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O'Reilly C, Mannion S, Maher PJ, Smith EM, MacCarron P, Quayle M. Strategic attitude expressions as identity performance and identity creation in interaction. COMMUNICATIONS PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 2:27. [PMID: 39242846 PMCID: PMC11331991 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
We assess the strategic alignment of attitudes and the active construction of attitude-based identity across two studies. Study one assessed the twitter response (hashtags in English) to the war in Ukraine for five months after Russia's first invasion of Ukraine 2022 (N = 8149). Results demonstrated that individuals publicly expressed hashtags similar to others close to them in the followership network, showing their support for Ukraine and condemnation of the Russian invasion in qualitatively different ways. Study two was a preregistered Prolific experiment with geographical European participants ran in September, 2022 (N = 1368). Results demonstrated that attitude interaction with ingroup members motivated interactants towards attitude alignment, and attitude alignment strengthened the identification that motivated the alignment in the first place. Results suggest that attitude expression is performative and constrained by one's group relationship with one's audience and the definition of social identity can be constrained by opinion-based identity performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoimhe O'Reilly
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Shane Mannion
- Department of Maths, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Paul J Maher
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Elaine M Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Pádraig MacCarron
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Maths, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Michael Quayle
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Psychology, School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Ng community into being on social network atal, Durban, South Africa
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Hasan-Aslih S, Idan O, Willer R, Halperin E. Disadvantaged group members are prouder of their group when using the language of the dominant group compared to their native language. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2307736120. [PMID: 38147544 PMCID: PMC10769828 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307736120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In ethnically and linguistically diverse societies, disadvantaged groups often face pressures to acquire and speak the advantaged group's language to achieve social inclusion and economic mobility. This work investigates how using the advantaged group's language affects disadvantaged group members' in-group pride and collective self-esteem, relative to using their native language. Across six experimental studies involving Palestinian citizens of Israel (total N = 1,348), we test two competing hypotheses: Disadvantaged group members may experience greater in-group pride when using a) their native language, due to its emotional significance (the nativity hypothesis), or b) the language of the advantaged group, due to activation of habituated compensatory responses to dominance relations (the identity enhancement hypothesis). We found that respondents reported significantly higher in-group pride when responding to a Hebrew survey when compared to performing the same activity in Arabic (Studies 1a and 1b), regardless of whether the researchers administering the survey were identified as Jewish or Arab (Studies 2a and 2b). Study 3 replicated this effect while employing the "bogus pipeline" technique, suggesting the pride expression was authentic, not merely driven by social desirability. Finally, Study 4 (pre-registered) examined additional measures of positive regard for the in-group, finding that participants described their group more positively in an attribute selection task, and reported greater collective self-esteem, when surveyed in Hebrew, rather than in Arabic. Taken together, these findings suggest that language use influences disadvantaged group members' perceptions and feelings concerning their group when those languages are associated with relative position in an intergroup hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Orly Idan
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University (IDC Herzliya),Herzliya4610101, Israel
| | - Robb Willer
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Eran Halperin
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University,Jerusalem9190501, Israel
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McNicholl A, Desmond D, Gallagher P. Feeling valued: the interplay of assistive technology and identity. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2023:1-12. [PMID: 38116935 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2023.2294987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore the impact of AT in identity for students with disabilities in higher education and if/how this changes over time. METHODS Using a longitudinal qualitative research design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with students with disabilities (n = 13) in higher education in Ireland on two occasions during an academic year. A trajectory approach to longitudinal analysis was employed. This involved the use of matrices and identification of a through line for the study, which connects participant change over time. RESULTS The through line identified was feeling valued, which was central in the negotiation of identity over time across three themes: feelings of autonomy and competence; claiming disability; and feeling like you belong as a student. AT impacted experiences across the three themes which subsequently promoted or undermined students' sense of value. Reciprocally, feeling valued influenced use and perceptions of AT. Factors specific to a higher education context were also identified which influenced meanings attached to AT over time. CONCLUSION Creating an environment where students feel valued is key in promoting use of and positive perceptions of AT. This should form an integral part of AT and disability policy in higher education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife McNicholl
- School of Psychology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Desmond
- Department of Psychology and Assisting Living and Learning Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
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Sepahpour-Fard M, Quayle M, Schuld M, Yasseri T. Using word embeddings to analyse audience effects and individual differences in parenting Subreddits. EPJ DATA SCIENCE 2023; 12:38. [PMID: 37745193 PMCID: PMC10511593 DOI: 10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores how individuals' language use in gender-specific groups ("mothers" and "fathers") compares to their interactions when referred to as "parents." Language adaptation based on the audience is well-documented, yet large-scale studies of naturally-occurring audience effects are rare. To address this, we investigate audience and gender effects in the context of parenting, where gender plays a significant role. We focus on interactions within Reddit, particularly in the parenting Subreddits r/Daddit, r/Mommit, and r/Parenting, which cater to distinct audiences. By analyzing user posts using word embeddings, we measure similarities between user-tokens and word-tokens, also considering differences among high and low self-monitors. Results reveal that in mixed-gender contexts, mothers and fathers exhibit similar behavior in discussing a wide range of topics, while fathers emphasize more on educational and family advice. Single-gender Subreddits see more focused discussions. Mothers in r/Mommit discuss medical care, sleep, potty training, and food, distinguishing themselves. In terms of individual differences, we found that, especially on r/Parenting, high self-monitors tend to conform more to the norms of the Subreddit by discussing more of the topics associated with the Subreddit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Sepahpour-Fard
- Science Foundation Ireland Centre for Research Training in Foundations of Data Science, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Michael Quayle
- Centre for Social Issues Research, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Psychology, School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal South Africa
| | - Maria Schuld
- Department of Psychology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Taha Yasseri
- School of Sociology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Geary Institute for Public Policy, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Lastrego S, Grippa P, Licata L. How and why decolonial activists mobilize or challenge the victim status: The case of Belgium's Afro‐descendants. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Abstract
Online hate speech is a critical and worsening problem, with extremists using social media platforms to radicalize recruits and coordinate offline violent events. While much progress has been made in analyzing online hate speech, no study to date has classified multiple types of hate speech across both mainstream and fringe platforms. We conduct a supervised machine learning analysis of 7 types of online hate speech on 6 interconnected online platforms. We find that offline trigger events, such as protests and elections, are often followed by increases in types of online hate speech that bear seemingly little connection to the underlying event. This occurs on both mainstream and fringe platforms, despite moderation efforts, raising new research questions about the relationship between offline events and online speech, as well as implications for online content moderation.
