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Mchome Z, Mshana G, Malibwa D, Aloyce D, Dwarumpudi A, Peter E, Kapiga S, Stöckl H. Men's Narratives of Sexual Intimate Partner Violence in Urban Mwanza, Northwestern Tanzania. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2024; 36:441-463. [PMID: 37941093 PMCID: PMC11010543 DOI: 10.1177/10790632231213831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Engaging men has been established as central in addressing intimate partner violence. Yet few studies on intimate partner violence explored men's perspectives on what constitutes sexual violence in relationships only. To explore how men conceptualize sexual violence, we engaged a qualitative approach to unpack men's narratives of sexual IPV. The study was conducted in Mwanza, Tanzania using in-depth interviews with 30 married men. Men shared a broad spectrum of unacceptable behaviors that clearly or potentially connote sexual violence. Some of the acts were deemed to constitute sexual violence when directed to both men and women, while some were perceived as sexual violence when directed to women or men only. Threatened manhood underpinned men's conceptualization of sexual violence against them by their partners. Although a large part of men's narratives of sexual violence towards women seemed to challenge the common sexual scripts existing in patriarchal societies, some of their accounts indicated the persistence of traditional presumptions of masculine sexual entitlement. Our findings uncover additional dimensions of sexual violence that go beyond what is included in the current global frameworks, underscoring the critical need of giving people a voice in their local contexts in defining what sexual intimate partner violence entails for them. This may increase the likelihood of interventions becoming more acceptable and effective when targeting sexual violence, thereby contributing to reduced levels of sexual intimate partner violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaina Mchome
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Gerry Mshana
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | - Diana Aloyce
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Annapoorna Dwarumpudi
- Gender Violence and Health Centre, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Esther Peter
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Saidi Kapiga
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Heidi Stöckl
- Gender Violence and Health Centre, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
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Yamanis TNJ, Mulawa MI, Kilonzo MN, Maman S, Singh B, Kajula L. Reaching Out-of-school Adolescent Girls and Young Women at Risk for HIV Through Their Social Networks. AIDS Behav 2024; 28:1457-1468. [PMID: 37725236 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-023-04168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Out-of-school adolescent girls/young women (AGYW) in Africa are at increased risk for HIV and are underserved by HIV prevention interventions. Identifying social networks of out-of-school AGYW may be a strategic approach for reaching them. A sequential mixed methods study design was used. The PLACE (Priorities for Local AIDS Control Efforts) methodology, implemented in one ward of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, identified 69 networks of AGYW. We randomly selected 28 networks and conducted surveys and network assessments with 80.9% (n = 310) of the members. On average, the networks consisted of 13.7 members, and had a density of 0.65 and a transitivity of 0.80, indicating high cohesion. The networks were mostly female (92%). On average, 67% of network membership were AGYW aged 15-24 years, of whom 70% were out-of-school and 67% were sexually active. Among sexually active AGYW aged 15-24, self-reported HIV seropositivity was 12.2%. We then conducted focus group discussions with 6 purposively selected networks. AGYW described their networks as sources of support and advice. Social norms supported AGYW engaging in transactional sex to alleviate life's hardships; it was the easiest way to earn income without "sweating". AGYW discussed IPV as a common experience, and social norms stigmatized AGYWs' use of condoms. AGYW were largely unaware of pre-exposure prophylaxis. The self-reported HIV prevalence rates of this cohort were higher than national averages, suggesting we tapped into high-risk networks. Social norms promoted transactional and unprotected sex. Social networks are an acceptable channel for HIV prevention intervention delivery to out-of-school AGYW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thespina Nina J Yamanis
- School of International Service, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20016, United States of America.
| | - Marta I Mulawa
- School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Mrema Noel Kilonzo
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Suzanne Maman
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Lusajo Kajula
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Empathea Consulting, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Shubina O, Mshana G, Sichalwe S, Malibwa D, Mosha N, Hashim R, Nahay F, Ayieko P, Kapiga S, Stöckl H. The association between alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence in young male perpetrators in Mwanza, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. Glob Health Action 2023; 16:2185967. [PMID: 36927456 PMCID: PMC10026741 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2023.2185967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although alcohol consumption is a well-known risk factor for intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, few studies have been conducted among young males in low- and middle-income countries. Alcohol consumption and IPV are both complex phenomena, whose association requires more in-depth exploration regarding drinking patterns and the alcohol-related manifestation of five different forms of IPV. OBJECTIVE In this study, we sought to explore the relationship between alcohol use and IPV in young Tanzanian men and to identify differences in the magnitude of past-year IPV perpetration among alcohol drinkers and abstainers. Furthermore, we aimed to assess the association between various drinking patterns with the perpetration of different forms of IPV. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 1002 young males residing in Mwanza, Tanzania, was conducted in 2021-2022. Data on alcohol consumption were collected using the alcohol use disorder identification test. IPV perpetration was assessed using an index total of 19 items on acts of physical, sexual, economic, emotional abuse, and controlling behaviour. Logistic regression models were conducted to estimate the relationship between alcohol use and the perpetration of each form of IPV. RESULTS Among partnered respondents currently consuming alcohol (n = 189, 18.8%), the most and the least prevalent IPV forms in the past 12 months were controlling behaviour (84.1%) and physical IPV (25.4%), respectively. Those reporting recent alcohol consumption reported higher rates of all forms of past-year IPV perpetration compared to abstainers. While no form of IPV was associated with low-risk consumption versus abstention, all forms of IPV were associated with hazardous drinking. CONCLUSION Young men who drink alcohol, especially those drinking hazardously, are also more likely to report perpetrating IPV. An understanding of the different drinking patterns and manifestations of forms of IPV can contribute to better-tailored alcohol-related interventions and has the potential to improve young adults' health and reduce IPV perpetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Shubina
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerry Mshana
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Neema Mosha
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | - Fauzia Nahay
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Philip Ayieko
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Infectious Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Saidi Kapiga
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Infectious Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Heidi Stöckl
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
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Closson K, Zulu B, Jesson J, Dietrich JJ, Pakhomova T, Basham CA, Beksinska M, Kaida A. Examining gender and sexual orientation differences in physical intimate partner violence experienced and perpetrated by youth living in eThekwini district South Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2300. [PMID: 37990170 PMCID: PMC10664660 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young women and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Non-binary/no gender, or Questioning (LGBTQ+) youth in South Africa face some of the highest global levels of intimate partner violence (IPV). Given limited evidence in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has fuelled IPV globally, we aimed to describe and compare experiences and perpetration of IPV of youth aged 16-24 by sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI). METHODS During the study period (December 2021-May 2022), youth aged 16-24 from eThekwini district, South Africa completed an online survey to understand multilevel impacts of the pandemic on youth. Participants were asked about experiences and perpetration of physical IPV since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020). Descriptive statistics and adjusted logistic regressions compared the likelihood of experiencing and/or perpetrating physical IPV between cisgender and transgender inclusive heterosexual men; heterosexual women; gay, bisexual, or questioning men [GBQM]; lesbian, gay, bisexual, or questioning women [LGBQW]; or gender/sexual non-conforming youth [non-conforming]. RESULTS Of 1,588 youth (mean age = 21.7 [SD = 2.3]; 71.7% Black) with non-missing SOGI and physical IPV data, 238 (15.0%) were LGBTQ+ (40.3% LGBQW and 36.1% non-conforming). Overall, 14.6% of respondents experienced physical IPV and 9.8% perpetrated physical IPV since the start of the pandemic, which differed by SOGI (12.3% of heterosexual men, 13.9% of heterosexual women, 22.0% of GBQM, 18.2% of LGBQW, and 25.0% of non-conforming youth experienced and 10.3% of heterosexual men; 7.7% of heterosexual women; 10.0% of GBQM; 18.2% of LGBQW; and 16.7% of non-conforming youth perpetrated). In adjusted models, compared to heterosexual women, non-conforming youth had increased odds of experiencing (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.36; 95%CI, 1.26-4.39) physical IPV and compared to heterosexual men, non-conforming youth had greater odds of perpetrating physical IPV (aOR = 2.19; 95%CI, 1.07-4.48) during the pandemic. CONCLUSION Over one in six youth in our study experienced and one in ten perpetrated physical IPV since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, with gender and sexual non-conforming youth experiencing and perpetrating IPV at significantly greater rates than cisgender/heterosexual peers. Our findings highlight the need for gender transformative efforts that move beyond the gender binary to support healthy relationships and IPV prevention for LGBTQ + youth in South Africa and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalysha Closson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Bongiwe Zulu
- Maternal Adolescent and Child Health Research Unit (MRU), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Durban, South Africa
| | - Julie Jesson
- Center for Epidemiology and Research in POpulation Health (CERPOP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Janan J Dietrich
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tatiana Pakhomova
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - C Andrew Basham
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mags Beksinska
- Maternal Adolescent and Child Health Research Unit (MRU), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Durban, South Africa
| | - Angela Kaida
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.
