signaling in the SCN had no effect by itself on the phase of the PER2 rhythm. The results provide evidence for a modulatory role of EC in photic entrainment of the circadian clock in the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sládek
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Alena Sumová
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
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Vasoactive intestinal peptide controls the suprachiasmatic circadian clock network via ERK1/2 and DUSP4 signalling. Nat Commun 2019; 10:542. [PMID: 30710088 PMCID: PMC6358603 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) co-ordinates circadian behaviour and physiology in mammals. Its cell-autonomous circadian oscillations pivot around a well characterised transcriptional/translational feedback loop (TTFL), whilst the SCN circuit as a whole is synchronised to solar time by its retinorecipient cells that express and release vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The cell-autonomous and circuit-level mechanisms whereby VIP synchronises the SCN are poorly understood. We show that SCN slices in organotypic culture demonstrate rapid and sustained circuit-level circadian responses to VIP that are mediated at a cell-autonomous level. This is accompanied by changes across a broad transcriptional network and by significant VIP-directed plasticity in the internal phasing of the cell-autonomous TTFL. Signalling via ERK1/2 and tuning by its negative regulator DUSP4 are critical elements of the VIP-directed circadian re-programming. In summary, we provide detailed mechanistic insight into VIP signal transduction in the SCN at the level of genes, cells and neural circuit. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) synchronises daily rhythms of behaviour and physiology to the light-dark cycle. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is important for mediating SCN entrainment; however, the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here, the authors show that the effects of VIP on the SCN are mediated by ERK1/2 and DUSP4.
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Zsuga J, More CE, Erdei T, Papp C, Harsanyi S, Gesztelyi R. Blind Spot for Sedentarism: Redefining the Diseasome of Physical Inactivity in View of Circadian System and the Irisin/BDNF Axis. Front Neurol 2018; 9:818. [PMID: 30333788 PMCID: PMC6176117 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The term "diseasome of physical inactivity" was coined by Pedersen to explain clustering of chronic diseases linked to physical inactivity. Accordingly, physical inactivity per se contributes to the accumulation of visceral fat, which, generates chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, contributes to emergence of chronic, non-communicable diseases. Diversity of these disorders posits the possible involvement of a supraphysiological system. Methods: Hypothesis driven literature search and deductive reasoning was used to review relevant literature and formulate a novel theory. Results: We have identified the circadian system, omnipresent in virtually every cell, as a possible vehicle for brain muscle crosstalk, explaining some aspects of the diseasome of physical inactivity This system is hierarchically organized, with the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master clock that entrains to the dark/light cycle and synchronizes subsidiary molecular clocks in the periphery. Insufficient photic entrainment also causes chronic disease evolution. The recently identified irisin, was shown to induce brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production in several brain areas. BDNF assumes significant role in gating light's influence in the retinohypothalamic synapse, by having a permissive effect on glutamate signal transduction underlying photic entrainment. Conclusions: Here we provide theoretical evidence to support the hypothesis that irisin may facilitate photic entrainment of the SCN, via BDNF. By this irisin opens up possible pathways for peripheral non-photic entrainment signals to exert influence on the master clock that is otherwise resistant to these. Furthermore, we suggest that intertwining processes of circadian, redox, inflammatory, and myokine systems lay underneath the diseasome of physical inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Zsuga
- Department of Health System Management and Quality Management in Health Care, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba E. More
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamas Erdei
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Papp
- Department of Health System Management and Quality Management in Health Care, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Harsanyi
- Department of Health System Management and Quality Management in Health Care, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Rudolf Gesztelyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Modeling Reveals a Key Mechanism for Light-Dependent Phase Shifts of Neurospora Circadian Rhythms. Biophys J 2018; 115:1093-1102. [PMID: 30139524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Light shifts and synchronizes the phase of the circadian clock to daily environments, which is critical for maintaining the daily activities of an organism. It has been proposed that such light-dependent phase shifts are triggered by light-induced upregulation of a negative element of the core circadian clock (i.e., frq, Per1/2) in many organisms, including fungi. However, we find, using systematic mathematical modeling of the Neurospora crassa circadian clock, that the upregulation of the frq gene expression alone is unable to reproduce the observed light-dependent phase responses. Indeed, we find that the depression of the transcriptional activator white-collar-1, previously shown to be promoted by FRQ and VVD, is a key molecular mechanism for accurately simulating light-induced phase response curves for wild-type and mutant strains of Neurospora. Our findings elucidate specific molecular pathways that can be utilized to control phase resetting of circadian rhythms.
