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Dicker-Oren SD, Gelkopf M, Greene T. Momentary stress-induced food craving: An ecological momentary assessment study comparing perceived interpersonal and non-interpersonal stressors. Stress Health 2024:e3402. [PMID: 38635310 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Daily-life stressors and food cravings are dynamic and vary within and across persons. Some evidence suggests interpersonal stressors increase appetite. However, little is known about the association of food craving with different types of stressors at the momentary level in the general population. We aimed to explore the momentary relationships between daily-life stressful events and food craving in a non-clinical community sample, and to compare the associations with food craving when the most stressful event was perceived as interpersonal versus non-interpersonal. We used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to collect reports on the most stressful event, perceived stressor type, stressor appraisal, and food craving from 123 adults three times a day scheduled at fixed intervals over 10 days. Mixed effects random intercepts and slopes models examined the within- and between-person associations. Experiencing a stressor was significantly positively associated with within-person food craving at the same measurement. No differences in momentary food craving were found when the most stressful event was perceived as interpersonal or non-interpersonal (within-person level). However, frequently reporting the most stressful event as interpersonal (vs. non-interpersonal) was positively associated with food craving across the study (between-person level), particularly when the stressor was appraised as more unpleasant. Daily-life stressors were associated with momentary food craving. Individuals who generally perceived interpersonal stressors as their most stressful event tended to experience food cravings. Future research could further investigate the role of interpersonal stressors as a factor for overeating in daily life and the potential benefits of stress management in interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Daniela Dicker-Oren
- Department of Community Mental Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Marc Gelkopf
- Department of Community Mental Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Talya Greene
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
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Miele C, Cabé J, Cabé N, Bertsch I, Brousse G, Pereira B, Moulin V, Barrault S. Measuring craving: A systematic review and mapping of assessment instruments. What about sexual craving? Addiction 2023; 118:2277-2314. [PMID: 37493019 DOI: 10.1111/add.16287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Craving is central in the definition of addictive disorders because of its diagnostic and prognostic value. Its measurement is essential in clinical practice. Previous reviews provided a better overview of existing instruments; however, they do not consider emerging substances and behaviors such as sexual addictions. Our objectives were threefold: (1) to provide a systematic review of craving assessment instruments and their psychometric characteristics within a transdiagnostic approach, (2) to highlight and map their conceptual relationships and (3) to identify potential sexual craving assessment instruments. METHODS The review was conducted using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. The PubMed, Embase, PsychInfo and Cochrane/Central databases were searched for publications that met the following inclusion criterion: validation studies of craving assessment instruments, regardless of target substance or behavior. The original search identified 4561 references and included 147 articles. Each selected study was a peer-reviewed publication. RESULTS This review provides a synthesis of the psychometric properties of 36 original instruments and identified 93 variations of these instruments (e.g. translations). We were able to highlight five transdiagnostic families of instruments, each corresponding to a conceptual model. Only one instrument for assessing craving in the domain of compulsive sexual behavior, focused on pornography use, has been identified: the Pornography Craving Questionnaire. CONCLUSION This review mapped all craving assessment instruments from a transdiagnostic perspective, finding 36 original instruments and 93 variations. The evolution of instruments to measure craving mirrors the evolution of the concept of craving which has progressively integrated cognitive, conditioning and sensory dimensions, and attests to the importance of the context of assessment. Development of an instrument to measure 'sexual craving' is needed and could be based on the data from our review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Miele
- Laboratory QualiPsy, EE1901, Psychology Department, University of Tours, Tours, France
- Service d'Addictologie et de pathologies duelles, Pôle de psychiatrie, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France
- Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Psychologie Personnalité, Cognition, Changement Social (LIP/PC2S) Université de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Cabé
- Service d'Addictologie et de pathologies duelles, Pôle de psychiatrie, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Cabé
- Service d'Addictologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Caen, France
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, PhIND 'Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders', Institut Blood and Brain at Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Ingrid Bertsch
- Laboratory QualiPsy, EE1901, Psychology Department, University of Tours, Tours, France
- Unité de Consultation Psychiatrique Post-Pénale (UC3P), CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Georges Brousse
- Service d'Addictologie et de pathologies duelles, Pôle de psychiatrie, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Direction de la Recherche Clinique et de l'Innovation, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valérie Moulin
- Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Psychologie Personnalité, Cognition, Changement Social (LIP/PC2S) Université de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Servane Barrault
- Laboratory QualiPsy, EE1901, Psychology Department, University of Tours, Tours, France
- Centre de Soins d'Accompagnement et de Prévention en Addictologie (CSAPA 37), CHRU of Tours, Tours, France
- Laboratory of Psychopathology and Health Processes, University of Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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McCormack JC, Roberts R, Garratt M, Wang T, Hayes J, Peng M. Longitudinal study of energy, neurosensory and eating responses durinG pregnancY (ENERGY cohort): A study protocol. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 54:271-276. [PMID: 36963873 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Physiological changes that occur during pregnancy can have long-term impacts on metabolism and neurosensory responses to food, which can impact nutrition and health outcomes. The ENERGY cohort is a longitudinal study that aims to capitalizes on pregnancy as a natural model of metabolic reprogramming in order to understand the neurosensory mechanisms underpinning links between metabolism and dietary behaviour. The study objectives are to test for multi-sensory shifts during pregnancy, and the effect of sensory changes on dietary choices and bodyweights, and to identify neurosensory mechanisms that determine macronutrient selection before and after pregnancy. METHODS A longitudinal cohort study involving 130 pregravid women planning to conceive with the next 12-months and 65 pregravid women with no short-term plans to conceive. Participants will be recruited from Dunedin and Auckland, New Zealand. The study will test for changes in diet, neurosensory outcomes, and metabolism across the reproductive cycle, from pre-pregnancy to 1-year post-pregnancy. Data will be collected at six timepoint throughout the pregnancy which will occur approximately every 3 months. The primary response variables will be changes in supra-threshold sensitivity across modalities, dietary intake, and metabolism between pre-pregnancy and post-pregnancy. Longitudinal data analysis will use linear mixed models to assess changes in the response outcomes over time adjusted for age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. DISCUSSION Understanding the relationship between metabolism, sensory processing, and macronutrient preferences will provide crucial insights into diet-related health issues, including obesity. This study will lead to the formation of a prospective research cohort that is unique to Aotearoa New Zealand, and will develop multidisciplinary skills that are increasingly necessary to addressing the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C McCormack
- Sensory Neurosensory and Nutrtion Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Reece Roberts
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Garratt
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - John Hayes
- Department of Food Science, Penn State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Mei Peng
- Sensory Neurosensory and Nutrtion Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Jacob R, Provencher V, Panahi S, Tremblay A, Drapeau V. Eating behaviour traits mediate the association between satiety responsiveness and energy intake among individuals with overweight and obesity. Appetite 2023; 180:106373. [PMID: 36384208 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Whether eating behaviour traits represent factors that could explain the susceptibility to overeating in individuals with low satiety responsiveness remain to be extensively examined. This study aimed to assess if eating behaviours mediate the association between satiety responsiveness and energy intake. Baseline data from individuals with overweight or obesity (n = 303; age = 38.7 ± 8.4 years; BMI = 33.2 ± 3.4 kg/m2, 56% women) who participated in four weight-loss studies were included in this cross-sectional study. Satiety responsiveness was determined by the satiety quotient (SQ) based on fullness sensations in response to a standardized breakfast. Energy intake was self-reported in a three-day food record and measured by an ad libitum buffet meal. Eating behaviours were assessed with questionnaires. Mediation analyses adjusted for age and sex, and for underreporting for the food record, were performed using a regression-based and bootstrapping approach. The association between SQ and self-reported total energy intake was mediated by susceptibility to hunger (β = -2.51 ± 1.26, 95% CI, -5.38 to -0.52) and its subscales, internal and external locus of hunger (β = -2.00 ± 1.10, 95% CI, -4.50 to -0.28 and β = -2.42 ± 1.29, 95% CI, -5.30 to -0.30, respectively). Susceptibility to hunger (β = -2.71 ± 1.13, 95% CI, -5.29 to -0.84), internal and external locus of hunger (β = -1.84 ± 0.95, 95% CI -4.00 to -0.30 and β = -3.42 ± 1.31, 95% CI, -6.39 to -1.24, respectively), cues that may trigger food cravings (β = -5.43 ± 2.91, 95% CI, -11.83 to -0.44) and state-craving as a physiological state (β = -4.31 ± 2.51, 95%CI, -10.14 to -0.44) also mediated the association between SQ and measured energy intake. These results suggest that susceptibility to hunger and food cravings partly explained the susceptibility to overeating among individuals with low satiety responsiveness. Interventions targeting susceptibility to hunger and food cravings may thus be helpful to prevent overeating among these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Jacob
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada; School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada; Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Véronique Provencher
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada; School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Shirin Panahi
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada; Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 4G5, Canada; Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada; Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 4G5, Canada; Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vicky Drapeau
