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Bradshaw JL, Wilson EN, Gardner JJ, Mabry S, Tucker SM, Rybalchenko N, Vera E, Goulopoulou S, Cunningham RL. Pregnancy-induced oxidative stress and inflammation are not associated with impaired maternal neuronal activity or memory function. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 327:R35-R45. [PMID: 38708544 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00026.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Pregnancy is associated with neural and behavioral plasticity, systemic inflammation, and oxidative stress, yet the impact of inflammation and oxidative stress on maternal neural and behavioral plasticity during pregnancy is unclear. We hypothesized that healthy pregnancy transiently reduces learning and memory and these deficits are associated with pregnancy-induced elevations in inflammation and oxidative stress. Cognitive performance was tested with novel object recognition (recollective memory), Morris water maze (spatial memory), and open field (anxiety-like) behavior tasks in female Sprague-Dawley rats of varying reproductive states [nonpregnant (nulliparous), pregnant (near term), and 1-2 mo after pregnancy (primiparous); n = 7 or 8/group]. Plasma and CA1 proinflammatory cytokines were measured with a MILLIPLEX magnetic bead assay. Plasma oxidative stress was measured via advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) assay. CA1 markers of oxidative stress, neuronal activity, and apoptosis were quantified via Western blot analysis. Our results demonstrate that CA1 oxidative stress-associated markers were elevated in pregnant compared with nulliparous rats (P ≤ 0.017) but there were equivalent levels in pregnant and primiparous rats. In contrast, reproductive state did not impact CA1 inflammatory cytokines, neuronal activity, or apoptosis. Likewise, there was no effect of reproductive state on recollective or spatial memory. Even so, spatial learning was impaired (P ≤ 0.007) whereas anxiety-like behavior (P ≤ 0.034) was reduced in primiparous rats. Overall, our data suggest that maternal hippocampal CA1 is protected from systemic inflammation but vulnerable to peripartum oxidative stress. Peripartum oxidative stress elevations, such as in pregnancy complications, may contribute to peripartum neural and behavioral plasticity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Healthy pregnancy is associated with elevated maternal systemic and brain oxidative stress. During postpregnancy, brain oxidative stress remains elevated whereas systemic oxidative stress is resolved. This sustained maternal brain oxidative stress is associated with learning impairments and decreased anxiety-like behavior during the postpregnancy period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Bradshaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - E Nicole Wilson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Jennifer J Gardner
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Steve Mabry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Selina M Tucker
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Nataliya Rybalchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Edward Vera
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Styliani Goulopoulou
- Lawrence D. Longo Center for Perinatal Biology, Departments of Basic Sciences, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States
| | - Rebecca L Cunningham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
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2
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Bjertrup AJ, Jahn FS, Schütt Hansen L, Miskowiak KW. Affective cognition in response to infant stimuli in pregnant compared with non-pregnant women. Women Health 2024; 64:427-439. [PMID: 38804120 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2024.2349562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Physiological, neurocognitive, and psychological changes facilitates adaptation to motherhood. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine differences between pregnant and non-pregnant women in affective cognitive and psychophysiological responses to infant stimuli. We hypothesized that pregnant women would display (I) reduced negative emotional reactivity and perception of distressed infant stimuli, (II) increased attention toward infants compared to adults, and (III) greater psychophysiological response to infant distress. The sample comprised 22 pregnant women (22-38 weeks gestation) and 18 non-pregnant nulliparous women. Four computerized tasks were administered to measure affective cognitive processing of infant stimuli, while recording facial expressions, electrodermal activity, and eye gazes. Results indicated that pregnant women exhibited fewer negative facial expressions, reported less frustration when exposed to distressed infant cries, and showed greater attention to emotional infant faces compared to non-pregnant women, but the differences did not remain statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons. No differences were observed in psychophysiological responses. The findings indicate a possible pregnancy-mediated effect regarding the cognitive processing of infant stimuli, potentially as preparation for motherhood. Future research with larger samples and longitudinal design is needed to understand the predictors, timing, and plasticity of cognitive changes during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Juul Bjertrup
- Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders (NEAD) Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frida Simon Jahn
- Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders (NEAD) Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Schütt Hansen
- Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders (NEAD) Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamilla Woznica Miskowiak
- Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders (NEAD) Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Raz S. Comprehensive assessment of memory function, inhibitory control, neural activity, and cortisol levels in late pregnancy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2024; 1535:42-61. [PMID: 38622960 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
A considerable proportion of women subjectively perceive a detriment to their cognitive capacity during pregnancy, with decreased memory functions being the most frequently self-reported concerns. However, objective investigation of these perceived cognitive deficits has yielded inconsistent results. This study focused on memory functions during late pregnancy using multiple tasks designed to assess various memory indices, for example, working memory, learning rate, immediate recall, proactive and retroactive interference, delayed recall, retrieval efficiency, visuospatial constructional ability, recognition, and executive function. Additionally, sustained attention and inhibitory control were examined using a combined recognition stop-signal task. Electrophysiological brain activity during this task was recorded using a 128-channel electroencephalographic-event-related potential system. Salivary cortisol levels were assessed both prior to and following the experimental session. In contrast to the widely held belief, results demonstrated that women in late pregnancy did not exhibit a decline in their performance across the various memory tests. In terms of accuracy, there was not a single task in which poorer performance was found for pregnant women. The quality of memory performance was comparable, and in some cases even superior, among women in the pregnancy group. On the stop-signal task, pregnant women exhibited significantly better performance, and their electrophysiological data revealed greater centrally distributed P300 amplitude to "stop" signs, which may signify an enhanced neural efficiency in the domains of inhibitory executive control. Endocrine results revealed that pregnant women exhibited significantly lower levels of salivary cortisol, suggesting an attenuation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity, which may contribute to the optimization of fetal development and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Raz
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, The Center for Psychobiological Research, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Emek Yezreel, Israel
- Department of Psychology, Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
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4
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Sun J, Cui N, Shao D, Li J, Zhang H, Li J, Zhang X, Cao F. Association between trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms and length of hospital stay, hospitalization costs, and adverse maternal and infantile outcomes: A longitudinal observational study. Stress Health 2024; 40:e3291. [PMID: 37439545 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the trajectories of perinatal depression and their relationship with length of hospital stay (LOS), hospitalization costs, and adverse maternal and infantile outcomes. This longitudinal observational study included 525 participants. Perinatal depressive symptoms were assessed at four waves (from the first trimester to the postpartum period). LOS, hospitalization costs, and adverse maternal (sleep, fatigue, anxiety, perceived stress, and memory problems) and infantile outcomes of participants were obtained from medical records and self-reported questionnaires. Trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms were explored with latent class growth analysis. Associations between trajectories and adverse maternal and infant outcomes were explored with multiple linear regression and binary logistic regression models. The participants' average age was 29.6 ± 3.9 years. Five heterogeneous developmental trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms were identified as follows: high-level (7.05%), moderate-increasing (12%), remission (15.05%), moderate-level (37.14%), and low-level (28.76%). The average LOS was 5.78 ± 2.13 days, and the average hospitalization costs were 12,695.27 ± 5457.51 yuan. Compared with the trajectory of low-level depressive symptoms, the LOS, hospitalization costs, and likelihood of adverse outcomes of women with high-level and moderate-increasing depressive symptom trajectories increased. The findings capture the heterogeneity of perinatal depression in Chinese women. Women in the moderate-increasing and high-level trajectory groups had longer LOS, more hospitalization costs, and poor birth outcomes. Elucidating the trajectories of perinatal depression and their relationship with maternal and infant health outcomes provides important insights into the development of person-centred care planning for women during pregnancy and postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Sun
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Naixue Cui
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Di Shao
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiahuan Li
- School of Health and Nursing, Zhenjiang College, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fenglin Cao
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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5
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Barth C, Crestol A, de Lange AMG, Galea LAM. Sex steroids and the female brain across the lifespan: insights into risk of depression and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023; 11:926-941. [PMID: 37865102 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread sex differences in prevalence and presentation of numerous illnesses affecting the human brain, there has been little focus on the effect of endocrine ageing. Most preclinical studies have focused on males only, and clinical studies often analyse data by covarying for sex, ignoring relevant differences between the sexes. This sex- (and gender)-neutral approach is biased and contributes to the absence of targeted treatments and services for all sexes (and genders). Female health has been historically understudied, with grave consequences for their wellbeing and health equity. In this Review, we spotlight female brain health across the lifespan by informing on the role of sex steroids, particularly oestradiol, on the female brain and on risk for diseases more prevalent in females, such as depression and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Barth
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Arielle Crestol
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ann-Marie G de Lange
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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6