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González MMC. Dim Light at Night and Constant Darkness: Two Frequently Used Lighting Conditions That Jeopardize the Health and Well-being of Laboratory Rodents. Front Neurol 2018; 9:609. [PMID: 30116218 PMCID: PMC6084421 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of light on mammalian physiology and behavior is due to the entrainment of circadian rhythms complemented with a direct modulation of light that would be unlikely an outcome of circadian system. In mammals, physiological and behavioral circadian rhythms are regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. This central control allows organisms to predict and anticipate environmental change, as well as to coordinate different rhythmic modalities within an individual. In adult mammals, direct retinal projections to the SCN are responsible for resetting and synchronizing physiological and behavioral rhythms to the light-dark (LD) cycle. Apart from its circadian effects, light also has direct effects on certain biological functions in such a way that the participation of the SCN would not be fundamental for this network. The objective of this review is to increase awareness, within the scientific community and commercial providers, of the fact that laboratory rodents can experience a number of adverse health and welfare outcomes attributed to commonly-used lighting conditions in animal facilities during routine husbandry and scientific procedures, widely considered as “environmentally friendly.” There is increasing evidence that exposure to dim light at night, as well as chronic constant darkness, challenges mammalian physiology and behavior resulting in disrupted circadian rhythms, neural death, a depressive-behavioral phenotype, cognitive impairment, and the deregulation of metabolic, physiological, and synaptic plasticity in both the short and long terms. The normal development and good health of laboratory rodents requires cyclical light entrainment, adapted to the solar cycle of day and night, with null light at night and safe illuminating qualities during the day. We therefore recommend increased awareness of the limited information available with regards to lighting conditions, and therefore that lighting protocols must be taken into consideration when designing experiments and duly highlighted in scientific papers. This practice will help to ensure the welfare of laboratory animals and increase the likelihood of producing reliable and reproducible results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica M C González
- Sección Cronobiología y Sueño, Instituto Ferrero de Neurología y Sueño, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Mendoza J, van Diepen HC, Pereira RR, Meijer JH. Time-shifting effects of methylphenidate on daily rhythms in the diurnal rodent Arvicanthis ansorgei. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2323-2333. [PMID: 29777288 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
People suffering of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and treated with the psychostimulant methylphenidate (MPH) show sleep-wake cycle and daily rhythm alterations despite the beneficial effects of MPH on behavioral symptoms (i.e., hyperactivity, attention). In nocturnal rodents (i.e., mice), chronic exposure to MPH alters the neural activity of the circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), behavioral rhythms, and the sleep-wake cycle. Here, we studied the effects of MPH on daily rhythms of behavior and body temperature of the diurnal rodent Arvicanthis ansorgei. Under a light-dark cycle, chronic exposure to MPH in drinking water delayed the onset of both activity and body temperature rhythms. Interestingly, delays were larger when MPH access was restricted to the first 6 h of the light phase (i.e., activity phase) of the 24-h cycle. Since MPH effects are dependent on animal's fluid intake, in a last experiment, we controlled the time and dose of MPH delivery in Arvicanthis using an intraperitoneal perfusion method. Similarly to the experiment with MPH in drinking water, Arvicanthis showed a delay in the onset of general activity and body temperature when MPH infusions, but not vehicle, were during the first 6 h of the light phase. This study indicates that MPH alters daily rhythms in a time-dependent manner and proposes the use of a diurnal rodent for the study of the effects of MPH on the circadian clock. Knowing the circadian modulation on the effects of MPH in behavior could give new insights in the treatment of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mendoza