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada; Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 4G5, Canada; Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Li A, Li X, Zhou T, Ma H, Heianza Y, Williamson DA, Smith SR, Bray GA, Sacks FM, Qi L. Sleep Disturbance and Changes in Energy Intake and Body Composition During Weight Loss in the POUNDS Lost Trial. Diabetes 2022; 71:934-944. [PMID: 35202470 PMCID: PMC9044134 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To examine associations between sleep disturbance and changes in weight and body composition and the mediating role of changes of appetite and food cravings in the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS Lost) 2-year weight-loss diet intervention trial, this study included 810 overweight or obese individuals with baseline sleep disturbance assessment who were randomly assigned one of four diets varying in macronutrient composition. Changes in body weight and fat distribution were assessed by DEXA and computed tomography during the 2-year intervention. Participants were asked to provide sleep disturbance levels (no, slight, moderate, or great) at baseline and to recall their sleep disturbances since last visit at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Weight loss during the first 6 months was followed by 1.5 years of steady weight regain. Participants with greater sleep disturbance from baseline to 6 months showed significant losses of body weight (Ptrend <0.001) and waist circumference (Ptrend = 0.002) at 6 months, after multivariate adjustment. Compared with individuals without sleep disturbance at all from baseline to 6 months, those with slight, moderate, or great sleep disturbance showed an elevated risk of failure to lose weight (-5% or more loss) at 6 months, when the maximum weight loss was achieved, with an odds ratio of 1.24 (95% CI 0.87, 1.78), 1.27 (95% CI 0.75, 2.13), or 3.12 (95% CI 1.61, 6.03), respectively. In addition, we observed that the repeatedly measured levels of sleep disturbance over 2 years were inversely associated with the overall weight loss rate (weight changes per 6 months) (Ptrend <0.001). Further, sleep disturbances during weight loss from baseline to 6 months and weight regain from 6 months to 24 months were significantly predictive of total fat, total fat mass percent, and trunk fat percent changes during the 2 years. Our results also indicated that food cravings for carbohydrates/starches, fast food fats, and sweets; cravings, prospective consumption, hunger of appetite measurements; and dietary restraint, disinhibition, and hunger subscales measured at 6 months significantly mediated the effects of sleep disturbance on weight loss. In conclusion, our results suggested that more severe sleep disturbance during weight loss was associated with an elevated risk of failure to lose weight during the dietary intervention. Food cravings and eating behaviors may partly mediate these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Hao Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Yoriko Heianza
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Donald A. Williamson
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Steven R. Smith
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - George A. Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Frank M. Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Cummings C, Seng K, Tweet R, Wagner J. Lifestyles Under Lockdown: A Scoping Review of International Studies on Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management Behaviors During COVID-19. FRONTIERS IN CLINICAL DIABETES AND HEALTHCARE 2022; 3:830353. [PMID: 36992763 PMCID: PMC10012117 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2022.830353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThe effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on diabetes self-management behaviors is unclear.ObjectivesThis paper is a scoping review of studies examining health behaviors among people with type 2 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic.Eligibility CriteriaWe searched articles available in English using the Search terms “COVID” and “diabetes”, and, separately, each of the following terms: “lifestyle”, “health behavior”, “self-care”, “self-management”, “adherence”, “compliance”, “eating”, “diet”, “physical activity”, “exercise”, “sleep”, “self-monitoring of blood glucose”, or “continuous glucose monitoring”.Sources of EvidenceWe searched PubMed, PsychInfo, and Google Scholar databases from December 2019 through August 2021.Charting MethodsData were extracted by 4 calibrated reviewers and study elements were charted.ResultsThe search identified 1,710 articles. After screening for relevance and eligibility, 24 articles were included in this review. Findings show the strongest evidence for reduced physical activity and stable glucose monitoring and substance use. There was equivocal evidence for deleterious changes in sleep, diet, and medication intake. With one minor exception, there was no evidence for favorable changes in health behaviors. Limitations of the literature include small samples, predominantly cross-sectional study designs, reliance on retrospective self-reports, sampling through social media, and few standardized measures.ConclusionsEarly studies of health behaviors among people with type 2 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic suggest a need for novel interventions to support diabetes self-management, especially targeting physical activity. Future studies should go beyond documenting changes in health behaviors and examine predictors of change over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Cummings
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Kagnica Seng
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, CT, United States
| | - Ryan Tweet
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Oregon Health & Science University, School of Medicine, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Julie Wagner
- Division of Behavioral Sciences and Community Health, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Julie Wagner,
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Parker MN, LeMay-Russell S, Schvey NA, Crosby RD, Ramirez E, Kelly NR, Shank LM, Byrne ME, Engel SG, Swanson TN, Djan KG, Kwarteng EA, Faulkner LM, Zenno A, Brady SM, Yanovski SZ, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Yanovski JA. Associations of sleep with food cravings and loss-of-control eating in youth: An ecological momentary assessment study. Pediatr Obes 2022; 17:e12851. [PMID: 34498417 PMCID: PMC8766870 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inconsistent sleep patterns may promote excess weight gain by increasing food cravings and loss-of-control (LOC)-eating; however, these relationships have not been elucidated in youth. OBJECTIVE We tested whether sleep duration and timing were associated with food cravings and LOC-eating. METHOD For 14 days, youths wore actigraphy monitors to assess sleep and reported severity of food cravings and LOC-eating using ecological momentary assessment. Generalized linear mixed models tested the associations between weekly and nightly shifts in facets of sleep (i.e., duration, onset, midpoint, and waketime) and next-day food cravings and LOC-eating. Models were re-run adjusting for relevant covariates (e.g., age, sex, adiposity). RESULTS Among 48 youths (12.88 ± 2.69 years, 68.8% female, 33.3% with overweight/obesity), neither weekly nor nightly facets of sleep were significantly associated with food cravings (ps = 0.08-0.93). Youths with shorter weekly sleep duration (est. ß = -0.31, p = 0.004), earlier weekly midpoints (est. ß = -0.47, p = 0.010) and later weekly waketimes (est. ß = 0.49, p = 0.010) reported greater LOC-eating severity; findings persisted in adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS In youth, weekly, but not nightly, shifts in multiple facets of sleep were associated with LOC-eating severity; associations were not significant for food cravings. Sleep should be assessed as a potentially modifiable target in paediatric LOC-eating and obesity prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N. Parker
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah LeMay-Russell
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Natasha A. Schvey
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ross D. Crosby
- Sanford Center for Biobehavioral Research, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Eliana Ramirez
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nichole R. Kelly
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, College of Education, Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Lisa M. Shank
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (MiCOR) Program, USU, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Metis Foundation, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Meghan E. Byrne
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Scott G. Engel
- Sanford Center for Biobehavioral Research, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Taylor N. Swanson
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Metis Foundation, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kweku G. Djan
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Esther A. Kwarteng
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Loie M. Faulkner
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anna Zenno
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sheila M. Brady
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Z. Yanovski
- Office of Obesity Research, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (MiCOR) Program, USU, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jack A. Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Parker MN, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Crosby RD, Byrne ME, LeMay-Russell S, Swanson TN, Ramirez E, Shank LM, Djan KG, Kwarteng EA, Faulkner LM, Yang SB, Zenno A, Chivukula KK, Engel SG, Brady SM, Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA. Food cravings and loss-of-control eating in youth: Associations with gonadal hormone concentrations. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:1426-1437. [PMID: 33942921 PMCID: PMC8355041 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among youth with overweight, food cravings (FC) are associated with loss-of-control (LOC)-eating, but the impact of sex-associated biological characteristics on this relationship is unknown. We examined whether sex and gonadal hormone concentrations moderated the relationships between FC and LOC-eating severity among healthy boys and girls across the weight strata in natural and laboratory environments. METHOD Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), FC, and LOC-eating severity were reported 3-5 times a day for 2 weeks. In the laboratory, participants reported FC, consumed lunch from a buffet test meal designed to simulate LOC-eating, and rated LOC-eating severity during the meal. RESULTS Eighty-seven youth (13.0 ± 2.7 years, 58.6% female, 32.2% with overweight/obesity) participated. EMA measured general and momentary FC were positively associated with LOC-eating severity (ps < .01), with no differences by sex (ps = .21-.93). Estradiol and progesterone significantly moderated the relationships between FC and LOC-eating such that general FC and LOC-eating severity were only positively associated among girls with greater (vs. lower) estradiol (p = .01), and momentary FC and LOC-eating severity were only positively associated among girls with greater (vs. lower) progesterone (p = .01). Boys' testosterone did not significantly moderate the associations between FC and LOC-eating severity (ps = .36-.97). At the test meal, pre-meal FC were positively related to LOC-eating severity (p < .01), without sex or hormonal moderation (ps = .20-.64). DISCUSSION FC were related to LOC-eating severity in boys and girls. In the natural environment, gonadal hormones moderated this relationship in girls, but not boys. The mechanisms through which gonadal hormones might affect the relationship between FC and LOC-eating warrant investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N. Parker
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU), 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA,Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU), 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA,Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,Department of Medicine, Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (MiCOR) Program, USU, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Ross D. Crosby
- Sanford Center for Biobehavioral Research, 120 Eighth St. South, Box, 2010, Fargo, North Dakota, 58122, USA,University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Meghan E. Byrne
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU), 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA,Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sarah LeMay-Russell
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU), 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA,Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Taylor N. Swanson
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,Metis Foundation, 300 Convent St #1330, San Antonio, TX, 78205, USA
| | - Eliana Ramirez
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lisa M. Shank
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,Department of Medicine, Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (MiCOR) Program, USU, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA,Metis Foundation, 300 Convent St #1330, San Antonio, TX, 78205, USA
| | - Kweku G. Djan
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Esther A. Kwarteng
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Loie M. Faulkner
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shanna B. Yang
- Nutrition Department, Clinical Research Center, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Anna Zenno
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - K. Karthik Chivukula
- Clinical Endocrinology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Scott G. Engel
- Sanford Center for Biobehavioral Research, 120 Eighth St. South, Box, 2010, Fargo, North Dakota, 58122, USA,University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Sheila M. Brady
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Susan Z. Yanovski
- Office of Obesity Research, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jack A. Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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9
