2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines

Doppler ultrasound for the assessment of renal perfusion in kittens up to three months of age and young adult cats

This study aimed to assess the Doppler-based renal resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) during the first three months of age and compare them with the indices of young adult cats. Forty-eight healthy mixed-breed cats were evaluated in this study, 24 males and 24 females. The client-owned cats and those from breeding catteries were distributed into six groups, each consisting of eight animals, based on their age: G1 - up to 10 days old, G2 - from 11 to 20 days of age, G3 - from 21 to 30 days of age, G4 - between 1 and 2 months of age, G5 - between 2 and 3 months of age, and G6 - between 1 and 3 years of age. After B-mode ultrasound of the right and left kidneys, values of RI and PI were determined with Doppler ultrasound of renal, interlobar, or arcuate arteries. Each artery was evaluated using spectral Doppler to obtain at least three similar, sequential, and complete Doppler waveforms. Only waveforms obtained when the cats were calm were used to obtain the RI and PI. These Doppler-based indices were automatically calculated using the ultrasound device after manual waveform delimitation. No statistical difference was found between the arteries, kidneys, or sexes, regardless of age (P > 0.05). Mean values for RI and PI that included the three arteries were established. Statistical differences among all groups were observed (P < 0.05). RI values in G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6 were 0.75 ± 0.006, 0.73 ± 0.06, 0.70 ± 0.07, 0.66 ± 0.06, 0.67 ± 0.06, and 0.62 ± 0.070, respectively. PI values in G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6 were 1.25 ± 0.196, 1.16 ± 0.182, 1.08 ± 0.193, 1.02 ± 0.177, 1.00 ± 0.160, and 0.97 ± 0.163, respectively. Comparing RI and PI among groups demonstrates the presence of differences between them (P < 0.05), with higher values in G1 (up to 10 days of age) and a gradual drop in values up to G6 (young adults). A positive linear correlation was observed between RI and PI, with a coefficient greater than 0.80, regardless of the age group. In conclusion, the normal renal ultrasonographic indices were age dependent, being the highest values verified during the first month of age. The RI and PI reference values provided can be used for renal evaluation of kittens up to 3 months of age.

Mortality and life table analysis in a young cohort of pet cats in the UK

ObjectivesMortality data represent an important resource for understanding population health that previously have mostly been extrapolated from veterinary records. The aims of this study were to explore mortality for a cohort of pet cats in the UK using data from owner-completed questionnaires, thus potentially representing a more comprehensive population, and to determine the all-cause mortality and survival probabilities.MethodsData were collated from the 'Bristol Cats' study questionnaires, owner communications and medical records for the cohort's first 8 years of life. Mortality was classified by organ system, disease or event, and analysed by age and life stage. Age-specific mortality and cumulative survival probability curves were constructed using life table analysis.ResultsOf 2444 cats recruited into the 'Bristol Cats' study, at least 362 died before reaching the age of 9 years. The most common cause of death in cats up to the age of 8 years was road traffic accident (RTA; 45.6%). For kittens (aged <1 year), the most common causes were RTA (61.2%), feline infectious peritonitis (11.9%) and other trauma (7.5%). The most common causes of mortality in young adult cats (aged 1-6 years) were RTA (49.6%), non-specified (14.4%), renal disease (6.5%) and cardiovascular disease (6.5%). Cats aged up to 2 years had an annual probability of dying in the range of 2.8-3.1%, which decreased between 2 and 3 years of age to 1.7%. Thereafter, the probability of dying gradually increased with age, with the oldest age group (aged 7-8 years) having a 3.6% probability of dying.Conclusions and relevanceThis study identified important differences in causes of mortality for the first two life stages in a population of cats that may not be fully accounted for in medical records. Life table analysis documented an increasing probability of death with age after year interval 2-3 with a higher mortality risk for cats aged up to 2 years.

Incorporating video telehealth for improving at-home management of chronic health conditions in cats: a focus on chronic mobility problems

Introduction

Feline degenerative joint disease (DJD), commonly referred to as feline arthritis, is one of the most prevalent chronic health conditions in companion cats. DJD results in chronic mobility-related pain and difficulties that require long-term at-home management by the caregiver. Common mitigation strategies include pain control and client education about in-home modifications to make the living environment more comfortable. Cats with chronic mobility problems should receive regular veterinary appointments to monitor the cat's condition; however, it is well recognized that many caregivers do not bring their cat to see a veterinarian on a routine basis. A possible solution to reducing accessibility barriers, improving compliance, and increasing access to pet education is veterinary video telehealth.

Methods

The current study used video visits to assess the impact of telehealth on caregiver education and home care of cats living with chronic mobility difficulties. US and Canadian caregivers of companion cats with chronic mobility difficulties or arthritis (N = 106) filled out a recruitment survey and then two study questionnaires approximately four months apart. The study questionnaires included questions regarding their cat's mobility, their attitudes toward using video telehealth, and preference for video telehealth or in-person visits for various veterinary appointment types. Participants were randomly allocated to a treatment (n = 63; 6 video visits every 3 weeks over approximately 4 months) or a control (n = 43; no video visits) group.

Results and discussion

Overall, the results suggest caregivers were interested in and preferred video telehealth appointments to assist with managing their cat's chronic mobility challenges. In addition, undergoing the synchronous video telehealth appointments increased participant knowledge of their cat's mobility challenges and perceived helpfulness of their at-home management strategies. This suggests that from the caregiver's perspective, the video telehealth appointments were beneficial for both themselves and their cat. There was also evidence that caregivers whose cats were more mobility impaired (higher Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index - short form score) were associated with increased interest in using veterinary telehealth for at-home management of their cat. Further research should assess the impact of common environmental modifications implemented to improve cat comfort, on health and behavior outcomes for cats living with chronic mobility problems.

Prevalence and genetic characterization of feline leukemia virus in portuguese stray cats

BACKGROUND

With its large stray population, Portugal had the highest prevalence of the Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) infection in Europe. Progressive infection is still high, especially in southern Europe. In addition to the viral load, the subgroup is a determining factor in the development of the various syndromes associated with this disease, which can be fatal, justifying the morbidity and mortality of this retrovirus. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of FeLV, the viral load and to identify the subgroup of circulating virus in stray cats in the Lisbon metropolitan area. This prospective study was conducted at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the FMV-ULusófona, from November 2022 to January 2023. Blood samples from 129 stray cats from the Lisbon metropolitan area were included. All samples were tested for p27 antigen detection and proviral DNA by qPCR. For the detection of FeLV subgroups (A, B and C) nested PCR was performed.

RESULTS

The results showed that at the time of enrollment, 8.5% (n = 11/129) of the cats tested positive for FeLV using p27 antigen and qPCR for proviral DNA. Considering the proviral DNA load, 90.9% (n = 10/11) of the FeLV infections were classified as "likely progressive infection" (> 4.0 × 105 copies/mL). In the remaining animal, the FeLV infection was classified as "likely regressive infection" (≤ 4.0 × 105 copies/mL). In this study, the most common FeLV subgroup was a combination of AB (54,5%, n = 6/11), followed by FeLV-A (45,5%, n = 5/11). FeLV-C subgroup was not detected.

CONCLUSIONS

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to research FeLV subgroups in Portugal. The prevalence of FeLV in this group was consistent with our expectations. However, the molecular characterization differed significantly from that observed in other countries. These results suggest that stray cats may not be the main epidemiological concern.

Prevalence of ear disease in cats undergoing cone beam computed tomography for dental procedures

Introduction

In this prospective, cross-sectional study, 303 feline patients were evaluated via cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for evidence of incidental ear disease during a dental procedure.

Methods

All feline patients over one year of age presenting to a private practice veterinary dentistry and oral surgery specialty clinic underwent CBCT imaging which included the oral cavity and ear canals. The following were recorded if present: periodontal disease, tooth resorption and/or ear disease.

Results

Ear disease was diagnosed as an incidental finding in 41.4% of cats that were imaged; this is higher than previously reported prevalence studies of the general feline population ranging from 2-19%. Periodontal disease and tooth resorption were not significantly associated with ear disease. However, cats less than or equal to 10 pounds were found to be at higher risk of ear disease.

Discussion

This study highlights the importance of advanced imaging in the diagnosis of not only dental disease but also ear disease in cats.

A non-randomized pilot study to test the feasibility of developing a frailty scale for pet cats

Introduction

Human frailty has long been studied and dozens of "frailty scales" have been developed, but equivalent research is more limited in cats. This pilot study aimed to determine the feasibility of recruiting and retaining veterinary practices and owners, collecting study data, and analyzing results about frailty in older cats.