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Sandoval IK, Ngoh G, Wu J, Crowley MJ, Rutherford HJV. EEG coherence before and after giving birth. Brain Res 2023; 1816:148468. [PMID: 37336317 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy and the postpartum period, changes in brain volume and in motivational, sensory, cognitive, and emotional processes have been described. However, to date, longitudinal modifications of brain function have been understudied. To explore regional cortical coupling, in pregnancy and at 3 months postpartum, we analyzed resting-state electroencephalographic (EEG) coherence in the delta, theta, alpha1, alpha2, beta1, and beta2 frequency bands across frontal and parietal regions of the maternal brain (Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, P3, and P4). We found that from pregnancy to the postpartum period, mothers showed less intrahemispheric EEG coherence between the frontal and parietal regions in the alpha1 and alpha2 bands, as well as greater interhemispheric EEG coherence between frontopolar regions in the beta2 band. These changes suggest decreased inhibition of neural circuits. These neurophysiological changes may represent an adaptive process characteristic of motherhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gwendolyn Ngoh
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jia Wu
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Baxter A, Karaskiewicz CL, Campbell LA, Kinnally EL, Ferrer E, Seelke AHM, Freeman SM, Bales KL. Parental experience is linked with lower vasopressin receptor 1a binding and decreased postpartum androgens in titi monkeys. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13304. [PMID: 37267441 PMCID: PMC10521943 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Parenting induces many neurological and behavioral changes that enable parents to rear offspring. Vasopressin plays an important role in this process via its effects on cognition, affect, and neuroplasticity, and in some cases, via interactions with decreased parental androgens. Thus far, the role of these hormones has been primarily studied in rodents. To address this gap, we explored vasopressin receptors and androgens in titi monkeys, a pair-bonding and biparental primate species. In Studies 1 and 2, we used receptor autoradiography to correlate arginine vasopressin receptor 1a (AVPR1a) binding in the hippocampus (Study 1, n = 10) and the rest of the forebrain (Study 2, n = 23) with parental status, parental experience, parity, infant carrying, and pair affiliation. We found that parents exhibited lower AVPR1a binding than non-parents throughout most brain regions assessed, with especially strong effects in the hippocampus (β = -.61), superior colliculus (β = -.88), lateral septum (β = -.35), and medial preoptic area (β = -.29). The other measures of parental experience also tended to be negatively associated with AVPR1a binding across different brain regions. In Study 3 (n = 44), we compared pre- and postpartum urinary androgen levels in parents and non-parents and found that mothers exhibited a sustained androgen decrease across 3-4 months postpartum (relative to 3 months prepartum; β ranged from -.72 to -.62 for different comparisons). For males, we found that multiparous fathers exhibited decreased androgen levels at 1-2 weeks postpartum (β = -.25) and at 3-4 months postpartum (β = -.40) compared to the prepartum, indicating both immediate and long-term reductions with subsequent paternal experience. Together, the results of this study suggest that decreases in AVPR1a binding and circulating androgens are associated with parental behavior and physiology in titi monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Baxter
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
- California National Primate Research Center
| | - Chloe L. Karaskiewicz
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
- California National Primate Research Center
| | - Lindsey A. Campbell
- California National Primate Research Center
- Department of Animal Biology, University of California, Davis
| | - Erin L. Kinnally
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
- California National Primate Research Center
| | - Emilio Ferrer
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
| | - Adele H. M. Seelke
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
- California National Primate Research Center
| | - Sara M. Freeman
- California National Primate Research Center
- Utah State University, Department of Biology
| | - Karen L. Bales
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
- California National Primate Research Center
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis
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8
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Puri TA, Richard JE, Galea LAM. Beyond sex differences: short- and long-term effects of pregnancy on the brain. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:459-471. [PMID: 37120339 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Growing attention has been directed to the inclusion of females in neuroscience studies, and to the importance of studying sex as a biological variable. However, how female-specific factors such as menopause and pregnancy, affect the brain remains understudied. In this review, we use pregnancy as a case in point of a female-unique experience that can alter neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, and cognition. We examine studies in both humans and rodents indicating that pregnancy can modify neural function in the short term, as well as alter the trajectory of brain aging. Furthermore, we discuss the influence of maternal age, fetal sex, number of pregnancies, and presence of pregnancy complications on brain health outcomes. We conclude by encouraging the scientific community to prioritize researching female health by recognizing and including factors such as pregnancy history in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi A Puri
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer E Richard
- Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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9
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Orchard ER, Rutherford HJV, Holmes AJ, Jamadar SD. Matrescence: lifetime impact of motherhood on cognition and the brain. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:302-316. [PMID: 36609018 PMCID: PMC9957969 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Profound environmental, hormonal, and neurobiological changes mark the transition to motherhood as a major biosocial life event. Despite the ubiquity of motherhood, the enduring impact of caregiving on cognition and the brain across the lifespan is not well characterized and represents a unique window of opportunity to investigate human neural and cognitive development. By integrating insights from the human and animal maternal brain literatures with theories of cognitive ageing, we outline a framework for understanding maternal neural and cognitive changes across the lifespan. We suggest that the increased cognitive load of motherhood provides an initial challenge during the peripartum period, requiring continuous adaptation; yet when these demands are sustained across the lifespan, they result in increased late-life cognitive reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwina R Orchard
- Yale Child Study Center, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | | - Avram J Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sharna D Jamadar
- Turner Institute of Brain and Mental Health & Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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10
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Tsutaya T, Mizushima N. Evolutionary biological perspectives on current social issues of breastfeeding and weaning. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36815441 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Breastfeeding and weaning are actively studied from evolutionary, medical, and social research perspectives because of their close association with infant mortality, lifetime health, and human population dynamics. Each discipline benefits from an interdisciplinary exchange of knowledge regarding the bases, processes, and consequences of these phenomena. However, current social issues related to breastfeeding and weaning have received little attention from an evolutionary biology perspective. We address this gap by reviewing current social issues related to human breastfeeding and weaning in an evolutionary framework. This approach helps build a conceptual framework with the goal of better understanding ultimate causes of or influences on these current social issues. The six social issues reviewed here fall into three categories: the spatiotemporal constraints of breastfeeding, abuse of breast milk as valuable material, and mismatch in breastfeeding practices. Some of these issues have an evolutionary basis. We analyze the structure of these social issues and discuss their possible solutions in terms of extension of the trade-off theory in evolutionary biology. Our discussion on the current social issues in breastfeeding and weaning highlights the effectiveness of an approach rooted in evolutionary theory and biological anthropology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Tsutaya
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, Research Center for Integrative Evolutionary Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nozomi Mizushima
- Department of Social System Design, Eikei University of Hiroshima, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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11
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Sklivanioti Greenfield M, Wang Y, Msghina M. Similarities and differences in the induction and regulation of the negative emotions fear and disgust: A functional near infrared spectroscopy study. Scand J Psychol 2022; 63:581-593. [PMID: 35634652 PMCID: PMC9796661 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Affective processing, including induction and regulation of emotion, activates neural networks, induces physiological responses, and generates subjective experience. Dysregulation of these processes can lead to maladaptive behavior and even psychiatric morbidity. Multimodal studies of emotion thus not only help elucidate the nature of emotion, but also contribute to important clinical insights. In the present study, we compared the induction (EI) and effortful regulation (ER) with reappraisal of fear and disgust in healthy subjects using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in conjunction with electrodermal activity (EDA). During EI, there was significant activation in medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) for fear and more widespread activation for disgust, with right lateral PFC significantly more active during disgust compared to fear. ER was equally effective for fear and disgust reducing subjective emotion rating by roughly 45%. Compared to baseline, there was no increased PFC activity for fear during ER, while for disgust lateral PFC was significantly more active. Significant differences between the two negative emotions were also observed in sympathetic nerve activity as reflected in EDA during EI, but not during ER. Lastly, compared to men, women had higher emotion rating for both fear and disgust without corresponding differences in EDA. In conclusion, in the present study we show that emotion induction was associated with differential activation in both PFC and sympathetic nerve activity for fear and disgust. These differences were however less prominent during emotion regulation. We discuss the potential interpretation of our results and their implications regarding our understanding of negative emotion processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanlu Wang
- Department of Clinical ScienceIntervention, and Technology, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden,MR Physics, Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear MedicineKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Mussie Msghina
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience (CNS)Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden,Faculty of Medicine and HealthÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
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12