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS UPR-3212, University of Strasbourg, 5 rue Blaise Pascal, 67084, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Hester C van Diepen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johanna H Meijer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Cooper JM, Halter KA, Prosser RA. Circadian rhythm and sleep-wake systems share the dynamic extracellular synaptic milieu. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2018; 5:15-36. [PMID: 31236509 PMCID: PMC6584685 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian circadian and sleep-wake systems are closely aligned through their coordinated regulation of daily activity patterns. Although they differ in their anatomical organization and physiological processes, they utilize overlapping regulatory mechanisms that include an assortment of proteins and molecules interacting within the extracellular space. These extracellular factors include proteases that interact with soluble proteins, membrane-attached receptors and the extracellular matrix; and cell adhesion molecules that can form complex scaffolds connecting adjacent neurons, astrocytes and their respective intracellular cytoskeletal elements. Astrocytes also participate in the dynamic regulation of both systems through modulating neuronal appositions, the extracellular space and/or through release of gliotransmitters that can further contribute to the extracellular signaling processes. Together, these extracellular elements create a system that integrates rapid neurotransmitter signaling across longer time scales and thereby adjust neuronal signaling to reflect the daily fluctuations fundamental to both systems. Here we review what is known about these extracellular processes, focusing specifically on areas of overlap between the two systems. We also highlight questions that still need to be addressed. Although we know many of the extracellular players, far more research is needed to understand the mechanisms through which they modulate the circadian and sleep-wake systems.
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Key Words
- ADAM, A disintegrin and metalloproteinase
- AMPAR, AMPA receptor
- Astrocytes
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- BMAL1, Brain and muscle Arnt-like-1 protein
- Bmal1, Brain and muscle Arnt-like-1 gene
- CAM, cell adhesion molecules
- CRY, cryptochrome protein
- Cell adhesion molecules
- Circadian rhythms
- Cry, cryptochrome gene
- DD, dark-dark
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ECS, extracellular space
- EEG, electroencephalogram
- Endo N, endoneuraminidase N
- Extracellular proteases
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- IL, interleukin
- Ig, immunoglobulin
- LC, locus coeruleus
- LD, light-dark
- LH, lateral hypothalamus
- LRP-1, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1
- LTP, long-term potentiation
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinases
- NCAM, neural cell adhesion molecule protein
- NMDAR, NMDA receptor
- NO, nitric oxide
- NST, nucleus of the solitary tract
- Ncam, neural cell adhesion molecule gene
- Nrl, neuroligin gene
- Nrx, neurexin gene
- P2, purine type 2 receptor
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- PER, period protein
- PPT, peduculopontine tegmental nucleus
- PSA, polysialic acid
- Per, period gene
- REMS, rapid eye movement sleep
- RSD, REM sleep disruption
- SCN, suprachiasmatic nucleus
- SWS, slow wave sleep
- Sleep-wake system
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TTFL, transcriptional-translational negative feedback loop
- VIP, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
- VLPO, ventrolateral preoptic
- VP, vasopressin
- VTA, ventral tegmental area
- dNlg4, drosophila neuroligin-4 gene
- nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene
- nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase protein
- tPA, tissue-type plasminogen activator
- uPA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator
- uPAR, uPA receptor
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Gu C, Yang H, Meijer JH, Rohling JHT. Dependence of the entrainment on the ratio of amplitudes between two subgroups in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:062215. [PMID: 30011551 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.062215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organisms can be synchronized not only to the natural 24-h light-dark cycle but also to artificial non-24-h cycles. Interestingly, when the period of the cycle is far from 24 h, organisms may show complicated behavioral patterns. For example, exposed to a 22-h light-dark cycle, in behavioral activity of rats, a phenomenon called "dissociation" emerges, i.e., one periodic component shows a 22-h period and the other shows a period close to the endogenous period of the animal (around 24 h). It has been found that these two components are regulated by two subgroups of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), respectively, with the ventrolateral part regulating the 22-h component and the dorsomedial part regulating the other component. In the present study, based on a mathematical model, we will examine how the ratio of amplitudes between these two subgroups affects the entrainment of the SCN to the external 22-h light-dark cycle. Our results show that the dissociation happens when the ratio is smaller than 1 and the maximal entrainment (synchronization) ability of the SCN to the external cycle is obtained when the ratio is larger than 1. Our finding sheds light on the dissociation between the subgroups and suggests that the heterogeneity in the amplitudes alter the entrainment ability of the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changgui Gu
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Huijie Yang
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Johanna H Meijer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H T Rohling
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