Methods

Participating feline-exclusive practice veterinarians recruited cats aged 11-20 years, of either sex and of any breed. Owners completed a questionnaire about their cat and estimated its frailty. Study veterinarians also estimated the cat's frailty after obtaining a history, conducting a physical examination, and completing a separate questionnaire. The derived variables were used to investigate the following domains of frailty: (1) cognitive function; (2) behavior; (3) activity; (4) body weight; (5) body condition score; (6) muscle condition score; (7) any unexplained changes in weight, cognitive function, or eating behavior; and (8) the number of chronic diseases identified in the cat. Some cats were followed prospectively for 6 months, and mortality during this period was compared with frailty status, as determined by the veterinarian.

Results

Half (6/12) of the veterinary practices invited to participate successfully recruited 273 owner-cat pairs, with baseline questionnaire results obtained from 189 owners (69%) and veterinarian questionnaires obtained for 210 cats (77%). Of 122 cats having both owner and veterinarian questionnaire results, 45 (37%) were classified as frail by the owner and 51 (42%) by the veterinarian, with 28 (23%) classified as frail on both questionnaires. Of the cats with follow-up data, 13 of the 64 cats (20%) reported by veterinarians to be frail died or were euthanased during the 6-month follow-up, compared with only 1 of 54 cats (2%) that were not reported to be frail (Fisher's exact test P = 0.003).

Discussion

Developing a brief feline frailty questionnaire (FFQ) was feasible, and the results of such assessments were associated with 6-month mortality. A larger definitive trial should be considered to explore further the (dis)agreement between owners and veterinarians and better understand which frailty signs owners might be missing.

Early detection of feline chronic kidney disease via 3-hydroxykynurenine and machine learning

Feline chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most frequently encountered diseases in veterinary practice, and the leading cause of mortality in cats over five years of age. While diagnosing advanced CKD is straightforward, current routine tests fail to diagnose early CKD. Therefore, this study aimed to identify early metabolic biomarkers. First, cats were retrospectively divided into two populations to conduct a case-control study, comparing the urinary and serum metabolome of healthy (n = 61) and CKD IRIS stage 2 cats (CKD2, n = 63). Subsequently, longitudinal validation was conducted in an independent population comprising healthy cats that remained healthy (n = 26) and cats that developed CKD2 (n = 22) within one year. Univariate, multivariate, and machine learning-based (ML) approaches were compared. The serum-to-urine ratio of 3-hydroxykynurenine was identified as a single biomarker candidate, yielding a high AUC (0.844) and accuracy (0.804), while linear support vector machine-based modelling employing metabolites and clinical parameters enhanced AUC (0.929) and accuracy (0.862) six months before traditional diagnosis. Furthermore, analysis of variable importance indicated consistent key serum metabolites, namely creatinine, SDMA, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, and aconitic acid. By enabling accurate diagnosis at least six months earlier, the highlighted metabolites may pave the way for improved diagnostics, ultimately contributing to timely disease management.

Blood pressure and proteinuria in older cats and cats with chronic kidney disease

Background and Aim

Systemic hypertension and proteinuria are key prognostic indicators in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, their interrelationship in older cats and those with CKD remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and proteinuria in older cats and cats with CKD and evaluate the correlation of these parameters with hematological and biochemical markers.

Materials and Methods

A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 51 cats divided into three groups: 19 young adult cats (1-6 years, G1), 19 older cats (>10 years, G2), and 13 cats with CKD (creatinine >1.6 mg/dL, G3). Cats underwent clinical evaluations, blood pressure measurements using the oscillometric method, electrocardiography, and hematological, serum, and urine biochemical analyses. Statistical analyses included bootstrapped t-tests and Spearman's correlation, with significance set at p < 0.05.

Results

SBP values did not significantly differ among groups, but absolute SBP values were higher in older cats (G2), suggesting a potential age-related trend. No significant correlations were found between SBP and proteinuria, creatinine, urea, or urine density in G2 and G3. However, kidney injury biomarkers (urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio, creatinine, and urea) were strongly correlated with weight, body score, and total plasma protein in CKD cats (G3), indicating disease progression. Furthermore, G3 exhibited significant reductions in hematocrit, hemoglobin, and red blood cell counts, which were associated with kidney dysfunction.

Conclusion

This study did not find a direct correlation between SBP and proteinuria in older cats or cats with CKD. However, the higher SBP values in older cats highlight the importance of monitoring hypertension in aging felines. In addition, proteinuria was significantly associated with declining body condition and biochemical markers of kidney dysfunction, reinforcing its value as a prognostic indicator in CKD. Further studies are needed to explore the role of proteinuria and hypertension in advanced CKD stages.

Prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity in cats in veterinary hospitals in France during the COVID-19 pandemic

OBJECTIVES

The present study aimed to determine the evolution of the percentage of overweight and obese cats during the COVID-19 pandemic in France, and to identify factors associated with excess weight to inform the development of targeted prevention strategies.

METHODS

Cat owners visiting the veterinary hospitals of Maisons-Alfort and Toulouse between 2020 and 2022 for their pets' vaccinations were invited to answer a comprehensive questionnaire to gather general information about themselves and their cat, including details of its lifestyle, activity and diet. Only healthy adult cats were included in the study. During the vaccination consultation, veterinarians recorded the body condition score, muscle condition score and weight of each cat. This study followed a protocol adapted from a French study conducted in 2006 to allow analysis of any changes over time.

RESULTS

Of the 274 cats included in the study, 9.1% were underweight, 43.4% had an ideal body condition and 47.5% were overweight. Factors positively linked to overweight included age, being crossbred, being a male and having an owner who underestimated the cat's body condition. Living with a child and having a high activity score as rated by the owner were associated with ideal body condition. The prevalence of cats with a sedentary lifestyle and the number of overweight cats had both increased since the previous study in 2006. Additionally, changes in cats' diets and lifestyles over time, including those influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, have led to an increase in exclusive dry food consumption compared with the 2006 study.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Important changes in cats' diet and lifestyle occurred between 2006 and 2020-2022. This study emphasises the need for further investigation into the duration of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on feline wellbeing. Educating owners on their cat's body condition and encouraging cats to be active can be effective strategies for maintaining feline health in response to ongoing global changes.

One-year surveillance of Chlamydia spp. infection in stray cats from northeastern Italy

Stray cats potentially act as reservoir for zoonotic agents, posing a risk of exposure to humans and domestic cats. The most prevalent Chlamydiaceae species in cats is Chlamydia (C.) felis, which is frequently associated with conjunctivitis and/or upper respiratory disease. The zoonotic potential of C. felis is believed to be relatively low, although exposure is possible through handling infected cats, by contact with their aerosol, and via fomites. Infection is more frequent in conditions of overcrowding, stress, poor hygiene and impairment of the immune system. For this reason, stray cats appear to be particularly susceptible to this pathogen. Aim of the study was to identify the molecular occurrence of Chlamydiaceae in stray and colony cats. Between May 2021 and June 2022, in seven provinces of northeastern Italy, veterinary services officers collected oropharyngeal swabs from 379 stray and colony cats. The samples were screened for Chlamydiaceae by real-time PCR targeting a 23S gene fragment. Positive samples were further analyzed either by a C. felis-specific qPCR or by amplification and sequencing of a 16S rRNA gene fragment. Overall, 7.7% of the cats tested positive for Chlamydia spp., and all were identified as C. felis. Among the positive individuals, only one exhibited respiratory symptoms. The analysis of anamnestic data revealed a significantly higher frequency of C. felis in male intact cats during the spring season, suggesting a potential behavioral aspect of this infection. Although the zoonotic risk of this Chlamydia species is low, it would be prudent to exercise caution when handling stray cats.

Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira borgpetersenii in cats from Central region of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacteria of the genus Leptospira, which is responsible for substantial impacts on the economy, animal health, and public health. This disease has a global distribution and is particularly prevalent in Brazil. While leptospirosis can affect different animal species, including domestic ones such as dogs and cats, the role of dogs in its epidemiology is established and well-understood. Conversely, the role of domestic cats in the epidemiology of leptospirosis remains unclear, with a significant lack of studies elucidating the roles they play in the transmission of Leptospira spp. and the bacterial species they can host. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the presence of Leptospira spp. DNA in domestic cats and to assess the phylogenetic relationships of the identified microorganisms in the Central region of Rio Grande do Sul State (RS) in southern Brazil. The samples were evaluated for the presence of the gene lipL32 by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the amplified fragment, followed by phylogenetic analysis. DNA from Leptospira spp. was extracted from the kidney tissue of domestic cats. Pathogenic Leptospira spp. DNA was detected in 22.1 % (67/303) of the samples. Molecular analyses revealed the presence of L. borgpetersenii and L. interrogans in these animals. This study is the first to identify L. borgpetersenii and L. interrogans in domestic cats in RS, highlighting their potential role as bacterial reservoirs. Our findings provide valuable insights into the epidemiology of leptospirosis and can contribute to sanitary measures aimed at controlling and preventing the disease, ultimately protecting public health.