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Canjels LPW, Ghossein-Doha C, Alers RJ, Rutten S, van den Kerkhof M, Schiffer VMMM, Mulder E, Gerretsen SC, Aldenkamp AP, Hurks PPM, van de Ven V, Spaanderman MEA, Jansen JFA, Backes WH. Functional connectivity of limbic system and prefrontal cortex years after pre-eclampsia: 7-Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging study. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2022; 60:532-540. [PMID: 35502135 DOI: 10.1002/uog.24928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pre-eclampsia is a vascular complication of pregnancy, associated with a long-term risk of cerebrovascular and mental disorders. We explored whether formerly pre-eclamptic women exhibit differences in functional brain organization, especially in regions that may explain the commonly reported emotional symptoms and cognitive complaints even years after the pregnancy. METHODS Formerly pre-eclamptic women and control women with a history of normotensive pregnancy underwent structural and functional 7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scans. Using graph theoretical analysis, the efficiency and clustering coefficient of the functional brain network were investigated. The study included local analysis focusing on particular brain structures, such as the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex, and global analysis of the whole cerebrum. Univariable and multivariable linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between brain network-related graph measures and the group (formerly pre-eclamptic or control). RESULTS A total of 17 control parous women and 55 women with a history of pre-eclampsia were recruited. The time intervals between the index pregnancy and recruitment were 8.0 and 5.6 years for the two groups, respectively. Compared with control women, formerly pre-eclamptic women had higher local efficiency in the prefrontal cortex (P = 0.048) and anterior cingulate cortex (P = 0.03) but lower local efficiency and local clustering coefficient in the amygdala (P = 0.004 and P = 0.02, respectively) and parahippocampal cortex (P = 0.007 and P = 0.008, respectively). No differences were found in the global functional brain organization. CONCLUSIONS Compared to controls with a history of normotensive pregnancy, formerly pre-eclamptic women displayed a different local functional brain organization. These differences in functional connectivity, especially in the limbic regions and the prefrontal cortex, are in line with the psychological and cognitive complaints reported commonly by women with a history of pre-eclampsia. © 2022 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P W Canjels
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- MHeNs, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C Ghossein-Doha
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- CARIM, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R J Alers
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S Rutten
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Scannexus Ultra-High Field MRI Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M van den Kerkhof
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- MHeNs, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - V M M M Schiffer
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E Mulder
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S C Gerretsen
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A P Aldenkamp
- MHeNs, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe/Maastricht UMC+, Heeze and Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P P M Hurks
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - V van de Ven
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M E A Spaanderman
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J F A Jansen
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- MHeNs, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - W H Backes
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- MHeNs, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- CARIM, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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13
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Orchard ER, Ward PGD, Egan GF, Jamadar SD. Evidence of Subjective, But Not Objective, Cognitive Deficit in New Mothers at 1-Year Postpartum. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2022; 31:1087-1096. [PMID: 35980243 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2021.0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The experience and even existence of cognitive deficits in the postpartum period is uncertain, with only a few scientific studies, reporting inconsistent results. Methods: In this study, we investigate cognition in 86 women (43 first-time mothers 1 year postpartum and 43 non-mothers). Results: Mothers and non-mothers showed no significant differences on measures of objective cognition (verbal memory, working memory, and processing speed or theory of mind). Despite the absence of objective differences, mothers self-reported significantly worse subjective memory than non-mothers. To interpret the difference between objective and subjective measures of memory, we investigated relationships between subjective memory, objective memory, and wellbeing. Mothers, but not non-mothers, showed a positive correlation between subjective and objective measures of memory, indicating mothers are "in-tune" with their memory performance. Mothers also demonstrated a positive relationship between subjective memory and wellbeing (sleep, anxiety, and depression), where better wellbeing correlated with higher subjective memory. This relationship was not apparent in non-mothers. The results suggest that poorer sleep, higher anxiety, and higher depression are related to reports of poorer self-reported memory in mothers. Conclusion: Our results add to our growing understanding of maternal cognition at 1 year postpartum, with no evidence of cognitive differences between mothers and non-mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwina R Orchard
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, Australia.,Yale Child Study Center, School of Medicine, Yale University, Connecticut, USA
| | - Phillip G D Ward
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, Australia
| | - Gary F Egan
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, Australia
| | - Sharna D Jamadar
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, Australia
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14
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Zhang J, Zhang T, Chen YC, Chen H, Feng Y, Tang WW, Zheng JX. Decreased brain functional connectivity associated with cognitive dysfunction in women with second pregnancy. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:963943. [PMID: 36072487 PMCID: PMC9444322 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.963943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previous research has found that women with second pregnancy may have an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction. This study aims to investigate the intrinsic functional connectivity (FC) pattern of the DMN anchored on posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in postpartum women, especially the parous women using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Methods Twenty parous women, 26 primiparous women, and 30 nulliparous women were included for rs-fMRI scan. They were age and education well matched. A seed based FC method was conducted to reveal FC patterns with other brain regions using a region of interest in the PCC. The relationships between FC patterns and cognitive performance were further detected. Results Relative to primiparous women, parous women had significantly decreased FC primarily between the PCC and the right middle frontal gyrus and right parahippocampal gyrus. The decreased FC to the right parahippocampal gyrus in parous women was positively associated with the reduced DST scores (rho = 0.524, p = 0.031). Moreover, parous women compared with nulliparous women showed significantly decreased FC between the PCC and the left superior frontal gyrus and left middle frontal gyrus. The reduced FC to the left superior frontal gyrus in parous women was also positively associated with the lower DST scores (rho = 0.550, p = 0.022). Conclusion Our result highlights that women with second pregnancy revealed decreased FC between the DMN regions with the parahippocampal gyrus and prefrontal cortex, which was correlated with specific impaired cognitive function. This study may provide new insights into the neuropathological mechanisms of postpartum cognitive impairment and enhance our understanding of the neurobiological aspects during postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Yuhua Hospital, Yuhua Branch of Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Chen Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiyou Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Feng
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Wei Tang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Wen-Wei Tang,
| | - Jin-Xia Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jin-Xia Zheng,
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15
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Raghunath BL, Sng KHL, Chen SHA, Vijayaragavan V, Gulyás B, Setoh P, Esposito G. Stronger brain activation for own baby but similar activation toward babies of own and different ethnicities in parents living in a multicultural environment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10988. [PMID: 35768627 PMCID: PMC9243063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific facial features in infants automatically elicit attention, affection, and nurturing behaviour of adults, known as the baby schema effect. There is also an innate tendency to categorize people into in-group and out-group members based on salient features such as ethnicity. Societies are becoming increasingly multi-cultural and multi-ethnic, and there are limited investigations into the underlying neural mechanism of the baby schema effect in a multi-ethnic context. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine parents' (N = 27) neural responses to (a) non-own ethnic in-group and out-group infants, (b) non-own in-group and own infants, and (c) non-own out-group and own infants. Parents showed similar brain activations, regardless of ethnicity and kinship, in regions associated with attention, reward processing, empathy, memory, goal-directed action planning, and social cognition. The same regions were activated to a higher degree when viewing the parents' own infant. These findings contribute further understanding to the dynamics of baby schema effect in an increasingly interconnected social world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindiya Lakshmi Raghunath
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kelly Hwee Leng Sng
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S H Annabel Chen
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Research and Development in Learning (CRADLE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Office of Educational Research, National Institute of Education, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vimalan Vijayaragavan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Balázs Gulyás
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peipei Setoh
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.
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16
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Liakea I, K. C. A, Bränn E, Fransson E, Sundström Poromaa I, Papadopoulos FC, Skalkidou A. Working Memory During Late Pregnancy: Associations With Antepartum and Postpartum Depression Symptoms. Front Glob Womens Health 2022; 3:820353. [PMID: 35284907 PMCID: PMC8904422 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2022.820353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies, with conflicting results, report on the association between memory performance and depressive symptoms during the perinatal period. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether memory performance during late pregnancy is associated with antepartum (APD) and postpartum depression (PPD) symptoms. Method We conducted a prospective follow-up of 283 pregnant women, nested within a large cohort of women enrolled in the BASIC study in Uppsala University hospital between 2009 and 2019. The Wechsler Digit Span Task (forward-DSF, backward-DSB and total score-DST) was performed to evaluate short-term memory/attention (DSF) and working memory (DSB) around the 38th gestational week; the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), evaluating depressive symptoms, was filled out at 17, 32, 38 gestational weeks, as well as at 6 weeks postpartum. Unadjusted and multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association between performance on the Digit Span Task and outcome, namely depressive symptoms (using a cut-off of 12 points on the EPDS) at 38 gestational weeks, as well as at 6 weeks postpartum. Results APD symptoms were not significantly associated with DSF (p = 0.769) or DSB (p = 0.360). APD symptoms were significantly associated with PPD symptoms (p < 0.001). Unadjusted regression modeling showed that DSF in pregnancy was a significant predictor of PPD symptoms (OR 1.15; 95% CI, 1.00, 1.33, p = 0.049), and remained a significant predictor when adjusted for confounders (education and feeling rested at assessment; OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.03, 1.42, p = 0.022). DSF was a predictor of PPD symptoms only for women without a pre-pregnancy history of depression (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.04, 1.67, p = 0.024) and also those without APD (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.01, 1.43, p = 0.040). Conclusion There was no significant association between working and short-term memory performance and APD symptoms. Among all women, but especially non-depressed earlier in life and/or at antepartum, those scoring high on the forward memory test, i.e., short-term memory, had a higher risk for PPD. Future studies are required to further explore the pathophysiology behind and the predictive value of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Liakea
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Iliana Liakea
| | - Ashish K. C.