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Cárdenas D, Fleischmann F. “They Keep an Eye on You”: Minority Pressure and its Implications for Dual Identity Among Six Immigrant Groups in the Netherlands. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221138035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study analyses perceived pressure to conform to minority group norms and examines its implications for identity (in-)compatibility among six immigrant groups in the Netherlands ( N = 5,783). We analyzed whether orientation toward the majority and minority and the perceived diversity climate explained individual and group differences in perceived minority pressure. Subsequently, we estimated multigroup models to examine whether perceived pressure moderated the association between minority and majority identifications. We found substantial group differences in perceived pressure that were not well explained by orientation toward the majority and minority groups, or the perceived diversity climate. Immigrants who had spent a larger proportion of their life in the receiving society experienced more, but those who had more work experience in the Netherlands experienced less pressure. Perceived pressure was higher the more the Netherlands was perceived as hospitable for immigrants, but also at higher levels of perceived intergroup hostility. Minority and majority group identifications were negatively associated across all six immigrant groups, but only among the Moroccan-Dutch did perceived pressure significantly moderate this association. Specifically, identifications became more compatible (i.e., more positively associated) at lower levels of pressure, a trend that we also observed among all other groups except the Turkish-Dutch; yet in these groups the interaction, though similar in magnitude and direction, was not statistically significant. We concluded that minority group dynamics may contribute to the (in-)compatibility of multiple group identifications, but more research is needed to understand the group characteristics that explain perceived minority pressure and its implications for minority members’ identification patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cárdenas
- Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Lau VW, Tse DCK, Bligh MC, Hong Y, Kakarika M, Chan H, Chiu CPY. Not "My" crisis: Social identity and followers' crisis responses to COVID-19. ANALYSES OF SOCIAL ISSUES AND PUBLIC POLICY : ASAP 2022; 22:ASAP12316. [PMID: 35942362 PMCID: PMC9349868 DOI: 10.1111/asap.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Operationalizing social group identification as political partisanship, we examine followers' (i.e., US residents') affective experiences and behavioral responses during the initial COVID-19 outbreak in the United States (March to May 2020). In Study 1, we conducted content analyses on major news outlets' coverage of COVID-19 (N = 4319) to examine media polarization and how it plays a role in shaping followers' perceptions of the pandemic and leadership. News outlets trusted by Republicans portrayed US President Donald Trump as more effective, conveyed a stronger sense of certainty with less negative affective tone, and had a lower emphasis on COVID-19 prevention compared to outlets trusted by Democrats. We then conducted a field survey study (Study 2; N = 214) and found that Republicans perceived Trump as more effective, experienced higher positive affect, and engaged in less COVID-19 preventive behavior compared to Democrats. Using a longitudinal survey design in Study 3 (N = 251), we examined how emotional responses evolved in parallel with the pandemic and found further support for Study 2 findings. Collectively, our findings provide insight into the process of leadership from a social identity perspective during times of crisis, illustrating how social identity can inhibit mobilization of united efforts. The findings have implications for leadership of subgroup divides in different organizational and crisis contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vienne W. Lau
- Department of ManagementGettysburg CollegeGettysburgPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Dwight C. K. Tse
- School of Psychological Sciences and HealthUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowScotland
| | - Michelle C. Bligh
- Division of Behavioral and Organizational SciencesClaremont Graduate UniversityCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ying‐yi Hong
- Department of ManagementThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | | | - Hoi‐wing Chan
- Department of Applied Social SciencesThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongChina
| | - Connie P. Y. Chiu
- Department of ManagementThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
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Vestergren S, Uysal MS. Beyond the Choice of What You Put in Your Mouth: A Systematic Mapping Review of Veganism and Vegan Identity. Front Psychol 2022; 13:848434. [PMID: 35756214 PMCID: PMC9231820 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.848434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, and in the current climate crisis, the interest in veganism and sustainable diet/lifestyle has increased. This growing interest can also be seen within academia. Therefore, we set out to systematically document and organize the social psychological literature on veganism and vegan identity to identify where the field currently is, and what we need to do next. Following PRISMA guidelines we identified a data set of 26 academic papers published between 2010 and 2021. Through a thematic analysis of the data, we created four categories of study focus and content: (1) vegans as a disadvantaged/stigmatized group, (2) the role of ideology in negative attitudes toward vegans, (3) the role of moral and ethical beliefs in changing or sustaining dietary preferences, and (4) veganism as a social movement and vegan activism. Our analysis emphasizes issues with merging all non-meat eaters, reduction of veganism into dietary or lifestyle choices neglecting the politicized content and movement, lack of processes underlying emergence and endurance of veganism, and decontextualization of vegan identity. What is needed is a more fine-grained exploration that addresses the identified issues to account for the content of vegan identity. This would expand, for example, the motives literature to include and emphasize intersectionality in a vegan identity context. Specifically, to facilitate a more sustainable lifestyle, the content of social dimensions needs to be qualitatively explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vestergren
- School of Psychology, Keele University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mete Sefa Uysal
- Department of Social Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Lüders A, Dinkelberg A, Quayle M. Becoming "us" in digital spaces: How online users creatively and strategically exploit social media affordances to build up social identity. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 228:103643. [PMID: 35728426 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Social media has become a major platform for information-exchange, discourse, and protest and has been linked to a wide range of pressing macro developments. Consequenlty, there is significant interest from scholars as well as from the wider publuc to understand how social media affordances interact with human behavior. In attempts to address these demands, the present article borrows from the social identity tradition to explain group formation processes in Web 2.0 and other online ecosystems. We propose that online users creatively and strategically exploit the affordances provided by platforms and technologies to construct and perform collective selfhood. We emphasize the relevance of community development, norm consensualization, and emotional alignment as recursive dynamic processes that - in symbiosis - provide a functional basis for social identities. We outline these proposed mechanisms based on a corpus of interdisciplinary literature and suggest avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Lüders
- Center for Social Issues Research, University of Limerick, Ireland.