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Reents J, Pedersen A. Differences in Food Craving in Individuals With Obesity With and Without Binge Eating Disorder. Front Psychol 2021; 12:660880. [PMID: 34149552 PMCID: PMC8206470 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.660880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Overeating behavior is supposedly a major contributing factor to weight gain and obesity. Binge eating disorder (BED) with reoccurring episodes of excessive overeating is strongly associated with obesity. Learning models of overeating behavior and BED assume that mere confrontation with food leads to a conditioned response that is experienced as food craving. Accordingly, individuals with obesity and BED were shown to have high trait food cravings. To date, little is known about differences in state food cravings and cue reactivity at the sight of palatable food in individuals with obesity and BED compared to individuals with obesity without BED. Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine differences in cue-induced, state and trait food cravings in people with obesity with and without BED. We found that all aspects of food cravings were more prevalent in individuals with obesity and BED than in individuals without BED. By implementing a food cue reactivity paradigm, our results show that individuals with obesity with BED have more cue-induced cravings than individuals with obesity without BED. Moreover, these cue-induced cravings in individuals with obesity and BED were highest for high-fat and high-sugar foods as opposed to low-calorie foods. Thus, our results emphasize the role of increased cue reactivity and craving at the sight of palatable foods in individuals with obesity and BED. Hence, our findings support etiological models of conditioned binge eating and are in line with interventions targeting cue reactivity in BED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Reents
- Institut für Psychologie, Philosophische Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anya Pedersen
- Institut für Psychologie, Philosophische Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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10
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Tinghino B, Lugoboni F, Amatulli A, Biasin C, Bramani Araldi M, Cantiero D, Cremaschini M, Galimberti GL, Giusti S, Grosina C, Mulazzani GEG, Nizzoli U. The FODRAT study (FOod addiction, DRugs, Alcohol and Tobacco): first data on food addiction prevalence among patients with addiction to drugs, tobacco and alcohol. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:449-455. [PMID: 32072572 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main focus of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of food addiction (FA) in a population of 575 subjects, all affected by drugs, alcohol and/or tobacco addiction. METHODS Patients were enrolled in Addiction Service Centers and 25 items YFAS questionnaire was administered. Prevalence of FA was studied among patients who already have an addiction and then this prevalence was compared between groups of abusers (by type of substance), comparing mono abusers with polyabusers, as well as regressions by age, BMI, sex, through multiple regression analysis. RESULTS Prevalence of FA in the sample is 20.17%. Risk of FA increases with the number of substances used (polyabuse). Results show a positive correlation, in addicted people, between BMI values and FA, with significant values (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.04-1.13; p = 0.006). Age is inversely correlated with FA (OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.95-0.99; p = 0.01). Female sex is positively associated (OR 2.60; 95% CI 1.59-4.27, p = 0.000). No significant association appears with any substance, even if the highest prevalence is recorded among cannabis users (31.03%), and heroin (21.07%), followed by cocaine (18.53%), alcohol (14.49%) and tobacco (11.61%). A comparison between the FA prevalence in our study and that from another study in the Italian general population (11%) shows a significant difference (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of FA among addicted people is greater than in the general population. Risk of FA increases with the increase in number of used substances (polyabuse). Age is inversely correlated with FA. There is a positive and significant correlation between BMI and FA among substance/tobacco abusers. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, observational cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tinghino
- UO Alcologia e Nuove Dipendenze, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Dipendenze, ASST di Vimercate, Vimercate, Italy.
| | - F Lugoboni
- UO Medicina delle Dipendenze, Ospedale Universitario di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - A Amatulli
- Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Dipendenze, ASST di Vimercate, Vimercate, Italy
| | - C Biasin
- SER.D ULSS 9 Scaligera, Verona, UOC Bussolengo e Legnago, Legnago, Italy
| | - M Bramani Araldi
- UO Tossicodipendenze, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Dipendenze, ASST di Vimercate, Vimercate, Italy
| | - D Cantiero
- SER.D ULSS 9 Scaligera, Verona, UOC Bussolengo e Legnago, Legnago, Italy
| | - M Cremaschini
- Dipartimento Cure Primarie, ATS di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - G L Galimberti
- UOSD Dipendenze, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Dipendenze, ASST di Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - S Giusti
- UO Medicina delle Dipendenze, Ospedale Universitario di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - C Grosina
- UO Alcologia e Nuove Dipendenze, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Dipendenze, ASST di Vimercate, Vimercate, Italy
| | - G E G Mulazzani
- Medico specializzando in Scienza dell'Alimentazione, Università Statale di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - U Nizzoli
- Società Italiana Studio Disturbi Comportamento Alimentare, SISDCA, Roma, Italy
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11
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Athamneh LN, Stein MD, Lin EH, Stein JS, Mellis AM, Gatchalian KM, Epstein LH, Bickel WK. Setting a goal could help you control: Comparing the effect of health goal versus general episodic future thinking on health behaviors among cigarette smokers and obese individuals. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 29:59-72. [PMID: 32191071 PMCID: PMC7501169 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Episodic Future Thinking (EFT) reduces delay discounting (DD; preference for smaller, immediate rewards) and various maladaptive behaviors. Exploring potential personalization of EFT to optimize its ability to alter DD and demand for unhealthy reinforcers is important for the development of interventions targeting long-term improvement and maintenance of health. In this investigation, using 2 separate studies, we examined the effects of EFT with and without a health goal on rates of discounting, demand, and craving for cigarettes and fast food among cigarette smokers and obese individuals, respectively. Using data collected from Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk), Study 1 (N = 189) examined the effect of EFT on DD and measures of cigarette demand and craving in cigarette smokers who were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: EFT-health goal, EFT-general, or Episodic Recent Thinking (ERT)-general. Study 2 (N = 255), using a 2x2 factorial design, examined the effects of health goals and general EFT on DD and measures of fast food demand and craving in obese individuals who were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 conditions: EFT-health goal, EFT-general, ERT-health goal or ERT-general. Health goal EFT was not more effective than general EFT in reducing monetary discounting. However, the addition of a health goal to general EFT was significantly associated with higher effect on intensity and elasticity of demand for cigarettes and fast food compared to EFT without a health goal. These findings suggest that the amplification of future thinking through the inclusion of a health goal may promote healthy decisions and result in positive behavior changes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elysia H Lin
- Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors
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12
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COVID-19 Lockdown and Changes of the Dietary Pattern and Physical Activity Habits in a Cohort of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082327. [PMID: 32759636 PMCID: PMC7468739 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 lockdown clearly affected the lifestyle of the population and entailed changes in their daily habits, which involved potential health consequences, especially on patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to examine the impact of the lockdown caused by COVID-19 pandemic on both nutrition and exercise habits, as well as the psychological effects in patients with T2DM, compared to their usual diet and physical activity level previous to the complete home confinement. We also intended to analyse any potential variables that may have influenced these lifestyle modifications. A Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Food Craving Questionnaire-State (FCQ-S) and Food Craving Questionnaire-Trait (FCQ-T) were used. Our results showed an increase in vegetable, sugary food and snack consumption. An association between levels of foods cravings and snack consumption was also found. Data also showed a high percentage of physical inactivity before the COVID-19 lockdown, which was exacerbated during the home confinement. These findings emphasise the great importance to do further research with larger study samples to analyse and explore dietary habits and to develop public health policies to promote a healthy lifestyle in terms of diet and physical activity in these patients, especially after this strict period of lockdown.
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13
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Sun W, Kober H. Regulating food craving: From mechanisms to interventions. Physiol Behav 2020; 222:112878. [PMID: 32298667 PMCID: PMC7321886 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Craving, defined here as a strong desire to eat, is a common experience that drives behavior. Here we discuss the concept of craving from historical, physiological, and clinical perspectives, and review work investigating the effects of cue reactivity and cue-induced craving on eating and weight outcomes, as well as underlying neural mechanisms. We also highlight the significance of cue reactivity and craving in the context of our "toxic food environment" and the obesity epidemic. We then summarize our work developing the Regulation of Craving (ROC) task, used to test the causal effects of cognitive strategies on craving for food and drugs as well as the underlying neural mechanisms of such regulation. Next, we review our recent development of a novel ROC-based intervention that trains individuals to use cognitive strategies to regulate craving, with promising effects on subsequent food choice and caloric consumption. We end by discussing future directions for this important line of work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Sun
- Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, United States; Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Hedy Kober
- Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, United States.
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14
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Cognitive Restructuring vs. Defusion: Impact on craving, healthy and unhealthy food intake. Eat Behav 2020; 37:101385. [PMID: 32344324 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Coping with food cravings is crucial for weight management. Individuals tend to use avoidance strategies to resist food cravings and prevent overeating, but such strategies may not result in the benefits sought. This study compared the effects of two cognitive techniques (Restructuring vs. Defusion) for dealing with food cravings in terms of their impact on healthy vs. unhealthy eating behavior (i.e., consumption of chocolate and/or carrots following the intervention). Sixty-five participants (Mage = 19.65 years) received either a 30-minute face-to-face instruction on cognitive restructuring (CR) or cognitive defusion (CD) along with 15 min of practice, or 45 min of obesity education and discussion (control). To examine craving and eating choices following the intervention, participants received bags of chocolate and carrots and were asked to carry these with them at all times over the next week, exchanging the bags every 2 days. Participants in the CD group ate fewer chocolates (M = 11.74) compared to CR (M = 17.06) and Control groups (M = 29.18) during the experimental week. The groups did not differ in number of carrot pieces eaten, though the CD group ate more carrots than chocolates. CD resulted in fewer self-reported cravings compared to CR and CO groups. At a final taste test, both CD and CR groups ate significantly fewer chocolates compared to the CO group. CD appears to be an effective technique in managing food craving and to present some advantages over CR.
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15
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Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
The Food Cravings Questionnaires (FCQs; Cepeda-Benito, Gleaves, Williams, & Erath, 2000) are among the most widely used instruments for measuring food cravings. In addition to the Food Cravings Questionnaire–Trait (FCQ–T) and the Food Cravings Questionnaire–State (FCQ–S), several modified versions have been developed as well. For their 20th anniversary, this article provides a comprehensive description of the FCQs and reviews studies on their psychometric properties and correlates.