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Giese M, Gestrich J, Massah A, Peterle J, Wei H, Stengl M. GABA- and serotonin-expressing neurons take part in inhibitory as well as excitatory input pathways to the circadian clock of the Madeira cockroach Rhyparobia maderae. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:1067-1080. [PMID: 29430734 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the Madeira cockroach, pigment-dispersing factor-immunoreactive (PDF-ir) neurons innervating the circadian clock, the accessory medulla (AME) in the brain's optic lobes, control circadian behaviour. Circadian activity rhythms are entrained to daily light-dark cycles only by compound eye photoreceptors terminating in the lamina and medulla. Still, it is unknown which neurons connect the photoreceptors to the clock to allow for light entrainment. Here, we characterized by multiple-label immunocytochemistry the serotonin (5-HT)-ir anterior fibre fan and GABA-ir pathways connecting the AME- and optic lobe neuropils. Colocalization of 5-HT with PDF was confirmed in PDF-ir lamina neurons (PDFLAs). Double-labelled fibres were traced to the AME originating from colabelled PDFLAs branching in accessory laminae and proximal lamina. The newly discovered GABA-ir medial layer fibre tract connected the AME to the medulla's medial layer fibre system, and the distal tract fibres connected the AME to the medulla. With Ca2+ imaging on primary cell cultures of the AME and with loose-patch-clamp recordings in vivo, we showed that both neurotransmitters either excite or inhibit AME clock neurons. Because we found no colocalization of GABA and 5-HT in any optic lobe neuron, GABA- and 5-HT neurons form separate clock input circuits. Among others, both pathways converged also on AME neurons that coexpressed mostly inhibitory GABA- and excitatory 5-HT receptors. Our physiological and immunocytochemical studies demonstrate that GABA- and 5-HT-immunoreactive neurons constitute parallel excitatory or inhibitory pathways connecting the circadian clock either to the lamina or medulla where photic information from the compound eye is processed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giese
- Animal Physiology/Neurobiology, Biology, FB10, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Julia Gestrich
- Animal Physiology/Neurobiology, Biology, FB10, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Azar Massah
- Animal Physiology/Neurobiology, Biology, FB10, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Jonas Peterle
- Animal Physiology/Neurobiology, Biology, FB10, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - HongYing Wei
- Animal Physiology/Neurobiology, Biology, FB10, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Monika Stengl
- Animal Physiology/Neurobiology, Biology, FB10, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
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40
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Wheaton K, Aten S, Queiroz LS, Sullivan K, Oberdick J, Hoyt KR, Obrietan K. Circadian expression and functional characterization of PEA-15 within the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:845-857. [PMID: 29383758 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The circadian timing system influences the functional properties of most, if not all, physiological processes. Central to the mammalian timing system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. The SCN functions as a 'master clock' that sets the phasing of ancillary circadian oscillator populations found throughout the body. Further, via an entraining input from the retina, the SCN ensures that the clock oscillators are synchronized to the daily light/dark cycle. A critical component of the SCN timing and entrainment systems is the p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway. Here, we examined the expression and function of phosphoprotein-enriched in astrocytes (PEA-15), an ERK scaffold protein that serves as a key regulator of MAPK signaling. A combination of immunolabeling and Western blotting approaches revealed high levels of PEA-15 within the SCN. PEA-15 expression was enriched in distinct subpopulations of SCN neurons, including arginine vasopressin (AVP)-positive neurons of the SCN shell region. Further, expression profiling detected a significant circadian oscillation in PEA-15 expression within the SCN. Brief photic stimulation during the early subjective night led to a significant increase in PEA-15 phosphorylation, an event that can trigger ERK/PEA-15 dissociation. Consistent with this, co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that PEA-15 is directly bound to ERK in the SCN and that photic stimulation leads to their dissociation. Finally, we show that PEA-15 regulates ERK/MAPK-dependent activation of the core clock gene period1. Together, these data raise the prospect that PEA-15 functions as a key regulator of the SCN timing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelin Wheaton
- Division of Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sydney Aten
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | | | - Kyle Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - John Oberdick
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kari R Hoyt
- Division of Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Karl Obrietan
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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41