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emma Bränn
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emma Fransson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Alkistis Skalkidou
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Pawluski JL, Hoekzema E, Leuner B, Lonstein JS. Less can be more: Fine tuning the maternal brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 133:104475. [PMID: 34864004 PMCID: PMC8807930 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PAWLUSKI, J.L., Hoekzema, E., Leuner, B., and Lonstein, J.S. Less can be more: Fine tuning the maternal brain. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV (129) XXX-XXX, 2022. Plasticity in the female brain across the lifespan has recently become a growing field of scientific inquiry. This has led to the understanding that the transition to motherhood is marked by some of the most significant changes in brain plasticity in the adult female brain. Perhaps unexpectedly, plasticity occurring in the maternal brain often involves a decrease in brain volume, neurogenesis and glial cell density that presumably optimizes caregiving and other postpartum behaviors. This review summarizes what we know of the 'fine-tuning' of the female brain that accompanies motherhood and highlights the implications of these changes for maternal neurobehavioral health. The first part of the review summarizes structural and functional brain changes in humans during pregnancy and postpartum period with the remainder of the review focusing on neural and glial plasticity during the peripartum period in animal models. The aim of this review is to provide a clear understanding of when 'less is more' in maternal brain plasticity and where future research can focus to improve our understanding of the unique brain plasticity occurring during matrescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L. Pawluski
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France.,Corresponding author: Jodi L. Pawluski, University of Rennes 1, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Elseline Hoekzema
- Brain and Development Laboratory, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Hoekzema Lab, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benedetta Leuner
- The Ohio State University, Department of Psychology & Department of Neuroscience Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joseph S. Lonstein
- Neuroscience Program & Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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18
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Martínez-García M, Paternina-Die M, Desco M, Vilarroya O, Carmona S. Characterizing the Brain Structural Adaptations Across the Motherhood Transition. Front Glob Womens Health 2021; 2:742775. [PMID: 34816246 PMCID: PMC8593951 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2021.742775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Women that become mothers face notable physiological adaptations during this life-period. Neuroimaging studies of the last decade have provided grounded evidence that women's brains structurally change across the transition into motherhood. The characterization of this brain remodeling is currently in its early years of research. The current article reviews this scientific field by focusing on our longitudinal (pre-to-post pregnancy) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) studies in first-time parents and other longitudinal and cross-sectional studies of parents. We present the questions that are currently being answered by the parental brain literature and point out those that have not yet been explored. We also highlight potential confounding variables that need to be considered when analyzing and interpreting brain changes observed during motherhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Martínez-García
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Paternina-Die
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Vilarroya
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susanna Carmona
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
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19
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Amiel Castro R, Kunovac Kallak T, Sundström Poromaa I, Willebrand M, Lager S, Ehlert U, Skalkidou A. Pregnancy-related hormones and COMT genotype: Associations with maternal working memory. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 132:105361. [PMID: 34333317 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Women experience different degrees of subjective cognitive changes during pregnancy. The exact mechanism underlying these changes is unknown, although endocrine alterations and genetics may be contributing factors. We investigated whether multiple pregnancy-related hormones were associated with working memory function assessed with the Digit Span Test (DST) in late pregnancy. Moreover, we examined whether the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genotype, previously related to working memory, was an effect modifier in this association. In this population-based panel study, we recorded psychiatric history, medication use, socio-demographic characteristics, and psychological well-being, gathered blood and saliva samples, and administered the DST at gestational weeks 35-39 (N = 216). We conducted multivariate linear regressions with DST as outcome, with different hormones and COMT genotype, adjusting for covariates including maternal age, BMI, education, depressive symptoms, and parity. We repeated these analyses excluding women with elevated depressive symptoms. Higher DST total scores were associated with increased free estradiol concentrations (B = 0.01, p = 0.03; B = 0.01, p = 0.02) in all participants and in participants without depressive symptoms, respectively, whereas DST forward was positively associated with free estradiol only in women without depressive symptoms (B = 0.01, p = 0.04). Lower total testosterone concentrations (B = -0.03, p = 0.01) enhanced DST backward performance in non-depressed women. Maternal higher education was significantly associated with the DST subscales in all participants. No significant differences emerged when considering the COMT genotype. Our results suggest differential associations of free estradiol and total testosterone levels with working memory function in late pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Amiel Castro
- University of Zurich, Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Binzmühlestrasse 14/26, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Theodora Kunovac Kallak
- Uppsala University, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14B, 1 tr, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Inger Sundström Poromaa
- Uppsala University, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14B, 1 tr, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mimmie Willebrand
- Uppsala University, Department of Neuroscience, Akademiska sjukhuset 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Lager
- Uppsala University, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14B, 1 tr, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrike Ehlert
- University of Zurich, Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Binzmühlestrasse 14/26, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alkistis Skalkidou
- Uppsala University, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14B, 1 tr, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Blount AJ, Adams CR, Anderson-Berry AL, Hanson C, Schneider K, Pendyala G. Biopsychosocial Factors during the Perinatal Period: Risks, Preventative Factors, and Implications for Healthcare Professionals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8206. [PMID: 34360498 PMCID: PMC8346061 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Women face risks to their wellbeing during the perinatal period of pregnancy. However, there is a dearth of information on perinatal risk factors within the biopsychosocial paradigm. Emphasis is often placed on biological components associated with pregnancy and women's health. However, psychological and social determinants of health are integral during the perinatal period, and mental wellness is often a determinant for positive maternal and neonatal health outcomes. This article reviews risk factors of perinatal wellness (e.g., physical and nutritional concerns, trauma, discrimination, adverse childhood events) and highlights protective factors for women in their perinatal period. Healthcare professionals can support perinatal health by focusing on culturally and contextually appropriate research and prevention, providing equal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare information and services, providing quality education and training for helping professionals, and supporting policies for positive sexual and reproductive women's healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J. Blount
- Department of Counseling, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA; (C.R.A.); (K.S.)
| | - Charmayne R. Adams
- Department of Counseling, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA; (C.R.A.); (K.S.)
| | - Ann L. Anderson-Berry
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Corrine Hanson
- Medical Nutrition Education Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Kara Schneider
- Department of Counseling, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA; (C.R.A.); (K.S.)
| | - Gurudutt Pendyala
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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21
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Puertas-Gonzalez JA, Mariño-Narvaez C, Romero-Gonzalez B, Peralta-Ramirez MI. Giving birth during a pandemic: From elation to psychopathology. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2021; 155:466-474. [PMID: 34185330 PMCID: PMC9087627 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective To compare the postpartum psychopathological symptoms of women who gave birth before the pandemic with those who gave birth during the pandemic. Methods A total of 212 women participated in the study, of which 96 gave birth before the pandemic and 116 during the pandemic. Psychopathological symptoms, postpartum depression, perceived stress, and resilience were evaluated. Results Women who gave birth during the pandemic had higher scores on somatization, obsessions and compulsions, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, and psychoticism. In addition, perceived stress was the common predictor of an increase in these symptoms. Conclusion Postpartum is a complicated period in a woman's life. Many psychological adaptations take place and women may be subject to psychological alterations during this period. In addition, women who gave birth during the COVID‐19 crisis may show greater psychological vulnerability, due to the specific situation experienced during the pandemic. The COVID‐19 pandemic may have played a role in the increase in psychopathological symptoms after childbirth. Detecting possible symptoms postpartum plays a crucial role, because it allows intervening and preventing the development of psychopathologies. Women who gave birth during the pandemic had higher scores for somatization, obsessions and compulsions, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, and psychoticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Puertas-Gonzalez
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain.,Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment Department, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Borja Romero-Gonzalez
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Education, Campus Duques de Soria, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Peralta-Ramirez
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain.,Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment Department, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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22
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Carrizo E, Domini J, Quezada RYJ, Serra SV, Soria EA, Miranda AR. [Variations of the cognitive status in the puerperium and their determinants: a narrative review]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2021; 25:3321-3334. [PMID: 32785563 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232020258.26232018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurobiological modifications that women experience during the puerperium, together with the consequent psychosocial changes, lead to variations in cognitive functions. In order to describe the cognitive variations that occur during postpartum and the determining factors, a narrative review was conducted by means of a bibliographic search in PubMed and Google Scholar. A steady increase in the number of published works was located (PubMed = 186; Google Scholar = 26,730). The analysis of the articles made it possible to: a) characterize the cognitive functions during the puerperium; b) analyze the neuropsychological effects produced by the endocrinological and anatomophysiological changes; c) analyze the effect of the quality of sleep on cognition; d) analyze cognitive functions according to obstetric experiences. In conclusion, puerperal women are characterized by variations in their cognitive functions, which are determined by structural, functional, psychological and social changes. It is necessary to conduct neuropsychological research in this population, since postpartum care still focuses on the care of the newborn, without addressing the puerperal woman in a comprehensive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Carrizo
- Escuela de Fonoaudiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Av. La Reforma, Ciudad Universitaria. 5014 Córdoba Argentina.
| | - Julia Domini
- Escuela de Fonoaudiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Av. La Reforma, Ciudad Universitaria. 5014 Córdoba Argentina.
| | - Ruth Yohana Julieta Quezada
- Escuela de Fonoaudiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Av. La Reforma, Ciudad Universitaria. 5014 Córdoba Argentina.
| | - Silvana Valeria Serra
- Escuela de Fonoaudiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Av. La Reforma, Ciudad Universitaria. 5014 Córdoba Argentina.
| | - Elio Andrés Soria
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Córdoba Argentina
| | - Agustín Ramiro Miranda
- Escuela de Fonoaudiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Av. La Reforma, Ciudad Universitaria. 5014 Córdoba Argentina.