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Tie L, Zheng Y. Judgments and Attributions of Intimate Partner Violence in China: The Role of Directionality, Gender Stereotypicality, and Ambivalent Sexism. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:10485-10513. [PMID: 37227018 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231172477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious public health problem worldwide. IPV-related perceptions and attitudes are linked to IPV's actual perpetration and related victimization. There is a typical gender paradigm in IPV, wherein women are victims and men are perpetrators, which influences judgments toward IPV. Some socio-cultural norms or unjust notions of gender are also intertwined with this paradigm and influence perceptions of IPV. This study explored judgments and attributions of IPV in the Chinese context while extensively considering directionality, gender stereotypes, and ambivalent sexism by surveying 887 participants online. Participants read 1 of 12 scenarios and made judgments and attributions of responsibility regarding IPV. The results indicate that hostile sexism is negatively correlated with IPV perception but positively correlated with its justification. The direction of perpetration and gender stereotypicality had some main effects on judgments of IPV, and there were some interactions between these factors. The perception level of IPV involving a traditional male partner was higher when the man was the perpetrator or when his female partner was traditional. In the unidirectional IPV scenarios, the perpetrators were judged as significantly more responsible than the victims, while in the bidirectional IPV scenarios, men were judged as significantly more responsible than women. Moreover, the relationship between gender stereotypicality and responsibility attributions to female partners was significantly moderated by benevolent sexism (BS). Participants with a high level of BS tended to attribute less responsibility to traditional women than non-traditional women in bidirectional IPV scenarios. Future studies on IPV should pay attention to the influence of directionality and gender stereotypes. More efforts ought to be made to reduce IPV and overcome gender role stereotypes and sexism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tie
- Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Lowery DF, Novak JR, McWey LM, Ketring SA. A test of the dyadic associations between ineffective arguing, emotional distress, and violence perpetration and victimization among couples seeking therapy. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2023; 49:762-780. [PMID: 37343060 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have tested associations between ineffective arguing and emotional distress among couples without relationship violence. Moreover, studies have demonstrated associations between physical violence perpetration and victimization in the aftermath of emotional distress. However, there is a paucity of research examining linkages between ineffective arguing, emotional distress, and physical violence perpetration or victimization. Dyadic data from 231 married, heterosexual couples seeking therapy were used to test a model examining pathways between ineffective arguing and physical violence perpetration and victimization through emotional distress. The hypothesized model was compared to two plausible alternative models. Results revealed higher levels of men's ineffective arguing were positively associated with men's physical violence perpetration, both directly and indirectly, through higher levels of emotional distress. Higher levels of men's ineffective arguing were associated with lower men's physical violence perpetration through higher levels of women's emotional distress. Results can inform the clinical treatment of interpersonal violence by targeting ineffective arguing and emotional distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylann F Lowery
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Josh R Novak
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Lenore M McWey
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Scott A Ketring
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Tie L, Zheng Y. Gender Directionality of Intimate Partner Violence and Relationship Quality Among Chinese Couples. Violence Against Women 2023:10778012231178000. [PMID: 37246524 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231178000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Gender symmetry is a long-standing controversy in intimate partner violence (IPV) research. This study explored the gender directionality of IPV and differences in the quality of relationships between different dyadic patterns. IPV experiences and relationship quality of 371 heterosexual couples were examined. Results indicate that females reported more IPV perpetration than males. Generally, the male-only IPV and bidirectional IPV couples showed lower levels of relationship quality compared with female-only IPV and no-IPV couples. Future studies should realize that different dyadic types of IPV may have different mechanisms and consequences, and more attention should be paid to gender directionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tie
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Ringwald B, Tolhurst R, Taegtmeyer M, Digolo L, Gichuna G, Gaitho MM, Phillips–Howard PA, Otiso L, Giorgi E. Intra-Urban Variation of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women and Men in Kenya: Evidence from the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:5111-5138. [PMID: 36062755 PMCID: PMC9900693 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221120893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although urban areas are diverse and urban inequities are well documented, surveys commonly differentiate intimate partner violence (IPV) rates only by urban versus rural residence. This study compared rates of current IPV victimization among women and men by urban residence (informal and formal settlements). Data from the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, consisting of an ever-married sample of 1,613 women (age 15-49 years) and 1,321 men (age 15-54 years), were analyzed. Multilevel logistic regression was applied to female and male data separately to quantify the associations between residence and any current IPV while controlling for regional variation and other factors. Results show gendered patterns of intra-urban variation in IPV occurrence, with the greatest burden of IPV identified among women in informal settlements (across all types of violence). Unadjusted analyses suggest residing in informal settlements is associated with any current IPV against women, but not men, compared with their counterparts in formal urban settlements. This correlation is not statistically significant when adjusting for women's education level in multivariate analysis. In addition, reporting father beat mother, use of current physical violence against partner, partner's alcohol use, and marital status are associated with any current IPV against women and men. IPV gets marginal attention in urban violence and urban health research, and our results highlight the importance of spatially disaggregate IPV data-beyond the rural-urban divide-to inform policy and programming. Future research may utilize intersectional and syndemic approaches to investigate the complexity of IPV and clustering with other forms of violence and other health issues in different urban settings, especially among marginalized residents in informal urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lina Digolo
- The Prevention Collaborative, Nairobi,
Kenya
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Mekonnen BD, Balemual N. Magnitude of Spousal Violence and Associated Factors among Midlife Women in Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci 2023; 33:311-320. [PMID: 37484182 PMCID: PMC10358388 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v33i2.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intimate partner violence is the most common form of gender-based violence and has enormous maternal health consequences. There is limited evidence concerning the magnitude and determinants of intimate partner violence amongst midlife women. Thus, this study aimed to determine the extent of and the factors contributing to spousal violence amongst midlife Ethiopian women. Methods The 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data were examined, and a sample of 1628 ever-married midlife women was included. The analysis was performed using SPSS version 20. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the determinants of intimate partner violence. All statistical significance was declared at p value < 0.05. Results The prevalence of spousal violence among midlife women in Ethiopia was 31.8%. Age of women, divorced, and working status were significantly associated with spousal violence. The likelihood of spousal violence is increase among midlife women who had no formal education, less decision-making power in household, and had partner who had drinking habit. Conclusion This study showed that nearly one-thirds of midlife Ethiopian women have experienced spousal violence in their lifetime. Empowering midlife women by giving them decision-making tools and educating them to deal with, and prevent spousal violence may be effective strategies in reducing this problem.
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Ahinkorah BO, Aboagye RG, Cadri A, Salihu T, Seidu AA, Yaya S. Exposure to interparental violence and intimate partner violence among women in Papua New Guinea. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:48. [PMID: 36750895 PMCID: PMC9903424 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence suggests that childhood exposure to interparental violence increases the risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) experience or perpetration in adolescence or adulthood. However, it is unclear if exposure to interparental violence increases the risk of IPV among women in Papua New Guinea. This study, therefore, seeks to fill this gap in the literature by examining the association between childhood exposure to interparental violence and IPV among women in Papua New Guinea. METHODS We used data from the most recent 2016-18 Papua New Guinea Demographic and Health Survey. We included 3,512 women in our analyses. Past-year experience of IPV was the outcome variable in this study. Exposure to interparental violence was the key explanatory variable. We used a multilevel binary logistic regression to examine the association between exposure to interparental violence and IPV. RESULTS We found a higher probability of experiencing IPV among women exposed to interparental violence [aOR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.13, 1.86] relative to women who were not exposed. Furthermore, we found that women living in rural areas had a lower likelihood of IPV experience [aOR = O.50, 95% CI = 0.32, 0.80] compared to those in urban settings. Finally, a greater odd of IPV experience was found among women staying in the Highlands Region [aOR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.06, 1.96] compared to those staying in the Southern Region. CONCLUSION Exposure to interparental violence was found to be significantly associated with IPV among women in Papua New Guinea. The findings of this study suggest the need for proven operational strategies to reduce IPV, such as improving anti-IPV laws in Papua New Guinea. We recommend the development and implementation of intercession strategies to reduce the experience and justification of violence among women exposed to interparental violence. In addition, health professionals should implement counseling and health education initiatives to tackle the consequences of IPV on women's well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard Gyan Aboagye
- Department of Family and Community, Fred N. Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - Abdul Cadri
- Department of Social and Behavioural Science, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon- Accra, Ghana
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Tarif Salihu
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Abdul-Aziz Seidu
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- REMS, Consult, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana
- Centre For Gender and Advocacy, Takoradi Technical University, P.O.Box 256, Takoradi, Ghana
| | - Sanni Yaya
- School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Nelson AK, Denavit C, Muñoz M, Wong M, Saldaña O, Santa Cruz J, Rodriguez CA, Caldas A, Castro A, Shin S. The Dynamics of Intimate Partner Violence and Its Impact on HIV Care: A Cross-Sectional Study of People of Mixed Gender and Sexual Preference in Lima, Peru. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP443-NP465. [PMID: 35343294 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221081933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with a higher risk of contracting HIV and developing worse HIV outcomes. This cross-sectional, mixed methods study presents data on IPV using the Conflicts Tactics Scale (CTS2-S) among 180 persons with HIV in Lima, Peru, as well as qualitative interviews with 7 of them and 18 of their community caregivers. This study used data collected for a randomized controlled trial (RCT), CASAommunity Based Accompaniment with Supervised Antiretrovirals (CASA) Community-based Accompaniment with Supervised Antiretrovirals (CASA). Physical or sexual IPV was self-reported in 82 (45.6%) of participants reporting having been in a relationship in the last year and 59,8% of those were involved in bidirectional violence. Coping subscales, social support, and stigma were associated with IPV. Intimate partner violence negatively impacted patient adherence to medication and care, particularly during times of severe conflict. In conclusion, profound psychosocial vulnerability-including low social support, substance use as coping, and HIV stigma-contextualize IPV among people with HIV. Bidirectional violence often evolved over time as victims negotiated inter-personal strategies for survival, including retaliation. Interventions should focus on a deeper understanding IPV and facilitating of coping mechanisms to help people with HIV stay in care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianne K Nelson
- Division of Global Health Equity, 1861Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Social, Behavioral, 5783and Population Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chloe Denavit
- Division of Global Health Equity, 1861Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- 558883Socios En Salud, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Olga Saldaña
- 558883Socios En Salud, Lima, Peru
- Ministry of Health, Lima, Prevention and Control of HIV, Department of Diseases of Sexual Transmission and Hepatitis Lima, 162592Peru Peruvian State Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Carly A Rodriguez
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, 1812Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adolfo Caldas
- Division of Global Health Equity, 1861Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- 1862Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arachu Castro
- Department of Social, Behavioral, 5783and Population Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sonya Shin
- Division of Global Health Equity, 1861Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Amin D, Manhan AJ, Zeidan AJ, Evans DP, Abramowicz S, Smith RN. Do Gender Differences Exist Among Victims of Head and Neck Injuries due to Intimate Partner Violence? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023; 81:49-55. [PMID: 36351477 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The frequency of intimate partner violence (IPV) is much lower in males than females. Data regarding IPV-related injuries patterns and characteristics in males are scant. The purpose of this study was to characterize and compare patterns of IPV-related head and neck injuries between men and women. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study reviewed cases of IPV at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia from January 2016 to August 2019. The study sample was collected from electronic medical records by identifying IPV subjects using a natural language processing algorithm and then cross-referencing the trauma registry to identify patients who sustained head and neck injuries. The primary analyses of interest were to measure the association between gender and the following covariates: age, race, insurance status, setting of injury, day of injury, social history, report of physical abuse, mechanism of injury, injury location, brain injuries, soft tissue injuries, facial fractures, other associated injuries, Glasgow Coma Scale, Injury Severity Score, hospital length of stay, intensive care unit length of stay, and discharge status. Univariate and bivariate analyses were calculated. Statistical significance was P < .05. RESULTS One hundred fifty six patients met inclusion criteria. There were 120 (76.9%) female patients with a mean age of 34.5 years (range, 16 to 67 years). There were 36 (23%) male patients with a mean age of 43.8 years (range, 18 to 77 years). Women were statistically more likely than men to have government-subsidized insurance (47 [39.2%] vs 7 [19.4%]; P = .03), positive alcohol exposure (27 [22.5%] vs 19 [52.8%]; P = .0001), positive illicit drugs toxicology screen (25 [20.8%] vs 13 [36.1%]; P < .02), report physical abuse (24 [20%] vs 0; P = .004), have subarachnoid hemorrhage (14 [11.7%] vs 0; P = .04), and/or lower extremity injuries (39 [32.5%] vs 5 [13.9%]; P = .03). CONCLUSION Males tend not to report physical abuse; this behavior contributes to IPV under-reporting in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Amin
- Assistant Professor in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine; Associate Chief Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service, Director of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Outpatient Clinic, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA.