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Fisk AS, Tam SKE, Brown LA, Vyazovskiy VV, Bannerman DM, Peirson SN. Light and Cognition: Roles for Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Arousal. Front Neurol 2018; 9:56. [PMID: 29479335 PMCID: PMC5811463 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Light exerts a wide range of effects on mammalian physiology and behavior. As well as synchronizing circadian rhythms to the external environment, light has been shown to modulate autonomic and neuroendocrine responses as well as regulating sleep and influencing cognitive processes such as attention, arousal, and performance. The last two decades have seen major advances in our understanding of the retinal photoreceptors that mediate these non-image forming responses to light, as well as the neural pathways and molecular mechanisms by which circadian rhythms are generated and entrained to the external light/dark (LD) cycle. By contrast, our understanding of the mechanisms by which lighting influences cognitive processes is more equivocal. The effects of light on different cognitive processes are complex. As well as the direct effects of light on alertness, indirect effects may also occur due to disrupted circadian entrainment. Despite the widespread use of disrupted LD cycles to study the role circadian rhythms on cognition, the different experimental protocols used have subtly different effects on circadian function which are not always comparable. Moreover, these protocols will also disrupt sleep and alter physiological arousal, both of which are known to modulate cognition. Studies have used different assays that are dependent on different cognitive and sensory processes, which may also contribute to their variable findings. Here, we propose that studies addressing the effects of different lighting conditions on cognitive processes must also account for their effects on circadian rhythms, sleep, and arousal if we are to fully understand the physiological basis of these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus S Fisk
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shu K E Tam
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence A Brown
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David M Bannerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The daily rhythm of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is regulated by the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid, acts as a secondary messenger between the central clock and the peripheral tissues. Changes in clock time, as seen in shift workers, alters the HPA axis and results in metabolic disturbances associated with ill health. Depression, anorexia nervosa and obstructive sleep apnoea, are associated with cortisol rhythm phase shifts and increased cortisol exposure. Higher nocturnal cortisol exposure is observed in patients with Cushing's syndrome and adrenal incidentalomas with autonomous cortisol secretion and is associated with insulin resistance, and increased cardiovascular risk and mortality. A decrease in cortisol rhythm amplitude is seen in adrenal insufficiency, and despite replacement, patients have an impaired quality of life and increased mortality. Research on cortisol replacement has focused on replacing the cortisol daily rhythm by subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusions and oral modified release hydrocortisone formulations with the aim of improving disease control and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Ross
- Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
| | - Miguel Debono
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.
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Mendoza J. Circadian neurons in the lateral habenula: Clocking motivated behaviors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 162:55-61. [PMID: 28666896 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The main circadian clock in mammals is located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), however, central timing mechanisms are also present in other brain structures beyond the SCN. The lateral habenula (LHb), known for its important role in the regulation of the monoaminergic system, contains such a circadian clock whose molecular and cellular mechanisms as well as functional role are not well known. However, since monoaminergic systems show circadian activity, it is possible that the LHb-clock's role is to modulate the rhythmic activity of the dopamine, serotonin and norephinephrine systems, and associated behaviors. Moreover, the LHb is involved in different pathological states such as depression, addiction and schizophrenia, states in which sleep and circadian alterations have been reported. Thus, perturbations of circadian activity in the LHb might, in part, be a cause of these rhythmic alterations in psychiatric ailments. In this review the current state of the LHb clock and its possible implications in the control of monoaminergic systems rhythms, motivated behaviors (e.g., feeding, drug intake) and depression (with circadian disruptions and altered motivation) will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mendoza
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, CNRS-UPR 3212 Strasbourg France, 5 rue Blaise Pascal, 67084 cedex Strasbourg, France.