Clinical importance of borderline proteinuria in nonazotemic cats and evaluation of other risk factors for the development of chronic kidney disease

BACKGROUND

Borderline proteinuria is associated with decreased survival in cats with azotemic chronic kidney disease (CKD).

OBJECTIVES

Determine the clinical importance of borderline proteinuria in nonazotemic cats.

ANIMALS

A total of 201 healthy client-owned cats ≥7 years of age; 150 nonproteinuric (urinary protein : creatinine ratio [UPC] <0.2) and 51 borderline proteinuric (UPC 0.2-0.4).

METHODS

Prospective study. Cats were thoroughly screened and subsequently examined every 6 months for 2 years. Kaplan-Meier curves were compared between nonproteinuric and borderline proteinuric cats. Univariable and multivariable Cox models were fit to determine the relationship between development of renal disease and potential risk factors such as age, sex, breed, weight, dental disease, blood pressure, serum creatinine concentration (sCrea), serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration (sSDMA), blood urea nitrogen concentration, urine specific gravity (USG), and UPC.

RESULTS

Significantly more cats with borderline proteinuria at inclusion developed renal disease (International Renal Interest Society [IRIS] ≥ stage 2 CKD or renal proteinuria; log-rank P = .004) or died (log-rank P = .02) within 2 years, compared with nonproteinuric cats. In the multivariate analysis, IRIS stage 1 CKD (persistent USG <1.035 or sSDMA >14 μg/dL; hazard ratio [HR], 4.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0-8.8; P < .001), sCrea ≥1.6 mg/dL (≥140 μmol/L; HR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1-6.4; P = .04), borderline proteinuria (HR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.2; P = .01), and age at inclusion (HR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2-1.5; P < .001) were significantly associated with diagnosis of renal disease 6 months later.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

Borderline proteinuria should receive more attention in healthy mature adult and senior cats because it is associated with renal disease and death.

Evaluation of a point-of-care test for quantitative determination of total thyroxine in feline serum

OBJECTIVES

Total thyroxine (TT4) evaluation is the most commonly used first-line test for the diagnosis and monitoring of cats with hyperthyroidism. Vcheck T4 is a point-of-care immunoassay that measures TT4 using a Vcheck V200 analyser. This study aimed to evaluate the analytic performance of the Vcheck T4 assay in feline sera and the agreement in the classification of normal, high and low TT4 concentrations of Vcheck T4 with those measured by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA).

METHODS

Assay precision, reproducibility and linearity were evaluated for the Vcheck T4. For method comparison, TT4 concentrations in 73 serum samples were analysed by both methods.

RESULTS

Vcheck T4 demonstrated good precision, reproducibility (intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation between 3% and 13.5%) and linearity in the diagnostic range of <0.5 and >8 μg/dl. The correlation coefficient was 0.87, Passing-Bablok regression showed a proportional, but not constant bias, Bland-Altman plots revealed a mean difference of +0.5 μg/dl. The overall inter-rater agreement (K) between TT4 EIA and Vcheck results was substantial (K = 0.69), with 82.2% of concordant results. As a diagnostic test for hyperthyroidism, Vcheck T4 showed a sensitivity and specificity of 88.9% and 84.4%, and a positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 44.5% and 98.2%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Vcheck T4 assay provided precise and reproducible results in substantial agreement with the EIA. Given the high NPV, Vcheck T4 is useful in ruling out hyperthyroidism when screening cats, but, based on low PPV, samples with results with high TT4 need to be analysed by another reference method. Further analysis with haemolytic, icteric and lipaemic samples is needed to assess the test performance. Finally, the reference intervals provided by the manufacturer require verification, and TT4 intervals specific to this method must be established in future studies.

Triage body temperature predicts outcome in cats at emergency department admission: a retrospective study of 1440 cases (January 2018 to December 2021)

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between triage body temperature (BT) and outcome in cats presenting to the emergency department (ED).

METHODS

A retrospective observational study was conducted on cats presented to the ED. BT, clinical diagnosis and outcome were recorded. BT was categorised as follows: normothermia (37.8-39.7°C); hyperthermia (⩾39.8°C); mild hypothermia (36.8-37.7°C); moderate hypothermia (35.6-36.7°C); severe hypothermia (33.1-35.5°C); and critical hypothermia (⩽33°C). Outcome in the ED was categorised as death, euthanasia, hospital admission and discharge. Outcome at hospital discharge was evaluated in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was identified in patients. No-SIRS cats were divided into three disease categories (urinary system, cardiovascular and miscellanea) and SIRS cats into four categories (urinary system, cardiovascular, trauma and miscellanea). The presence of sepsis was evaluated. Non-parametric statistics were used.

RESULTS

A total of 1440 cats were included. The hospital mortality rate was 21.9%. Hypothermia in the ED was reported in 510 (35.4%) cats, normothermia in 849 (59%) cats and hyperthermia in 81 (5.6%) cats. In the ED, the median temperature in non-survivors (35.4°C, 95% confidence interval [CI] 34.6-36.3) was significantly lower than in survivors (38.2°C, 95% CI 38.1-38.3; P <0.0001). The risk of non-survival in the ED was significantly higher in cats with a decreased BT, progressively increasing with the severity of hypothermia (P <0.0001). Furthermore, BT was significantly associated with a higher risk of mortality in the ICU (P <0.0001). A diagnosis of sepsis was associated with a high prevalence of hypothermia (79/124 cats, 63.7%) and a higher risk of non-survival (odds ratio [OR] 2.62, 95% CI 1.52-4.54; P = 0.0006). The mortality risk significantly increased in SIRS cats with a cardiovascular disease (OR 8.27, 95% CI 4.09-16.68; P <0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Hypothermia is common in cats at ED admission and is significantly associated with outcome. Triage hypothermia might identify patients with sepsis or SIRS complicated by comorbidities, such as cardiovascular and urinary diseases.

Continuous intake of galacto-oligosaccharides containing syrup contributes to maintaining the health of household cats by modulating their gut microbiota

The study of the relationships between the microbiota and intestinal environment of companion animals has gained increasing attention, particularly concerning health and disease. Previously, we demonstrated that continuous intake of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), a prebiotic, can improve the health of household dogs by modulating their gut microbiota. Given the potential health benefits of GOS in cats, we conducted a single-arm open-label study to evaluate the effects of a GOS-containing syrup on the gut microbiota and its metabolites in healthy cats. The study included 25 household cats and was conducted over 12 weeks. Each cat was fed 1.2 g of a GOS-containing syrup per day, equivalent to 0.5 g of GOS. Before the start of the study (week 0), during the 8-week intake period (weeks 4 and 8), and 4 weeks after the intake period (week 12), fecal microbiota, fecal organic acid and putrefactive product concentrations, fecal odor, and serum uremic toxin concentrations were assessed. The results showed that the levels of acetic acid-producing Bifidobacteriaceae significantly increased as a result of GOS intake. Additionally, Peptostreptococcaceae and Eggerthellaceae levels significantly decreased and increased, respectively, due to GOS intake. Furthermore, the concentrations of acetic, propionic, and n-butyric acids in feces significantly increased, whereas serum phenyl sulfate levels decreased significantly. These findings suggested that continuous GOS intake may contribute to the health of household cats.

Prevalence of feline hyperthyroidism in a laboratory-based sample of 27,888 cats in Spain

OBJECTIVES

The objective of the study was to investigate the prevalence of hyperthyroidism in Spain, including its geographical distribution and prevalence across different age groups.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted. Samples submitted to a reference laboratory to evaluate serum total thyroxine concentration (TT4) during a 3-year period were evaluated (n = 27,888). A cat was considered hyperthyroid if the TT4 concentration was greater than 60.4 nmol/l (4.7 μg/dl). Hyperthyroid cats were classified based on their TT4 concentration at diagnosis as mildly (TT4 60.4-124.8 nmol/l [4.7-9.7 μg/dl]), moderately (TT4 124.8-249.68 nmol/l [9.7-19.4 μg/dl]) or severely (TT4 >249.6 nmol/l [>19.4 μg/dl]) hyperthyroid. The samples were also grouped by life stage, into young adults (1-6 years old), mature adults (7-10 years old) and seniors (>10 years old). The study included samples from 17 regions of Spain and geographical mapping was based on seven domains.