| | - Andrew J Manhan
- Medical Student Researcher, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA
| | - Amy J Zeidan
- Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Dabney P Evans
- Assistant Professor, Hubert Department of Global Health & Director, Center for Humanitarian Emergencies, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Shelly Abramowicz
- Associate Professor in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pediatrics, Emory University, School of Medicine; Chief of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Randi N Smith
- Assistant Professor of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine; Assistant Professor of Public Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA
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Ohurira T, Iyer HS, Wagman JA, Hahn JA, Bajunirwe F. Proximity to Alcohol Sellers and Dose Response Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption With Intimate Partner Violence in Rural Southwestern Uganda. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP1040-NP1059. [PMID: 35438584 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221086648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with several adverse public health outcomes and alcohol use is one of its risk factors. Proximity to alcohol selling points could be linked with problem drinking and IPV. We aimed to determine whether proximal location to alcohol and intensity of alcohol consumption are associated with IPV in rural southwest Uganda.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in rural southwest Uganda with structured interviews at household level. We used the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) and the Conflict Tactics Scale to measure past year alcohol consumption and IPV (perpetration and victimization). We estimated Euclidean distances between participants' households and nearest alcohol outlets using geographic information systems. We used generalized estimating equation models to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for the factors associated with IPV.Results: We enrolled 742 participants and median age was 41 years (inter-quartile range or IQR 32-53) and 52.2% of respondents were male. The overall prevalence of IPV in the past year was 52.2%. In a multivariable regression model, women (aOR = 2.24, 95%CI 1.28, 3.91) compared to men, those living proximal to an alcohol selling point (OR = 1.77, 95% CI 1.38, 2.27) were more likely to experience IPV. There was a dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption and IPV. With non-drinkers as the reference category, the aORs were 4.54 (95% CI 2.04, 10.08) for casual drinkers, 10.53 (95% CI 4.15, 26.77) for hazardous drinkers and 15.31 (95% CI 4.73, 49.54) for alcohol dependent drinkers.Conclusion: IPV is very common and has a dose-response relationship with alcohol consumption and drinking outlet proximity. There is an urgent need for IPV and alcohol interventions programs in these rural communities. Policy to restrict proximity of alcohol outlets to residential locations should be examined as an intervention for alcohol consumption and IPV perpetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushaba Ohurira
- Community Health Department, 108123Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Hari S Iyer
- 1855Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Jennifer A Wagman
- Fielding School of Public Health,25808University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
| | - Judith A Hahn
- Department of Medicine,12224University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francis Bajunirwe
- Community Health Department, 108123Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
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Castilla C, Murphy DMA. Bidirectional intimate partner violence: Evidence from a list experiment in Kenya. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2023; 32:175-193. [PMID: 36221234 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) continues to be a major public health concern that can both respond to economic policies and affect economic outcomes. Few studies regarding IPV, however, take a gender inclusive approach towards its identification. Using a sample of both men and women from rural Kenya, we are the first, to our knowledge, to conduct a list experiment with cohabiting married couples to identify the prevalence of physical violence on both men and women. We find that 14 percent of respondents agree with the statement "my spouse regularly hits me". In contrast to other survey evidence that uses direct elicitation, we find no differences in the prevalence of male-to-female and female-to-male violence. We provide supporting evidence that bidirectional IPV accounts for the lack of gender differences. A complete understanding of the typology of IPV can be crucial for policies seeking IPV reduction.
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Christopher E, Drame ND, Leyna GH, Killewo J, Bärnighausen T, Rohr JK. Disclosure of intimate partner violence by men and women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Front Public Health 2022; 10:928469. [PMID: 36225776 PMCID: PMC9549336 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.928469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) has severe health consequences, though may be underreported due to stigma. In Tanzania, estimates of IPV prevalence range from 12 to >60%. List experiments, a technique of indirectly asking survey questions, may allow for more accurate prevalence estimates of sensitive topics. We examined list experiment and direct questions about experiences of physical and sexual IPV from a 2017 cross-sectional survey among 2,299 adults aged 40+ years in Dar es Salaam. List experiment prevalence estimates were determined through quantitative analysis and compared qualitatively to direct question prevalence estimates. The list experiment estimated a higher prevalence of IPV in all cases except for physical violence experienced by women. This study contributes to the estimation of IPV prevalence. If the list experiment estimates yield an unbiased estimate, findings suggest women openly report experiencing physical IPV, and IPV experienced by men is underreported and understudied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enryka Christopher
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Enryka Christopher ;
| | - Ndeye D. Drame
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Germana H. Leyna
- Department of Epidemiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Japhet Killewo
- Department of Epidemiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Till Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia K. Rohr
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Waila J, Lule H, Lowery Wilson M, Bärnighausen T, Abio A. Ugandan Men Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Nationally Representative Data. JOURNAL OF PREVENTION 2022; 43:567-588. [PMID: 35650366 PMCID: PMC9252969 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-022-00683-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although women typically constitute the largest proportion of the population who experience the deleterious effects of intimate partner violence (IPV), understanding the bidirectional nature of IPV is important for developing nuanced prevention initiatives. This study examines data from the 2016 Ugandan Demographic and Health Survey. Participants were selected from households in all the 15 regions in Uganda using a two stage sampling design. A total of 2858 men who were in a heterosexual union or separated/divorced were included in the analysis. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed with the aim of identifying associations between selected demographic variables and male exposure to all forms of IPV combined, psychological violence, physical violence and sexual violence. The prevalence of lifetime IPV and during the 12 months preceeding the survey respectively was 43.6 and 30.5% in all forms, with 35.9 and 24.8% reporting psychological, 20.2 and 11.9% for physical and 8.2 and 5.7% sexual violence. The key factors associated with all forms of IPV were being afraid of their wife/partner most of the time (OR = 5.10, 95% CI 2.91, 8.96) controlling behaviour of the intimate partner (OR = 3.80, 95% CI 2.84, 5.07), bi-directional violence against the partner (OR = 3.20, 95% CI 2.49, 4.12), alcohol consumption by the intimate partner (OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.40, 2.45). The factors associated with males who experience IPV appear to be modifiable and may warrant consideration for inclusion in programs supporting both males and females who experience IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Waila
- Injury Epidemiology and Prevention (IEP) Research Group, Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Herman Lule
- Injury Epidemiology and Prevention (IEP) Research Group, Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Surgery, Directorate of Research and Innovations, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michael Lowery Wilson
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Till Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Abio
- Injury Epidemiology and Prevention (IEP) Research Group, Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Zietz S, Kajula L, Martin S, Moracco B, Shanahan M, Maman S. "Mtoto Wa Nyoka Ni Nyoka," The Child of a Snake is a Snake: A Narrative Analysis of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Perpetration of Interpersonal Violence Among Men in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP12040-NP12065. [PMID: 33666115 PMCID: PMC8418622 DOI: 10.1177/0886260521997443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Childhood exposure to adversity, including abuse and neglect, is consistently found to be a predictor of intimate partner violence (IPV) and peer violence (PV) perpetration in adulthood. The purpose of this study is to qualitatively examine factors that may facilitate or impede the use of violence among those who have been exposed to adversity early in life. We are particularly interested in protective experiences or environments for these participants. The qualitative data were analyzed through thematic coding and narrative analysis of participant life histories.We found three salient themes: (a) parental acceptance and early attachment is protective for coping with stress with intimate partners in adulthood; (b) certain key life turning points can provide a protective context against violent behavior in adulthood; and (c) poverty in adulthood compromises one's ability to cope with stress and anger in adulthood.Our findings contextualize the different factors that may affect the behavior of perpetration of interpersonal violence among high-risk men in Dar es Salaam who have been exposed to adversity in childhood. These findings provide important information on the risk and protective factors for interpersonal violence spanning from childhood to adulthood. This study highlights the importance of child development interventions in this situation, both for the primary prevention of child adversity and for promoting resilience and mitigating the effects of childhood adversity that put men at risk for perpetration of interpersonal violence in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lusajo Kajula
- UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandra Martin
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Beth Moracco
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Meghan Shanahan
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Suzanne Maman
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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18
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Cénat JM, Mukunzi JN, Amédée LM, Clorméus LA, Dalexis RD, Lafontaine MF, Guerrier M, Michel G, Hébert M. Prevalence and factors related to dating violence victimization and perpetration among a representative sample of adolescents and young adults in Haiti. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 128:105597. [PMID: 35339796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies examining both victimization and perpetration of dating violence among both women and men are virtually non-existent in Haiti. This study aimed to document the prevalence and factors associated with victimization and perpetration of dating violence (DV) among adolescents and young adults aged 15-24 years in Haiti. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A total of 3586 participants (47.6% women; mean age = 19.37; SD = 2.71) were sampled in the 10 geographical departments according to residence areas (urban/rural), age group (15-19/20-24 years old), and gender (men/women). METHOD Participants completed questionnaires assessing DV victimization and perpetration, witnessing interparental violence, parental violence, violence acceptance, social desirability, and self-esteem. RESULTS Overall, 1538 participants (56% women) were in a romantic relationship in the past year. Results showed that men were more likely to experience both psychological (49.4% of women and 57% of men, X2 = 8.17, p = .004), and physical violence (11.1% of women and 18.8% of men, X2 = 8.13, p = .004). There were marginally significant differences for sexual violence between gender for adolescents aged 15 to 19 (26.5% of girls and 20.5% of boys, X2 = 3.25, p = .07), and not for young adults (21.8% of women and 24.0% of men, X2 = 0.49, p = .48). No significant difference was observed for any forms of DV perpetration. DV perpetration was positively associated with victimization (b = 0.5, p = .002), however victimization was not associated with perpetration. Results also showed different associations between violence perpetration and victimization, gender, social desirability, acceptance of violence, parental violence, and witnessing interparental violence. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights avenues for prevention and intervention that must begin at an early age, engage teachers, train peer-educators, promote healthy, non-violent and egalitarian romantic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Mary Cénat
- Vulnerability, Trauma, Resilience & Culture Research Laborattory (V-TRaC Lab), School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Joana N Mukunzi
- Vulnerability, Trauma, Resilience & Culture Research Laborattory (V-TRaC Lab), School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Rose Darly Dalexis
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mireille Guerrier
- Vulnerability, Trauma, Resilience & Culture Research Laborattory (V-TRaC Lab), School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Martine Hébert
- Canada Research Chair in Interpersonal Trauma and Resilience, Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec, Canada
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19
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Venturo-Conerly KE, Johnson NE, Osborn TL, Puffer ES, Rusch T, Ndetei DM, Wasanga CM, Mutiso V, Musyimi C, Weisz JR. Long-term health outcomes of adolescent character strength interventions: 3- to 4-year outcomes of three randomized controlled trials of the Shamiri program. Trials 2022; 23:443. [PMID: 35614514 PMCID: PMC9132569 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06394-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents in low- and middle-income countries in need of mental health care often do not receive it due to stigma, cost, and lack of mental health professionals. Culturally appropriate, brief, and low-cost interventions delivered by lay-providers can help overcome these barriers and appear effective at reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety until several months post-intervention. However, little is known about whether these interventions may have long-term effects on health, mental health, social, or academic outcomes. METHODS Three previous randomized controlled trials of the Shamiri intervention, a 4-week, group-delivered, lay-provider-led intervention, have been conducted in Kenyan high schools. Shamiri teaches positively focused intervention elements (i.e., growth mindset and strategies for growth, gratitude, and value affirmation) to target symptoms of depression and anxiety and to improve academic performance and social relationships, by fostering character strengths. In this long-term follow-up study, we will test whether these mental health, academic, social, and character-strength outcomes, along with related health outcomes (e.g., sleep quality, heart-rate variability and activity level measured via wearables, HIV risk behaviors, alcohol and substance use), differ between the intervention and control group at 3-4-year follow-up. For primary analyses (Nanticipated = 432), youths who participated in the three previous trials will be contacted again to assess whether outcomes at 3-4-year-follow-up differ for those in the Shamiri Intervention group compared to those in the study-skills active control group. Multi-level models will be used to model trajectories over time of primary outcomes and secondary outcomes that were collected in previous trials. For outcomes only collected at 3-4-year follow-up, tests of location difference (e.g., t-tests) will be used to assess group differences in metric outcomes and difference tests (e.g., odds ratios) will be used to assess differences in categorical outcomes. Finally, standardized effect sizes will be used to compare groups on all measures. DISCUSSION This follow-up study of participants from three randomized controlled trials of the Shamiri intervention will provide evidence bearing on the long-term and health and mental health effects of brief, lay-provider-delivered character strength interventions for youth in low- and middle-income countries. TRIAL REGISTRATION PACTR Trial ID: PACTR202201600200783 . Approved on January 21, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Venturo-Conerly
- Shamiri Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Shamiri Institute, Allston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Natalie E Johnson
- Shamiri Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Shamiri Institute, Allston, MA, USA
| | - Tom L Osborn
- Shamiri Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Shamiri Institute, Allston, MA, USA.