Recent Findings
The FCQs and their modified versions have excellent internal reliability. Expectedly, the FCQ–T (and its derivatives) has higher retest-reliability than the FCQ–S as the FCQ–S is sensitive to situational changes such as food deprivation and food intake. However, while the FCQ–T is largely unaffected by such momentary states, it is also sensitive to change during weight-loss treatments and other interventions. Factor structure of the FCQ–T and FCQ–S has only partially been replicated. Construct validity of the FCQs is supported by experimental and longitudinal studies that measured food craving and food consumption in the laboratory and with ecological momentary assessment.
Summary
Numerous studies support reliability and validity of the FCQs and their modified versions, yet findings about their factor structures are inconsistent. Thus, using total scores or the short versions of the FCQs may be preferable.
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16
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Dorling JL, Bhapkar M, Das SK, Racette SB, Apolzan JW, Fearnbach SN, Redman LM, Myers CA, Stewart TM, Martin CK. Change in self-efficacy, eating behaviors and food cravings during two years of calorie restriction in humans without obesity. Appetite 2019; 143:104397. [PMID: 31398376 PMCID: PMC6766406 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) enhances longevity in humans who are normal weight, overweight and obese. While dietary regimens can change self-efficacy, eating behaviors, and food cravings in individuals with obesity, the responses of these measures to prolonged CR in individuals who are exclusively not obese is unknown. The aim of this analysis was to test the effects of a two-year CR intervention on self-efficacy and eating attitudes and behaviors in humans without obesity by analyzing data from the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy Phase 2 (CALERIE 2) study. Participants (n = 218, BMI range = 21.3-29.0 kg/m2) were randomized to a 25% CR group or an ad libitum (AL) group. Eating attitudes and behaviors and self-efficacy were assessed using validated questionnaires at baseline, month 12, and month 24. Dietary restraint and self-efficacy increased in the CR compared to the AL group (ES ≥ 0.32). Increased self-efficacy was negatively related to weight change (ρ < -0.24). In the CR group, males showed a reduction in cravings for carbohydrates and fats at month 24, whereas females did not. The CR group showed elevations in state hunger, which were transient, and disinhibited eating (ES ≥ 0.37). In individuals without obesity, dietary restraint and self-efficacy could be important in promoting long-term CR for individuals looking to use CR as a tool to improve longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sai Krupa Das
- Jean Mayer, US Department of Agriculture, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan B Racette
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John W Apolzan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Corby K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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17
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Food Addiction in Eating Disorders and Obesity: Analysis of Clusters and Implications for Treatment. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112633. [PMID: 31684127 PMCID: PMC6893652 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Food addiction (FA) has been associated with greater psychopathology in individuals with eating disorders (ED) and obesity (OBE). The current study aims to provide a better phenotypic characterization of the FA construct by conducting a clustering analysis of FA in both conditions (ED and OBE). The total sample was comprised of 234 participants that scored positive on the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0. (YFAS-2) (119 bulimia nervosa (BN), 50 binge eating disorder (BED), 49 other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) and 16 OBE). All participants completed a comprehensive battery of questionnaires. Three clusters of FA participants were identified. Cluster 1 (dysfunctional) was characterized by the highest prevalence of OSFED and BN, the highest ED severity and psychopathology, and more dysfunctional personality traits. Cluster 2 (moderate) showed a high prevalence of BN and BED and moderate levels of ED psychopathology. Finally, cluster 3 (adaptive) was characterized by a high prevalence of OBE and BED, low levels of ED psychopathology, and more functional personality traits. In conclusion, this study identified three distinct clusters of ED-OBE patients with FA and provides some insight into a better phenotypic characterization of the FA construct when considering psychopathology, personality and ED pathology. Future studies should address whether these three food addiction categories are indicative of therapy outcome.
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18
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Ferreira SC, de Oliveira Penaforte FR, Cardoso A, da Silva MVT, Lima AS, Correia MITD, Anastácio LR. Association of food cravings with weight gain, overweight, and obesity in patients after liver transplantation. Nutrition 2019; 69:110573. [PMID: 31585257 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.110573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE After liver transplantation (LTx), patients often gain weight and many become overweight or obese; however, the association between LTx and food craving (FC) is unknown. The aim of this study was to describe FC among patients after LTx and verify its association with weight gain and obesity. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study that assessed 301 patients who underwent LTx (55.1 ± 12.7 y of age; time since LTx 6.6 ± 4.4 y; 64.1% men). Pregnant or nursing women were excluded. Patients were interviewed once either in the outpatient clinic or by completing the online questionnaire, from August 2016 to February 2017. RESULTS The median weight variation after Ltx was 8 kg (ranging from -16 to +41 kg). At evaluation, 62.5% (n = 188) of the patients presented excessive weight and 22.3% (n = 67) presented with obesity. The average score on the Food Craving Questionnaire-State (FCQ-S) was 33.4 ± 9 and for the Food Craving Questionnaire-Trait (FCQ-T) the median score was 68 (39-163). The FCQ-T dimensions of lack of control, preoccupation, emotion, environmental triggers/stimuli, and guilt correlated positively with weight gain (P < 0.05). The desire dimension on the FCQ-S was significantly associated with overweight in post-LTx patients (P < 0.05) and the FCQ-T dimensions [negative reinforcement (P = 0.013), lack of control (P = 0.016), emotion (P = 0.009), environmental triggers/stimuli (P = 0.029), and guilt (P = 0.007)] were associated with obesity. CONCLUSION Lack of control, preoccupation, emotion, trigger, and guilt were positively correlated with weight gain. Desire was significantly associated with overweight. Negative reinforcement, lack of control, emotion, environmental triggers/stimuli, and guilt were associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Catherine Ferreira
- Food Science Post Graduation Program, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Cardoso
- Nutrition Course, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Agnaldo Silva Lima
- Surgery Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Lucilene Rezende Anastácio
- Food Science Post Graduation Program, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Food Science Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Increased levels of serum leptin in the early stages of psychosis. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 111:24-29. [PMID: 30660810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies evaluating leptin levels in patients with first-episode psychoses (FEP) have been inconclusive, and apparently, the high levels of leptin reported in patients with schizophrenia may be associated with weight gain. The aim of this study was to evaluate leptin levels at the early stages of the disease and the relationship between leptin and lifestyle habits, stress-related variables and metabolic parameters. METHODS In total, 14 at-risk mental state (ARMS) patients, 39 FEP patients, 32 psychotic patients in the critical period (CP) and 21 healthy controls (HCs) were assessed. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters, as well as dietary intake, physical activity, stress-related variables and symptomatology, were collected. RESULTS Leptin levels were higher in the ARMS, FEP and CP patients than in the HCs. After controlling for age, sex, BMI, physical exercise, tobacco use and dietary intake, the highest differences in leptin levels were observed between the ARMS patients and HCs (p = 0.025). In the whole sample, leptin levels were positively correlated with BMI (p < 0.001), waist circumference (p < 0.001), insulin levels (p = 0.020), levels of the inflammatory marker IL-6 (p = 0.007) and energy intake (p = 0.043) and negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol (p = 0.018). Interestingly, energy intake and food craving scores were positively correlated with levels of leptin only in females (p = 0.022 and p = 0.036, respectively). DISCUSSION The present study detected increased leptin levels in the early stages of psychosis and significant correlations between leptin levels and anthropometric, lipid, hormone, and cytokine parameters. We found higher leptin levels in women, and we identified dietary intake habits associated with leptin exclusively in females that advocate considering sex in future studies.
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Percik R, Cina J, Even B, Gitler A, Geva D, Seluk L, Livny A. A pilot study of a novel therapeutic approach to obesity: CNS modification by N.I.R. H.E.G. neurofeedback. Clin Nutr 2019; 38:258-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Effect of Energy Restriction on Eating Behavior Traits and Psychobehavioral Factors in the Low Satiety Phenotype. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020245. [PMID: 30678317 PMCID: PMC6412676 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that individuals with low satiety efficiency may be more susceptible to weight gain, but little is known about the effect of weight loss intervention outcomes in these individuals. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of an energy-restricted weight loss intervention on eating behavior traits and psychobehavioral factors in individuals differing in their satiety responsiveness. A pooled cohort of individuals who were overweight or obese (n = 100; aged 39 ± 9 years) participating in a 12- to 15-week weight loss program targeting an energy deficit of 500–700 kcal/day were included in this study. Satiety responsiveness was determined by a median split of the mean satiety quotient based on appetite sensations measured in response to a test meal at baseline (low satiety responsiveness (LSR) vs. high satiety responsiveness (HSR)). Anthropometric variables, eating behavior traits, psychobehavioral factors, and ad libitum energy intake were assessed before and after the intervention. Although similar weight loss was observed between the LSR and HSR groups (−3.5 ± 3.2 vs. −3.8 ± 2.8 kg, p = 0.64) in response to an energy-restricted weight loss intervention, changes in eating behavior traits were different between groups. Individuals with LSR had a higher increase in cognitive restraint (+5.5 ± 4.1 vs. +3.5 ± 3.5, p = 0.02) and some of its subscales and a lower decrease in situational susceptibility to disinhibition (−0.6 ± 1.1 vs. −1.2 ± 1.3, p = 0.02) in response to the intervention compared to the HSR group. In conclusion, energy-restricted weight loss intervention seems to trigger undesirable changes in some eating behavior traits in individuals more vulnerable to overeating, which could increase their susceptibility to weight regain.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Summarize and evaluate self-report measures of food craving, provide suggestions on future directions for the field of food craving measurement, and deliver guidance on how to select a food craving measure. METHODS Online bibliographical databases (PsycINFO and PubMed) were searched for peer-reviewed literature on self-report measures of food craving. RESULTS There is a wide selection of food craving measures that researchers and clinicians can use to assess state, past, and trait food cravings. Most questionnaires were tested on homogenous samples and their psychometric properties in older, male, and socioeconomically, racially, and ethnically diverse samples is largely unknown. Few questionnaires were tested in samples with overweight/obesity or eating disorders. Relatively few questionnaires adequately evaluate contextual factors that can trigger craving. There appears to be limited data on the predictive validity of food craving measures in regards to response to eating disorder treatment. A decision tree was provided to help researchers and clinicians select a food craving measure that is best suited to a particular clinical or research purpose. CONCLUSIONS It is recommended that researchers adequately assess the contextual factors that may trigger craving and the multi-sensory nature of craving for food. It would be beneficial for researchers to evaluate the psychometrics of food craving measures in more diverse samples (in terms of sex, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, weight status, and eating disorder psychopathology). More longitudinal studies should be conducted to provide information on the predictive validity of food craving measures regarding response to eating disorder treatment. Furthermore, it is suggested that researchers assess which tactics people use to reduce the frequency and strength of food cravings and restrain their consumption of craved foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Taylor
- Bowling Green State University, 822 East Merry Avenue, 200 Psychology Building, BOWLING GREEN, OH 43403-0232, United States.