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Abstract
To determine whether there are differences in measures of cognitive function between second and third trimester pregnant women compared to non-pregnant controls. This prospective study comprised 40 pregnant and 40 non-pregnant women, 20–40 years old, native-Hebrew speakers who were recruited from the outpatient clinics during a period of nearly 2 years. The patients underwent cognitive and affective evaluation. The performance on the three following tests: difficult and total items of Verbal Paired Associates, the Digit Span—forward and the Naming Objects and Fingers test scores were significantly better among non- pregnant women. All the other test results were similar between the two groups, including the depression scores. On multivariate linear regression analysis, after adjusting for age and years of education , Verbal Paired Associates total score (p = 0.04), and Naming Objects and Fingers (p = 0.01) remained significantly associated with pregnancy, but not Digit Span (p = 0.09). Our study demonstrates an impairment in memory among pregnant women. Furthermore language skills, particularly naming, were also impaired, a finding which has not been previously described.
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Bak Y, Nah Y, Han S, Lee SK, Kim J, Shin NY. Neural correlates of empathy for babies in postpartum women: A longitudinal study. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:3295-3304. [PMID: 33939212 PMCID: PMC8193525 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the empathic response of postpartum women to babies in pain and the underlying neural mechanism. Postpartum women responded with more empathy and speed to babies over other stimuli compared to controls. Brain scans taken 3 months after birth showed more elevated activation in the Middle cingulate cortex/middle frontal gyrus (MCC/MFG) than the controls regardless of the task condition. When compared to the adult and neutral conditions, the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) region was consistently more activated when postpartum women saw babies than controls. In addition, higher activation levels in the PCC region for the baby condition significantly correlated with faster and more empathic responses to babies. Considering that PCC is a core region for the theory of mind or mentalizing which requires cognitive reasoning to understand others, these results suggest that PCC might be a pivotal neural locus facilitating cognitive efforts to empathize with babies during the postpartum period. In a follow‐up experiment at 12 months after birth, we were still able to observe higher activity in the MCC/MFG of postpartum women. However, previously observed PCC activation patterns disappeared 12 months after birth, despite the women's response patterns to babies still being maintained. These results suggest that the mentalizing process activated to empathize with babies in the early postpartum period becomes less cognitively demanding over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjin Bak
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoonjin Nah
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sanghoon Han
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Koo Lee
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiwoong Kim
- Department of Computational Mathematics Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Na-Young Shin
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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25
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Schnakenberg P, Jo HG, Stickel S, Habel U, Eickhoff SB, Brodkin ES, Goecke TW, Votinov M, Chechko N. The early postpartum period - Differences between women with and without a history of depression. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 136:109-116. [PMID: 33588224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a highly recurrent disorder. When in remission, it affords an important opportunity to understand the state-independent neurobiological alterations, as well as the socio-demographic characteristics, that likely contribute to the recurrence of major depressive disorder (MDD). The present study examined 110 euthymic women in their early postpartum period. A comparison was made between participants with (n = 20) and without (n = 90) a history of MDD by means of a multimodal approach including an fMRI experiment, assessment of hair cortisol concentration (HCC) and a clinical anamnestic interview. Women with a personal history of MDD were found to have decreased resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) between the lateral parietal cortex (LPC) and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and their Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores were significantly higher shortly after childbirth. More often than not, these women also had a family history of MDD. While women with no history of depression showed a negative association between hair cortisol concentration (HCC) and gray matter volume (GMV) in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC), the opposite trend was seen in women with a history of depression. This implies that women with remitted depression show distinctive neural phenotypes with subclinical residual symptoms, which likely predispose them to later depressive episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Schnakenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Han-Gue Jo
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; School of Computer, Information and Communication Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, South Korea
| | - Susanne Stickel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine: JARA-Institute Brain Structure Function Relationship (INM 10), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ute Habel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine: JARA-Institute Brain Structure Function Relationship (INM 10), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Edward S Brodkin
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Mikhail Votinov
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine: JARA-Institute Brain Structure Function Relationship (INM 10), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Natalia Chechko
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine: JARA-Institute Brain Structure Function Relationship (INM 10), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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26
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Pieters S, Brett BE, Beijers R, Kessels RPC, de Weerth C. Working memory from pregnancy to postpartum: Do women really change? Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 126:105169. [PMID: 33611134 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies indicate that pregnancy is associated with declines in working memory (WM), potentially due to intense pregnancy hormonal fluctuations. These declines extend into the postpartum period and may even be worsened due to sleepless nights and continued hormonal changes. However, previous studies finding WM stability from pregnancy to postpartum have not used a control group to examine practice effects on WM tests. The current study used a well-matched control group, fathers, to examine a) whether mothers and fathers differ on tests of WM during pregnancy and postpartum, and b) whether mothers show a postpartum WM decline, taking into account the practice effects of fathers. Results revealed that mothers (N = 75) and fathers (N = 44) performed equally well on a WM task at both time points and improved across time at a statistically equivalent rate. Use of a Reliable Change Index and a regression-based sensitivity analysis bolstered these results, indicating that taking practice effects into account, the majority of women did not improve or decline in WM from pre- to postpartum. These findings add to the literature on pregnancy-related changes in cognition and raise new questions about potential cognitive changes in men during the same period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pieters
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bonnie E Brett
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Roseriet Beijers
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Roy P C Kessels
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, The Netherlands.
| | - Carolina de Weerth
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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27
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Memory enhancement in Argentinian women during postpartum by the dietary intake of lignans and anthocyanins. Nutr Res 2021; 85:1-13. [PMID: 33383298 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to their polyphenolic content, vegetable foods have neuroprotective effects which provide health benefits for specific human groups. Thus, they may be a useful dietary component for women who experience mnesic variations during postpartum, and here we examined the hypothesis that polyphenols can differentially enhance memory functioning. In particular, we aimed to associate the dietary intake of polyphenols with different memory systems in Argentinian postpartum women. The daily intakes of polyphenol groups were calculated using a validated food frequency questionnaire and the Phenol-Explorer database. Short-term memory (STM), long-term memory (LTM), learning (L), lexical-semantic memory (LSM), and working memory (WM) were assessed. Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression models were used to analyze the dietary polyphenols (predictors) and memory domains (responses), taking into account demographic, obstetric, and psychological factors. The sample included 71 women, with an average age of 29.59 years (SE = 0.73). Most of these women lived in a couple (91%), were unemployed (63%), and had ≥12 years of formal education (72%). STM, LTM, L, and LSM correlated with lignans and anthocyanins, with LTM also being correlated with flavanones, flavonols, and tyrosols, and L and LSM also being associated with flavonols. A significant correlation was also found between WM and lignans. In conclusion, a cognitive improvement was demonstrated, mainly associated with the intake of lignans and anthocyanins, in the STM, LTM, WM, L, and LSM systems of postpartum women. This is the first study to our knowledge suggesting a role of polyphenolic effects on memory functioning during postpartum.
