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Zhu D, Peng T, Zhang Z, Guo S, Su Y, Zhang K, Wang J, Liu C. Mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing XIST induce macrophage M2 polarization and improve neural stem cell homeostatic microenvironment, alleviating spinal cord injury. J Tissue Eng 2024; 15:20417314231219280. [PMID: 38223166 PMCID: PMC10785713 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231219280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a significant cause of disability worldwide, with limited treatment options. This study investigated the potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) modified with XIST lentiviral vector to modulate macrophage polarization and affect neural stem cell (NSC) microenvironment reconstruction following SCI. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that MID1 might be crucial for BMSCs' treatment of SCI. XIST overexpression enriched Zmynd8 to the promoter region of MID1 and inhibited MID1 transcription, which promoted macrophage M2 polarization. In vitro experiments showed that BMSCs-XIST promoted NSC proliferation, migration, differentiation, and axonal growth by inducing macrophage M2 polarization, suppressing inflammation, and accelerating the re-establishment of the homeostatic microenvironment of NSCs. In vivo, animal experiments confirmed that BMSCs-XIST significantly alleviated SCI by promoting NSC differentiation and axon formation in the injured area. The study demonstrated the potential of XIST-overexpressing BMSCs for treating SCI by regulating macrophage polarization and homeostasis of the NSC microenvironment. These findings provide new insights into the development of stem cell-based therapies for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, P.R. China
| | - Tie Peng
- Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, P.R. China
| | - Zhenwang Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, P.R. China
| | - Ying Su
- Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, P.R. China
| | - Kangwei Zhang
- Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, P.R. China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, P.R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, P.R. China
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de Laorden EH, Simón D, Milla S, Portela-Lomba M, Mellén M, Sierra J, de la Villa P, Moreno-Flores MT, Iglesias M. Human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells stimulate neuronal regeneration by promoting axon growth and restoring neuronal activity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1328261. [PMID: 38188022 PMCID: PMC10766706 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1328261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become the cornerstone of cellular therapy due to their unique characteristics. Specifically human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hPMSCs) are highlighted for their unique features, including ease to isolate, non-invasive techniques for large scale cell production, significant immunomodulatory capacity, and a high ability to migrate to injuries. Researchers are exploring innovative techniques to overcome the low regenerative capacity of Central Nervous System (CNS) neurons, with one promising avenue being the development of tailored mesenchymal stem cell therapies capable of promoting neural repair and recovery. In this context, we have evaluated hPMSCs as candidates for CNS lesion regeneration using a skillful co-culture model system. Indeed, we have demonstrated the hPMSCs ability to stimulate damaged rat-retina neurons regeneration by promoting axon growth and restoring neuronal activity both under normoxia and hypoxia conditions. With our model we have obtained neuronal regeneration values of 10%-14% and axonal length per neuron rates of 19-26, μm/neuron. To assess whether the regenerative capabilities of hPMSCs are contact-dependent effects or it is mediated through paracrine mechanisms, we carried out transwell co-culture and conditioned medium experiments confirming the role of secreted factors in axonal regeneration. It was found that hPMSCs produce brain derived, neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve-growth factor (NGF) and Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), involved in the process of neuronal regeneration and restoration of the physiological activity of neurons. In effect, we confirmed the success of our treatment using the patch clamp technique to study ionic currents in individual isolated living cells demonstrating that in our model the regenerated neurons are electrophysiologically active, firing action potentials. The outcomes of our neuronal regeneration studies, combined with the axon-regenerating capabilities exhibited by mesenchymal stem cells derived from the placenta, present a hopeful outlook for the potential therapeutic application of hPMSCs in the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira H. de Laorden
- Facultad de C.C. Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Simón
- Facultad de C.C. Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Milla
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - María Portela-Lomba
- Facultad de C.C. Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marian Mellén
- Facultad de C.C. Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sierra
- Facultad de C.C. Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro de la Villa
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - María Teresa Moreno-Flores
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maite Iglesias
- Facultad de C.C. Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
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Zhang R, Wang J, Deng Q, Xiao X, Zeng X, Lai B, Li G, Ma Y, Ruan J, Han I, Zeng YS, Ding Y. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Combined With Electroacupuncture Treatment Regulate the Subpopulation of Macrophages and Astrocytes to Facilitate Axonal Regeneration in Transected Spinal Cord. Neurospine 2023; 20:1358-1379. [PMID: 38171303 PMCID: PMC10762392 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2346824.