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Liang X, Holy TE, Taghert PH. A Series of Suppressive Signals within the Drosophila Circadian Neural Circuit Generates Sequential Daily Outputs. Neuron 2017; 94:1173-1189.e4. [PMID: 28552314 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We studied the Drosophila circadian neural circuit using whole-brain imaging in vivo. Five major groups of pacemaker neurons display synchronized molecular clocks, yet each exhibits a distinct phase of daily Ca2+ activation. Light and neuropeptide pigment dispersing factor (PDF) from morning cells (s-LNv) together delay the phase of the evening (LNd) group by ∼12 hr; PDF alone delays the phase of the DN3 group by ∼17 hr. Neuropeptide sNPF, released from s-LNv and LNd pacemakers, produces Ca2+ activation in the DN1 group late in the night. The circuit also features negative feedback by PDF to truncate the s-LNv Ca2+ wave and terminate PDF release. Both PDF and sNPF suppress basal Ca2+ levels in target pacemakers with long durations by cell-autonomous actions. Thus, light and neuropeptides act dynamically at distinct hubs of the circuit to produce multiple suppressive events that create the proper tempo and sequence of circadian pacemaker neuronal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Liang
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Timothy E Holy
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul H Taghert
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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45
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Bainier C, Mateo M, Felder-Schmittbuhl MP, Mendoza J. Circadian rhythms of hedonic drinking behavior in mice. Neuroscience 2017; 349:229-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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46
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Yang JJ, Cheng RC, Cheng PC, Wang YC, Huang RC. K ATP Channels Mediate Differential Metabolic Responses to Glucose Shortage of the Dorsomedial and Ventrolateral Oscillators in the Central Clock. Sci Rep 2017; 7:640. [PMID: 28377630 PMCID: PMC5428822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00699-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) central clock comprises two coupled oscillators, with light entraining the retinorecipient vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-positive ventrolateral oscillator, which then entrains the arginine vasopressin (AVP)-positive dorsomedial oscillator. While glucose availability is known to alter photic entrainment, it is unclear how the SCN neurones respond to metabolic regulation and whether the two oscillators respond differently. Here we show that the ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel mediates differential responses to glucose shortage of the two oscillators. RT-PCR and electrophysiological results suggested the presence of Kir6.2/SUR1 KATP channels in the SCN neurones. Immunostaining revealed preferential distribution of Kir6.2 in the dorsomedial subregion and selective colocalization with AVP. Whole cell recordings with ATP-free pipette solution indicated larger tolbutamide-induced depolarisation and tolbutamide-sensitive conductance in dorsal SCN (dSCN) than ventral SCN (vSCN) neurones. Tolbutamide-sensitive conductance was low under perforated patch conditions but markedly enhanced by cyanide inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. Glucoprivation produced a larger steady-state inhibition in dSCN than vSCN neurones, and importantly hypoglycemia via opening KATP channels selectively inhibited the KATP-expressing neurones. Our results suggest that the AVP-SCN oscillator may act as a glucose sensor to respond to glucose shortage while sparing the VIP-SCN oscillator to remain in synch with external light-dark cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Jeen Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Ruo-Ciao Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Cheng Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chi Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Chi Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, 33305, Taiwan. .,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, 33305, Taiwan. .,Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Tao-Yuan, 33305, Taiwan.