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28
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Kotozaki Y. Horticultural activity improves postpartum women’s cognitive function: Preliminary evidence from an exploratory pilot study. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2020.1851003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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29
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Romero-Gonzalez B, Caparros-Gonzalez RA, Gonzalez-Perez R, Garcia-Leon MA, Arco-Garcia L, Peralta-Ramirez MI. "I am pregnant. Am I different?": Psychopathology, psychological stress and hair cortisol levels among pregnant and non-pregnant women. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 131:235-243. [PMID: 33032186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a life process that brings about a series of associated changes, both physical and psychological, in women. The psychopathological changes occurring in pregnant women due to the simple fact of this new vital stage are unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the psychopathological symptoms present during pregnancy with those present in non-pregnant women, as well as the perceived stress and hair cortisol levels. For this, a group of non-pregnant women (n = 171) were compared with pregnant women who were in the first trimester (n = 124), second trimester (n = 200) and third trimester (n = 190). Moreover, 77 women were followed up to verify their psychopathological course of pregnancy. Differences were found between pregnant and non-pregnant women relating to a wide range of psychopathological symptoms, perceived stress and hair cortisol levels. The symptoms were greater in the group of pregnant women. By studying different types of psychopathological symptoms associated with pregnancy, it is possible to assign psychological interventions to given characteristics of pregnant women. In addition, we can broaden our knowledge about the psychological aspects of pregnancy and the changes associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Romero-Gonzalez
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Brain, Mind and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Gonzalez-Perez
- Department of Pharmacology, CIBERehd, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Garcia-Leon
- FIDMAG, Germanes Hospitalaries Research Foundation. Consorcio de Investigación en Red en Salud Mental CIBERSAM. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Arco-Garcia
- Crecer Juntos, Gabinete de Pedagogia, Psicologia y Logopedia, Maracena, Granada, Spain
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30
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Cárdenas EF, Kujawa A, Humphreys KL. Neurobiological changes during the peripartum period: implications for health and behavior. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 15:1097-1110. [PMID: 31820795 PMCID: PMC7657461 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy and the transition to parenthood is an important period marked by dramatic neurobiological and psychosocial changes that may have implications for the health of women and offspring. Although human and non-human animal research suggests that the brain undergoes alterations during the peripartum period, these changes are poorly understood. Here, we review existing research, particularly human neuroimaging and psychophysiological research, to examine changes in brain structure and function during the peripartum period and discuss potential implications for the health of women and offspring. First, we discuss the potential causes of these changes across pregnancy, including physiological and psychosocial factors. Next, we discuss the evidence for structural and functional changes in the brain during pregnancy and into the postpartum period, noting the need for research conducted prospectively across human pregnancy. Finally, we propose potential models of individual differences in peripartum neurobiological changes (i.e. hypo-response, typical response, hyper-response) and emphasize the need to consider trajectories of change in addition to pre-existing factors that may predict maternal adjustment to parenthood. We suggest that the consideration of individual differences in neurobiological trajectories across pregnancy may contribute to a better understanding of risk for negative health and behavior outcomes for women and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia F Cárdenas
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, 37203, Nashville, USA
| | - Autumn Kujawa
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, 37203, Nashville, USA
| | - Kathryn L Humphreys
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, 37203, Nashville, USA
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31
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Oxytocin receptor binding in the titi monkey hippocampal formation is associated with parental status and partner affiliation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17301. [PMID: 33057124 PMCID: PMC7560868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Social cognition is facilitated by oxytocin receptors (OXTR) in the hippocampus, a brain region that changes dynamically with pregnancy, parturition, and parenting experience. We investigated the impact of parenthood on hippocampal OXTR in male and female titi monkeys, a pair-bonding primate species that exhibits biparental care of offspring. We hypothesized that in postmortem brain tissue, OXTR binding in the hippocampal formation would differ between parents and non-parents, and that OXTR density would correlate with frequencies of observed parenting and affiliative behaviors between partners. Subjects were 10 adult titi monkeys. OXTR binding in the hippocampus (CA1, CA2/3, CA4, dentate gyrus, subiculum) and presubiculum layers (PSB1, PSB3) was determined using receptor autoradiography. The average frequency of partner affiliation (Proximity, Contact, and Tail Twining) and infant carrying were determined from longitudinal observations (5-6 per day). Analyses showed that parents exhibited higher OXTR binding than non-parents in PSB1 (t(8) = - 2.33, p = 0.048), and that OXTR binding in the total presubiculm correlated negatively with Proximity (r = - 0.88) and Contact (r = - 0.91), but not Tail Twining or infant carrying. These results suggest that OXTR binding in the presubiculum supports pair bonding and parenting behavior, potentially by mediating changes in hippocampal plasticity.
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32
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Zhang K, Rigo P, Su X, Wang M, Chen Z, Esposito G, Putnick DL, Bornstein MH, Du X. Brain Responses to Emotional Infant Faces in New Mothers and Nulliparous Women. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9560. [PMID: 32533113 PMCID: PMC7293211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The experience of motherhood is one of the most salient events in a woman’s life. Motherhood is associated with a series of neurophysiological, psychological, and behavioral changes that allow women to better adapt to their new role as mothers. Infants communicate their needs and physiological states mainly through salient emotional expressions, and maternal responses to infant signals are critical for infant survival and development. In this study, we investigated the whole brain functional response to emotional infant faces in 20 new mothers and 22 nulliparous women during functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. New mothers showed higher brain activation in regions involved in infant facial expression processing and empathic and mentalizing networks than nulliparous women. Furthermore, magnitudes of the activation of the left parahippocampal gyrus and the left fusiform gyrus, recruited during facial expression processing, were positively correlated with empathic concern (EC) scores in new mothers when viewing emotional (happy-sad) faces contrasted to neutral faces. Taken together, these results indicate that the experience of being a mother affects human brain responses in visual and social cognitive brain areas and in brain areas associated with theory-of-mind related and empathic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihua Zhang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Paola Rigo
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Xueyun Su
- Department of Special Education, Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Mengxing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.,Psychology Programme, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang, Singapore
| | - Diane L Putnick
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marc H Bornstein
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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33
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Bak Y, Nah Y, Han S, Lee SK, Shin NY. Altered neural substrates within cognitive networks of postpartum women during working memory process and resting-state. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9110. [PMID: 32499565 PMCID: PMC7272423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Postpartum working memory decline has been investigated mostly with neuropsychological tests, but neural evidence is almost unknown. Here we investigated task-related neural alterations during working memory task (n-back) and intrinsic alterations during resting-state (rs) in postpartum women using functional MRI (fMRI). Behaviorally, postpartum women showed comparable working memory performances to the controls although there was a tendency of prolonged response time. fMRI analysis results showed hyper-activation in regions belong to the task positive network (TPN) during the task and hypo-rsfMRI values in the default mode network (DMN) regions during rest in postpartum women. Based on these results, we performed network connectivity analysis using nodes of the TPN and DMN. As a result, the DMN showed a tendency of decreased connectivity in postpartum women during the working memory process compared to the controls. Our results suggest that postpartum women might have functional alterations in the DMN, and that hyper-activation in the TPN during a task might be a compensatory mechanism to maintain working memory performance in postpartum women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjin Bak
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea
| | - Yoonjin Nah
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Sanghoon Han
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Seung-Koo Lee
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Na-Young Shin
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea.
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34
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Zheng JX, Ge L, Chen H, Yin X, Chen YC, Tang WW. Disruption within brain default mode network in postpartum women without depression. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20045. [PMID: 32358387 PMCID: PMC7440189 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that cognitive dysfunction is associated with neurophysiological changes in postpartum period. This study aimed to investigate the intrinsic functional connectivity (FC) pattern within the default mode network (DMN) and its associations with cognitive dysfunction in postpartum women without depression revealed by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).Resting-state fMRI scans were acquired from 21 postpartum women and 21 age- and education-matched nulliparous women. The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) was selected as the seed region to detect the FC patterns and then determine whether these changes were related to specific cognitive performance.Compared with the nulliparous women, postpartum women had a significantly decreased FC between the PCC and the left medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). After correcting for age and education, the reduced FC between the PCC and the left mPFC was positively correlated with the poorer Clock-Drawing Test (CDT) scores in postpartum women (r = 0.742, P < .001).The present study mainly demonstrated decreased resting-state FC pattern within the DMN regions that was linked with impaired cognitive function in postpartum women. These findings illustrated the potential role of the DMN in postpartum women that will provide novel insight into the underlying neuropathological mechanisms in postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lili Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital
| | - Huiyou Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xindao Yin
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Chen Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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35
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Dudek J, Haley DW. Attention bias to infant faces in pregnant women predicts maternal sensitivity. Biol Psychol 2020; 153:107890. [PMID: 32335127 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While research has shown that attention bias to infant faces is linked to parenting, this work is largely cross-sectional and limited to the postpartum period. Because the transition to motherhood from pregnancy to birth constitutes a sensitive period in cortical reorganization linked to the quality of mother-infant interactions, evaluating attention processes in the maternal cortex prior to the experience of mother-infant face-to-face interactions is critical. To assess behavioural attention and neural responses to infant faces in pregnant mothers, behavioral and electrocortical indices were collected using a Go/No Go task, in which infant and adult faces served as distractors. Results showed that heightened processing of infant faces relative to adult faces (behavioral and electrocortical indices) was related to observations of greater maternal sensitivity. These findings show that prenatal maternal attention bias to and the perceived salience of infant faces serves as an individual cognitive hallmark of maternal sensitivity that acts independently of caregiving experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dudek
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David W Haley
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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36
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The unique social sense of puerperium: Increased empathy and Schadenfreude in parents of newborns. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5760. [PMID: 32238840 PMCID: PMC7113282 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy and puerperium are typified by marked biobehavioral changes. These changes, which are traceable in both mothers and fathers, play an important role in parenthood and may modulate social cognition abilities. However, the latter effects remain notably unexplored in parents of newborns (PNs). To bridge this gap, we assessed empathy and social emotions (envy and Schadenfreude) in 55 PNs and 60 controls (childless healthy participants without a romantic relationship or sexual intercourse in the previous 48 hours). We used facial electromyography to detect physiological signatures of social emotion processing. Results revealed higher levels of affective empathy and Schadenfreude in PNs, the latter pattern being accompanied by increased activity of the corrugator suppercilii region. These effects were not explained by potential confounding variables (educational level, executive functioning, depression, stress levels, hours of sleep). Our novel findings suggest that PNs might show social cognition changes crucial for parental bonding and newborn care.
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37
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From baby brain to mommy brain: Widespread gray matter gain after giving birth. Cortex 2020; 126:334-342. [PMID: 32105976 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy results in obvious physiological changes to the female body, but data as to what happens to the maternal brain after giving birth are sparse as well as inconsistent. The overall goal of this study is to determine the nature of cerebral change in the postpartum period. For this purpose, we analyzed T1-weighted brain images of 14 healthy women (age range: 25-38 years) at two time points, specifically within 1-2 days of childbirth (immediate postpartum) and at 4-6 weeks after childbirth (late postpartum). When comparing voxel-wise gray matter between these two time points, there was no evidence of any significant decrease. Instead, we detected a pronounced gray matter increase involving both cortical and subcortical regions, such as the pre- and postcentral gyrus, the frontal and central operculum, the inferior frontal gyrus, the precuneus, and the middle occipital gyrus, as well as the thalamus and caudate. These structural changes occurring within only 4-6 weeks after delivery are reflective of a high degree of neuroplasticity and massive adaptations in the maternal brain. They may suggest a restoration of brain tissue following pregnancy and/or a substantial brain reorganization, possibly to accommodate a multi-faceted repertoire of complex behaviors associated with being a mother.