| | | | - Michael Quayle
- Center for Social Issues Research, University of Limerick, Ireland
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Majumdar S, Tewatia M, Jamkhedkar D, Bhatia K. “You Don’t Know Me so Don’t Try to Judge Me”: Gender and Identity Performance on Social Media Among Young Indian Users. Front Psychol 2022; 13:855947. [PMID: 35783737 PMCID: PMC9247611 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.855947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social media is the preferred communication platform for today’s youth, yet little is known of how online intergender communication is shaped by social identity norms. Drawing from the Social Identity and Deindividuation Effects (SIDE) approach, we argue that through depersonalization, online interactions are marked by the salience of social identities and identity performance conforming to perceived norms of behavior (traditional as well as developing). We specifically look at discursive terms and their meaning-making as a strategic performance of gender in uncontrolled social media interactions. We examined a corpus of 442 comments from selected public Indian Facebook pages in two phases over a span of 1 year (2020–2021). Thematic discourse analysis revealed established (#mansplaining, pseudofeminism) and emerging (choice feminism, MGTOW, #fuckboi etc.) discursive strategies within the major themes on feminism and antifeminism, men’s rights, intersectional feminism, and sexual behavior. These meaningful terms are used to modulate identity performance in a heavily contested space, reflecting both consolidation as well as mobilization functions, as proposed by SIDE. The findings highlight that intergender communication on social media is both dependent on existing offline norms, while challenging the same to create new discourses of gender.
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12
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da Silva C, de Jong J, Feddes AR, Doosje B, Gruev-Vintila A. Where are you really from? Understanding misrecognition from the experiences of French and Dutch Muslim women students. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.5964/jspp.9395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate experiences of misrecognition through comparative focus groups with headscarf-wearing Muslim women students in France (N = 46) and in the Netherlands (N = 32). In both countries, women reported experiencing misrecognition across four interrelated dimensions: (1) totalising misrecognition, having their Muslim identity highlighted at the expense of other group affiliations; (2) membership misrecognition, having their national belonging denied; (3) content misrecognition, having negative characteristics associated with their religious identity, and (4) invisibility, having their voices unheard in society and/or their identities excluded from (public) professions. Participants conceptualised misrecognition as a product of deficient intergroup (Muslims vs. non-Muslims) contact and as being worse in France. French women felt relatively more invisible in the public sphere than their Dutch counterparts and perceived politicians across the political spectrum as an important source of misrecognition. These findings suggest that misrecognition is present in Europe, and potentially worse in France, raising the question about what measures might be taken to counter this form of group-based exclusion.
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Ashokkumar A, Pennebaker JW. Tracking group identity through natural language within groups. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac022. [PMID: 35774418 PMCID: PMC9229362 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To what degree can we determine people's connections with groups through the language they use? In recent years, large archives of behavioral data from social media communities have become available to social scientists, opening the possibility of tracking naturally occurring group identity processes. A feature of most digital groups is that they rely exclusively on the written word. Across 3 studies, we developed and validated a language-based metric of group identity strength and demonstrated its potential in tracking identity processes in online communities. In Studies 1a-1c, 873 people wrote about their connections to various groups (country, college, or religion). A total of 2 language markers of group identity strength were found: high affiliation (more words like we, togetherness) and low cognitive processing or questioning (fewer words like think, unsure). Using these markers, a language-based unquestioning affiliation index was developed and applied to in-class stream-of-consciousness essays of 2,161 college students (Study 2). Greater levels of unquestioning affiliation expressed in language predicted not only self-reported university identity but also students' likelihood of remaining enrolled in college a year later. In Study 3, the index was applied to naturalistic Reddit conversations of 270,784 people in 2 online communities of supporters of the 2016 presidential candidates-Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. The index predicted how long people would remain in the group (3a) and revealed temporal shifts mirroring members' joining and leaving of groups (3b). Together, the studies highlight the promise of a language-based approach for tracking and studying group identity processes in online groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Ashokkumar
- Polarization and Social Change Lab, 450 Jane Stanford Way Building 120, Room 201, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James W Pennebaker
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712-0187, USA
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Naserianhanzaei E, Koschate-Reis M. Effects of substance-use, recovery, and non-drug-related online community participation on risk of a use episode during remission from opioid use disorder (OUD): A longitudinal observational study (Preprint). J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e36555. [PMID: 35994333 PMCID: PMC9446138 DOI: 10.2196/36555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Naserianhanzaei
- Department of Political Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Koschate-Reis
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Institute for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Cacace S, Smith EJ, Cramer RJ, Meca A, Desmarais SL. Military self-stigma as a mediator of the link between military identity and suicide risk. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2021.1994329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Cacace
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emily J. Smith
- Center for Family and Community Engagement, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert J. Cramer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alan Meca
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Stevens H, Acic I, Taylor LD. Uncivil Reactions to Sexual Assault Online: Linguistic Features of News Reports Predict Discourse Incivility. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2021; 24:815-821. [PMID: 34515520 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2021.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reports of sexual assault have been found to elicit online discourse incivility. The present study employs a computerized coding tool to examine linguistic characteristics of news media that are likely to influence discourse incivility-specifically, negative emotion, disagreement, and discussion about power relations. Additionally, machine learning was harnessed to measure the levels of comment toxicity, insult, profanity, threat, and identity attack in Reddit and Twitter posts sharing news reports of sexual assault. Findings reveal that linguistic features of news articles interact with platform community norms to predict rape culture as expressed within online responses to reports of sexual assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Stevens
- Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Irena Acic
- Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Laramie D Taylor
- Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Bliuc AM, Bouguettaya A, Felise KD. Online Intergroup Polarization Across Political Fault Lines: An Integrative Review. Front Psychol 2021; 12:641215. [PMID: 34733195 PMCID: PMC8559783 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.641215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We revisit the construct of political polarization and current distinctions between issue-driven and affective polarization. Based on our review of recent research on polarization from psychology, political science, and communication, we propose to treat polarization as a process that integrates the concepts of social identification (collective self-definition) with ideologically opposed camps - that is, psychological groups based on support or opposition to specific socio-political issues and policies (related to issue-driven polarization), and that of ideological and psychological distancing between groups (related to affective polarization). Furthermore, we discuss the foundations of polarizing groups – and more specifically, the role of conflicting collective narratives about social reality in providing an initial platform for polarization in a technologically networked world. In particular, we highlight the importance of online media in facilitating and enhancing polarization between ideologically opposed camps. As a theoretical contribution, the review provides a more functional conceptualization of polarization that can explain how polarization may occur across partisan fault lines and in domains outside of politics. We conclude with a discussion of new pathways to the study of polarization which this integrative conceptualization opens.