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The food craving experience: Thoughts, images and resistance as predictors of craving intensity and consumption. Appetite 2018; 133:387-392. [PMID: 30471328 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Elaborated-Intrusion Theory of Desire (Kavanagh, Andrade, & May, 2005) suggests that cravings are made up of two distinct stages whereby an initial, seemingly spontaneous craving-related thought is sufficiently intrusive and pleasant for it then to be elaborated with vivid mental imagery. Previous questionnaire studies have investigated the craving experience with a particular focus on the role of imagery. The present study sought to provide a fuller account of the craving process by investigating the role of craving-related thoughts alongside imagery in predicting craving intensity. Further, the present study sought to investigate predictors of craving-related consumption, including spontaneous strategies used to resist cravings. Two-hundred and forty-nine women completed an online questionnaire which asked about their most recent food craving experience. Results showed that around a third of participants reported craving-related thoughts and about half reported craving-related imagery. Craving-related imagery appeared to be a more important predictor of craving intensity than craving-related thoughts; however, neither predicted craving-related consumption. One resistance strategy, 'recognised it was just a thought', was successful in decreasing the likelihood of eating in response to craving. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed in the context of the Elaborated-Intrusion Theory.
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Imperatori C, Mancini M, Della Marca G, Valenti EM, Farina B. Feedback-Based Treatments for Eating Disorders and Related Symptoms: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1806. [PMID: 30463330 PMCID: PMC6265864 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of biofeedback and neurofeedback has been investigated in a range of psychiatric disorders. However, to date, there are few studies on the clinical usefulness of feedback-based techniques for eating disorders (EDs) and EDs-related symptoms (e.g., food craving). A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus and PsychINFO identified 162 articles. Among these, thirteen studies exploring the therapeutic use of biofeedback and neurofeedback in EDs or EDs-related symptoms were included. Biofeedback and neurofeedback were implemented respectively in five and eight of all reviewed articles. No studies incorporated different feedback modalities or both biofeedback and neurofeedback. The considered studies provide preliminary data of the usefulness of feedback-based techniques in the treatment of several dysfunctional eating behaviors (e.g., food craving, rumination). Although no significant effect has been reported for other important EDs-related symptoms (i.e., body image disturbance), feedback-based techniques are also associated with significant modifications of both sympathetic reaction to food-related stimuli and brain activity in several regions of the reward system (e.g., insula). Taken together the results of the present review suggest that feedback-based treatments may be useful in the treatment of several dysfunctional eating behaviors operating both on top-down and bottom-up individual coping strategies. Methodological and clinical issues are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Imperatori
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Via degli Aldobrandeschi 190, 00163 Roma, Italy.
| | - Miranda Mancini
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Via degli Aldobrandeschi 190, 00163 Roma, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Della Marca
- Sleep Disorders Unit, Institute of Neurology, Catholic University, 00153 Rome, Italy.
| | - Enrico Maria Valenti
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Via degli Aldobrandeschi 190, 00163 Roma, Italy.
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Benedetto Farina
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Via degli Aldobrandeschi 190, 00163 Roma, Italy.
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Queiroz de Medeiros AC, Pedrosa LDFC, Yamamoto ME. Exploring the structural and construct validity of the Brazilian Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait-reduced (FCQ-T-r). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 41:66-69. [PMID: 30328958 PMCID: PMC6781707 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2017-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food cravings play an important role in the neurobiology of appetitive behavior, being positively associated with negative feelings, eating disorders, and obesity. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Brazilian Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait-reduced (FCQ-T-r), a short version of the most widely used measure of this behavior. METHODS Undergraduate students (n=505) completed the full version of the FCQ-T and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. Respondents' height and weight were also measured. Exploratory factor analyses were performed. RESULTS The FCQ-T-r exhibited a single-factor structure and satisfactory internal consistency (α > 0.80). A positive correlation was observed between FCQ-T-r scores and those of the original version. Furthermore, FCQ-T-r scores correlated positively with uncontrolled eating and emotional eating behaviors. No correlation was found between body mass index and FCQ-T-r scores. Considering our sample characteristics, we suggested specific FCQ-T-r cutoff points for males and females in the Brazilian population. CONCLUSION Our results support the structure of the Brazilian adaptation of the FCQ-T-r, which seems to be a viable instrument to investigate food cravings, particularly in time-constrained settings. Further studies are needed to verify these findings in other age ranges and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Queiroz de Medeiros
- Laboratório de Evolução do Comportamento Humano (LECH), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicobiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil.,Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde do Trairi (FACISA), UFRN, Santa Cruz, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Maria E Yamamoto
- Laboratório de Evolução do Comportamento Humano (LECH), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicobiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil
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Gattere G, Stojanovic-Pérez A, Monseny R, Martorell L, Ortega L, Montalvo I, Solé M, Algora MJ, Cabezas Á, Reynolds RM, Vilella E, Labad J. Gene-environment interaction between the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism, psychosocial stress and dietary intake in early psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2018; 12:811-820. [PMID: 27629407 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a major participant in the regulation of food intake and may play a role in the regulation of the stress response. We aimed to investigate whether there is a gene-environment interaction in the relationship between stress and BDNF Val66Met polymorphism in relation to dietary patterns in a sample of subjects with early psychosis. METHODS We studied 124 early psychotic disorder (PD) patients, 36 At-Risk Mental States (ARMS) and 62 healthy subjects (HS). Dietary patterns were examined by a dietician. Physical activity, life stress and perceived stress were assessed by validated questionnaires. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism (rs6265) was genotyped. A gene-environment interaction was tested with multiple linear regression analysis while adjusting for covariates. RESULTS Perceived stress was not associated with calorie intake in HS. In ARMS subjects, Met-carriers who presented low-perceived stress were associated with increased caloric intake. Conversely, those who presented high-perceived stress were associated with reduced caloric intake. In PD, perceived stress was neither associated with increased calorie intake without an effect by BDNF genotype nor a gene-environment interaction. Perceived stress was associated with food craving in PD patients, independent of genotype, and in ARMS or HS who were Val homozygous. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the common Val66Met polymorphism of the BDNF gene may modulate the relationship between life stress and calorie intake in subjects at risk for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Gattere
- Early Intervention Service and Research Department, Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Alexander Stojanovic-Pérez
- Early Intervention Service and Research Department, Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Rosa Monseny
- Early Intervention Service and Research Department, Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Lourdes Martorell
- Early Intervention Service and Research Department, Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Laura Ortega
- Early Intervention Service and Research Department, Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Itziar Montalvo
- Department of Psychiatry, Corporació Sanitària Universitaria Parc Taulí, I3PT, UAB, CIBERSAM, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Montse Solé
- Early Intervention Service and Research Department, Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - María José Algora
- Early Intervention Service and Research Department, Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Ángel Cabezas
- Early Intervention Service and Research Department, Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Rebecca M Reynolds
- Endocrinology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Elisabet Vilella
- Early Intervention Service and Research Department, Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Javier Labad
- Department of Psychiatry, Corporació Sanitària Universitaria Parc Taulí, I3PT, UAB, CIBERSAM, Sabadell, Spain
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Meule A, Küppers C, Harms L, Friederich HC, Schmidt U, Blechert J, Brockmeyer T. Food cue-induced craving in individuals with bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204151. [PMID: 30212574 PMCID: PMC6136823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN) or binge-eating disorder (BED) experience more frequent and intense food cravings than individuals without binge eating. However, it is currently unclear whether they also show larger food cue-induced increases in craving (i.e., food cue reactivity) than those without binge eating, as suggested by conditioning theories of binge eating. A group of individuals with BN or BED (binge-eating group, n = 27) and a group of individuals with low trait food craving scores and without binge eating (control group, n = 19) reported their current food craving before and after a food cue exposure. Although food craving intensity significantly increased in both groups, this increase was significantly stronger in the binge-eating group than in the control group. This result is in line with conditioning models of binge eating that propose that food cues are conditioned stimuli that elicit a conditioned response (e.g., food craving) and that this association is stronger in individuals with binge eating. As food craving increased in individuals with low trait food craving scores as well-although to a lesser extent-previous null results might be explained by methodological considerations such as not screening control participants for trait food craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Carolyn Küppers
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Louisa Harms
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Eating Disorders Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Timo Brockmeyer
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Mellis AM, Athamneh LN, Stein JS, Sze YY, Epstein LH, Bickel WK. Less is more: Negative income shock increases immediate preference in cross commodity discounting and food demand. Appetite 2018; 129:155-161. [PMID: 29959952 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Negative income shock, or the rapid reduction in financial stability, has previously been shown to increase impulsive choice for money and demand for fast food. The interplay of these conditions for obesity is called reinforcer pathology. The present work examines the impact of negative income shock on monetary and fast food discounting using a cross-commodity delay discounting task and on purchasing of fast food and an alternative commodity. An obese sample (n = 120) was recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk and assigned to read one of two narratives: negative income shock (n = 60) or control (n = 60). Participants then completed both within- and cross-commodity discounting tasks of money and food, and purchase tasks for fast food and bottled water. The negative income shock group demonstrated greater impulsive choice across discounting tasks, as well as higher intensity of demand for fast food but not for a non-caloric control commodity (bottled water). These results suggest that negative income shock increases preference for immediate reinforcement regardless of commodity type (money or fast food), but has specific effects increasing demand for particular commodities (fast food but not an alternative). In a reinforcer pathology framework, negative income shock increasing discounting of the future while increasing demand for fast food specifically represents a high-risk state for negative health behavior in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Mellis
- Center for Transformative Research on Health Behavior, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, United States; Graduate Program of Translational Biology, Medicine & Health, Virginia Tech, United States
| | - Liqa N Athamneh
- Center for Transformative Research on Health Behavior, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, United States; Graduate Program of Translational Biology, Medicine & Health, Virginia Tech, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Stein
- Center for Transformative Research on Health Behavior, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, United States
| | - Yan Yan Sze
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, United States
| | | | - Warren K Bickel
- Center for Transformative Research on Health Behavior, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, United States; Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, United States.