| | - Eve S Puffer
- Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thomas Rusch
- Competence Center for Empirical Research Methods, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria
| | - David M Ndetei
- African Mental Health Research & Training Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Victoria Mutiso
- African Mental Health Research & Training Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christine Musyimi
- African Mental Health Research & Training Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John R Weisz
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Kıray Vural B, Taşdemir Yiğitoğlu G, Zencir G. The evaluation of the subjection of married women to domestic violence in terms of submissive behaviors in Turkey: A descriptive study. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:527-540. [PMID: 34970738 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the subjection of married women living in the center of a city in Turkey to domestic violence in terms of submissive behaviors. DESIGN AND METHODS The study was descriptive and cross-sectional. The data were collected from married women (n = 7097) who volunteered to participate in the study and completed a survey form between September 2019 and February 2020. RESULTS Submissive behavior scores were high in the women subjected to physical violence, based on many characteristics, and the difference between groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Nurses should be active participants in the diagnosis, treatment, care, and rehabilitation processes of women who have suffered from violence and should support them in improving their coping skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilgin Kıray Vural
- Department of Therapy and Rehabilitation, Denizli Vocational School of Health Services, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Gülay Taşdemir Yiğitoğlu
- Departmant of Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Gülbanu Zencir
- Departmant of Nursing, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey (Retired lecturer)
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21
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Masa'Deh R, AlMomani MM, Masadeh OM, Jarrah S, Al Ali N. Determinants of husbands' violence against women in Jordan. Nurs Forum 2022; 57:421-428. [PMID: 35106765 DOI: 10.1111/nuf.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most common form of abuse against women. It comes in the form of physical, sexual, emotional, and controlling behaviors abuse, and affects women's physical and psychological well-being. Perceived social support decreases IPV risk. PURPOSE This study explores the determinants of IPV in J society. METHOD One hundred and eighty-seven women exposed to IPV were recruited from J Women Unions to take part in this cross-sectional prospective quantitative design, administering the Arabic version of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (AVMSPSS) to 187, who also answered the demographic characteristics data sheet. RESULTS Almost 83% of participants perceived that they received lower to moderate PSS. Based on multiple regression, determinants of IPV were PSS, followed by participant education, husband education, participant age, and financial income (p < .001). The number of children and parental level of education showed no statistical significance. CONCLUSION The findings highlight the importance of social support systems among IPV women. Alongside socioeconomic development continuing to increase education among both men and women, there is a need to increase societal awareness and foster social support systems to prevent violence against women and offer resources to affected women, targeted at the most at-risk age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Masa'Deh
- School of Nursing, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Omayma M Masadeh
- Psychological and Educational Counseling, Relief International, Amman, Jordan
| | - Samiha Jarrah
- School of Nursing, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nahla Al Ali
- Community and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Montiel Ishino FA, Rowan C, Ambikile JS, Conserve DF, Lopez D, Sabado-Liwag M, Williams F. Intimate partner violence and HIV testing during antenatal care: A latent class analysis to identify risk factors for HIV infection in mothers and their children in the United Republic of Tanzania. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000831. [PMID: 36962397 PMCID: PMC10021740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence has adverse effects on mother's overall health and prevention of mother to child HIV transmission. To identify and examine subgroups of mothers experiencing intimate partner violence and the likelihood of HIV testing during antenatal care, we conducted a latent class analysis using data from the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2010 (N = 2,809). Intimate partner violence included mother's experiences with partners' controlling behaviors, as well as emotional, physical, and sexual violence. The outcome was mother's accepting HIV testing offered during their antenatal care visit. Covariates included mother's level of education, rural/urban residence, and prevention of mother to child HIV transmission talk during antenatal care visit. The latent class analysis indicated a three-class solution was the best model and identified the following profiles: mothers with no experience of intimate partner violence (61% of sample) with a 90.5% likelihood of HIV testing; mothers with moderate levels of intimate partner violence (26%) with an 84.7% likelihood of testing; and mothers with extreme levels of intimate partner violence (13%) with an 82% likelihood of testing. An auxiliary multinomial logistic regression with selected covariates was conducted to further differentiate IPV profiles, where mothers with extreme levels of intimate partner violence had 57% increased odds [95%CI:1.06-2.33, p = .023] of living in rural areas compared to mothers with no experience of intimate partner violence. Our person-centered methodological approach provided a novel model to understand the impact of multiple intimate partner violence risk factors on antenatal care HIV testing to identify mothers in need of interventions and their children at highest for parent to child HIV transmission. Our model allows person-centered interventional designs tailored for the most at-risk subgroups within a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Montiel Ishino
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Transdisciplinary Center for Health Equity Research, College of Education and Human Development, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Claire Rowan
- Transdisciplinary Center for Health Equity Research, College of Education and Human Development, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joel Seme Ambikile
- School of Nursing, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Donaldson F Conserve
- Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Diana Lopez
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melanie Sabado-Liwag
- Department of Public Health, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Faustine Williams
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Ringwald B, Kababu M, Ochieng CB, Taegtmeyer M, Zulaika G, Phillips-Howard PA, Digolo L. Experiences and Perpetration of Recent Intimate Partner Violence Among Women and Men Living in an Informal Settlement in Nairobi, Kenya: A Secondary Data Analysis. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP423-NP448. [PMID: 32370597 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520916268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests an overlap between intimate partner violence (IPV) experience and perpetration. However, few studies in sub-Saharan Africa have investigated experience and perpetration of IPV among women and men within the same community. This study reports prevalence of past-year IPV experience and perpetration among women and men living in an informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya, and factors associated with IPV. Data analyzed for this study involved a geographically distributed random sample of 273 women and 429 men who participated in a community survey. We approximated prevalence of IPV experience and perpetration and used logistic regression for estimating associations between individual-level factors and IPV. Women and men experienced similar levels of IPV, but a significantly higher proportion of men reported physical and sexual IPV perpetration. Witnessing violence between parents in childhood was associated with women's physical and sexual, and men's sexual IPV experience; and with women perpetrating emotional, and men perpetrating sexual IPV. Less equitable gender attitudes were associated with men's perpetration of physical IPV. More equitable gender knowledge was associated with women's experience of sexual IPV, and with men perpetrating IPV. Perceived skills to challenge gender inequitable practices were negatively associated with men perpetrating sexual IPV. In conclusion, we found IPV experience and perpetration were highly correlated, and that, contrary to commonly reported gender gaps, men and women experienced similar rates of IPV. We make suggestions for future research, including on IPV prevention interventions in areas with such IPV prevalence that would be beneficial for women and men and future generations.