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Herein, we investigated whether mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation combined with electroacupuncture (EA) treatment could decrease the proportion of proinflammatory microglia/macrophages and neurotoxic A1 reactive astrocytes and inhibit glial scar formation to enhance axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Adult rats were divided into 5 groups after complete transection of the spinal cord at the T10 level: a control group, a nonacupoint EA (NA-EA) group, an EA group, an MSC group, and an MSCs+EA group. Immunofluorescence labeling, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blots were performed. RESULTS The results showed that MSCs+EA treatment reduced the proportion of proinflammatory M1 subtype microglia/macrophages, but increased the differentiation of anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype cells, thereby suppressing the mRNA and protein expression of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-1β) and increasing the expression of an anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin [IL]-10) on days 7 and 14 after SCI. The changes in expression correlated with the attenuated neurotoxic A1 reactive astrocytes and glial scar, which in turn facilitated the axonal regeneration of the injured spinal cord. In vitro, the proinflammatory cytokines increased the level of proliferation of astrocytes and increased the expression levels of C3, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. These effects were blocked by administering inhibitors of ErbB1 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) (AG1478 and AG490) and IL-10. CONCLUSION These findings showed that MSCs+EA treatment synergistically regulated the microglia/macrophage subpopulation to reduce inflammation, the formation of neurotoxic A1 astrocytes, and glial scars. This was achieved by downregulating the ErbB1-STAT3 signal pathway, thereby providing a favorable microenvironment conducive to axonal regeneration after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyi Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Junhua Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingwen Deng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingru Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biqin Lai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Li
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanhuan Ma
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Ruan
- Department of Acupuncture, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Inbo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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Zeng CW, Tsai HJ. The Promising Role of a Zebrafish Model Employed in Neural Regeneration Following a Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13938. [PMID: 37762240 PMCID: PMC10530783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event that results in a wide range of physical impairments and disabilities. Despite the advances in our understanding of the biological response to injured tissue, no effective treatments are available for SCIs at present. Some studies have addressed this issue by exploring the potential of cell transplantation therapy. However, because of the abnormal microenvironment in injured tissue, the survival rate of transplanted cells is often low, thus limiting the efficacy of such treatments. Many studies have attempted to overcome these obstacles using a variety of cell types and animal models. Recent studies have shown the utility of zebrafish as a model of neural regeneration following SCIs, including the proliferation and migration of various cell types and the involvement of various progenitor cells. In this review, we discuss some of the current challenges in SCI research, including the accurate identification of cell types involved in neural regeneration, the adverse microenvironment created by SCIs, attenuated immune responses that inhibit nerve regeneration, and glial scar formation that prevents axonal regeneration. More in-depth studies are needed to fully understand the neural regeneration mechanisms, proteins, and signaling pathways involved in the complex interactions between the SCI microenvironment and transplanted cells in non-mammals, particularly in the zebrafish model, which could, in turn, lead to new therapeutic approaches to treat SCIs in humans and other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Zeng
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Huai-Jen Tsai
- Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
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Saini R, Pahwa B, Agrawal D, Singh P, Gurjar H, Mishra S, Jagdevan A, Misra MC. Safety and feasibility of intramedullary injected bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in acute complete spinal cord injury: phase 1 trial. J Neurosurg Spine 2022; 37:331-338. [PMID: 35395638 DOI: 10.3171/2022.2.spine211021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The intramedullary route holds the potential to provide the most concentration of stem cells in cases of spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the safety and feasibility of this route need to be studied in human subjects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of intramedullary injected bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in acute complete SCI. METHODS In this prospective study conducted over a 2-year period, 27 patients with acute (defined as within 1 week of injury) and complete SCI were randomized to receive BM-MSC or placebo through an intramedullary route intraoperatively at the time of spinal decompression and fusion. Institutional ethics approval was obtained, and informed consent was obtained from all patients. Safety was assessed using laboratory and clinicoradiological parameters preoperatively and 3 and 6 months after surgery. RESULTS A total of 180 patients were screened during the study period. Of these, 27 were enrolled in the study. Three patients withdrew, 3 patients were lost to follow-up, and 8 patients died, leaving a total of 13 patients for final analysis. Seven of these patients were in the stem cell group, and 6 were in the control group. Both groups were well matched in terms of sex, age, and weight. No adverse events related to stem cell injection were noted for laboratory and radiological parameters. Five patients in the control group and 3 patients in the stem cell group died during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS Intramedullary injection of BM-MSCs was found to be safe and feasible for use in patients with acute complete SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Saini
- 1Stem Cell & Translational Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, JPNA Trauma Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; and
| | - Bhavya Pahwa
- 2University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Agrawal
- 1Stem Cell & Translational Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, JPNA Trauma Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; and
| | - Pankaj Singh
- 1Stem Cell & Translational Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, JPNA Trauma Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; and
| | - Hitesh Gurjar