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Lorenz TK, Ramsdell EL, Brock RL. A Close and Supportive Interparental Bond During Pregnancy Predicts Greater Decline in Sexual Activity From Pregnancy to Postpartum: Applying an Evolutionary Perspective. Front Psychol 2020; 10:2974. [PMID: 31998201 PMCID: PMC6966960 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A common topic for advice given to parents after childbirth – both from relationship experts and popular media – is how to “bounce back” to one’s pre-pregnancy sexuality, with warnings that postpartum declines in sexual frequency will take a serious toll on one’s relationship. However, these admonishments may not accurately reflect the ways in which the unique reproductive context of pregnancy and the postpartum transition alter associations between sexual frequency and relationship quality. Evolutionary perspectives on reproductive strategies would suggest that in the postpartum context, decreased sexual activity would help target parental investment in the current offspring (rather than creating new offspring); however, if the parental relationship is lacking in intimacy and support, continued sexual activity may help seal the cracks in the bond. We tested this theory in a longitudinal dyadic study of changes in relationship quality and sexual frequency from pregnancy to 6 months postpartum among 159 heterosexual couples. We found that across three different measures of relationship quality taken from interviews and behavioral observation of couple interactions, higher relationship quality (i.e., greater support, intimacy, and responsiveness) predicted greater decline in sexual frequency whereas sexual frequency remained relatively stable in lower quality relationships. These findings suggest that, during the postpartum transition, decreased sexual frequency may not be a reliable signal of poor relationship quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tierney K Lorenz
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Erin L Ramsdell
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Rebecca L Brock
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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39
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Grattan DR, Ladyman SR. Neurophysiological and cognitive changes in pregnancy. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 171:25-55. [PMID: 32736755 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64239-4.00002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hormonal fluctuations in pregnancy drive a wide range of adaptive changes in the maternal brain. These range from specific neurophysiological changes in the patterns of activity of individual neuronal populations, through to complete modification of circuit characteristics leading to fundamental changes in behavior. From a neurologic perspective, the key hormone changes are those of the sex steroids, estradiol and progesterone, secreted first from the ovary and then from the placenta, the adrenal glucocorticoid cortisol, as well as the anterior pituitary peptide hormone prolactin and its pregnancy-specific homolog placental lactogen. All of these hormones are markedly elevated during pregnancy and cross the blood-brain barrier to exert actions on neuronal populations through receptors expressed in specific regions. Many of the hormone-induced changes are in autonomic or homeostatic systems. For example, patterns of oxytocin and prolactin secretion are dramatically altered to support novel physiological functions. Appetite is increased and feedback responses to metabolic hormones such as leptin and insulin are suppressed to promote a positive energy balance. Fundamental physiological systems such as glucose homeostasis and thermoregulation are modified to optimize conditions for fetal development. In addition to these largely autonomic changes, there are also changes in mood, behavior, and higher processes such as cognition. This chapter summarizes the hormonal changes associated with pregnancy and reviews how these changes impact on brain function, drawing on examples from animal research, as well as available information about human pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Grattan
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Sharon R Ladyman
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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40
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Maguire J, McCormack C, Mitchell A, Monk C. Neurobiology of maternal mental illness. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 171:97-116. [PMID: 32736761 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64239-4.00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of current research discoveries beginning to uncover the neurobiology of maternal mental illness. Results are described according to standard diagnostic categories (specifically, perinatal depression, perinatal anxiety and OCD, postpartum psychosis and bipolar disorder, and trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder), yet we aim to put this approach in context with the introduction of a classification model for psychiatric research, the research domain criteria, gaining traction in basic and clinical translational fields. We first review a new area of study, the neuroplasticity of the pregnant and postpartum brain, as work here has relevance for understanding the pathophysiology of mental disorders and may provide clues to changes in brain functioning that are related to compromised parenting in the context of postpartum depression. We next provide background information on neuroendocrine and immune changes during pregnancy and, to a lesser extent, the postpartum period, as alterations in these systems are significantly implicated in underlying neurobiology of mental illness for peripartum women. Our discussion of the major mental illnesses for pregnant and postpartum women includes neuroendocrine changes, neuroinflammation, and neurotransmitter alterations, as well as circuit dysfunction. Overall, remarkable progress has been made in identifying variations in neurobiology (and related systems) involved in maternal mental illness; yet, it is clear that, as classified with standard diagnostic systems, these are heterogeneous disorders and there is individual variability in the alterations in neurobiology for the same illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Maguire
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Clare McCormack
- Center for Science and Society, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anika Mitchell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Catherine Monk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States.
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41
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Fiterman O, Raz S. Cognitive, neural and endocrine functioning during late pregnancy: An Event-Related Potentials study. Horm Behav 2019; 116:104575. [PMID: 31442429 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated cognitive, neural and endocrine function during late pregnancy. One of the first to examine brain ERPs in pregnant women, the study is unique in its focus on response inhibition function. In the study, cognitive function was evaluated by a digit-symbol coding test, an arithmetic ability test, and a visual stop-signal task which places enhanced demands on impulse control and response inhibition, considered a hallmark of executive function. Brain activity was measured by scalp-recorded Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) during the stop-signal task. HPA axis reactivity was assessed by measuring salivary cortisol levels before and after experimental sessions. Test performance, ERPs and cortisol reactivity were compared across groups of 23 women in their third trimester of pregnancy and 22 non-pregnant controls. Pregnant women scored lower than the control group on the digit-symbol coding test. On the stop-signal task, both groups had similar error rates, but pregnant women had longer response times to Go trials. On the Stop condition of the task in which a response must be inhibited, pregnant women demonstrated significantly better performance. At the electrophysiological level, in response to Go stimuli pregnant women exhibited greater amplitude of P2 than controls. In response to Stop-signals, pregnant women had lesser amplitudes of P1 and N2 and greater amplitude of P3. Cortisol reactivity to the test session was significantly more pronounced in non-pregnant women with significant correlations found between cortisol reactivity and behavioral responses. The results suggest that response patterns of women in late pregnancy are less impulsive and more cautious and controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ora Fiterman
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, The Center for Psychobiological Research, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Israel
| | - Sivan Raz
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, The Center for Psychobiological Research, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Israel; Department of Psychology, Tel Hai College, Israel.
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42
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Rogers FD, Bales KL. Mothers, Fathers, and Others: Neural Substrates of Parental Care. Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:552-562. [PMID: 31255381 PMCID: PMC6660995 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Parental care is essential for the survival of offspring in altricial mammalian species. However, in most mammals, virgin females tend to avoid or attack infants. Moreover, most males demonstrate avoidance and aggression toward infants, and have little to no involvement in parental care. What mechanisms suppress avoidance, and support approach towards pups, to promote maternal care? In biparental and cooperatively breeding species, what mechanisms allow nonmothers (i.e., fathers and alloparents) to demonstrate parental care? In this review we consider the mechanisms that subserve parental care in mothers, fathers, and others (i.e., alloparents). We emphasize recent discoveries and research trends with particular emphasis on neuroendocrinology, neuroplasticity, transcriptomics, and epigenetics. Finally, we consider outstanding questions and outline opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest Dylan Rogers
- Graduate Program in Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karen Lisa Bales
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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De Carli P, Costantini I, Sessa P, Visentin S, Pearson RM, Simonelli A. The expectant social mind: A systematic review of face processing during pregnancy and the effect of depression and anxiety. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 102:153-171. [PMID: 31055013 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy carries enormous changes in the psychological and neurophysiological domains. It has been suggested that pregnant women undergo a cognitive reorganization aimed at increasing the salience of social stimuli (i.e., the tendency of social cues to capture observer's attention, so that their processing results prioritized). The goal of the present work was to systematically review the empirical evidence of a change in face processing during pregnancy. Moreover, we explored whether face processing is associated with antenatal depression and anxiety and the extent to which this is part of a potential mechanism to explain detrimental effects of maternal psychopathology on infant outcomes. We identified 19 relevant studies and discussed them based on their methodological qualities. The results of the review suggest that even though it is not possible to draw firm conclusions, pregnancy is likely to be a plasticity window for face processing at the behavioral and neural levels. Evidence confirms the detrimental effect of depression and anxiety on face processing during pregnancy. Clinical implications for parenting interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro De Carli
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padova (PD), Italy.
| | - Ilaria Costantini
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padova (PD), Italy; Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS14 8TF, United Kingdom.
| | - Paola Sessa
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padova (PD), Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padova (PD), Italy.
| | - Silvia Visentin
- Department of Woman and Child's Health, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 3, 35128 Padova (PD), Italy.
| | - Rebecca M Pearson
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS14 8TF, United Kingdom.
| | - Alessandra Simonelli
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padova (PD), Italy.