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Hu R, Xue J, Lin K, Sun IY, Wang X. Bidirectional Intimate Partner Violence Among Chinese Women: Patterns and Risk Factors. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP12252-NP12278. [PMID: 31795808 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519888523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bidirectional intimate partner violence (BIPV) refers to the co-occurrence of violence perpetration by both partners. BIPV has been analyzed using samples from different sociodemographic contexts but has yet to be fully explored in China. The present study employed a latent class approach to identify BIPV patterns, rates of prevalence, and associated risk factors among a sample of 1,301 heterosexual adult women in mainland China. Five distinct patterns of BIPV were identified, including (a) bidirectional psychological aggression, (b) bidirectional violence of all types, (c) multi-type victimization with psychological aggression, (d) minimal violence, and (e) bidirectional multi-types without physical violence. Marital status, education, employment status, acceptance of male dominance, and justification of intimate partner violence (IPV) were found to be predictive of different types of BIPV. Our findings suggest a need for a conceptual recognition of the heterogeneity and bidirectionality of IPV among Chinese women. Future research should extend to other diverse populations and sociocultural or clinical contexts in China. IPV assessments, research, and social programs ought to recognize the complexity of IPV and consider various IPV patterns specific to heterosexual women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Hu
- University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jia Xue
- University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kai Lin
- University of Delaware, Newark, USA
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Jatta JW, Baru A, Fawole OI, Ojengbede OA. Intimate partner violence among pregnant women attending antenatal care services in the rural Gambia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255723. [PMID: 34352019 PMCID: PMC8341542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) refers to any behavior by either a current or ex-intimate partner or would-be rejected lover that causes physical, sexual, or psychological harm. It is the most common form of violence in women’s lives. According to a World Health Organization report, about 1 in 3 women worldwide experience at least one form of IPV from an intimate partner at some point in her life. In the Gambia, about 62% of pregnant women experience at least one form of violence from an intimate partner. IPV has severe physical and mental health consequences on a woman ranging from minor bodily injury to death. It also increases the risk of low birth weight, premature delivery, and neonatal death. Methods A health facility-based cross-sectional study design was carried out to assess the magnitude and factors associated with intimate partner violence among pregnant women seeking antenatal care in the rural Gambia. The study enrolled 373 pregnant women, and a multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the respondents. An interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to obtain information from the study participants. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS Ver.22. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine the association between dependent and independent variables. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI) was computed to determine the presence and strength of associated factors with IPV. Result The study reveals that the prevalence of IPV in The Gambia is 67%, with psychological violence (43%) being the most common form of IPV reported by the respondents. The multivariate logistic regression result reveals that being aged 35 years or older [AOR 5.1(95% CI 1.5–17.8)], the experience of parents quarreling during childhood [AOR 1.7(95% CI 1.0–2.75)], and having cigarette smoking partners [AOR 2.3 (95% CI 1.10–4.6)] were significantly associated with IPV during pregnancy. Conclusion This study has demonstrated that all forms of IPV in rural Gambia are frequent. Women older than 35 years, had experienced parents quarreling, had a partner who smoked, and a partner who fight with others were more likely report IPV compared to other pregnant women in the study. We recommend that IPV screening should be included as an integral part of routine antenatal care services in The Gambia. Community-based interventions that include indigenous leaders, religious leaders, and other key stakeholders are crucial to create awareness on all forms of IPV and address the risk factors found to influence the occurrence of IPV in rural Gambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W. Jatta
- Institute of Life and Earth Science (Including Health and Agriculture), Pan African University, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Slum and Rural Health Initiative Network, Research and Collaboration Department, SRHIN/Africa, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ararso Baru
- Institute of Life and Earth Science (Including Health and Agriculture), Pan African University, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Slum and Rural Health Initiative Network, Research and Collaboration Department, SRHIN/Africa, Ibadan, Nigeria
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arbaminch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Olufunmilayo I. Fawole
- Institute of Life and Earth Science (Including Health and Agriculture), Pan African University, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oladosu A. Ojengbede
- Institute of Life and Earth Science (Including Health and Agriculture), Pan African University, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Centre for Population and Reproductive Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Treves-Kagan S, El Ayadi AM, Morris JL, Graham LM, Grignon JS, Ntswane L, Gilvydis JM, Barnhart S, Lippman SA. Sexual and Physical Violence in Childhood Is Associated With Adult Intimate Partner Violence and Nonpartner Sexual Violence in a Representative Sample of Rural South African Men and Women. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP7415-NP7438. [PMID: 30735091 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519827661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence, nonpartner sexual violence, and physical and sexual violence against children are significant public health issues in South Africa. Theory suggests that experiencing violence in childhood plays a role in propensity to perpetrate violence or vulnerability to violence in adulthood. Most research to date on this topic has been conducted in high-resource countries or within urban or high-risk populations. We explore the relationship between violence in childhood and violence in adulthood in a community-based sample of 18- to 49-year-old adults in rural South Africa using data from a population-based survey (N = 1,044) in North West province in 2014. We measured childhood violence before age 15 years, experience of nonpartner sexual violence in adulthood, and IPV victimization and perpetration in the last 12 months. We conducted multivariate logistic regression; gender was tested as an effect modifier. All estimates are weighted to the subdistrict population. More women (2.7%) than men (0.8%) reported childhood forced sex, whereas fewer women (2.0%) than men (7.9%) reported childhood physical violence. Women and men reported similar rates of IPV victimization (6.8% vs. 5.4%), IPV perpetration (3.3% vs. 4.8%), and forced sex by a nonpartner (1.6% vs. 1.2%). We found that men and women who experienced childhood violence (combined physical and/or sexual) were significantly more likely to experience forced sex by a nonpartner (men: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 5.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.27, 24.0], p < .05; women: aOR = 51.1, 95% CI = [10.58, 246.3], p < .01) compared with those who did not experience childhood violence. They were also 2.5 times as likely to perpetrate recent IPV (aOR = 2.5, 95% CI = [0.97, 6.7], p = .06) or experience recent IPV (aOR = 2.5, 95% CI = [0.9, 6.9], p = .07), although this finding was marginally significant. These results align with the literature from other settings and population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Treves-Kagan
- University of California, San Francisco, USA
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jessica S Grignon
- University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- International Training and Education Center for Health, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lebogang Ntswane
- International Training and Education Center for Health, Pretoria, South Africa
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Reese BM, Chen MS, Nekkanti M, Mulawa MI. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Women's Past-Year Physical IPV Perpetration and Victimization in Tanzania. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:1141-1167. [PMID: 29294978 PMCID: PMC5930142 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517738775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies of intimate partner violence (IPV) in high-resource countries suggest that men and women may perpetrate similar rates of violence against their partners, yet the prevalence and etiology of female-perpetrated IPV, especially in comparison with IPV victimization among females, remains largely understudied in low-resource, high-prevalence countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Using multivariate logistic regression models, the current study examines the prevalence of and risk factors associated with past 12-month experiences of isolated physical IPV perpetration (i.e., violence perpetrated against an intimate partner not in self-defense) and physical IPV victimization among a nationally representative sample of women of reproductive age (15-49 years) from Tanzania who completed the Tanzanian Demographic and Health Survey Domestic Violence Module (n = 5,372). Approximately 1.5% reported perpetrating violence in the past 12 months, whereas 35% reported victimization in the same time period. Risk factors of past 12-month IPV perpetration included past 12-month IPV victimization, making cash or in-kind earnings, having autonomy in decision making, and acceptance of justifications for wife beating. Women much younger than their partners had lower odds of IPV perpetration. Risk factors of past 12-month IPV victimization included past 12-month IPV perpetration, educational attainment, having children, partner's alcohol consumption, partner's decision making, acceptance of justifications for wife beating, and exposure to parental IPV. Making cash or in-kind earnings was the only protective factor against victimization. Findings suggest that female IPV perpetration and victimization may result from a combination of factors including power differentials between partners and attitudes about the acceptability of using violence. Future research directions and implications for policy and prevention efforts to reduce IPV in Tanzania are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka M. Reese
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 206 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, 919-641-1273
| | - May S. Chen
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 302 Rosenau Hall, CB #7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440, 415-216-6642
| | - Manali Nekkanti
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 302 Rosenau Hall, CB #7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440
| | - Marta I. Mulawa
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Box 90519, Durham, NC 27701, 919-681-3540
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Messersmith LJ, Halim N, Steven Mzilangwe E, Reich N, Badi L, Holmes NB, Servidone M, Simmons E, Kawemama P. Childhood Trauma, Gender Inequitable Attitudes, Alcohol Use and Multiple Sexual Partners: Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence in Northern Tanzania. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:820-842. [PMID: 29294914 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517731313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV), including physical, sexual, emotional, and economic violence, has profound immediate and long-term effects on individuals and communities worldwide. To date, few studies have focused on couples' reporting of IPV. The aim of this article is to present the results of a survey of couples' reporting of IPV and the individual, interpersonal, and social correlates of IPV in northern Tanzania. Four hundred fifty couples from Karatu District, Tanzania, completed a questionnaire measuring attitudes on gender norms and relations, men's experience of childhood trauma, and men's perpetration and women's experience of IPV. We found high levels of acceptance and experience of IPV: 72% of men justified a husband's perpetration of IPV, and 54% of men and 76% of women said that a woman should tolerate violence to keep her family together. The majority of women had ever experienced IPV (77.8%), and 73.6% and 69% had experienced IPV in the past 12 and 3 months, respectively. Men were significantly less likely to report that they had committed IPV: 63.6% ever, 48.9% in the past 12 months, and 46.2% in the past 3 months. Multivariate logistic regression found that younger men, men who reported gender inequitable attitudes, childhood trauma, multiple sexual partners, and alcohol use were significantly more likely to report IPV perpetration in the past 3 months. Younger women, and women with low levels of education and reported food shortages were significantly more likely to report IPV in the past 3 months. These results indicate that social and individual acceptance and justification of IPV are common. Experience of violence persists over time in many relationships. This study demonstrates the need for interventions that address individual-, interpersonal-, and community-level determinants of IPV, including attitudes regarding gender equity, exposure to violence as children and intergenerational violence, lack of education, and poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nafisa Halim
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ester Steven Mzilangwe
- World Education Inc./Bantwana, Boston, MA, USA
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Naomi Reich
- World Education Inc./Bantwana, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lilian Badi
- World Education Inc./Bantwana, Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | - Philbert Kawemama