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Bingley WJ, Greenaway KH, Haslam SA. A Social-Identity Theory of Information-Access Regulation (SITIAR): Understanding the Psychology of Sharing and Withholding. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 17:827-840. [PMID: 34606731 DOI: 10.1177/1745691621997144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Secrecy, privacy, confidentiality, concealment, disclosure, and gossip all involve sharing and withholding access to information. However, existing theories do not account for the fundamental similarity between these concepts. Accordingly, it is unclear when sharing and withholding access to information will have positive or negative effects and why these effects might occur. We argue that these problems can be addressed by conceptualizing these phenomena more broadly as different kinds of information-access regulation. Furthermore, we outline a social-identity theory of information-access regulation (SITIAR) that proposes that information-access regulation shapes shared social identity, explaining why people who have access to information feel a sense of togetherness with others who have the same access and a sense of separation from those who do not. This theoretical framework unifies diverse findings across disparate lines of research and generates a number of novel predictions about how information-access regulation affects individuals and groups.
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Reynolds (Taewon Choi) JD, Anton BM, Bhattacharjee C, Ingraham ME. The Work of a Revolutionary: A Psychobiography and Careerography of Angela Y. Davis. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 17:198-209. [PMID: 35136440 PMCID: PMC8763219 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.5507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dr. Angela Y. Davis is a political activist, academician, and writer who has navigated and discussed issues of race, class, gender, and USA social policies across her 75 years of life. Davis's activism established her as the icon of a larger social movement and further related to her decision-making and legacy. Using psychobiographical methods, data were gathered through publicly available sources to explore Davis's personal, professional, and representational life, as well as understand Davis's lived experience through a socio-cultural-historical perspective. Two established theories, Social Cognitive Career Theory and Politicized Collective Identity model, were applied to Davis's life. Findings suggested that in addition to her unique intersectional identities, a confluence of factors including growing up in a family of activists, incarceration, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) surveillance, Communist Party involvement, marginalization within activist spaces, and practicing radical self-care impacted Davis committing to a life as an activist, academic, and the leader of a social movement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bridget M. Anton
- Department of Professional Psychology and Family Therapy, College of Education and Human Services, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Chiroshri Bhattacharjee
- Department of Professional Psychology and Family Therapy, College of Education and Human Services, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Megan E. Ingraham
- Department of Professional Psychology and Family Therapy, College of Education and Human Services, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
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Livingstone AG, Sweetman J, Haslam SA. Conflict, what conflict? Evidence that playing down “conflict” can be a weapon of choice for high‐status groups. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S. Alexander Haslam
- University of Exeter Exeter UK
- University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
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21
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Wakefield JRH, Bowe M, Kellezi B. Thy will be done: Exploring the longitudinal rewards of religious group membership enactment during volunteering. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 61:253-275. [PMID: 34145593 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The volunteering literature is replete with studies revealing the health benefits of volunteering. This has led psychologists to question whether social processes may help deliver these benefits while also supporting sustained volunteering engagement. The Social Identity Approach (SIA) recognizes that volunteering takes place in groups and sheds light on these processes by providing insights into group dynamics. Specifically, recent work within the Social Cure tradition has revealed the dynamic relationship between volunteering and group identification, and how this can influence health and well-being. This study extends previous work by exploring whether the relationship is mediated by the extent to which volunteers feel able to enact their membership of a valued group (specifically their religious group) through their volunteering. People who volunteer with religiously motivated voluntary groups (N = 194) completed the same online survey twice, three months apart (T1/T2). For participants high in religiosity, T1 identification with their voluntary group positively predicted their sense of being able to enact the membership of their religious group through their voluntary work at T2, which in turn was a positive predictor of T2 mental health and volunteer engagement. The implications of these findings for both the theoretical literature and for voluntary organizations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mhairi Bowe
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, UK
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Muldoon OT, Lowe RD, Jetten J, Cruwys T, Haslam SA. Personal and Political: Post-Traumatic Stress Through the Lens of Social Identity, Power, and Politics. POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 42:501-533. [PMID: 34219849 PMCID: PMC8247337 DOI: 10.1111/pops.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has always been controversial and highly politicized. Here, using a social identity approach, we review evidence that trauma and its aftermath are fundamentally linked to social position, sociopolitical capital, and power. We begin this contribution by demonstrating how a person's group memberships (and the social identities they derive from these memberships) are inherently linked to the experience of adversity. We then go on to consider how it is through group memberships that individuals are defined by their trauma risk and trauma histories-that is, a person's group memberships and their trauma are often inherently linked. Considering the importance of group memberships for understanding trauma, we argue that it is important to see these, and group processes more generally, as more than just "demographic" risk factors. Instead, we argue that when groups are defined by their trauma history or risk, their members will often derive some sense of self from this trauma. For this reason, attributes of group memberships are important in developing an understanding of adjustment and adaptation to trauma. In particular, groups' status, their recourse to justice, and the level of trust and solidarity within the group are all central to the impact of traumatic events on individual-level psychological resilience. We review evidence that supports this analysis by focusing on the exacerbating effects of stigma and social mistrust on post-traumatic stress, and the value of solidarity and strong identities for resilience. We conclude that because of these group-related processes, trauma interweaves the personal with the political and that post-traumatic stress is fundamentally about power, positionality, and politics.