RESULTS

One thousand seven hundred and twenty-two out of 27,888 cats (6.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.9-6.5) were classified as hyperthyroid. Within the hyperthyroid group, ages ranged from 2 to 25 years old, with a median of 14 years. Within the hyperthyroid population, 14/368 (3.8%), 27/368 (7.3%) and 327/368 (88.8%) were young adults, mature adults and seniors, respectively. The prevalence of hyperthyroidism in this laboratory-based sample in Spain was 2.7 (95% CI = 0.4-5.7) to 6.9% (95% CI = 6.4-7.4), depending on the geographical region. During the study period, 8.2% of cases that were initially non-hyperthyroid were later diagnosed with hyperthyroidism.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Prevalence of hyperthyroidism in Spain is 6.2% (95% CI = 5.9-6.5) overall and 7.9% (95% CI = 7.2-8.8) in cats older than 10 years. The distribution of the disease is heterogeneous between different geographical regions. Further large-scale prospective studies are required to determine the risk factors in each region and understand the reasons for this variation.

Thyroid lesions in a population of domestic cats submitted to necropsy without clinical suspicion of thyroid disease

Although hyperthyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder in elderly cats, systematic studies investigating the prevalence of thyroid lesions in feline animals are scarce. Our objective was to evaluate morphological changes in the thyroid glands of 61 cats submitted to necropsy without clinical suspicion of hyperthyroidism. Thirteen (13/61 [21.3%]) cats had thyroid enlargement and 54/61 (88.5%) had some histological thyroid changes. Proliferative lesions were histologically seen in 33/61 (54%) cats while non-proliferative lesions were observed in 48/61 (78.7%) cats. Thyroid hyperplasia (18/33 [54.5%]) and cystic adenoma (6/33 [18.2%]) were the most prevalent proliferative changes and lesions with little or no clinical significance (37/61 [60.6%]), degenerative (31/61 [50.8%]) and inflammatory changes (12/61 [19.7%]) were the most common non-proliferative changes. Among cats with proliferative lesions, 16/33 (48.4%) had a proliferation grade ≥A4, a grade previously associated with clinical hyperthyroidism. Although the cats from this study did not have any clinical diagnosis of thyroid disease, it is possible that one or more had some degree of clinically unnoticed thyroid dysfunction. The high prevalence of follicular lesions in this study highlights the importance of a more careful clinical and pathological investigation regarding thyroid diseases in mature and elderly cats.

Anatomopathological characterization of hepatic lesions of feline infectious peritonitis in cats

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is one of the most important infectious diseases and a significant cause of death in cats. While the pathology of FIP has been well documented, there is little information on the hepatic lesions. The aim of this study was to characterize the macroscopic, microscopic and immunohistochemical patterns of the liver lesions in cats with FIP. A retrospective study was conducted on 131 cats with FIP, of which 59 had histological inflammatory lesions in the liver and were immunopositive for feline coronavirus. Four major gross patterns were defined: perihepatitis (21/59); nodular with perihepatitis (18/59); nodular multifocal (13/59); and diffuse (7/59). Four histological patterns were observed: (1) random pyogranulomas; (2) random multifocal to coalescent caseous necrosis surrounded by pyogranulomatous inflammatory infiltrate, fibrin and cellular debris; (3) perihepatitis; and (4) random multifocal to coalescent caseous necrosis surrounded by neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells. Most cats had more than one histological pattern. FIP virus antigen was detected in macrophages in the pyogranulomas and around the necrotic areas. The diagnosis of FIP remains challenging, especially in cats without effusion. The liver can be considered a suitable site for biopsy when feasible.

Thyroid function tests in healthy kittens aged between 2 and 16 weeks

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to determine thyroid hormone concentrations in a cohort of healthy kittens due to the paucity of information in the literature, and the potential for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) to contribute to fading kitten syndrome (FKS).

METHODS

The serum concentrations of total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (fT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free triiodothyronine (fT3) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured in 19 healthy kittens aged 2-16 weeks.

RESULTS

Mean TT4, fT4, TT3 and fT3 concentrations significantly differed across age groups. Mean TT4 and fT4 concentrations peaked at 6 and 5 weeks of age, respectively. The TT4 concentration exceeded the adult cat reference interval (ACRI) in 54% (32/59) of samples at week 6, with the highest TT4 concentration being 7.1 µg/dl (91 nmol/l). Mean TT3 and fT3 concentrations also peaked at 6 weeks of age. Mean TT3 concentration started below the ACRI until 4 weeks of age, after which it remained within the ACRI. The mean fT3 concentration was within the ACRI at all ages. The mean TSH concentration did not differ across age groups and remained within the ACRI in nearly 100% of samples.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Peak TT4, fT4, TT3 and fT3 concentrations in healthy kittens at 5 and 6 weeks of age are likely due to changes in the maternal transfer of thyroid hormones after weaning and organ system development. Knowing healthy neonatal and pediatric thyroid hormone concentrations in a cohort of kittens might help a veterinarian interpret thyroid hormone levels when trying to rule out CH in a kitten with FKS.

Effects of Socialization on Problem Solving in Domestic Cats

Domestic cats are capable of leading both solitary and social lives and socializing to humans. This type of socialization may also enhance an animal's problem-solving ability. We examined the relationship between socialization and problem-solving ability, problem-solving speed, and latency to approach a novel apparatus in domestic cats. Socialization towards humans was measured with the Feline Behavior Assessment based on the ASPCA's Feline Spectrum Assessment. This modified measure requires assessors to observe an individual cat's behavior during three steps: observation test, door test, and the stroke and push test. During each test, the assessor examined specific behaviors that are indicative of socialization. Problem solving was assessed with a food-acquisition puzzle box that required the subject to pull on a tab to release a food reward. Twenty-four out of eighty-six cats solved the problem-solving task. More socialized cats were more likely to solve the problem, solve it faster, and approach the apparatus sooner. We also found a significant relationship between age and problem solving; younger adult cats were more likely to solve the problem than older adults. These results provide evidence that domestic cats are not only capable of solving this type of problem but also that their socialization towards humans influences their abilities.

Feline leishmaniosis in the Mediterranean Basin: a multicenter study

BACKGROUND

Cats are now recognized as competent hosts for Leishmania infantum and a blood source for sand fly vectors. Although canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is endemic in Mediterranean Basin countries, large-scale epidemiological studies are lacking for feline leishmaniosis (FeL). This study aimed to assess the prevalence of L. infantum infections, associated risk factors, clinical signs, and clinicopathological abnormalities in domestic cat populations from six Mediterranean Basin countries.

METHODS

From 2019 to 2022, blood and serum samples of cats (n = 2067) living in Italy (n = 300), Greece (n = 297), Portugal (n = 295), France (n = 231), Israel (n = 313), and Spain (n = 631) were collected along with animal data (i.e., age, sex, breed, housing conditions, and geographical origin), clinical signs, and laboratory blood test parameters. Cats were grouped according to their age as kittens (up to 1 year), young (older than 1 and younger than 7 years), mature (between 7 and 10 years), and senior (older than 10 years). Serum samples were tested for L. infantum by immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and blood samples of seropositive cats were tested for L. infantum kinetoplast deoxyribonucleic acid (kDNA). Viral infection by feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) was molecularly addressed in all cats enrolled. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the association between the risk of L. infantum infection and independent variables, and among co-infection of L. infantum with FIV and/or FeLV, clinical signs, and clinicopathological abnormalities.

RESULTS

Overall, 17.3% (358/2067) of cats scored positive for L. infantum by serological tests. Specifically, 24.7% were from Portugal, 23.2% from Greece, 16.6% from Israel, 15% from Spain, 13.3% from France, and 12.6% from Italy. Leishmania infantum DNA was detected in 15 seropositive animals. Housing condition and FIV infection proved to be risk factors for FeL. Leishmania seropositivity was significantly associated with weight loss, lymphadenomegaly, gingivostomatitis, and oral ulcers, as well as with reduced albumin and albumin/globulin ratio, increased total globulins and total proteins, leukocytosis, and thrombocytosis.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides, for the first time, a large-scale epidemiological survey on FeL and its clinical presentation, revealing that L. infantum circulates among domestic cats, especially shelter/free-roaming and FIV-infected animals, living in CanL endemic countries of the Mediterranean Basin.

Age-related trends in urine specific gravity in apparently healthy cats

OBJECTIVES

Urine specific gravity (USG) is the most common method for the estimation of urine concentration in cats. Utilization of USG as a screening tool is easily accessible and is of low cost to the client if strategically utilized in settings of higher diagnostic value. There is currently minimal population information regarding how USG changes across ages in cats.

METHODS

Data were collected from electronic pet medical records from more than 1000 hospitals and screened for cats with an apparently healthy clinical status and complete diagnostic information. USG was compared with age in multiple analyses to examine the relationship between the variables.