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Misiak B, Stramecki F, Gawęda Ł, Prochwicz K, Sąsiadek MM, Moustafa AA, Frydecka D. Interactions Between Variation in Candidate Genes and Environmental Factors in the Etiology of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: a Systematic Review. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:5075-5100. [PMID: 28822116 PMCID: PMC5948257 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BD) are complex and multidimensional disorders with high heritability rates. The contribution of genetic factors to the etiology of these disorders is increasingly being recognized as the action of multiple risk variants with small effect sizes, which might explain only a minor part of susceptibility. On the other site, numerous environmental factors have been found to play an important role in their causality. Therefore, in recent years, several studies focused on gene × environment interactions that are believed to bridge the gap between genetic underpinnings and environmental insults. In this article, we performed a systematic review of studies investigating gene × environment interactions in BD and schizophrenia spectrum phenotypes. In the majority of studies from this field, interacting effects of variation in genes encoding catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and FK506-binding protein 5 (FKBP5) have been explored. Almost consistently, these studies revealed that polymorphisms in COMT, BDNF, and FKBP5 genes might interact with early life stress and cannabis abuse or dependence, influencing various outcomes of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and BD. Other interactions still require further replication in larger clinical and non-clinical samples. In addition, future studies should address the direction of causality and potential mechanisms of the relationship between gene × environment interactions and various categories of outcomes in schizophrenia and BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Błażej Misiak
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, 1 Marcinkowski Street, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Filip Stramecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 10 Pasteur Street, 50-367, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Gawęda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- II Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Maria M Sąsiadek
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, 1 Marcinkowski Street, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Marcs Institute of Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 10 Pasteur Street, 50-367, Wroclaw, Poland
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Maranhão MF, Estella NM, Cogo-Moreira H, Schmidt U, Campbell IC, Claudino AM. Concept and evaluation of food craving: unidimensional scales based on the Trait and the State Food Craving Questionnaire. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2018; 34:e00144717. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00144717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: “Craving” is a motivational state that promotes an intense desire related to consummatory behaviors. Despite growing interest in the concept of food craving, there is a lack of available instruments to assess it in Brazilian Portuguese. The objectives were to translate and adapt the Trait and the State Food Craving Questionnaire (FCQ-T and FCQ-S) to Brazilian Portuguese and to evaluate the psychometric properties of these versions.The FCQ-T and FCQ-S were translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese and administered to students at the Federal University of São Paulo. Both questionnaires in their original models were examined considering different estimators (frequentist and bayesian). The goodness of fit underlying the items from both scales was assessed through the following fit indices: χ2, WRMR residual, comparative fit index, Tucker-Lewis index and RMSEA. Data from 314 participants were included in the analyses. Poor fit indices were obtained for both of the original questionnaires regardless of the estimator used and original structural model. Thus, three eating disorder experts reviewed the content of the instruments and selected the items which were considered to assess the core aspects of the craving construct. The new and reduced models (questionnaires) generated good fit indices. Our abbreviated versions of FCQ-S and FCQ-T considerably diverge from the conceptual framework of the original questionnaires. Based on the results of this study, we propose a possible alternative, i.e., to assess craving for food as a unidimensional construct.
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Janse Van Vuuren MA, Strodl E, White KM, Lockie PD. Emotional food cravings predicts poor short‐term weight loss following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Br J Health Psychol 2018; 23:532-543. [DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Esben Strodl
- School of Psychology and Counselling Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Katherine M. White
- School of Psychology and Counselling Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Philip D. Lockie
- School of Psychology and Counselling Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia
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Food cravings in food addiction: exploring a potential cut-off value of the Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait-reduced. Eat Weight Disord 2018; 23:39-43. [PMID: 29080949 PMCID: PMC5807499 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-017-0452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Food Cravings Questionnaires are among the most often used measures for assessing the frequency and intensity of food craving experiences. However, there is a lack of studies that have examined specific cut-off scores that may indicate pathologically elevated levels of food cravings. METHODS Receiver-Operating-Characteristic analysis was used to determine sensitivity and specificity of scores on the Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait-reduced (FCQ-T-r) for discriminating between individuals with (n = 43) and without (n = 389) "food addiction" as assessed with the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0. RESULTS A cut-off score of 50 on the FCQ-T-r discriminated between individuals with and without "food addiction" with high sensitivity (85%) and specificity (93%). CONCLUSIONS FCQ-T-r scores of 50 and higher may indicate clinically relevant levels of trait food craving. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, descriptive study.
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Turton R, Nazar BP, Burgess EE, Lawrence NS, Cardi V, Treasure J, Hirsch CR. To Go or Not to Go: A Proof of Concept Study Testing Food-Specific Inhibition Training for Women with Eating and Weight Disorders. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2017; 26:11-21. [PMID: 29098749 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Inefficient food-specific inhibitory control is a potential mechanism that underlies binge eating in bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Go/no-go training tools have been developed to increase inhibitory control over eating impulses. Using a within-subjects design, this study examined whether one session of food-specific go/no-go training, versus general inhibitory control training, modifies eating behaviour. The primary outcome measure was food consumption on a taste test following each training session. Women with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder had small non-significant reductions in high-calorie food consumption on the taste test following the food-specific compared with the general training. There were no effects on eating disorder symptomatic behaviour (i.e. binge eating/purging) in the 24 h post-training. The training task was found to be acceptable by the clinical groups. More research is needed with larger sample sizes to determine the effectiveness of this training approach for clinical populations. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Turton
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bruno P Nazar
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Psychiatry (IPUB-UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emilee E Burgess
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Mental Health and Addictions Services, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Canada
| | | | - Valentina Cardi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Janet Treasure
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Colette R Hirsch
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Kahathuduwa CN, Binks M, Martin CK, Dawson JA. Extended calorie restriction suppresses overall and specific food cravings: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2017; 18:1122-1135. [PMID: 28557246 PMCID: PMC6226249 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies have concluded that calorie restriction for at least 12 weeks is associated with reduced food cravings, while others have shown that calorie restriction may increase food cravings. We addressed this ambiguity in a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS We searched for studies conducted on subjects with obesity, implemented calorie restriction for at least 12 weeks and measured food cravings pre-intervention and post-intervention. Our final eight studies mostly used the Food Craving Inventory. Other comparable methods were converted to a similar scale. We used the duration ≥12 weeks, but closest to 16 weeks for studies with multiple follow-ups and performed DerSimonian-Laird random-effects meta-analyses using the 'metafor' package in r software. RESULTS Despite heterogeneity across studies, we observed reductions in pooled effects for overall food cravings (-0.246 [-0.490, -0.001]) as well as cravings for sweet (-0.410 [-0.626, -0.194]), high-fat (-0.190 [-0.343, -0.037]), starchy (-0.288 [-0.517, -0.058]) and fast food (-0.340 [-0.633, -0.048]) in the meta-analysis. Baseline body weight, type of intervention, duration, sample size and percentage of female subjects explained the heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS Calorie restriction is associated with reduced food cravings supporting a de-conditioning model of craving reductions. Our findings should ease the minds of clinicians concerned about increased cravings in patients undergoing calorie restriction interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Kahathuduwa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - M Binks
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - C K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - J A Dawson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Chen S, Dong D, Jackson T, Zhuang Q, Chen H. Trait-based food-cravings are encoded by regional homogeneity in the parahippocampal gyrus. Appetite 2017; 114:155-160. [PMID: 28344152 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Food cravings can reflect an intense trait-like emotional-motivational desire to eat palatable food, often resulting in the failure of weight loss efforts. Studies have linked trait-based food-cravings to increased risk of overeating. However, little is known about resting-state neural mechanisms that underlie food cravings. We investigated this issue using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test the extent to which spontaneous neural activity occurs in regions implicated in emotional memory and reward motivation associated with food cravings. Spontaneous regional activity patterns correlating to food cravings were assessed among 65 young healthy women using regional homogeneity analysis to assess temporal synchronization of spontaneous activity. Analyses indicated that women with higher scores on the Food Cravings Questionnaire displayed increased local functional homogeneity in brain regions involved in emotional memory and visual attention processing (i.e., parahippocampal gyrus and fusiform gyrus) but not reward. In view of parahippocampal gyrus involvement in hedonic learning and incentive memory encoding, this study suggests that trait-based food cravings are encoded by emotional memory circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Debo Dong
- Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
| | - Todd Jackson
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China.