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44
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Duarte-Guterman P, Leuner B, Galea LAM. The long and short term effects of motherhood on the brain. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 53:100740. [PMID: 30826374 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Becoming a mother is associated with dramatic changes in physiology, endocrinology, immune function, and behaviour that begins during pregnancy and persists into the postpartum. Evidence also suggests that motherhood is accompanied by long-term changes in brain function. In this review, we summarize the short (pregnancy and postpartum) and long-term (beyond the postpartum and into middle age) effects of pregnancy and motherhood on cognition, neuroplasticity, and neuroimmune signalling. We also discuss the effects of previous history of pregnancy and motherhood (parity) on brain health and disease (neurodegenerative diseases and stroke outcomes) and on efficacy of hormone and antidepressant treatments. Finally, we argue that pregnancy and motherhood are unique female experiences that need to be taken into account to better understand female brain function and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Duarte-Guterman
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Benedetta Leuner
- Department of Psychology and Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. http://galealab.psych.ubc.ca
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45
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Barba-Müller E, Craddock S, Carmona S, Hoekzema E. Brain plasticity in pregnancy and the postpartum period: links to maternal caregiving and mental health. Arch Womens Ment Health 2019; 22:289-299. [PMID: 30008085 PMCID: PMC6440938 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-018-0889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy and the postpartum period involve numerous physiological adaptations that enable the development and survival of the offspring. A distinct neural plasticity characterizes the female brain during this period, and dynamic structural and functional changes take place that accompany fundamental behavioral adaptations, stimulating the female to progress from an individual with self-directed needs to being responsible for the care of another life. While many animal studies detail these modifications, an emerging body of research reveals the existence of reproduction-related brain plasticity in human mothers too. Additionally, associations with aspects of maternal caregiving point to adaptive changes that benefit a woman's transition to motherhood. However, the dynamic changes that affect a woman's brain are not merely adaptive, and they likely confer a vulnerability for the development of mental disorders. Here, we review the changes in brain structure and function that a woman undergoes during the peripartum period, outlining associations between these neural alterations and different aspects of maternal care. We additionally discuss peripartum mood disorders and postpartum psychosis, and review the neuroimaging studies that investigate the neural bases of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Barba-Müller
- Brain and Development Research Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands ,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands ,University Institute of Mental Health Vidal i Barraquer, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sinéad Craddock
- Brain and Development Research Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands ,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Susanna Carmona
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain ,Unidad de Medicina y Cirugía Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain ,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elseline Hoekzema
- Brain and Development Research Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands. .,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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46
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Ziomkiewicz A, Wichary S, Jasienska G. Cognitive costs of reproduction: life-history trade-offs explain cognitive decline during pregnancy in women. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:1105-1115. [PMID: 30588733 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Life-history theory predicts that access to limited resources leads to trade-offs between competing body functions. Women, who face higher costs of reproduction when compared to men, should be especially vulnerable to these trade-offs. We propose the 'cognitive costs of reproduction hypothesis', which states that energy trade-offs imposed by reproduction may lead to a decline in maternal cognitive function during gestation. In particular, we hypothesize that the decline in cognitive function frequently observed during pregnancy is associated with the allocation of resources between the competing energetic requirements of the mother's brain and the developing foetus. Several distinctive anatomical and physiological features including a high metabolic rate of the brain, large infant size, specific anatomical features of the placenta and trophoblast, and the lack of maternal control over glucose flow through the placenta make the occurrence of these trade-offs likely. Herein, we review several lines of evidence for trade-offs between gestation and cognition that are related to: (i) energy metabolism during reproduction; (ii) energy metabolism of the human brain; (iii) links between energy metabolism and cognitive function; and (iv) links between gestation and cognitive function. We also review evidence for the important roles of cortisol, corticotropin-releasing hormone and sex hormones in mediating the effects of gestation on cognition, and we discuss possible neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the observed effects. The evidence supports the view that energy trade-offs between foetal growth and maternal endocrine and brain function lead to changes in maternal cognition, and that this phenomenon is mediated by neuroendocrine mechanisms involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, brainstem nucleus locus coeruleus and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ziomkiewicz
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw 50-449, Poland
| | - Szymon Wichary
- Department of Psychophysiology of Cognitive Processes, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw 03-815, Poland.,Department of Cognitive Psychology, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden 2333AK, The Netherlands
| | - Grazyna Jasienska
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow 31-531, Poland
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47
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Potential Brain Age Reversal after Pregnancy: Younger Brains at 4-6 Weeks Postpartum. Neuroscience 2018; 386:309-314. [PMID: 30017956 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy is accompanied by complex biological adaptations, including extreme hormonal fluctuations. Moreover, changes on the endocrine level are accompanied by changes in cerebral anatomy, such as reductions in brain or gray matter volume. Since declining brain and tissue volumes are characteristic for normal aging, the question arises of whether such pregnancy-induced anatomical effects are permanent or transient. To answer this question, we acquired high-resolution brain image data of 14 healthy women in their mid-twenties to late thirties at two time points: within 1-2 days of childbirth (early postpartum) and at 4-6 weeks after childbirth (late postpartum). At both time points, we estimated the brain ages for each woman using a well-validated machine learning approach based on pattern recognition. Ultimately, this algorithm - designed to identify anatomical correlates of age across the entire brain - reveals a single score for each individual: the BrainAGE index. Comparing the BrainAGE indices between both time points, female brains at late postpartum were estimated to be considerably younger than at early postpartum. On average, that difference was about five years (mean ± SD: 5.4 ± 2.4 years). These findings suggest a substantial restoration/rejuvenation effect after giving birth, which is evident already within the first couple of months.
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48
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Ouellette SJ, Hampson E. Memory and affective changes during the antepartum: A narrative review and integrative hypothesis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2018; 41:87-107. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2018.1485881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Ouellette
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Hampson
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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49
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Zheng JX, Chen YC, Chen H, Jiang L, Bo F, Feng Y, Tang WW, Yin X, Gu JP. Disrupted Spontaneous Neural Activity Related to Cognitive Impairment in Postpartum Women. Front Psychol 2018; 9:624. [PMID: 29774003 PMCID: PMC5944019 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Prior research has demonstrated that the postpartum period is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment. This study aims to investigate whether disrupted spontaneous neural activity exists in postpartum women without depression using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and to detect the relationship between these abnormalities and cognitive impairment. Materials and Methods: Postpartum women (n = 22) were compared with age- and education-matched nulliparous women (n = 23) using rs-fMRI. We calculated the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) values to evaluate spontaneous neural activity and detect the relationship between rs-fMRI data and cognitive performance. Results: Relative to nulliparous women, postpartum women had significantly decreased ALFF and ReHo values primarily in the left posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and prefrontal cortex and increased ALFF values in left cerebellar posterior lobe. We found a positive correlation between the ALFF and ReHo values in the PCC and the complex figure test (CFT)-delayed scores in postpartum women (r = 0.693, p = 0.001; r = 0.569, p = 0.011, respectively). Moreover, the clock-drawing test (CDT) scores showed positive correlations with the ALFF and ReHo values in the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG; r = 0.492, p = 0.033; r = 0.517, p = 0.023, respectively). Conclusion: Our combined ALFF and ReHo analyses revealed decreased spontaneous neural activity, mainly in the PCC and prefrontal cortex, which was correlated with specific impaired cognitive functioning in postpartum women. This study may elucidate the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying postpartum cognitive impairment and enhance our understanding of the neurobiological aspects of the postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xia Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Chen Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiyou Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Bo
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Feng
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Wei Tang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xindao Yin
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Ping Gu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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50
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Shin NY, Bak Y, Nah Y, Han S, Kim DJ, Kim SJ, Lee JE, Lee SG, Lee SK. Disturbed retrieval network and prospective memory decline in postpartum women. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5476. [PMID: 29615788 PMCID: PMC5882973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) refers to the ability to remember to execute an intended action in the future. For successful PM performance, both top-down strategic monitoring and bottom-up spontaneous retrieval processes need to be appropriately recruited. We assessed PM performance and used fMRI to discover relevant neural correlates and possible predictors for PM performance in 25 postpartum and 26 nulliparous age- and education-matched women. Postpartum women showed decreased PM performance, a higher number of nocturnal awakenings, and lower estradiol level. The postpartum women had decreased functional connectivity (FC) in the right hippocampus and ventral frontoparietal networks (FPN) during retrieval-dominant PM trials relative to maintenance-dominant ongoing trials in the PM block. On multivariate analyses, decreased FC between the right hippocampus and ventral FPN and a higher number of nocturnal awakenings were independent predictors for poor PM performance after adjusting for age, education, estradiol level, and depressive symptoms. On mediation analyses, the estradiol level was found to have an indirect effect on PM accuracy via altered FC as a mediator. This suggests that decreased FC within the spontaneous retrieval-related regions including the right hippocampus and ventral FPN, disrupted sleep rhythms, and decreased estradiol level may contribute to poor PM performance in postpartum women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Young Shin
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yunjin Bak
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoonjin Nah
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sanghoon Han
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Joo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Guk Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Koo Lee
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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