RESULTS

In the absence of other indicators of disease, renal concentrating ability begins to diminish, on average, starting at approximately 9 years of age. By age group, cats aged 11-15 years (1.044, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.043-1.044) had statistically significantly lower mean USGs compared with cats aged less than 1 year (1.049, 95% CI 1.048-1.051; P <0.001), 1-6 years (1.049, 95% CI 1.049-1.050; P <0.001) or 7-10 years (1.049, 95% CI 1.048-1.049; P <0.001). Cats aged ⩾15 years (1.038, 95% CI 1.036-1.040) had statistically significantly lower mean USGs compared with cats aged less than 1 year (P <0.001), 1-6 years (P <0.001), 7-10 years (P <0.001) or 11-15 years (P <0.001).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Renal concentrating ability begins to diminish, on average, starting at approximately 9 years of age and is progressive as cat age increases. This study provides important and new information to help improve screening practices for disorders of concentrating ability in cats.

Prevalence of Leishmania infection in 205 cats from a referral hospital population in Brazil (2021-2022)

Leishmaniases are a group of neglected diseases of significant public health concern, with Brazil being the primary focus of this disease in the Americas. The municipality of Sobral, in the state of Ceará, is a historical focus of visceral leishmaniasis in both humans and dogs, but data on Leishmania spp. infections in cats are limited. Between April 2021 and February 2022, 205 cats from a referral hospital population were sampled and tested for Leishmania spp. by real-time PCR. Eight cats (3.9%; 95% CI: 1.7-7.5%) tested positive. Among these, three (37.5%) displayed clinical signs compatible with feline leishmaniosis. Non-domiciled cats showed significantly higher positivity compared to domiciled ones (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.0124). Considering their potential role as reservoirs of L. infantum, it is crucial to conduct further studies to understand the Leishmania spp. circulating among cats in Sobral and to implement measures for reducing their exposure to phlebotomine sand fly vectors in this important focus of leishmaniases.

Indoor-Outdoor Cats and the "One Health" Perspective: Veterinarian Insight and Influence

Veterinarian and client discussions about indoor-outdoor cats, although challenging, can impact decisions made regarding cat care and outdoor access. An online survey, exploring topics discussed with clients regarding indoor-outdoor cats and One Health, was made available to veterinarians practicing in the U.S. in 2022. The importance of topics by practice location and to the veterinarian versus what the veterinarian perceived as important to the client were analyzed. Of 280 responding veterinarians, 95% discussed indoor-outdoor cat activities with clients. Cat-associated disease (81%), cat population control (64%), and cat-associated trauma (53%) were discussed most often. With the exception of population control, rural, suburban, and urban veterinarians did not significantly differ in the frequency of topics discussed. Danger to the cat (e.g., trauma and diseases) was the most important topic when addressing indoor-outdoor cats with clients; 57% of veterinarians considered it important to themselves and 61% considered it important to the client. Only 13% of the veterinarians were extremely comfortable discussing One Health with clients and several One Health-related topics (zoonoses and wildlife impacts) were discussed least often. Less focus on One Health topics is potentially a missed opportunity to educate clients, enable more informed client decisions, and improve overall the care of cats.

Anaesthetic mortality in cats: A worldwide analysis and risk assessment

BACKGROUND

Patient safety is essential in small animal anaesthesia. This study aimed to assess anaesthesia-related deaths in cats worldwide, identify risk and protective factors and provide insights for clinical practice.

METHODS

A prospective multicentre cohort study of 14,962 cats from 198 veterinary centres across different countries was conducted. Data on anaesthesia-related deaths, from premedication up to 48 hours postextubation, were collected. Logistic regression was used to analyse patient demographics, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, procedure type and anaesthetic drugs.

RESULTS

The anaesthesia-related mortality was 0.63%, with 74.5% of deaths occurring postoperatively. Cats with cachexia, a higher ASA status or who underwent abdominal, orthopaedic/neurosurgical or thoracic procedures exhibited elevated mortality. Mechanical ventilation use was associated with increased mortality. Mortality odds were reduced by the use of alpha2-agonist sedatives, pure opioids in premedication and locoregional techniques.

LIMITATIONS

Limitations include non-randomised sampling, potential biases, unquantified response rates, subjective death cause classification and limited variable analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Anaesthetic mortality in cats is significant, predominantly postoperative. Risk factors include cachexia, higher ASA status, specific procedures and mechanical ventilation. Protective factors include alpha2-agonist sedatives, pure opioids and locoregional techniques. These findings can help improve anaesthesia safety and outcomes. However, further research is required to improve protocols, enhance data quality and minimise risks.

Value of repeated health screening in 259 apparently healthy mature adult and senior cats followed for 2 years

BACKGROUND

Although regular health screening is recommended, long-term follow-up data in healthy aged cats are lacking.

OBJECTIVES

Determine the most common conditions in a large group of apparently healthy older cats and which diseases are manifested within 2 years in cats confirmed to be healthy based on extensive health screening.

ANIMALS

Client-owned cats.

METHODS

Prospective study. Thorough history, physical examination, blood tests, and urinalysis were performed in 259 apparently healthy mature adult (7-10 years) and senior (>10 years) cats. Semi-annual follow-up examinations were performed in 201 confirmed healthy cats.

RESULTS

At baseline, 21% of apparently healthy cats were not considered healthy but were diagnosed with International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) ≥ stage 2 chronic kidney disease (CKD; 7.7%) or hyperthyroidism (4.6%), among other disorders. Disease occurred significantly more frequently in senior cats compared with mature adult cats. In addition, 40% cats were overweight, 35% had moderate to severe dental disease, and 22% had abnormal cardiac auscultation findings. Within 2 years, 28% of mature adult and 54% of senior cats that were confirmed healthy at inclusion developed new diseases, most commonly IRIS ≥ stage 2 CKD (cumulative incidence, 13.4%), hyperthyroidism (8.5%), chronic enteropathy, hepatopathy or pancreatitis (7.5%), or neoplasia (7%).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

The high prevalence and 2-year incidence of physical examination abnormalities and systemic diseases in apparently healthy older cats argue for regular health screening in cats ≥7 years of age. Although more common in senior cats, occult disease also occurs in mature adult cats, and owners should be informed accordingly.

The role of veterinarians in zoonosis prevention: Advising families of immunocompromised children with pets

Background

Pet ownership is widespread, offering numerous benefits to individuals and families. However, the risk of zoonotic diseases must be carefully considered, especially for immunosuppressed patients. Knowledge gaps in preventive measures for zoonoses have been identified, underscoring the vital role of veterinarians in addressing this issue.

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the knowledge and recommendations of veterinarians regarding pet ownership by immunocompromised individuals. Additionally, we compared these insights with responses from European healthcare professionals specializing in pediatric transplant recipients.

Methods

We conducted an observational, cross-sectional study involving small animal veterinarians in Spain. An online survey was administered to gather information on veterinarians' knowledge of zoonoses and their recommendations for immunocompromised pet owners.

Results

A survey of 514 individuals was collected from experienced veterinarians mainly working in primary care clinics. Surprisingly, 63% of respondents did not routinely inquire about the presence of immunocompromised individuals among pet owners, although 54% offered specific recommendations for this group. Most respondents adhered to deworming guidelines for pets owned by immunocompromised individuals and demonstrated sound practices in Leishmania and Leptospira prevention, as well as the avoidance of raw food. However, gaps were noted concerning Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccination. Notably, veterinarians outperformed medical professionals in their knowledge of zoonotic cases and identification of zoonotic microorganisms. The presence of specific recommendations in veterinary clinics was viewed positively by nearly all respondents.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that veterinarians possess a superior understanding of zoonotic pathogens and exhibit greater proficiency in diagnosing zoonoses compared with physicians. They stay well-informed about recommendations outlined in established guidelines and are more likely to provide written recommendations in their clinics than physicians. Nevertheless, knowledge gaps among veterinarians emphasize the need for enhanced communication between medical and veterinary professionals. Reinforcing the "One Health" concept is imperative, with veterinarians playing a pivotal role in this collaborative effort.

MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY REVIEW IN THE UNITED KINGDOM EX SITU POPULATION OF EUROPEAN WILDCATS (FELIS SILVESTRIS) BETWEEN 2000 AND 2021

The Scottish population of the European wildcat (Felis silvestris), the only remaining native felid species in the United Kingdom, is critically endangered and was declared functionally extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 2019. This retrospective study investigated the causes of morbidity and mortality reported in the United Kingdom captive wildcat population from 01 January 2000 to 31 December 2021. The aim was to assess the health and welfare of ex situ wildcats and, by making recommendations for management based on study findings, contribute to the sustainability of the population under managed care. Younger wildcats accounted for 85.7% of all morbidity cases (kittens, 7/77; young adults, 59/77), and the gastrointestinal (67.5% [52/77]), musculoskeletal (10.4% [8/77]), and integumentary (5.2% [4/77]) systems were most affected. Mortality was primarily associated with disease of the gastrointestinal (13.5% [12/89]), respiratory (13.5% [12/89]), neurological (5.6% [5/89]), and renal (5.6% [5/89]) systems. One quarter of all the histopathology examinations reported gastritis with associated Helicobacter-like organisms, often combined with pancreatitis or cholangiohepatitis. Neonates represented 25% (22/89) of all deaths, a high percentage compared with that of previous reviews in other nondomestic felids.