| | - Qian Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Burrows T, Hides L, Brown R, Dayas CV, Kay-Lambkin F. Differences in Dietary Preferences, Personality and Mental Health in Australian Adults with and without Food Addiction. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030285. [PMID: 28294965 PMCID: PMC5372948 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased obesity rates, an evolving food supply and the overconsumption of energy dense foods has led to an increase in research exploring addictive eating behaviours. This study aimed to investigate food addiction in a sample of Australian adults using the revised Yale Food Addiction Survey (YFAS) 2.0 tool and how it is associated with dietary intake, personality traits and mental health issues. Australian adults were invited to complete an online survey that collected information including: demographics, dietary intake, depression, anxiety, stress and personality dimensions including impulsivity, sensation seeking, hopelessness and anxiety sensitivity. A total of 1344 individuals were recruited with the samples comprising 75.7% female, mean age 39.8 ± 13.1 years (range 18–91 years) and body mass index BMI 27.7 ± 9.5. Food addiction was identified in 22.2% of participants using the YFAS 2.0 tool, which classified the severity of food addiction as “mild” in 0.7% of cases, “moderate” in 2.6% and “severe” in 18.9% of cases. Predictors of severe food addiction were female gender (odds ratio (OR) 3.65 95% CI 1.86–7.11) and higher levels of soft drink OR 1.36 (1.07–1.72), confectionary consumption and anxiety sensitivity 1.16 (1.07–1.26). Overall people with “severe” (OR 13.2, 5.8–29.8) or extremely severe depressive symptoms (OR 15.6, range 7.1–34.3) had the highest odds of having severe food addiction. The only variable that reduced the odds of having severe food addiction was vegetable intake. The current study highlights that addictive food behaviours are associated with a complex pattern of poor dietary choices and a clustering with mental health issues, particularly depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Burrows
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Leanne Hides
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Reserach, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Robyn Brown
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne 3052, Australia.
| | - Christopher V Dayas
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Frances Kay-Lambkin
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
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Effects of a Diet-Based Weight-Reducing Program with Probiotic Supplementation on Satiety Efficiency, Eating Behaviour Traits, and Psychosocial Behaviours in Obese Individuals. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030284. [PMID: 28294985 PMCID: PMC5372947 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of probiotic supplementation (Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724 (LPR)) on appetite sensations and eating behaviors in the context of a weight-reducing program. Obese men (n = 45) and women (n = 60) participated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial that included a 12-week weight loss period (Phase 1) based on moderate energy restriction, followed by 12 weeks of weight maintenance (Phase 2). During the two phases of the program, each subject consumed two capsules per day of either a placebo or a LPR formulation (10 mg of LPR equivalent to 1.6 108 CFU/capsule, 210 mg of oligofructose, and 90 mg of inulin). The LPR supplementation increased weight loss in women that was associated with a greater increase in the fasting desire to eat (p = 0.03). On the other hand, satiety efficiency (satiety quotient for desire to eat) at lunch increased (p = 0.02), whereas disinhibition (p = 0.05) and hunger (p = 0.02) scores decreased more in the LPR-treated women, when compared with the female control group. Additionally, the LPR female group displayed a more pronounced decrease in food craving (p = 0.05), and a decrease in the Beck Depression Inventory score (p = 0.05) that was significantly different from the change noted in the placebo group (p = 0.02), as well as a higher score in the Body Esteem Scale questionnaire (p = 0.06). In men, significant benefits of LPR on fasting fullness and cognitive restraint were also observed. Taken together, these observations lend support to the hypothesis that the gut-brain axis may impact appetite control and related behaviors in obesity management.
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Imperatori C, Valenti EM, Della Marca G, Amoroso N, Massullo C, Carbone GA, Maestoso G, Quintiliani MI, Contardi A, Farina B. Coping food craving with neurofeedback. Evaluation of the usefulness of alpha/theta training in a non-clinical sample. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 112:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Binge eating behaviours and food cravings in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Appetite 2016; 109:24-32. [PMID: 27825940 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine condition in women, is often anecdotally associated with binge eating behaviours and food cravings; however there is a paucity of research. This study aimed to report the prevalence of binge eating and food cravings and their relation to obesity risk in women with PCOS. Participants completed an online survey including the Bulimia Investigatory Test, Edinburgh, Food Cravings-Trait Questionnaire and the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire revised-18. The study included obese (n = 340), overweight (n = 70) and lean (n = 45) women with PCOS and lean healthy women (n = 40). Sixty percent of obese women with PCOS were categorised with binge-eating behaviour, with 39% presenting with clinically significant behaviour. Obese women with PCOS presented with high mean food cravings-trait scores (131.6 ± 28.9) that were significantly greater compared with lean (114.0 ± 34.9) and overweight women with PCOS (120.1 ± 29.5; p < 0.001). Multiple regression exploring relations between eating styles and adiposity explained 57% of the variance in binge eating symptom scores in women with PCOS (F = 130.4; p < 0.001, n = 463): significant predictors were food cravings total score (beta = 0.53; p < 0.001), emotional eating score (beta = 0.18; p < 0.001), body mass index (beta = 0.11; p < 0.001) and uncontrolled eating score (beta = 0.009; p = 0.02). Compared with lean healthy women, lean women with PCOS exhibited significantly higher binge eating symptom scores (10.9 ± 7.8 versus 7.4 ± 6.0; p < 0.05), though similar total food craving scores (114.0 ± 34.9 versus 105.6 ± 26.6: NS). This study is the largest, to date, to robustly report that a high proportion of women with PCOS exhibit binge eating behaviours. We recommend screening women with PCOS for binge eating behaviours to help inform the choice of weight management approach for this clinical population.
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Lombardo C, Iani L, Barbaranelli C. Validation of an Italian version of the Food Craving Questionnaire-State: Factor structure and sensitivity to manipulation. Eat Behav 2016; 22:182-187. [PMID: 27294790 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present paper describes two studies designed to evaluate the construct and the predictive validity of an Italian version of the Food Craving Questionnaire-State (FCQ-S). METHODS In the first study 368 volunteers aged 18-65years completed the FCQ-S and the Disordered Eating Questionnaire (DEQ). In the second study 41 females with eating disorders symptoms (mean age: 24.4yrs., DEQ≥30; Body Mass Index (BMI) in the range 17 to 30.9kg/m(2), 87.5% in the normal range) and 43 female healthy controls (mean age: 25.6yrs., DEQ<30; BMI in the normal range) took part in an experiment aimed at assessing changes in FCQ-S after exposure to words or images of highly palatable foods. RESULTS The results of Study 1 showed that the five-factor model had acceptable fit indices. All subscales of the FCQ-S (but Desire) significantly correlated with the disordered eating measure. The strongest relationship was found between disordered eating and fear of losing control over food intake. The results of Study 2 revealed that four out of five FCQ-S subscales significantly increased after exposure to food stimuli. Participants with eating disorders symptoms, as compared to controls, also showed higher fear of losing control over food and higher negative reinforcement, although this difference was only marginally significant. CONCLUSIONS The Italian version of the FCQ-S has good construct and concurrent validity, and it seems sensitive in detecting changes induced by stimuli related to highly palatable foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Iani
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Ljubisavljevic M, Maxood K, Bjekic J, Oommen J, Nagelkerke N. Long-Term Effects of Repeated Prefrontal Cortex Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Food Craving in Normal and Overweight Young Adults. Brain Stimul 2016; 9:826-833. [PMID: 27498606 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays an important role in the regulation of food intake. Several previous studies demonstrated that a single session of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the DLPFC reduces food craving and caloric intake. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that repeated tDCS of the right DLPFC cortex may exert long-term changes in food craving in young, healthy adults and that these changes may differ between normal and overweight subjects. METHODS Thirty healthy individuals who reported frequent food cravings without a prior history of eating disorders were initially recruited. Subjects were randomized into an ACTIVE group who received 5 days of real tDCS (20 minutes, anode right-cathode left montage, 2 mA with current density kept at 0.06 mA/cm2, 1 min ramp-up/ramp-down), and a SHAM group, who received one day of real tDCS, on the first day (same parameters), followed by 4 days of sham tDCS. Food craving intensity was examined by Food Craving Questionnaires State and Trait and Food Craving Inventory before, during, (5-days) and one month (30-days) after tDCS. RESULTS Single session of tDCS significantly reduced the intensity of current food craving (FCQ-S). Five days of active tDCS significantly reduced habitual experiences of food craving (FCQ-T), when compared to baseline pre-stimulation levels. Furthermore, both current (FCQ-S) and habitual craving (FCQ-T) were significantly reduced 30 days after active tDCS, while sham tDCS, i.e. a single tDCS session did not have significant effects. Also, active tDCS significantly decreased craving for fast food and sweets, and to a lesser degree for fat, while it did not have significant effects on craving for carbohydrates (FCI). There were no significant differences between individual FCQ-T subscales (craving dimensions) after 5 or 30 days of either sham or active tDCS. Changes in craving were not significantly associated with the initial weight, or with weight changes 30 days after the stimulation in the subjects. CONCLUSIONS The results confirm earlier findings that single session of tDCS has immediate effects in reducing food craving. They also show that repeated tDCS over the right DLPFC may increase the duration of its effects, which may be present 30 days after the stimulation. These results support further investigation of the use of tDCS in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ljubisavljevic
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - K Maxood
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - J Bjekic
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, PO Box 124, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - J Oommen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - N Nagelkerke
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Malawi; Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box 17666, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Queiroz de Medeiros AC, Campos Pedrosa LF, Hutz CS, Yamamoto ME. Brazilian version of food cravings questionnaires: Psychometric properties and sex differences. Appetite 2016; 105:328-33. [PMID: 27288149 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Food Cravings Questionnaires, State (FCQ-State) and Trait (FCQ-Trait), are commonly used to assess food-craving behavior. This study aimed to develop and validate the Brazilian version of these questionnaires, and to explore potential gender differences in the trait version scores. Data were collected from (n = 611) undergraduate students. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to examine the questionnaires structure, and construct validity was assessed. The FCQ-State-Br and FCQ-Trait-Br presented good psychometric properties, adequate model fit, and internal consistency, in general and by gender. A conservation of original structure of the Food Cravings Questionnaires was verified in the Brazilian versions. A good performance in the evaluations concerning the discriminant and convergent validity seem to corroborate these structures. Overweight individuals showed an increase in food-craving behavior. In females, this increase occurred in the guilt dimension, whereas in males, the increase was in the lack of control dimension. In addition, female dieters presented higher scores on the guilt dimension compared with female non-dieters. FCQ-State-Br and FCQ-Trait-Br constitute valid instruments for measuring food-craving behavior in the Brazilian population. Moreover, these findings suggest that food cravings may be an important aspect to be considered in clinical management of overweight individuals, and may require a sex-specific approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Queiroz de Medeiros
- Laboratory of Evolution of the Human Behavior, Post-Graduate Program in Psychobiology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil; Health Sciences College of Trairi, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Cruz, Brazil.