- Prime Minister's Office, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Yombo Vocational and Rehabilitation Centre to Persons with Disabilities, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Maguele MS, Tlou B, Taylor M, Khuzwayo N. Risk factors associated with high prevalence of intimate partner violence amongst school-going young women (aged 15-24years) in Maputo, Mozambique. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243304. [PMID: 33296426 PMCID: PMC7725391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In many countries, there is evidence that intimate partner violence is prevalent among young women. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and the factors associated with intimate partner violence in young women (aged 15–24 years) attending secondary schools in Maputo, Mozambique. Method Using a probability proportional sampling strategy, 431 participants were recruited, and the data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Binary and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between IPV and sociodemographic and sociocultural factors. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported. Results Of the 413 participants, 248 (60%) (95% CI: 55.15–64.61) had experienced at least one form of IPV in their lifetime. Then, of the 293 participants who had a partner in the previous 12 months prior to the data collection, 186 (63.4%) (95% CI: 57.68–69.00) reported IPV in the 12 months prior to data collection. The psychological violence was the predominant type of violence, lifetime prevalence 230 (55.7%), and over the previous 12 months 164 (55.9%). The risk of IPV was associated with young women lacking religious commitment (AOR, 1.596, 95% CI: 1.009–2.525, p = 0.046) and if the head of the young women’s household was unemployed (AOR, 1.642 95% CI: 1.044–2.584, p = 0.032). In the bivariate analysis the odds of being abused remained lower among the younger teenage women (OR, 0.458 95% CI: 0.237–0.888, p = 0.021), and higher, among young women if the partner was employed (OR, 2.247 95% CI: 1.187–4.256, p = 0.013) and among the young women believing that males are superior to females (OR, 2.298 95% CI:1.014–5.210. p = 0.046). Conclusion These findings reveal a high prevalence of IPV among young women. Comprehensive programs should incorporate socioeconomic empowerment strategies to increase women’s autonomy. There is a need to address religious beliefs through cultural perspectives, to improve social interactions that promote violence free relationships, gender egalitarian norms, and physical and emotional wellbeing for young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Suzana Maguele
- Instituto Superior de Ciências de Saúde, ISCISA, Maputo, Mozambique.,School of Nursing and Public Health, Discipline of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Boikhutso Tlou
- School of Nursing and Public Health, Discipline of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Myra Taylor
- School of Nursing and Public Health, Discipline of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nelisiwe Khuzwayo
- School of Nursing and Public Health, Discipline of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,School of Nursing and Public Health, Discipline of Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Maguele MS, Taylor M, Khuzwayo N. Evidence of sociocultural factors influencing intimate partner violence among young women in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e040641. [PMID: 33293315 PMCID: PMC7722834 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study carried out a scoping review of research on intimate partner violence to determine the extent to which studies on sociocultural factors influencing intimate partner violence among young women (15-24 years) have been conducted, and how different geographical areas are represented. It also considered whether the methodologies used were sufficient to describe the risk factors, prevalence and health outcomes associated with intimate partner violence among young women. STUDY DESIGN Scoping review. METHODS Online databases were used to identify studies published between 2008 and 2019. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines by Arksey and O'Malley were used to select studies, and primary studies were assessed using the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool, V.2011. Thematic content analysis was used to summarise the findings of the scoping review. RESULTS The majority of publications eight (61.5%) reported cross-sectional studies, while four (31.5%) were qualitative studies. One of the studies (7%) collected measured data. Overall, 13 (100%) of the publications examined factors influencing intimate partner violence.Using a customised quality assessment instrument, 12 (92.3%) of studies achieved a 'high'-quality ranking with a score of 100%, and 7.7% of studies achieved an 'average' quality ranking with a score of 75%. CONCLUSIONS While the quality of the studies is generally high, researches on sociocultural factors influencing intimate partner violence among young women would benefit from a careful selection of methods and reference standards, including direct measures of the violence affecting young women. Prospective cohort studies are required linking early exposure with individual, sociocultural and community factors, and detailing the abuse experienced from childhood, adolescence and youth. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018116463. SCOPING PROTOCOL PUBLICATION: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-019-1234-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Suzana Maguele
- Instituto Superior de Ciencias de Saude, Maputo, Mozambique
- School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, College of Health Sciences, Durban, South Africa
| | - Myra Taylor
- School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, College of Health Sciences, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nelisiwe Khuzwayo
- Discipline of Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Cavalcante GMS, Bernardino ÍDM, Nóbrega LMD, Ferreira RC, Ferreira E Ferreira E, d'Avila S. Facial Injuries and the Gender Issue: Expressions of Violence in a Metropolitan Region of Northeastern Brazil. Braz Dent J 2020; 31:548-556. [PMID: 33146340 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202003005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this investigation were to describe the profile of men and women victims of violence and identify factors associated with the severity of facial trauma. A retrospective study was carried out from 762 records of victims attended at the Institute of Legal Medicine and Dentistry located in a metropolitan region of Northeastern Brazil. The dependent variable was type of facial trauma suffered by victims. Independent variables were the sociodemographic characteristics of victims, characteristics of aggressors and circumstances of violence. Descriptive, bivariate (c2 test) and multivariate statistics were made through logistic regression. Level of significance was set at p < 0.05. The mean age of victims was 29.78 years (SD=13.33). Based on the final regression model, male subjects [odds ratio (OR)=2.22, 95% CI=1.08-4.57, p=0.030], assaulted by other male subjects (OR=4.88; 95% CI=1.12-21.26; p=0.035) through instrument (OR=6.67; 95% CI=2.85-15.60; p<0,001) or mixed aggressions (OR=4.34; 95% CI=1.44-13.02; p=0.009) were more likely to exhibit facial bone fractures or dentoalveolar fractures. The findings highlight that men and women present important victimization differentials in relation to interpersonal violence and facial trauma. Victim's gender, aggressor's gender and mechanism of aggression may exert influence on facial trauma patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raquel Conceição Ferreira
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Public Health, UFMG - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Efigênia Ferreira E Ferreira
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Public Health, UFMG - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sérgio d'Avila
- Department of Dentistry, UEPB - Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
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Mchome Z, Mshana G, Aloyce D, Peter E, Malibwa D, Dwarumpudi A, Kapiga S, Stöckl H. " Don't You Think It Is Violence Forcing Me to Have Sex While Not Happy?" Women's Conceptualization of Enjoyable Sex and Sexual Intimate Partner Violence in Mwanza, Tanzania. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217937. [PMID: 33138073 PMCID: PMC7662311 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence is a recognized public health and development issue that is consistently and comparatively measured through women's experience of physical and/or sexual acts by their partner. While physical intimate partner violence is covered by a wide range of behaviors, sexual intimate partner violence (SIPV) is often only measured through attempted or completed forced sex, ignoring less obvious forms of sexual intimate partner violence. We explored women's conceptualizations of SIPV by conducting in-depth interviews with 18 Tanzanian women. Using a thematic approach, we identified key features of women's sexual intimate relationships and their perceptions of them. The women clearly defined acts of positive sexual relationships that occurred with mutual consent and seduction and SIPV that included acts of forced sex and sex under the threat of violence. They also identified several acts that were crossing the line, whereby a discrepancy of views existed whether they constituted SIPV, such as having sex when out of the mood, sex being the duty of the wife, sex during the menses, requests for anal sex, having sex to not lose the husband, husband refusing sex and husband having other partners. Women in this study felt violated by a far wider range of sexual acts in their relationships. Future studies need to improve the measurement of sexual intimate partner violence to allow the collection of encompassing, yet comparable, data on this harmful phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaina Mchome
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, P.O. Box 11936 Mwanza, Tanzania; (Z.M.); (G.M.); (D.A.); (E.P.); (D.M.); (S.K.)
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Centre, P.O. Box 1462 Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Gerry Mshana
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, P.O. Box 11936 Mwanza, Tanzania; (Z.M.); (G.M.); (D.A.); (E.P.); (D.M.); (S.K.)
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Centre, P.O. Box 1462 Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Diana Aloyce
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, P.O. Box 11936 Mwanza, Tanzania; (Z.M.); (G.M.); (D.A.); (E.P.); (D.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Esther Peter
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, P.O. Box 11936 Mwanza, Tanzania; (Z.M.); (G.M.); (D.A.); (E.P.); (D.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Donati Malibwa
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, P.O. Box 11936 Mwanza, Tanzania; (Z.M.); (G.M.); (D.A.); (E.P.); (D.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Annapoorna Dwarumpudi
- Gender Violence and Health Centre, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK;
| | - Saidi Kapiga
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, P.O. Box 11936 Mwanza, Tanzania; (Z.M.); (G.M.); (D.A.); (E.P.); (D.M.); (S.K.)
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Heidi Stöckl
- Gender Violence and Health Centre, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-2079272506
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Gubi D, Nansubuga E, Wandera SO. Correlates of intimate partner violence among married women in Uganda: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1008. [PMID: 32586297 PMCID: PMC7318470 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Uganda, just like in many sub-Saharan countries, studies on Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) among married women are limited. The aim of this paper was to determine the correlates of emotional, sexual, physical IPV and any form of IPV among married women in Uganda. METHODS The 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) data was used, and a weighted sample of 6879 married women were selected from the Domestic Violence module. Frequency distributions were used to describe the characteristics of respondents. Chi-square tests were used to establish the association between IPV and the explanatory variables. Binary logistic regressions were used to establish the factors that were associated with IPV among married women in Uganda. RESULTS More than half (56%) of the married women experienced some form of IPV. Sexual IPV was the least prevalent (23%) and 4 in 10 women (41 and 40%) experienced physical and emotional IPV, respectively. Factors associated with all the different forms of IPV included, age, region, witnessing parental violence, partner's controlling behaviors, duration of the relationship, and frequency of intoxication of the male partner. CONCLUSION IPV among Ugandan married women is far too common. This calls for collective efforts to reduce IPV in Uganda by addressing excessive alcohol consumption, controlling behaviors, and lack of awareness of the issue. Interventions aimed at preventing perpetration and tolerance of violence in the home settings should be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Gubi
- Department of Population Studies, School of Statistics and Planning, College of Business and Management Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Elizabeth Nansubuga
- Department of Population Studies, School of Statistics and Planning, College of Business and Management Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Ojiambo Wandera
- Department of Population Studies, School of Statistics and Planning, College of Business and Management Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Demography & Population Studies, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Treves-Kagan S, Maman S, Khoza N, MacPhail C, Peacock D, Twine R, Kahn K, Lippman SA, Pettifor A. Fostering gender equality and alternatives to violence: perspectives on a gender-transformative community mobilisation programme in rural South Africa. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2020; 22:127-144. [PMID: 31429663 PMCID: PMC7905832 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2019.1650397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gender-based violence and violence against children are significant problems in South Africa. Community mobilisation and gender-transformative programming are promising approaches to address and reduce violence. A quantitative evaluation of One Man Can, a gender-transformative community mobilisation programme in South Africa, found mixed results in increasing gender-equitable behaviours and reducing violence. To better understand these findings, we analyse longitudinal qualitative data from community mobilisers, community members and community action teams, exploring individual and community-level factors that facilitate and hinder change. Interviews and focus groups were transcribed and analysed. Participants self-reported changes in their gender-equitable attitudes and use of violence as a result of participation in the programme, although some participants also reported opposition to shifting to a more gender-equitable culture. Facilitators to change included the internalisation of gender-transformative messaging and supportive social networks, which was buoyed by a shared vocabulary in their community generated by One Man Can. Because the programme targeted a critical mass of community members with gender-transformative programming, mobilisers and community action teams were held accountable by community members to model non-violent behaviour. Results reinforce the importance of addressing facilitators and barriers to change at both individual and community levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Treves-Kagan
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies (CAPS), Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne Maman
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nomhle Khoza
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Catherine MacPhail
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dean Peacock
- Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Cape Town School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa
- Sonke Gender Justice, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rhian Twine
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sheri A. Lippman
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies (CAPS), Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Audrey Pettifor