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23
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Fleischmann F, Op De Weegh A. Majority acceptance vs. rejection of ‘being both’ facilitates immigrants’ bicultural identity blendedness and positive affect. SELF AND IDENTITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2021.1929437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fenella Fleischmann
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science/European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Amina Op De Weegh
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science/European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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24
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Giroud A, Visintin EP, Green EGT, Durrheim K. ‘I don't feel insulted’: Constructions of prejudice and identity performance among Roma in Bulgaria. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Giroud
- Institute of Psychology University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | | | - Eva G. T. Green
- Institute of Psychology University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Kevin Durrheim
- School of Applied Human Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa
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25
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Abstract
The various group and category memberships that we hold are at the heart of who we are. They have been shown to affect our thoughts, emotions, behavior, and social relations in a variety of social contexts, and have more recently been linked to our mental and physical well-being. Questions remain, however, over the dynamics between different group memberships and the ways in which we cognitively and emotionally acquire these. In particular, current assessment methods are missing that can be applied to naturally occurring data, such as online interactions, to better understand the dynamics and impact of group memberships in naturalistic settings. To provide researchers with a method for assessing specific group memberships of interest, we have developed ASIA (Automated Social Identity Assessment), an analytical protocol that uses linguistic style indicators in text to infer which group membership is salient in a given moment, accompanied by an in-depth open-source Jupyter Notebook tutorial ( https://github.com/Identity-lab/Tutorial-on-salient-social-Identity-detection-model ). Here, we first discuss the challenges in the study of salient group memberships, and how ASIA can address some of these. We then demonstrate how our analytical protocol can be used to create a method for assessing which of two specific group memberships-parents and feminists-is salient using online forum data, and how the quality (validity) of the measurement and its interpretation can be tested using two further corpora as well as an experimental study. We conclude by discussing future developments in the field.
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26
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Jugert P, Pink S, Fleischmann F, Leszczensky L. Changes in Turkish- and Resettler-origin Adolescents' Acculturation Profiles of Identification: A Three-year Longitudinal Study from Germany. J Youth Adolesc 2020; 49:2476-2494. [PMID: 32405993 PMCID: PMC7585569 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-020-01250-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Little is known on how ethnic minority adolescents develop acculturation profiles of identification (i.e., how they combine their ethnic and national identification, such as being high on both and thus rather "integrated" or high on ethnic and low on national and thus rather "separated"). In a first step, this 3-year longitudinal study classified Turkish (n = 344) and resettler-origin (n = 121) ethnic minority adolescents living in Germany (Mage = 14.2, SD = 1.54, 51.6% female) according to their levels of ethnic and national identification. Latent profile analyses identified four profiles (separated, integrated, medium-ethnic, low-ethnic) for the former and three profiles (separated, integrated, low-and-medium ethnic) for the latter group. Latent transition analyses revealed considerable instability of profile attributions over time. Integration declined among both groups and results provided no evidence that national group boundaries are more permeable for resettler-origin than for Turkish-origin adolescents. Additional analyses revealed that perceived ethnic discrimination affected the probability to be in a particular profile but did not moderate transition probabilities. Overall, results suggest that during early-to-mid adolescence it is increasingly difficult to uphold a dual identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Jugert
- Department of Psychology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Fenella Fleischmann
- ERCOMER, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.140, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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27
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Manfredi R, Guazzini A, Roos CA, Postmes T, Koudenburg N. Private-Public Opinion Discrepancy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242148. [PMID: 33237944 PMCID: PMC7688181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In many Western societies there are rising concerns about increasing polarization in public debate. However, statistics on private attitudes paint a different picture: the average attitudes in societies are more moderate and remain rather stable over time. The present paper presents an agent-based model of how such discrepancies between public opinion and private attitudes develop at the scale of micro-societies. Based on social psychological theorizing, the model distinguishes between two types of agents: a) those seeking to gain or maintain a good reputation and status, and b) those seeking to promote group harmony by reaching consensus. We characterized these different types of agents by different decision rules for either voicing their opinion or remaining silent, based on the behavior of their proximal network. Results of the model simulations show that even when the private attitudes of the agents are held constant, publicly expressed opinions can oscillate and (depending on the reputational concerns of individual actors) situations can occur in which minorities as well as majorities are silenced. We conclude that the macro-level consequences of micro-level decisions to either voice an opinion or remain silent provide a foundation for better understanding how public opinions are shaped. Moreover, we discuss the conditions under which public opinion could be considered a good representation of private attitudes in a society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Manfredi
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultural Studies, Literature and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Guazzini
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultural Studies, Literature and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Center for Study of Complex Dynamics (CSDC), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Carla Anne Roos
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Tom Postmes
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Namkje Koudenburg
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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28
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Abstract
This chapter reviews research on the group identity explanation of social influence, grounded in self-categorization theory, and contrasts it with other group-based explanations, including normative influence, interdependence, and social network approaches, as well as approaches to persuasion and influence that background group (identity) processes. Although the review primarily discusses recent research, its focus also invites reappraisal of some classic research in order to address basic questions about the scope and power of the group identity explanation. The self-categorization explanation of influence grounded in group norms, moderated by group identification, is compared and contrasted to other normative explanations of influence, notably the concept of injunctive norms and the relation to moral conviction. A range of moderating factors relating to individual variation, features of the intragroup and intergroup context, and important contextual variables (i.e., anonymity versus visibility, isolation versus copresence) that are particularly relevant to online influence in the new media are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Spears
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands;
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29
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Adarves‐Yorno I, Mahdon M, Schueltke L, Koschate‐Reis M, Tarrant M. Mindfulness and social identity: Predicting well‐being in a high‐stress environment. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Mahdon
- Exeter Centre for Leadership Business School University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Leonie Schueltke
- Exeter Centre for Leadership Business School University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | | | - Mark Tarrant
- Exeter Medical School University of Exeter Exeter UK
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30