Impact of Patient Education Formats on Treatment Adherence and Denture Hygiene in Edentulous Patients: A Comparative Study

BACKGROUND Effective communication and patient education are important in geriatric dental care. Memory decline complicates patient adherence. This study aimed to compare verbal, audio, and video patient education material (PEM) and adherence to dental prosthetic management in edentulous patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS 90 completely/partially edentulous patients (aged 40 to 70 years), were divided (simple random) into three groups (Gp) of 30 each . A total of 68 instructions were organized into 9 learning categories. For GpVi, a 20 minute video was shot using a Sony camera (PD170), with two actors depicting related PEM information. Patients were recalled after 1 day and 7days, to recall the PEM instructions. A Denture plaque Index (DPI) determined the efficiency of the instructions at both time intervals. Frequencies, means and standard deviations were derived for each group and then compared using Chi square, paired and unpaired t test and a Neuman-Keul post hoc pairwise test. All significant differences were kept at probability t value of ≤0.05. RESULTS PEM instructions related to patient individuality, proper tongue position and miscellaneous showed poor patient recall. At 1 day interval, audio was found to have better recall than video and verbal in 5 PEM instruction categories. At 7 day interval, video showed better recall than other two groups (P≤0.05). Despite improvements in patients recall, DPI revealed better denture hygiene maintenance in patients receiving instructions through video format (P≤0.05). CONCLUSIONS For all categories, no single media was considered to be sufficient, audio produced early better recall while video influenced long term recall and better denture hygiene maintenance.

Characterizing the blood microbiota in healthy and febrile domestic cats via 16s rRNA sequencing

This study aimed to evaluate the blood bacterial microbiota in healthy and febrile cats. High-quality sequencing reads from the 16S rRNA gene variable region V3-V4 were obtained from genomic blood DNA belonging to 145 healthy cats, and 140 febrile cats. Comparisons between the blood microbiota of healthy and febrile cats revealed dominant presence of Actinobacteria, followed by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, and a lower relative abundance of Bacteroidetes. Upon lower taxonomic levels, the bacterial composition was significantly different between healthy and febrile cats. The families Faecalibacterium and Kineothrix (Firmicutes), and Phyllobacterium (Proteobacteria) experienced increased abundance in febrile samples. Whereas Thioprofundum (Proteobacteria) demonstrated a significant decrease in abundance in febrile. The bacterial composition and beta diversity within febrile cats was different according to the affected body system (Oral/GI, systemic, skin, and respiratory) at both family and genus levels. Sex and age were not significant factors affecting the blood microbiota of febrile cats nor healthy ones. Age was different between young adult and mature adult healthy cats. Alpha diversity was unaffected by any factors. Overall, the findings suggest that age, health status and nature of disease are significant factors affecting blood microbiota diversity and composition in cats, but sex is not.

Assessment of the effect of gabapentin on blood pressure in cats with and without chronic kidney disease

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of gabapentin on blood pressure (BP) in cats with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD).

METHODS

A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study was performed. A total of 29 cats were included: 13 cats with stable CKD (IRIS stage 2-4) and 16 apparently healthy cats (serum creatinine <1.6 mg/dl and urine specific gravity >1.035). The cats were evaluated twice, approximately 1 week apart, and BP (Doppler sphygmomanometry) was obtained 3 h after cats received either a single dose of gabapentin 10mg/kg PO or placebo. For each cat, BP readings were obtained at each visit using the same Doppler and sphygmomanometer unit, and the same cat holder and Doppler operator, in the same location.

RESULTS

After administration of a single dose of gabapentin (10 mg/kg PO), BP was significantly lower (median 122 mmHg, range 82-170) than after administration of the placebo (median 150 mmHg, range 102-191; P = 0.001). In the CKD subgroup, BP was significantly lower after administration of gabapentin (median 129 mmHg, range 96-170) than after administration of the placebo (median 155 mmHg, range 102-191; P = 0.008). In the healthy cat subgroup, BP was significantly lower after administration of gabapentin (median 121 mmHg, range 82-139) than after administration of the placebo (median 137 mmHg, range 102-177; P = 0.002). The median change in BP was -12 mmHg (range -95 to 10) for healthy cats and -12 mmHg (range -43 to 21) for cats with CKD (no significant difference between subgroups).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Gabapentin may decrease arterial BP in cats with and without CKD and these findings should be taken into account when gabapentin is administered to patients in which measurement of BP is needed.

Orexin-A attenuated motion sickness through modulating neural activity in hypothalamus nuclei

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

We evaluated the hypothesis that central orexin application could counteract motion sickness responses through regulating neural activity in target brain areas.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Thec effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of orexin-A and SB-334867 (OX1 antagonist) on motion sickness-induced anorexia, nausea-like behaviour (conditioned gaping), hypoactivity and hypothermia were investigated in rats subjected to Ferris wheel-like rotation. Orexin-A responsive brain areas were identified using Fos immunolabelling and were verified via motion sickness responses after intranucleus injection of orexin-A, SB-334867 and TCS-OX2-29 (OX2 antagonist). The efficacy of intranasal application of orexin-A versus scopolamine on motion sickness symptoms in cats was also investigated.

KEY RESULTS

Orexin-A (i.c.v.) dose-dependently attenuated motion sickness-related behavioural responses and hypothermia. Fos expression was inhibited in the ventral part of the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMV) and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), but was enhanced in the ventral part of the premammillary nucleus ventral part (PMV) by orexin-A (20 μg) in rotated animals. Motion sickness responses were differentially inhibited by orexin-A injection into the DMV (anorexia and hypoactivity), the PVN (conditioned gaping) and the PMV (hypothermia). SB-334867 and TCS-OX2-29 (i.c.v. and intranucleus injection) inhibited behavioural and thermal effects of orexin-A. Orexin-A (60 μg·kg-1) and scopolamine inhibited rotation-induced emesis and non-retching/vomiting symptoms, while orexin-A also attenuated anorexia with mild salivation in motion sickness cats.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

Orexin-A might relieve motion sickness through acting on OX1 and OX2 receptors in various hypothalamus nuclei. Intranasal orexin-A could be a potential strategy against motion sickness.

Blood plasma and urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress in cats with urethral obstruction

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to investigate variations of the oxidative status in cats affected by urethral obstruction (UO) under Feline Idiopathic Cystitis (FIC) and Bacterial Cystitis (BC), in comparison with a group of healthy subjects. In both groups, the levels of several markers (either direct or indirect) indicative of the oxidative attack and of the antioxidant response were analyzed on plasma and urine samples. In particular, the plasma samples were evaluated for nitric oxide (NO), hydroperoxides derived by reactive oxygen activity (d-ROMs test), superoxide anion (O2-), glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP test); while on urine the levels of NO, d-ROMs, FRAP, SOD, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were measured. Urine of UO patients was also subjected to urine-culture test.

RESULTS

The analytical data on plasma showed that UO, independently of the FIC or BC etiology, induced the insurgence of oxidative stress conditions at the systemic level. In the urine of the UO patients, except for SOD that increased, the markers of redox status were markedly decreased due probably their compromised filtration, thus suggesting involvement of renal function (assessed also by the high levels of plasma creatinine and proteinuria) with no oxidative damage of the lower urinary tract. Moreover, the adoption of a novel oxidative stress index' (OSI) allowed to establish, by means of a numerical value, the different degrees of oxidative stress conditions for single UO patients, both in terms of oxidative attack and antioxidant response.

CONCLUSIONS

Feline urethral obstruction, induced by Idiopathic Cystitis and Bacterial Cystitis, causes oxidative stress conditions at the systemic level that do not interest the lower urinary tract. Despite to the high variability of the profiles of oxidative stress indexes both in healthy and UO patients, the determination of OSI made possible the evaluation of their single degrees of oxidative stress. Possibly the results of this investigation can be compared with those of correspondent pathologies both in humans and in other animal species.