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Kidman R, Kohler HP. Emerging partner violence among young adolescents in a low-income country: Perpetration, victimization and adversity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230085. [PMID: 32142550 PMCID: PMC7059948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent in high- as well as low-income contexts. It results in a substantial public health burden and significant negative socioeconomic and health outcomes throughout the life-course. However, limited knowledge exists about IPV during early adolescence. This period is critical during the transition to adulthood for at least two reasons: it is when the majority of adolescents in low-income countries first encounter dating, sexuality and partnerships, often with older adolescents or adults, and it is also the period when lifelong patterns of violence and norms about acceptable IPV are formed. The current study is one of the first to measure IPV prevalence among young adolescents in a low-income setting, examine the potential etiology, and investigate relationships with gender ideology, poverty, mental health and childhood adversity. Methods We surveyed 2,089 adolescents aged 10–16 in Malawi using standardized instruments. We estimated the prevalence of IPV, and use multivariate logistic regression to test potential correlates. Results More than a quarter (27%) of ever-partnered adolescents in Malawi report being victimized. A substantial proportion of both male and female adolescents (15%) report committing violence against their partner. Girls were more likely than boys to report being a victim of sexual IPV (24% versus 8%), and boys more likely to perpetrate such (9% versus 1%). Almost 10% of the sample had both committed and been a victim of IPV. Cumulative childhood adversity (e.g., physical abuse, witnessing domestic violence) was a consistent and strong correlate of IPV victimization (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.30) and of perpetration (aOR 1.35). Depression and PTSD were likewise associated with IPV victimization in the overall sample. Notably, gender ideology was not predictive of either victimization or perpetration, even among boys. Conclusions IPV is common for both male and female young Malawian adolescents, and includes both victimization and perpetration. IPV compounds other adversities experienced by adolescents in this low-income setting, and it is rarely alleviated through help from the health system or other formal support. These findings underscore the need to intervene early when interventions can still break destructive pathways and help foster healthier relationships. This focus on early adolescence is particularly critical in low-income countries given the early onset and rapid pace of the transition to adulthood, with sexual activity, dating and partnership thus being common already in young adolescence. Promising interventions would be those that reduce violence against or around children, as well as those that reduce the impacts of such trauma on mental health during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kidman
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Core Faculty, Program in Public Health, Stony Brook University (State University of New York), Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hans-Peter Kohler
- Department of Sociology and Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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Zietz S, Kajula L, McNaughton Reyes HL, Moracco B, Shanahan M, Martin S, Maman S. Patterns of adverse childhood experiences and subsequent risk of interpersonal violence perpetration among men in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 99:104256. [PMID: 31835233 PMCID: PMC7719339 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), including abuse and neglect, are consistently found to be predictors of perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) and peer violence (PV) in adulthood. Children are often exposed to patterns of ongoing and/or multiple-type polyvictimization throughout the life course. OBJECTIVES To identify and characterize patterns of ACEs among men in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and to examine the relationship between these patterns and perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) and peer violence (PV) in adulthood. METHODS We used latent class analysis to identify respondents with similar patterns of ACEs. The analysis was conducted with a sample of 987 men. RESULTS We uncovered five distinct classes of men with specific patterns of ACEs. One consisted of nonvictims and four included various forms of polyvictimization. Men in the polyvictimization classes that included non-violent family dysfunction had significantly higher odds of perpetrating psychological IPV compared to the other three classes (AORs 2.33 and 3.04 compared to nonvictims). Men in the polyvictimization classes that included any sexual violence and/or non-violent family dysfunction had significantly higher odds of perpetrating PV compared to the other two classes (AORs 3.54, 6.10, and 7.42 compared to nonvictims). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that distinct patterns of exposure to ACEs among this population are differentially related to perpetration of IPV and PV in adulthood. These findings highlight the importance of child development interventions in low-and middle-income countries, both for the primary prevention of child adversity and for mitigation of the cognitive and emotional effects of ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Zietz
- Duke Center for Child and Family Policy, Erwin Square Mill Building, 202 West Main Street, Bay C, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Lusajo Kajula
- UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, Florence, Italy
| | - H Luz McNaughton Reyes
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Beth Moracco
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Meghan Shanahan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sandra Martin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Suzanne Maman
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Prevalence and correlates of partner violence among adolescent girls and young women: Evidence from baseline data of a cluster randomised trial in Tanzania. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222950. [PMID: 31593577 PMCID: PMC6782098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little has been documented about partner violence among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) who are out of school, a factor associated with HIV acquisition. To understand areas for prioritising HIV prevention intervention efforts, we explored the prevalence and correlates of partner violence among out of school AGYW in Shinyanga, Tanzania. Methods A cross-sectional analysis of data from AGYW aged 15–23 years recruited in a cluster randomised trial conducted between October and December 2017 was used to examine correlates of partner violence. Data were collected through an Audio Computer-Assisted Self-interview. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association. Results 2276 (75.5%) AGYW were sexually active. Of these, 816 (35.9%) reported having experienced violence from partners in the last six months. After adjusting for other covariates, being formerly married (AOR = 1.55, 95% CI:1.02, 2.37), having children (AOR = 1.79, 95% CI:1.47, 2.16), anxiety and depression symptoms (AOR = 3.27, 95%CI: 2.15, 4.96), having engaged in sex work in the past six months (AOR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.45, 2.53) and economic deprivation (AOR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.34,1.92) were significantly associated with partner violence. Conclusions Almost one in three sexually active AGYW had experienced partner violence in the 6 months preceding the survey. The findings underscore the need for future research to focus on understanding the reasons and dynamics underlying high level of partner violence among AGYW. Furthermore, there is a need for implementing intervention programs that aim to reduce economic deprivation among AGYWs and address social norms and structures perpetuating violence against AGYW. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov—IDNCT03597243.
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Intimate partner abuse among couples during pregnancy and its predictors as reported by pregnant women visiting governmental health care centres in Tabriz, Iran. J Biosoc Sci 2019; 52:400-411. [PMID: 31434585 DOI: 10.1017/s002193201900052x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about intimate partner abuse (IPA) among couples during pregnancy in Iran. This study aimed to compare the rates of IPA by pregnant women towards their husbands (perpetration), and women's experience of IPA from their husbands (victimization) and determine the predictors of the two behaviours. The cross-sectional study was conducted on 525 pregnant women at 24-30 weeks of gestation visiting governmental health care centres/posts in Tabriz, Iran, in 2014. The study sample was selected using random cluster sampling. The Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2) was used to assess IPA perpetration and victimization. The McNemar test was employed to compare the prevalences of IPA perpetration and victimization, and adjusted logistic regression was utilized to determine the socio-demographic predictors of overall IPA perpetration and victimization. The overall rates of women's reported abuse of their husbands (perpetration) and women's experience of abuse from their husbands (victimization) were 70% and 67%, respectively, but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.086). The prevalence of psychological aggression perpetrated by women towards their husbands was significantly higher than that experienced by the women from their husbands (65% vs 58%, p<0.001). The prevalences of sexual coercion (15% vs 30%) and injury (8% vs 16%) perpetrated by women on their husbands were significantly lower those they experienced by the women from their husbands (p<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the prevalence of perpetration of physical violence towards husbands by women (19%) and that experienced by women from their husbands (22%) (p=0.072). Women's and husbands' satisfaction with their own occupations were predictors of both perpetration and victimization of IPA. The observed high rates of IPA perpetration by, women and victimization of, women during pregnancy, and the significantly higher rate of violence towards women compared with that perpetrated by women, especially for sexual coercion and injury, require health policymakers and care providers to make serious efforts to identify such violence, and take appropriate measures to reduce it, during pregnancy in women in Iran.
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Manuel B, Roelens K, Tiago A, Keygnaert I, Valcke M. Gaps in Medical Students' Competencies to Deal With Intimate Partner Violence in Key Mozambican Medical Schools. Front Public Health 2019; 7:204. [PMID: 31396502 PMCID: PMC6667801 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The researchers aimed to identify the gaps in competencies designed to help medical students to deal with Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in key Mozambican medical schools curricula. Method: A survey was administered to 3rd and 6th-year medical students (N387), enrolled in five medical schools in Mozambique. The instrument focused on mapping students' perceived mastery of their knowledge, skills, and attitudes related to IPV. Results: In total, 387 medical students (RR 66%) participated in the survey. The overall mean perceived mastery of IPV competence was 36.18 (SD = 24.52) for knowledge, 32.01 (SD = 27.37) for skills, and 43.47 (SD = 27.58) for attitudes. Though 6th-year students reported a significantly higher mastery level, it is still below a mastery-learning benchmark of 80%. Conclusions: Medical students report critically low levels in their mastery of IPV- related competencies. This implies a need for a more comprehensive approach to developing knowledge, skills, and attitudes to deal with the victims of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Manuel
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, International Centre for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristien Roelens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Armindo Tiago
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ines Keygnaert
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, International Centre for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martin Valcke
- Department of Educational Studies, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Simmons E, Halim N, Servidone M, Steven E, Reich N, Badi L, Holmes N, Kawemama P, Messersmith LJ. Prevention and Mitigation of Intimate-Partner Violence: The Role of Community Leaders in Tanzania. Violence Against Women 2019; 26:359-378. [PMID: 30898055 DOI: 10.1177/1077801219832923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intimate-partner violence (IPV) is a major public health issue that disproportionately affects women, especially in Tanzania where 40% of women report experiencing IPV. While IPV research has focused on IPV victims and perpetrators, community leaders can provide valuable insight on IPV at the community level. We conducted 50 key informant interviews with community leaders in nine villages in the Karatu district. These leaders identified common themes regarding IPV causes and consequences, reporting methods, and future recommendations. This information can help mitigate IPV at the community level in future interventions and shows community leaders themselves could be powerful tools in future IPV programming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nafisa Halim
- Boston University School of Public Health, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Naomi Reich
- World Education Inc./Bantwana, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lilian Badi
- World Education Inc./Bantwana, Arusha, Tanzania
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Bintabara D, Kibusi SM. Intimate partner violence victimization increases the risk of under-five morbidity: A stratified multilevel analysis of pooled Tanzania Demographic Health Surveys, 2010-2016. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201814. [PMID: 30071115 PMCID: PMC6072077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A hidden determinant such as intimate partner violence victimization has been associated with under-five morbidity and mortality. However, there is lack of information regarding which exactly age group of under-five is more vulnerable to morbidity when their mothers exposed to intimate partner violence victimization. This study aimed to determine the effect of mothers' exposure to intimate partner violence victimization on age groups specific under-five morbidity that could lead to mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS The current study pooled and analyzed data from 2010 and 2016 Tanzania Demographic Health Survey datasets. We used a stratified multilevel modeling to assess the association between under-five morbidity and intimate partner violence victimization according to age groups. The Statistical approach using Stata 14 was used to adjust for clustering effect and weighted the estimates to correct for non-responses and disproportionate sampling employed during designing of the surveys. RESULTS A total of 13,639 singleton live-births babies within three years prior to interview dates from the ever-married women were included in the analysis. We found a significant reduction of the three main symptoms of under-five morbidity namely; a cough with difficult or fast breathing from 21.7 to 15.7%, fever from 22.5 to 18.3%, and diarrhoea from 15.5 to 12.7% for the survey years from 2010 to 2016 respectively (P<0.05). Overall, about 40% of mothers reported experiencing any forms of intimate partner violence victimization. After adjusting for individual and cluster variables, we found that under-five in post-neonatal period (Adjusted odds ratios = 1.50; 95%CI, 1.21-1.86) and childhood period (Adjusted odds ratios = 1.40; 95%CI, 1.24-1.57) were significantly affected with morbidity when their mothers' exposed to any form of intimate partner violence victimization. CONCLUSION This analysis revealed that intimate partner violence victimization is still a major and public health problem in Tanzania that threatens child health during the period of post-neonatal and childhood. There is a need to introduce screening for intimate partner violence victimization in maternal and child care for effective monitoring and prevention of the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deogratius Bintabara