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Munder AK, Becker JC, Christ O. Standing up for whom? Targets’ different goals in the confrontation of discrimination. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja K. Munder
- FernUniversität in Hagen (University of Hagen) Hagen Germany
| | | | - Oliver Christ
- FernUniversität in Hagen (University of Hagen) Hagen Germany
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31
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Turner-Zwinkels FM, van Zomeren M. Identity Expression Through Collective Action: How Identification With a Politicized Group and Its Identity Contents Differently Motivated Identity-Expressive Collective Action in the U.S. 2016 Presidential Elections. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2020; 47:499-513. [PMID: 32613897 PMCID: PMC7897785 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220933406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although political action often requires activists to express who they are and what they stand for, little is known about the motivators of such identity expression. This research investigates how group identity content and identification with this content predict identity-expressive collective action in the U.S. 2016 presidential elections. We recruited a longitudinal community sample of U.S. party supporters (N = 426) mid-October (T1), beginning November (T2), and mid-November (T3). Participants listed words they associated with party campaigners, and self-reported their identification with this identity content and the politicized group. Supporting H1, politicized group identification longitudinally predicted increased frequency of collective action more strongly than did identification with specific identity content. Supporting H2, identification with specific identity content longitudinally predicted increased desires to express that content through collective action more strongly than politicized group identification. Implications for our understanding of identity expression and identity content in collective action are discussed.
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32
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Attachment style moderates the relationship between social media use and user mental health and wellbeing. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04056. [PMID: 32529069 PMCID: PMC7281798 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Past research has correlated social media use with a variety of mental health outcomes – both positive and negative. The current study aims to explore two possible moderators of the link between social media use and mental health outcomes; specifically, the effects of having an anxious and/or avoidant attachment style. Method A cross-sectional correlational design was implemented. Participants (n = 124). aged ≥18 years completed scales measuring experiences in close relationships, general problematic Internet use, psychological wellbeing and satisfaction with life. Results Negative relationships between problematic social media use and both psychological wellbeing and life satisfaction were observed. For psychological wellbeing, the relationship was strongest amongst individuals who were low in avoidant attachment and high in anxious attachment. Discussion These results suggest that attachment style impacts the extent that social media affects user mental health and wellbeing; partly explaining paradoxical results in previous research. Conclusion We suggest that individuals who are high in anxious attachment and low in attachment avoidance may be more susceptible to negative outcomes arising from problematic SNS use.
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33
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Kende J, Baysu G, Van Laar C, Phalet K. Majority group belonging without minority group distancing? Minority experiences of intergroup contact and inequality. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 60:121-145. [PMID: 32356393 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As most immigrant-origin minority youth grow up in ethnically diverse social worlds, they develop a sense of belonging to both the national majority and the ethnic minority group. Our study adds to a growing body of research on minority experiences of intergroup contact by (1) including both minority and majority group belonging as outcomes and (2) examining the interplay of majority contact with unequal treatment. We surveyed 1,200 Turkish and Moroccan-Belgian minority youth in 315 classrooms across 65 schools, using multiple measures of intergroup contact, unequal treatment in school, and minority and majority group belonging. Multi-level models showed that minority youth who experienced more intergroup contact, and less unequal treatment, reported more belonging to the majority group. In addition, contact predicted less belonging to the minority group only in the presence of unequal treatment: For minority youth who perceived less unequal treatment, either individually or collectively, intergroup contact was unrelated to minority group belonging. We conclude that majority group contact and belonging need not come at the cost of minority group distancing in the absence of inequality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Kende
- University of Leuven, Belgium.,University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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34
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Verkuyten M, Yogeeswaran K, Adelman L. The Negative Implications of Being Tolerated: Tolerance From the Target's Perspective. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 15:544-561. [PMID: 32271648 PMCID: PMC7243076 DOI: 10.1177/1745691619897974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Intergroup toleration is a requirement for living with diversity and actively promoted by local, national, and international bodies. However, although psychological researchers have extensively considered the implications of being discriminated, little is known about the psychological consequences of being tolerated. In this article, we argue that beyond the freedoms implied by tolerance, being “merely” tolerated also implies social identity threats that compromise specific psychological needs (belongingness, esteem, control, certainty). We further consider the psychological consequences of being tolerated at the personal, interpersonal, and intergroup levels and consider factors that may moderate the impact of being tolerated for minority outcomes. Taken together, this work provides the first theoretical argument and overview of what it means to be tolerated by considering the negative implications of toleration in diverse nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykel Verkuyten
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University.,European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations (ERCOMER), Utrecht University
| | | | - Levi Adelman
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University
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35
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Drury J, Stott C, Ball R, Reicher S, Neville F, Bell L, Biddlestone M, Choudhury S, Lovell M, Ryan C. A social identity model of riot diffusion: From injustice to empowerment in the 2011 London riots. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roger Ball
- University of Sussex Brighton UK
- Keele University Keele UK
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36
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Sambaraju R, McVittie C. Examining abuse in online media. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sambaraju
- School of Psychology, Trinity College DublinUniversity of Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Chris McVittie
- Director of Centre for Applied Social Sciences in the Psychology, Sociology and Education DivisionQueen Margaret University Musselburgh UK
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37
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Cárdenas D, de la Sablonnière R. Participating in a new group and the identification processes: The quest for a positive social identity. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 59:189-208. [PMID: 31603256 PMCID: PMC6972616 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immigrants experience identity shifts; they can identify with the new cultural group and, sometimes, identify less with their group of origin. Previous research suggests that participation in the new cultural group predicts these two identity shifts. However, these studies have exclusively used correlational methodologies. Furthermore, previous research ignored that when a group is negatively valued, individuals may not identify with it, even after participating in it, to preserve a positive social identity. This article tests with an experimental methodology whether participation recreated the identity shifts previously identified (greater identification with the new group and lower identification with the group of origin when perceiving dissimilarity). Furthermore, it tested how a group's value impacted these identity shifts following participation. Immigrants in Quebec (N = 184) either participated in Quebec's culture (watched hockey) or did not (watched basketball). Quebec's value was manipulated by changing whether Quebec won, tied, or lost the game. Compared to watching basketball, watching Quebec's team win or tie showed the hypothesized identity shifts, illustrating the importance of the new group's value when participating.