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47
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Ninel Hansen S, Peics J, Gerhart-Hines Z. Keeping fat on time: Circadian control of adipose tissue. Exp Cell Res 2017; 360:31-34. [PMID: 28344052 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Circadian clocks harmonize processes ranging from intracellular biochemistry to whole-body physiology in accordance with the Earth's 24h rotation. These intrinsic oscillators are based on an interlocked transcriptional-translational feedback loop comprised from a set of core clock factors. In addition to maintaining rhythmicity in nearly every cell of the body, these clock factors also mediate tissue specific metabolic functions. In this review, we will explore how the molecular clock shapes the unique features of different adipose depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Ninel Hansen
- Section for Metabolic Receptology at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Julia Peics
- Section for Metabolic Receptology at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Zachary Gerhart-Hines
- Section for Metabolic Receptology at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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Differences in Photic Entrainment of Circadian Locomotor Activity Between Lean and Obese Volcano Mice ( Neotomodon alstoni). J Circadian Rhythms 2017; 15:1. [PMID: 30210555 PMCID: PMC5356206 DOI: 10.5334/jcr.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing problem worldwide with a clear impact on health status. It is also a condition that negatively affects circadian rhythms. When the mouse Neotomodon alstoni is fed a regular rodent chow, some individuals develop obesity, representing an opportunity to compare the effects of spontaneous obesity upon the circadian organization in this species with that observed in other rodents with induced obesity. We report differences in the free running circadian locomotor activity rhythm and in the effects of light pulses between lean and obese mice. Also, the photo-induced expression of the c-Fos protein and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) were examined at circadian time (CT) 14 and 22. We show that obese mice have a larger dispersion of the period of circadian locomotor rhythm in constant darkness. Photic induced phase shifts are nearly 50% shorter at CT 14, and 50% larger at CT 22 than in lean mice. The photoinduction of VIP in the SCN at CT 22 was larger in obese mice, which may be related to the differences observed in photic phase shifting. Our work indicates that the obesity in Neotomodon has effects on the neural mechanisms that regulate the circadian system.
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49
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Polidarová L, Sládek M, Novosadová Z, Sumová A. Aging does not compromise in vitro oscillation of the suprachiasmatic nuclei but makes it more vulnerable to constant light. Chronobiol Int 2016; 34:105-117. [PMID: 27791401 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2016.1242491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Circadian regulation of behavior worsens with age, however, the mechanism behind this phenomenon is still poorly understood. Specifically, it is not clear to what extend the ability of the circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) to generate the rhythm is affected by aging. This study aimed to ascertain the effect of aging on the functioning of the SCN of mPer2Luciferase mice under unnatural lighting conditions, such as constant light (LL). Under LL, which worsened the age-induced effect on behavioral rhythms, a marginal age-dependent effect on in vitro rhythmicity in explants containing the middle, but not the rostral/caudal, regions of the SCN was apparent; the proportion of mice in which middle-region SCN explants were completely arrhythmic or had an extremely long period (>30 h) was 47% in aged mice and 27% in adults. The results suggest that in some of the aged animals, LL may weaken the coupling among oscillators in specific sub-regions of the SCN, leaving other sub-regions better synchronized. In the standard light/dark cycle and in constant darkness, the SCN ability to produce bioluminescence rhythms in vitro was not compromised in aged mice although aging significantly affected their SCN-driven locomotor activity rhythms. Therefore, our results demonstrate that although age worsened the SCN output rhythm, the SCN molecular core clock mechanism itself was relatively resilient to aging in these same animals. The results suggest the involvement of pathways downstream of the core clock mechanism which are responsible for this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Polidarová
- a Department of Neurohumoral Regulations , Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Martin Sládek
- a Department of Neurohumoral Regulations , Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Novosadová
- a Department of Neurohumoral Regulations , Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Alena Sumová
- a Department of Neurohumoral Regulations , Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
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50
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Stengl M, Arendt A. Peptidergic circadian clock circuits in the Madeira cockroach. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 41:44-52. [PMID: 27575405 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Circadian clocks control physiology and behavior of organisms in synchrony with external light dark cycles in changing photoperiods. The Madeira cockroach Rhyparobia maderae was the first model organism in which an endogenous circadian clock in the brain was identified. About 240 neurons constitute the cockroach circadian pacemaker network in the accessory medulla. The expression of high concentrations of neuropeptides, among them the most prominent circadian coupling factor pigment-dispersing factor, as well as their ability to generate endogenous ultradian and circadian rhythms in electrical activity and clock gene expression distinguish these pacemaker neurons. We assume that entrainment to light-dark cycles and the control of 24h rest-activity rhythms is achieved via peptidergic circuits forming autoreceptive labeled lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Stengl
- University of Kassel, Biology, Animal Physiology, Heinrich Plett Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Andreas Arendt
- University of Kassel, Biology, Animal Physiology, Heinrich Plett Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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