Pathological findings and patterns of feline infectious peritonitis in the respiratory tract of cats

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is an important cause of death in cats. Thoracic manifestations are less common than abdominal manifestations, and FIP-associated respiratory disease is poorly documented. This study aimed to investigate pathological findings in the respiratory tract of cats with FIP and the occurrence and distribution of feline coronavirus antigen in the respiratory tract using immunohistochemistry. A retrospective study was carried out on 112 cats with FIP, of which 66 had inflammatory histological lesions in the respiratory tract (58.9%) and were included in this study. Three major gross patterns were defined: marked fibrin deposition in the thoracic cavity with lung atelectasis; marked fibrin deposition in the thoracic cavity with lung pyogranulomas; and lung pyogranulomas without thoracic effusion. Histological analysis revealed primary lesions in the visceral pleura and lung parenchyma at a similar frequency, with multifocal to diffuse presentations. Marked lesions were commonly observed. Five major histological patterns were defined: pleuritis; pleuritis and vasculitis/perivascular injury in the lung parenchyma; pleuritis and pneumonia; perivascular injury in the parenchyma without pleuritis; and pneumonia without pleuritis. In the pleura and pulmonary parenchyma, FIP virus antigen was detected in perivascular and peribronchial macrophages and in macrophages within bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue and foci of necrosis and inflammation in the pleura and lung parenchyma. Co-infections with retroviruses were detected in 47 cats (71.2%), mainly with feline leukemia virus (62.2%). Although FIP is a systemic disease, some cats developed significant lesions in the thoracic cavity, including involvement of the upper respiratory tract and presenting respiratory signs, without other classic signs of FIP. This work advances our knowledge of FIP in the respiratory system, helping veterinarians to recognize the various presentations of this disease.

Epidemiological Insights into Feline Leukemia Virus Infections in an Urban Cat (Felis catus) Population from Brazil

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus distributed worldwide in domestic cats and with different outcomes (progressive, regressive, abortive, focal). The present study reports an epidemiological survey of FeLV frequency and the evaluation of some risk factors and the two main disease outcomes (progressive and regressive) in an urban cat population from Brazil. A total of 366 cats with sociodemographic information and p27 FeLV antigen test performed were included in the study. FeLV DNA (provirus) in the blood samples of all cats was detected via real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Plasma samples from 109 FeLV-positive and FeLV-negative cats were also submitted to reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) to determine the FeLV viral load. The results demonstrated that 112 (30.6%) cats were positive through the p27 antigen and/or qPCR. A risk factor analysis demonstrated that cats without vaccination against FeLV (OR 9.9, p < 0.001), clinically ill (OR 2.9, p < 0.001), with outdoors access (OR 2.7, p < 0.001), and exhibiting apathetic behavior (OR 3.1, p < 0.001) were more likely to be infected with FeLV. FeLV-infected cats were also more likely to present with anemia (OR 13, p < 0.001) and lymphoma (OR 13.7, p = 0.001). A comparative analysis of the different detection methods in a subset of 109 animals confirmed FeLV infection in 58 cats, including 38 (65.5%) with progressive, 16 (27.6%) with regressive, and 4 (6.9%) with probably focal outcome diseases. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a high prevalence of FeLV in this urban cat population from Brazil and highlights the need to establish more effective prevention strategies (such as viral testing, vaccination programs, specific care for FeLV-positive cats) to reduce diseases associated with this virus in Brazil.

Decision making on antimicrobial use: Cat and dog owners' knowledge and preferences for veterinary communication

BACKGROUND

Veterinarians' understanding of cat and dog owners' perceptions about antimicrobial use will enhance their ability to communicate with clients to uphold antimicrobial stewardship guidelines.

METHODS

A total of 571 cat and dog owners were surveyed via an online platform to understand their antimicrobial knowledge and preferences for veterinary communication in antimicrobial use decision making. Data were analysed descriptively and inferentially to determine relationships between variables.

RESULTS

Cat and dog owners' backgrounds had an impact their antimicrobial knowledge. Women, individuals with a university degree, those with a health/science background and those identifying as white had a higher level of knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. Owners' trust in veterinarians positively impacts adherence to recommendations. Where there was a strong preference for one type of messaging regarding antimicrobial use and stewardship, the owner's background was not predictive of a difference in response.

LIMITATIONS

The study population was mostly white, which reflects the US population and the reported distribution of pet owners who own dogs and cats. Respondents may have been susceptible to recall bias and/or social desirability bias.

CONCLUSION

Veterinarians should tailor their communication to meet clients' level of knowledge and rely on competent communication to enhance understanding and facilitate adherence to antimicrobial stewardship guidelines.

Identifying the target population and preventive strategies to combat feline obesity

Feline obesity continues to be a priority health and welfare issue. Most research surrounding obesity currently focuses on obesity treatment. However, treatment for feline obesity is slow, often unsuccessful and not without consequences. Identifying high-risk populations for obesity onset is crucial for developing and implementing preventive strategies. This review identifies post-gonadectomy kittens aged 5-12 months as the primary target population for obesity prevention in domestic cats and highlights dietary and feeding management strategies to be implemented for obesity prevention.

Behavior and Cognition of the Senior Cat and Its Interaction with Physical Disease

In cats, age-related pathologic condition and neurologic degeneration can produce changes in activity, vocalization, appearance, appetite, litter box use, sleep-wake cycle, personality, and cognitive ability. These changes can influence the relationship between owner and pet. Although cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) can cause altered behavior later in life, other medical or behavioral causes may mimic these clinical signs or complicate diagnosis. Management and treatment of CDS can be accomplished through pharmacologic intervention, diet and nutritional supplementation, and environmental enrichment aimed at slowing the progression of the disease.

Advice on cat behavior in German veterinary practices:Expectations of cat owners and influencing factors on compliance

Veterinarians play an important role in establishing and sharing the welfare of companion animals by carrying out regular health checks and informing owners about the specific needs of the animal's environment and conditions of good husbandry. A survey among German cat owners revealed which role advice about cat behavior plays in daily practice and its influence on the cat owner's compliance. Some owners (29.6%, n = 263/889) reported behavioral problems in their cat.  Not all owners considered their veterinarian as their contact of choice for behavioral advice, although veterinarians who met owners' expectations for advice on cat behavior are significantly more often described as feline-friendly (P < 0.000). Owners who expected an empathetic treatment of their cat will show a better compliance (P = 0.003). Owner compliance can be improved by providing accurate and effective veterinary advice about cat behavior and behavioral problems (P = 0.003). Thus, a sound foundation in cat behavior and knowledge of current treatment recommendations for feline behavioral problems can be worthwhile to ensure good husbandry for cats.

Assessment of left atrial myocardial deformation using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in cats with cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic arterial thromboembolism

Arterial thromboembolism (ATE) in cats usually relates to cardiogenic causes that can be diagnosed by conventional echocardiography. Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) is a new ultrasound modality with higher sensitivity. Our objective was to investigate left atrial myocardial deformation in cats with both cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic ATE and normal cats using 2D-STE. Twenty-three normal cats and 21 cats with ATE cats were recruited and performed conventional echocardiography and 2D-STE. From the results, left atrial (LA) strain and strain rate from 2D-STE were significantly decreased in cats with cardiogenic ATE (P < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in non-cardiogenic ATE compared with normal cats. From the correlation test, the use of left atrial strain during the reservoir phase (LASr) could represent the overall LA deformation. The intra- and inter-observer coefficient of variation of LASr was less than 15%. The logistic regression revealed that the LASr value of less than 11% was a significant factor for the occurrence of ATE (odd ratio = 189.0, P < 0.001). In conclusion, LASr derived by 2D-STE is a repeatable and non-invasive technique to assess LA myocardial deformation in cats with ATE. By 2D-STE, impaired LA function was detected in cats with cardiogenic ATE. LASr < 11% may use as a predictor of the risk of ATE occurrence in cats.

Fetching felines: a survey of cat owners on the diversity of cat (Felis catus) fetching behaviour

Domesticated animals are famous for the ease with which they can accommodate to diverse human environments and roles, but less well-studied is the ease with which domestic animals can manipulate their human caregivers to their own ends. For example, domestic animals may start and end their play behaviour with humans at times of their choice. Here we present the results of a survey of 924 cat owners who report fetching behaviour in 1154 cats. The overwhelming majority (94.4%) of these owners report that fetching emerged in the absence of explicit training. Fetching was primarily first noticed when the cats were less than one year old (n = 701) or 1-7 years old (n = 415). Cats initiated and terminated fetching bouts more often than did their owners. Thus, cats who fetch demonstrate independent and co-ordinated agency in the onset and maintenance of fetching behaviour with their human partners. Additional findings highlight the diversity of objects fetched and the diversity in household demographics. Our thematic analysis reveals owners' perspectives on (a) the process of a fetching session, (b) the initial acquisition of fetching, and (c) the circumstantial factors that influence fetching patterns. In summary, cats who fetch largely determine when they engage in fetching sessions and actively influence the play behaviour of their owners.