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38
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Nekmat E, Ismail I. Issue-based micromobilization on social media: Mediated pathways linking issue involvement and self-network opinion congruity to expressive support. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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39
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Abrams D, Travaglino GA, Grant PR, Templeton A, Bennett M, Lalot F. Mobilizing IDEAS in the Scottish Referendum: Predicting voting intention and well-being with the Identity-Deprivation-Efficacy-Action-Subjective well-being model. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 59:425-446. [PMID: 31746019 PMCID: PMC7186818 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the month approaching the 2014 Scottish Independence referendum, we tested the Identity‐Deprivation‐Efficacy‐Action‐Subjective Well‐Being model using an electorally representative survey of Scottish adults (N = 1,156) to predict voting for independence and subjective well‐being. Based on social identity theory, we hypothesized for voting intention that the effects of collective relative deprivation, group identification, and collective efficacy, but not personal relative deprivation (PRD), should be fully mediated by social change ideology. Well‐being was predicted to be associated with PRD (negatively) and group identification (positively and, indirectly, negatively). Unaffected by demographic variables and differences in political interest, nested structural equation model tests supported the model, accounting for 82% of the variance in voting intention and 31% of the variance in subjective well‐being. However, effects involving efficacy depended on its temporal framing. We consider different ways that social identification can simultaneously enhance and diminish well‐being and we discuss ramifications of the model for collective mobilization and separatist nationalism. Findings also suggest new directions for research on social identity, collective efficacy, and collective action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni A Travaglino
- University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peter R Grant
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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40
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Borders A, Wiley S. Rumination about discrimination mediates the unique association between anger and collective action intentions. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430219875214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
People are more willing to engage in collective action when they feel anger about collective disadvantage (van Zomeren, Postmes, & Spears, 2008). However, anger is often a fleeting emotion, whereas collective action is deliberate and sustained. Moreover, people cannot always engage in collective action on demand. We propose that rumination, or repetitive thoughts about negative emotions and experiences, may constitute a mechanism by which anger about collective disadvantage is sustained, and through it the motivation to engage in collective action. In three separate samples (128 students of color, 155 women, and 150 sexual minorities), we measured group-based anger about discrimination, group efficacy, group identification, rumination about discrimination, and collective action intentions. In all samples, rumination mediated the unique association between group-based anger and collective action intentions, controlling for group efficacy and group identification. Further, in an experimental study with 117 undergraduate women, we found that rumination, compared to distraction, sustained anger about collective disadvantage over a short period of time, and this sustained level of anger mediated the relationship between rumination and collective action intentions. These results lend support to conceptualizing collective action as a form of coping with collective disadvantage, and highlight the potential role of emotion regulation strategies like rumination in understanding intergroup relations.
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41
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Bradshaw D, Muldoon OT. Shared experiences and the social cure in the context of a stigmatized identity. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 59:209-226. [PMID: 31556130 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to combat the social isolation and stigma associated with the incarceration of a family member, increasingly efforts are made to support families affected by imprisonment. Many of these forms of support are delivered in groups. Participation in support groups generates benefits, sometimes referred to as the social cure, by enhancing a sense of belonging, social connection, and subjective identification with the group. Where an identity is stigmatized, subjective group identification may be resisted and this could potentially undermine the effectiveness of group-based support. We used semi-structured interviews with 12 partners of incarcerated men participating in group-based support, to explore their identity constructions as well as their perceptions of the value of the support group. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analysed using a material-discursive perspective. Findings emphasize the importance of shared experiences as a basis for connection with others in this context where subjective identification with an identity is problematic. Three themes are documented in the data that emphasize shared experience. These themes - Experiences of a 'situation' as the basis for social isolation; Experience of a 'situation' as the basis for inclusion; and Victims of circumstance - all orient to the role of shared experience in participants' talk. The theoretical discussion of these findings highlights the important role of shared experience as a basis for social connections for those affected by stigma. The implications of these findings for supporting families affected by incarceration are discussed, as is the more general potential of group-based approaches for those affected by stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daragh Bradshaw
- Centre for Social Issues Research, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Orla T Muldoon
- Centre for Social Issues Research, University of Limerick, Ireland
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Alnabulsi H, Drury J, Vignoles VL, Oogink S. Understanding the impact of the Hajj: Explaining experiences of self‐change at a religious mass gathering. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hani Alnabulsi
- School of Psychology University of Sussex Brighton UK
- Department of Urban Design Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj Research Umm Al‐Qura University Mecca Saudi Arabia
| | - John Drury
- School of Psychology University of Sussex Brighton UK
| | | | - Sander Oogink
- School of Psychology University of Sussex Brighton UK
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
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Cárdenas D, Verkuyten M. Immigrants’ behavioral participation and its relation with national identification: Perceived closeness to the prototype as a psychological mechanism. SELF AND IDENTITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2019.1665577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cárdenas
- European Research Center on Migration and Ethnic Relations (ERCOMER), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maykel Verkuyten
- European Research Center on Migration and Ethnic Relations (ERCOMER), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Selvanathan HP, Lickel B. A field study around a racial justice protest on a college campus: The proximal impact of collective action on the social change attitudes of uninvolved bystanders. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.5964/jspp.v7i1.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Social movements often use protests and other collective actions to draw public attention to their cause, yet the psychological reactions to such actions from their targeted audience is not well understood. This research investigates uninvolved bystanders’ immediate responses to collective action using a quasi-experimental field study designed around a racial justice protest that took place at a large public university in the United States. We surveyed two student samples exactly one week apart at the same time and location, first in the absence of protest and then again at the time of a racial justice protest (Total N = 240). We found that participants who believed that racism was not a problem on campus had more negative attitudes toward racial justice protests and protesters, as well as lower support for anti-racist efforts on campus on the day of the protest, compared to the day without a protest. These findings provide initial evidence that a protest encounter may trigger a backlash effect amongst those who have the most resistant attitudes toward social change.