| | | | - Claudio Simon Hutz
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria E Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Evolution of the Human Behavior, Post-Graduate Program in Psychobiology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Stapleton P, Bannatyne AJ, Urzi KC, Porter B, Sheldon T. Food for Thought: A Randomised Controlled Trial of Emotional Freedom Techniques and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in the Treatment of Food Cravings. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2016; 8:232-57. [DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Terri Sheldon
- Bond University; Australia
- The Lakeside Rooms; Robina Queensland Australia
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Davis C, Levitan RD, Kaplan AS, Carter-Major JC, Kennedy JL. Sex differences in subjective and objective responses to a stimulant medication (methylphenidate): Comparisons between overweight/obese adults with and without binge-eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:473-81. [PMID: 26691428 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in response to a single dose of a psychomotor-stimulant medication (methylphenidate: MP) and to assess whether expected differences were moderated by binge-eating disorder (BED) status. It is anticipated that findings will shed light on factors that contribute to response variation in the use of stimulant pharmacotherapy to treat BED. METHOD The study employed a double-blind, drug-placebo, cross-over design in overweight/obese adults with BED (n = 90) and without BED (n = 108). Emotional/mood ratings were assessed every 15 minutes after oral administration of the drug/placebo, and appetite, cravings, and consumption were assessed during a laboratory-based snack-food challenge. RESULTS Women reported earlier and more sustained "overall" effects of the drug-including "feeling high"-than the men. There was also a significantly greater suppression in appetite ratings, food cravings, and food consumption from the placebo to the drug condition among the women. Indeed, among men there were no significant differences between the two conditions on any of the food-related variables. BED status also did not moderate any of the drug-placebo differences. DISCUSSION These findings are relevant to the use of stimulant pharmacotherapy for BED, and raise the possibility that overweight/obese men may be relatively less responsive to this form of treatment. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:473-481).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Davis
- Kinesiology & Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
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45
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Hormes JM, Meule A. Psychometric properties of the English Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait-reduced (FCQ-T-r). Eat Behav 2016; 20:34-8. [PMID: 26609669 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Food cravings have been implicated in the development and maintenance of a range of eating- and weight-related pathology. The rapid and accurate assessment of food cravings is thus critical in clinical and research settings. Existing measures of specific food cravings are often not suitable for capturing the multiple facets of the craving experience. A short version of the Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait (FCQ-T), the most widely used measure of general food cravings, was recently developed in German and shown to be a one-factorial, internally reliable measure. Other recent studies validated an Italian and Spanish version of the FCQ-T-reduced (FCQ-T-r) and successfully replicated its basic psychometrics. This study sought to examine the psychometric properties of the English version of the FCQ-T-r. Undergraduate students (n=610, 51.0% female, 53.9% white/Caucasian) completed a battery of questionnaires containing the FCQ-T-r and measures of specific food cravings, eating style, eating disorder symptoms, weight dissatisfaction, and impulsivity. Even though results of a confirmatory factor analysis suggested poor fit with a one-factorial model, the FCQ-T-r was found to be a one-factorial measure in both principal component and parallel analysis. The FCQ-T-r demonstrated excellent internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α=.94), and scores were significantly and positively correlated with measures of specific food cravings, restrained eating, eating disorder symptoms, and impulsivity. More work is needed to confirm the factor structure of the English FCQ-T-r, but preliminary findings suggest that it constitutes a valid and reliable alternative to lengthier measures of general food cravings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Hormes
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States.
| | - Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Iani L, Barbaranelli C, Lombardo C. Cross-validation of the reduced form of the Food Craving Questionnaire-Trait using confirmatory factor analysis. Front Psychol 2015; 6:433. [PMID: 25918510 PMCID: PMC4394638 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The Food Craving Questionnaire-Trait (FCQ-T) is commonly used to assess habitual food cravings among individuals. Previous studies have shown that a brief version of this instrument (FCQ-T-r) has good reliability and validity. This article is the first to use Confirmatory factor analysis to examine the psychometric properties of the FCQ-T-r in a cross-validation study. Method: Habitual food cravings, as well as emotion regulation strategies, affective states, and disordered eating behaviors, were investigated in two independent samples of non-clinical adult volunteers (Sample 1: N = 368; Sample 2: N = 246). Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to simultaneously test model fit statistics and dimensionality of the instrument. FCQ-T-r reliability was assessed by computing the composite reliability coefficient. Results: Analysis supported the unidimensional structure of the scale and fit indices were acceptable for both samples. The FCQ-T-r showed excellent reliability and moderate to high correlations with negative affect and disordered eating. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the FCQ-T-r scores can be reliably used to assess habitual cravings in an Italian non-clinical sample of adults. The robustness of these results is tested by a cross-validation of the model using two independent samples. Further research is required to expand on these findings, particularly in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Iani
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome Rome, Italy
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Innamorati M, Imperatori C, Meule A, Lamis DA, Contardi A, Balsamo M, Tamburello A, Tamburello S, Fabbricatore M. Psychometric properties of the Italian Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait-reduced (FCQ-T-r). Eat Weight Disord 2015; 20:129-35. [PMID: 25069838 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-014-0143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate dimensionality and psychometric properties of the Italian Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait-reduced (FCQ-T-r) in a sample of obese and overweight patients seeking weight loss treatment. METHODS Participants were 504 (416 women and 88 men) overweight and obese patients (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2)), and 289 (215 women and 74 men) Italian adults not currently seeking weight loss treatment. All participants were administered the Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait (FCQ-T) and the Binge Eating Scale. RESULTS The fifteen items included in the FCQ-T-r explained 93% of the variance of the 39-item FCQ-T total score (R(2) = 0.93). A principal axis factoring analysis indicated a one-factor solution, explaining 55.6% of the variance of the data. The FCQ-T-r had high internal consistency and was also able to differentiate between individuals with various severities of binge eating behavior. CONCLUSIONS The FCQ-T-r may be considered a useful instrument for measuring trait food craving, when time constraints impede the use of the 39-item FCQ-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Innamorati
- Università Europea di Roma, via degli Aldobrandeschi 190, 00163, Rome, Italy
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Meule A, Kübler A. Double trouble. Trait food craving and impulsivity interactively predict food-cue affected behavioral inhibition. Appetite 2014; 79:174-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Innamorati M, Imperatori C, Balsamo M, Tamburello S, Belvederi Murri M, Contardi A, Tamburello A, Fabbricatore M. Food Cravings Questionnaire–Trait (FCQ–T) Discriminates Between Obese and Overweight Patients With and Without Binge Eating Tendencies: The Italian Version of the FCQ–T. J Pers Assess 2014; 96:632-9. [DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2014.909449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Rodríguez-Martín BC, Molerio-Pérez O. Exploring the factor structure of the Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait in Cuban adults. Front Psychol 2014; 5:214. [PMID: 24672503 PMCID: PMC3957366 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Food cravings refer to an intense desire to eat specific foods. The Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait (FCQ-T) is the most commonly used instrument to assess food cravings as a multidimensional construct. Its 39 items have an underlying nine-factor structure for both the original English and Spanish version; but subsequent studies yielded fewer factors. As a result, a 15-item version of the FCQ-T with one-factor structure has been proposed (FCQ-T-reduced; see this Research Topic). The current study aimed to explore the factor structure of the Spanish version for both the FCQ-T and FCQ-T-reduced in a sample of 1241 Cuban adults. Results showed a four-factor structure for the FCQ-T, which explained 55% of the variance. Factors were highly correlated. Using the items of the FCQ-T-reduced only showed a one-factor structure, which explained 52% of the variance. Both versions of the FCQ-T were positively correlated with body mass index (BMI), scores on the Food Thoughts Suppression Inventory and weight cycling. In addition, women had higher scores than men and restrained eaters had higher scores than unrestrained eaters. To summarize, results showed that (1) the FCQ-T factor structure was significantly reduced in Cuban adults and (2) the FCQ-T-reduced may represent a good alternative to efficiently assess food craving on a trait level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris C. Rodríguez-Martín
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Central University “Marta Abreu” of Las VillasSanta Clara, Cuba
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