Improving access to advanced veterinary care for rescued cats and dogs

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) to describe the AMC to the Rescue (AMCTTR) funding criteria and the application process; (2) to describe the distribution of species cared for through the program, the medical conditions treated in cats compared with those treated in dogs and the cost of that care; and (3) to define the successes and challenges of the program.

METHODS

The AMCTTR database was reviewed for applications submitted between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2022. Data collected included the following: the date of application; rescue organization seeking financial support; species; age of pet at time of application; expenditures funded by AMCTTR; and the method by which the rescue organization learned about AMCTTR. The animals in the AMCTTR database were sorted into two groups: those accepted for funding and those that did not meet funding criteria. The Animal Medical Center (AMC) medical record system was searched for the total number of individual animals, species and age seen at AMC during the study period.

RESULTS

In total, 267 applications were reviewed and 190 applications from 134 cats, 52 dogs and four rabbits were accepted for advanced veterinary care funded by AMCTTR. Over the 3-year study period, US$612,564 were awarded and over half of those funds were awarded to cats. The average expenditure per animal during this time period was US$3224. The most common referrals to AMCTTR were made to ophthalmology, surgery and dentistry.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

The needs of cats differed from dogs in that feline applications were most commonly submitted for ophthalmology or dentistry. Expenditures per cat were less than per dog because dogs were referred for more expensive orthopedic surgery. The need for advanced veterinary care for rescue animals is enormous, especially for cats. Programs that subsidize advanced veterinary care increase access to that care.

Prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) in shelter-housed cats in the Central Valley of California, USA

Background

Non-human animals are natural hosts for the virus causing COVID-19 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) and a diversity of species appear susceptible to infection. Cats are of particular concern because of their close affiliation with humans and susceptibility to infection. Cats also harbour feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). Our objectives were to document the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and FECV in feline populations with high turnover and movement among households in the Central Valley of California, USA.

Methods

A cross-sectional study of 128 shelter and foster cats and kittens in the Central Valley of California was performed from July to December 2020. PCR was performed on rectal and oropharyngeal samples to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA and on rectal samples to detect FECV RNA.

Results

Among 163 rectal and oropharyngeal fluid samples gathered from sheltered and fostered cats and kittens in central California, SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acids were not detected from any cat or kitten. In contrast, FECV nucleic acids were detected in 18% of shelter-housed cats; 83% of these positive samples were collected from cats housed in adjacent cages.

Conclusions

These data may be helpful when considering the allocation of resources to minimise the harm of FECV and SARS-CoV-2 in household pets and shelter environments.

High prevalence and diversity of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in feral cat feces from coastal California

Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite that can cause severe morbidity and mortality in warm-blooded animals, including marine mammals such as sea otters. Free-ranging cats can shed environmentally resistant T. gondii oocysts in their feces, which are transported through rain-driven runoff from land to sea. Despite their large population sizes and ability to contribute to environmental oocyst contamination, there are limited studies on T. gondii oocyst shedding by free-ranging cats. We aimed to determine the frequency and genotypes of T. gondii oocysts shed by free-ranging domestic cats in central coastal California and evaluate whether genotypes present in feces are similar to those identified in sea otters that died from fatal toxoplasmosis. We utilized a longitudinal field study of four free-ranging cat colonies to assess oocyst shedding prevalence using microscopy and molecular testing with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). T. gondii DNA was confirmed with primers targeting the ITS1 locus and positive samples were genotyped at the B1 locus. While oocysts were not visualized using microscopy (0/404), we detected T. gondii DNA in 25.9% (94/362) of fecal samples. We genotyped 27 samples at the B1 locus and characterized 13 of these samples at one to three additional loci using multi locus sequence typing (MLST). Parasite DNA detection was significantly higher during the wet season (16.3%, 59/362) compared to the dry season (9.7%; 35/362), suggesting seasonal variation in T. gondii DNA presence in feces. High diversity of T. gondii strains was characterized at the B1 locus, including non-archetypal strains previously associated with sea otter mortalities. Free-ranging cats may thus play an important role in the transmission of virulent T. gondii genotypes that cause morbidity and mortality in marine wildlife. Management of free-ranging cat colonies could reduce environmental contamination with oocysts and subsequent T. gondii infection in endangered marine mammals and people.

Comparison of serum creatinine, point-of-care symmetric dimethylarginine and renal imaging with glomerular filtration rate measured by renal scintigraphy in healthy and early chronic kidney diseased cats

The aim of this study was to evaluate routinely used tests to diagnose cats in early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to describe a model for evaluating these variables simultaneously. Apparently healthy cats were screened using serum creatinine (sCr), point-of-care symmetric dimethylarginine (POC SDMA), urinalysis, urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPC) and imaging evaluation. Those parameters were compared to glomerular filtration rate (GFR) assessed by renal scintigraphy. Forty-four cats were included and consisted of 14 (31.8%) healthy cats (absence of abnormalities in renal morphology and sCr less than 1.6 mg/dL), 20 (45.5%) cats classified as CKD I (presence of abnormalities in renal morphology and sCr less than 1.6 mg/dL) and ten (22.7%) as CKD II (sCr equal to or greater than 1.6 mg/dL, with or without abnormalities in renal morphology). A large number (40.9%) of apparently healthy cats presented reduction in GFR, which included half of CKD I patients. Point-of-care SDMA was not a good predictor for decreased GFR, nor was it correlated with the variables GFR and sCr. Glomerular filtration rate was significantly lower in CKD I and II groups in comparison with healthy cats, but there was no significant difference between the CKD I and II groups. Multivariate logistic regression model identified three variables that affected the odds of a cat having decreased GFR (< 2.5 mL/min/kg): sCr (OR = 18.3; p = 0.019; CI = 1.6-207.2), and the ultrasonographic findings 'reduced corticomedullary definition' (OR = 19.9; p = 0.022; CI = 1.6-254.0) and 'irregular contour' (OR = 65.6; p = 0.003; CI = 4.2-1038.2). Renal ultrasonography evaluation should always be considered for screening early CKD in apparently healthy cats.

Prevalence of Serum Antibody Titers against Core Vaccine Antigens in Italian Cats

Feline core vaccines strongly recommended for all cats are against Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), Felid herpesvirus type 1 (FeHV-1), and Feline calicivirus (FCV), but cats can be classified as low- and high-risk based on their lifestyle. The aim of this study was to determine the actual seroprotection against FPV, FeHV-1, and FCV in a large cohort of Italian cats by using the VacciCheck test. A total of 740 cats (567 owned and 173 stray cats; 435 vaccinated and 305 unvaccinated) were analyzed for Protective Antibody Titers (PATs). Differences related to origin, sex, age, breed, FIV/FeLV status, health status, and time elapsed since last vaccination were evaluated. Less than half of the entire cohort (36.4%) had PATs for all three diseases simultaneously, increasing to 48.6% if weak positive values were also considered and 50.3% when considering only the 435 vaccinated cats. Particularly, antibodies were detected against FCV, FPV, and FeHV-1 at protective titers (PATs) in 78.6%, 68.1, and 49.1% of the cats, respectively. In general, owned, neutered, and adult FIV- and/or FeLV-negative cats were the most protected categories, even if not always for the three viruses. Most cats maintained high PATs for 3 years or longer after vaccination against FPV and FCV but not FeHV-1. Long-lasting protective immunity persisted for many years after the last vaccination (more than 18 years in the oldest cats). Nevertheless, since not all cats were protected after so many years and for all pathogens, checking protection via antibody titration could be the best choice to prevent immunity breakdowns. The discussion also focuses on the reliability of antibody titration for the two URTD (upper respiratory tract disease) viruses which, unlike for FPV, is not widely accepted as a valid index of protection.

Anti-Leishmania spp. antibody detection in domestic cats from a visceral leishmaniasis transmission area

Feline leishmanial infection is reported worldwide, but the epidemiological role of domestic cats in the leishmaniasis cycle remains unclear, and cats might act as cryptic reservoir hosts in endemic areas with no feline leishmaniosis cases. Considering that, a serological screening for anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies was performed by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) in 389 necropsied cats' serum samples from a new visceral leishmaniasis transmission area with no feline leishmanial infection reported to unveil if the cats are being exposed to the parasite. The overall seroprevalence for Leishmania spp. was 11.05% (43/389). No association was found between sex, neutering status, age group, breed, coat length, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection, and Leishmania spp. antibody detection. A positive association was found with coat color (cats within the orange spectrum with white [particolor]) (OR = 2.47, CI 95% 1 - 6.13, P = 0.044) and a negative association (OR = 0.38, CI 95% 0.18 - 0.79, P = 0.01) between feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection and IFAT positivity for Leishmania spp. Therefore, it is concluded that the seroprevalence found was greater than 10%, indicating contact of the protozoan with cats in the region served.