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
- Department of Global Health Entrepreneurship, Division of Public Health, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephen M. Kibusi
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
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Baiocchi M, Omondi B, Langat N, Boothroyd DB, Sinclair J, Pavia L, Mulinge M, Githua O, Golden NH, Sarnquist C. A Behavior-Based Intervention That Prevents Sexual Assault: the Results of a Matched-Pairs, Cluster-Randomized Study in Nairobi, Kenya. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2018; 18:818-827. [PMID: 27562036 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-016-0701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
DESIGN The study's design was a cluster-randomized, matched-pairs, parallel trial of a behavior-based sexual assault prevention intervention in the informal settlements. METHODS The participants were primary school girls aged 10-16. Classroom-based interventions for girls and boys were delivered by instructors from the same settlements, at the same time, over six 2-h sessions. The girls' program had components of empowerment, gender relations, and self-defense. The boys' program promotes healthy gender norms. The control arm of the study received a health and hygiene curriculum. The primary outcome was the rate of sexual assault in the prior 12 months at the cluster level (school level). Secondary outcomes included the generalized self-efficacy scale, the distribution of number of times victims were sexually assaulted in the prior period, skills used, disclosure rates, and distribution of perpetrators. Difference-in-differences estimates are reported with bootstrapped confidence intervals. RESULTS Fourteen schools with 3147 girls from the intervention group and 14 schools with 2539 girls from the control group were included in the analysis. We estimate a 3.7 % decrease, p = 0.03 and 95 % CI = (0.4, 8.0), in risk of sexual assault in the intervention group due to the intervention (initially 7.3 % at baseline). We estimate an increase in mean generalized self-efficacy score of 0.19 (baseline average 3.1, on a 1-4 scale), p = 0.0004 and 95 % CI = (0.08, 0.39). INTERPRETATION This innovative intervention that combined parallel training for young adolescent girls and boys in school settings showed significant reduction in the rate of sexual assault among girls in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lee Pavia
- No Means No Worldwide, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Munyae Mulinge
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, United States International University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Oscar Githua
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, United States International University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Clea Sarnquist
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Halim N, Steven E, Reich N, Badi L, Messersmith L. Variability and validity of intimate partner violence reporting by couples in Tanzania. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193253. [PMID: 29518162 PMCID: PMC5843259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, major global institutions have amplified their efforts to address intimate partner violence (IPV) against women-a global health and human rights violation affecting 15-71% of reproductive aged women over their lifetimes. Still, some scholars remain concerned about the validity of instruments used for IPV assessment in population-based studies. In this paper, we conducted two validation analyses using novel data from 450 women-men dyads across nine villages in Northern Tanzania. First, we examined the level of inter-partner agreement in reporting of men's physical, sexual, emotional and economic IPV against women in the last three and twelve months prior to the survey, ever in the relationship, and during pregnancy. Second, we conducted a convergent validity analysis to compare the relative efficacy of men's self-reports of perpetration and women's of victimization as a valid indicator of IPV against Tanzanian women using logistic regression models with village-level clustered errors. We found that, for every violence type across the recall periods of the last three months, the last twelve months and ever in the relationship, at least one in three couples disagreed about IPV occurrences in the relationship. Couples' agreement about physical, sexual and economic IPV during pregnancy was high with 86-93% of couples reporting concordantly. Also, men's self-reported perpetration had statistically significant associations with at least as many validated risk factors as had women's self-reported victimization. This finding suggests that men's self-reports are at least as valid as women's as an indicator of IPV against women in Northern Tanzania. We recommend more validation studies are conducted in low-income countries, and that data on relationship factors affecting IPV reports and reporting are made available along with data on IPV occurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafisa Halim
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ester Steven
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Naomi Reich
- World Education Inc./Bantwana Initiative, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Lilian Badi
- World Education, Inc./Bantwana Initiative–Tanzania, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Lisa Messersmith
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Rurangirwa AA, Mogren I, Ntaganira J, Krantz G. Intimate partner violence among pregnant women in Rwanda, its associated risk factors and relationship to ANC services attendance: a population-based study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e013155. [PMID: 28399509 PMCID: PMC5337709 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of four forms of intimate partner violence during pregnancy in Rwandan women, associated sociodemographic and psychosocial factors and relationship to antenatal care service usage. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional population-based study conducted in the Northern province of Rwanda and in Kigali city. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS A total of 921 women who gave birth within the past 13 months were included. Villages in the study area were selected using a multistage random sampling technique and community health workers helped in identifying eligible participants. Clinical psychologists, nurses or midwives carried out face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to assess associations. RESULTS The prevalence rates of physical, sexual, psychological violence and controlling behaviour during pregnancy were 10.2% (95% CI 8.3 to 12.2), 9.7% (95% CI 7.8 to 11.6), 17.0% (95% CI 14.6 to 19.4) and 20.0% (95% CI 17.4 to 22.6), respectively. Usage of antenatal care services was less common among women who reported controlling behaviour (OR) 1.93 (95% CI 1.34 to 2.79). No statistically significant associations between physical, psychological and sexual violence and antenatal care usage were found. Low socioeconomic status was associated with physical violence exposure (OR) 2.27 (95% CI 1.29 to 3.98). Also, young age, living in urban areas and poor social support were statistically significant in their associations with violence exposure during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Intimate partner violence inquiry should be included in the standard antenatal care services package and professionals should be trained in giving support, advice and care to those exposed. Gender-based violence is criminalised behaviour in Rwanda; existing policies and laws must be followed and awareness raised in society for preventive purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akashi Andrew Rurangirwa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
- Section of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (EPSO), Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Mogren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Joseph Ntaganira
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Gunilla Krantz
- Section of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (EPSO), Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University Gothenburg, Sweden
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Kapiga S, Harvey S, Muhammad AK, Stöckl H, Mshana G, Hashim R, Hansen C, Lees S, Watts C. Prevalence of intimate partner violence and abuse and associated factors among women enrolled into a cluster randomised trial in northwestern Tanzania. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:190. [PMID: 28193198 PMCID: PMC5307886 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) is recognised as an important public health and social problem, with far reaching consequences for women's physical and emotional health and social well-being. Furthermore, controlling behaviour by a partner has a similar impact on women's well-being, yet little is known about the prevalence of this type of behaviour and other related abuses in Tanzania and in other sub-Saharan African countries. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the lifetime and past 12-month prevalence of physical and sexual IPV, economic abuse, emotional abuse and controlling behaviour among ever-partnered women in Mwanza, Tanzania. Women (N = 1049) were enrolled in an ongoing trial (Maisha study) to assess the impact of microfinance combined with gender training on participants' experience IPV, and other related outcomes. Interviews were conducted by same sex interviewers to collect information about socio-demographic characteristics, experiences of specific acts of IPV and abuse, and symptoms of poor mental health status. RESULTS Overall, about 61% of women reported ever experiencing physical and/or sexual IPV (95% CI: 58-64%) and 27% (95% CI: 24-29%) experienced it in the past 12 months. Partner controlling behaviour was the most prevalent type of abuse with 82% experiencing it in their lifetime and 63% during the past 12 months. Other types of abuses were also common, with 34% of women reporting economic abuse and 39% reporting emotional abuse during the past 12 months. The prevalence of IPV and abuses varied by socio-demographic characteristics, showing much higher prevalence rates among younger women, women with young partners and less educated women. After we adjusted for age and socio-economic status, physical violence (OR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.3-2.7) and sexual violence (OR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.9-4.1) were associated with increased reporting of symptoms of poor mental health. Similarly, experience of abuse during the past 12 months was associated with increased reporting of symptoms of poor mental health. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of IPV and abuses and its strong links with symptoms of poor mental health underline the urgent need for developing and testing appropriate interventions in settings like Tanzania to tackle both violence and abusive behaviours among intimate partners. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov - ID NCT02592252 , registered retrospectively on 13 August 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidi Kapiga
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, PO Box 11936, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK
| | - Sheila Harvey
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, PO Box 11936, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK
| | | | - Heidi Stöckl
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK
| | - Gerry Mshana
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, PO Box 11936, Mwanza, Tanzania
- National Institute for Medical Research, Isamilo Road, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Ramadhan Hashim
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, PO Box 11936, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Christian Hansen
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, PO Box 11936, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK
| | - Shelley Lees
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK
| | - Charlotte Watts
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK
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VanderEnde K, Mercy J, Shawa M, Kalanda M, Hamela J, Maksud N, Ross B, Gupta S, Wadonda-Kabondo N, Hillis S. Violent experiences in childhood are associated with men's perpetration of intimate partner violence as a young adult: a multistage cluster survey in Malawi. Ann Epidemiol 2016; 26:723-728. [PMID: 27793275 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the association between exposures to violence in childhood, including exposure to multiple forms of violence, with young men's perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) in Malawi. METHODS We analyzed data from 450 ever-partnered 18- to 24-year-old men interviewed in the Malawi Violence Against Children and Young Woman Survey, a nationally representative, multistage cluster survey conducted in 2013. We estimated the weighted prevalence for perpetration of physical and/or sexual IPV and retrospective reporting of experiences of violence in childhood and examined the associations between childhood experiences of violence and perpetration of IPV using logistic regression. RESULTS Among young men in Malawi, lifetime prevalence for perpetration of sexual IPV (24%) was higher than for perpetration of physical IPV (9%). In logistic regression analyses, the adjusted odds ratios for perpetration of sexual IPV increased in a statistically significant gradient fashion, from 1.2 to 1.4 to 3.7 to 4.3 for young men with exposures to one, two, three, and four or more forms of violence in childhood, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Among young men in Malawi, exposure to violence in childhood is associated with an increased odds of perpetrating IPV, highlighting the need for programs and policies aimed at interrupting the intergenerational transmission of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin VanderEnde
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
| | - James Mercy
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mary Shawa
- Malawi Ministry of Gender, Children, Disability and Social Welfare, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - McKnight Kalanda
- Malawi Ministry of Gender, Children, Disability and Social Welfare, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Justin Hamela
- Malawi Ministry of Gender, Children, Disability and Social Welfare, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Nankali Maksud
- United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Brendan Ross
- United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Sundeep Gupta
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Susan Hillis
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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