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Leonard DJ. They’re a sorry bunch: Perceptions of outgroup entitativity shape the receipt of intergroup apology. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430217750267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper explores whether perceived entitativity of a group (i.e., how much it is seen as a unit) influences how its apologies are perceived. Because entitative groups are assigned agency and collective responsibility and their members are viewed as interchangeable, their apologies were hypothesized to appear more sincere and less due to ulterior motives. This effect emerged with small groups apologizing for minor grievances (Studies 1 and 2), although not always if the apology came from a leader (vs. the whole group). In Study 3, these benefits of entitativity extended to greater liking for the more entitative group, and in the case of a government apologizing for international harm. Whereas past research has emphasized the harmful impact outgroup entitativity can have on intergroup relations, these studies suggest entitativity can have benefits when the intergroup behavior is a beneficial one (e.g., apology).
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Ferguson MA, Branscombe NR, Reynolds KJ. Social psychological research on prejudice as collective action supporting emergent ingroup members. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 58:1-32. [PMID: 30446999 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Why does social psychological research on prejudice change across time? We argue that scientific change is not simply a result of empirical evidence, technological developments, or social controversies, but rather emerges out of social change-driven shifts in how researchers categorize themselves and others within their larger societies. As mainstream researchers increasingly recategorize former outgroup members as part of a novel ingroup, prejudice research shifts in support of emergent ingroup members against their emergent outgroup opponents. Although social change-driven science results in valuable opportunities for researchers, it also results in significant risks for research - collective, scientific biases in the inclusion and exclusion of social groups in prejudice research that are not readily detected or managed by traditional controls. We present the Emergent Ingroup Model (EIM) to encourage reflection on shared biases, as well as to spark a broader conversation on how to strengthen our field for a rapidly changing and increasingly global world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Ferguson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nyla R Branscombe
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Katherine J Reynolds
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Sindic D, Morais R, Costa-Lopes R, Klein O, Barreto M. Schrodinger's immigrant: The political and strategic use of (contradictory) stereotypical traits about immigrants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Owuamalam CK, Rubin M, Spears R. Revisiting 25 years of system motivation explanation for system justification from the perspective of social identity model of system attitudes. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 58:362-381. [PMID: 30328122 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Do the disadvantaged have an autonomous system justification motivation that operates against their personal and group interests? System justification theory (SJT; Jost & Banaji, 1994, Br. J. Soc. Psychol, 33, 1) proposes that they do and that this motivation helps to (1) reduce cognitive dissonance and associated uncertainties and (2) soothe the pain that is associated with knowing that one's group is subject to social inequality. However, 25 years of research on this system justification motivation has given rise to several theoretical and empirical inconsistencies. The present article argues that these inconsistencies can be resolved by a social identity model of system attitudes (SIMSA; Owuamalam, Rubin, & Spears, 2018, Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci, 27, 91). SIMSA assumes that instances of system justification are often in alignment with (rather than opposed to) the interests of the disadvantaged. According to SIMSA, the disadvantaged may support social systems (1) in order to acknowledge social reality, (2) when they perceive the wider social system to constitute a superordinate ingroup, and (3) because they hope to improve their ingroup's status through existing channels in the long run. These propositions are corroborated by existing and emerging evidence. We conclude that SIMSA offers a more coherent and parsimonious explanation for system justification than does SJT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Rubin
- The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Marrone JA, Ferraro HS, Huston T. A Theoretical Approach to Female Team Leaders’ Boundary Work Choices. GROUP & ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1059601118795384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As organizations face progressively complex challenges, team leader boundary work that is relational and inclusive (i.e., work that relates to others across team boundaries and includes a wide variety of stakeholder perspectives and concerns) is more and more valued. These trends pose advantages and disadvantages for women team leaders. Although the desired leadership competencies align well with the communal qualities often attributed to and expected of women leaders, displaying boundary work behaviors that are relational and inclusive may paradoxically result in a questioning of women’s leadership competence by team members and parties external to the team. Moreover, concerns about gender stereotyping and discrimination may pressure women to adapt their boundary work behaviors to downplay or negate “femininity” as they lead. Reflective of these dilemmas, we propose that female team leaders experience conflicting internal motivations about the boundary work behaviors they display. Drawing from social role, impression management, and social identity perspectives, we examine the motives that drive women leaders to engage in or avoid boundary work that aligns with female gender roles, the contextual influences affecting the likelihood women leaders will act on these motives, and the implications of this boundary work for teams and female team leaders.
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Jones BR, Wiley S, LoPilato AC, Dahling JJ. One of us? How leaders can use subtle identity performances to build trust among ingroups and outgroups. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430218779701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leaders often face the dilemma of earning trust among different subgroups. How can leaders “reach across the aisle” to build trust among outgroup members without alienating their own ingroup in the process? We suggest one solution is for leaders to couple their efforts to appeal to the outgroup with subtle identity performances, behavioral cues that ingroup members understand as prototypical, but that are effectively invisible to outgroup members who are not familiar with ingroup symbols and norms. We conducted an experiment in which we manipulated the leader’s group membership (ingroup or outgroup) and favoritism (ingroup favoritism, outgroup favoritism, or outgroup favoritism with a subtle identity performance). Results show that leaders can maximize their perceived prototypicality, fairness, and trust among the ingroup and outgroup if outgroup favoritism is coupled with a subtle identity performance for the ingroup.
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