- 1Stem Cell & Translational Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, JPNA Trauma Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; and
| | - Shashwat Mishra
- 1Stem Cell & Translational Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, JPNA Trauma Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; and
| | - Aman Jagdevan
- 1Stem Cell & Translational Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, JPNA Trauma Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; and
| | - Mahesh Chandra Misra
- 1Stem Cell & Translational Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, JPNA Trauma Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; and
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Zarepour A, Bal Öztürk A, Koyuncu Irmak D, Yaşayan G, Gökmen A, Karaöz E, Zarepour A, Zarrabi A, Mostafavi E. Combination Therapy Using Nanomaterials and Stem Cells to Treat Spinal Cord Injuries. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 177:224-240. [PMID: 35850168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a part of the central nervous system, the spinal cord (SC) provides most of the communications between the brain and other parts of the body. Any damage to SC interrupts this communication, leading to serious problems, which may remain for the rest of their life. Due to its significant impact on patients' quality of life and its exorbitant medical costs, SC injury (SCI) is known as one of the most challengeable diseases in the world. Thus, it is critical to introduce highly translatable therapeutic platforms for SCI treatment. So far, different strategies have been introduced, among which utilizing various types of stem cells is one of the most interesting ones. The capability of stem cells to differentiate into several types of cell lines makes them promising candidates for the regeneration of injured tissues. One of the other interesting and novel strategies for SCI treatment is the application of nanomaterials, which could appear as a carrier for therapeutic agents or as a platform for culturing the cells. Combining these two approaches, stem cells and nanomaterials, could provide promising therapeutic strategies for SCI management. Accordingly, in this review we have summarized some of the recent advancements in which the applications of different types of stem cells and nanomaterials, alone and in combination forms, were evaluated for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezou Zarepour
- Radiology Department, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ayça Bal Öztürk
- Department of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Health Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istinye University, Zeytinburnu, Turkey
| | | | - Gökçen Yaşayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aylin Gökmen
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahcesehir University, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaöz
- Liv Hospital, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Manufacturing (LivMedCell), İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Atefeh Zarepour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34396, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34396, Turkey.
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Stem Cell Secretome for Spinal Cord Repair: Is It More than Just a Random Baseline Set of Factors? Cells 2021; 10:cells10113214. [PMID: 34831436 PMCID: PMC8625005 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of thousands of people suffer spinal cord injuries each year. The experimental application of stem cells following spinal cord injury has opened a new era to promote neuroprotection and neuroregeneration of damaged tissue. Currently, there is great interest in the intravenous administration of the secretome produced by mesenchymal stem cells in acute or subacute spinal cord injuries. However, it is important to highlight that undifferentiated neural stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells are able to adapt to the damaged environment and produce the so-called lesion-induced secretome. This review article focuses on current research related to the secretome and the lesion-induced secretome and their roles in modulating spinal cord injury symptoms and functional recovery, emphasizing different compositions of the lesion-induced secretome in various models of spinal cord injury.
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Hodgetts SI, Lovett SJ, Baron-Heeris D, Fogliani A, Sturm M, Van den Heuvel C, Harvey AR. Effects of amyloid precursor protein peptide APP96-110, alone or with human mesenchymal stromal cells, on recovery after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1376-1386. [PMID: 34782585 PMCID: PMC8643048 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of a peptide (APP96-110), derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP), has been shown to elicit neuroprotective effects following cerebral stroke and traumatic brain injury. In this study, the effect of APP96-110 or a mutant version of this peptide (mAPP96-110) was assessed following moderate (200 kdyn, (2 N)) thoracic contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) in adult Nude rats. Animals received a single tail vein injection of APP96-110 or mAPP96-110 at 30 minutes post-SCI and were then assessed for functional improvements over the next 8 weeks. A cohort of animals also received transplants of either viable or non-viable human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) into the SC lesion site at one week post-injury to assess the effect of combining intravenous APP96-110 delivery with hMSC treatment. Rats were perfused 8 weeks post-SCI and longitudinal sections of spinal cord analyzed for a number of factors including hMSC viability, cyst size, axonal regrowth, glial reactivity and macrophage activation. Analysis of sensorimotor function revealed occasional significant differences between groups using Ladderwalk or Ratwalk tests, however there were no consistent improvements in functional outcome after any of the treatments. mAPP96-110 alone, and APP96-110 in combination with both viable and non-viable hMSCs significantly reduced cyst size compared to SCI alone. Combined treatments with donor hMSCs also significantly increased βIII tubulin+, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP+) and laminin+ expression, and decreased ED1+ expression in tissues. This preliminary study demonstrates that intravenous delivery of APP96-110 peptide has selective, modest neuroprotective effects following SCI, which may be enhanced when combined with hMSC transplantation. However, the effects are less pronounced and less consistent compared to the protective morphological and cognitive impact that this same peptide has on neuronal survival and behaviour after stroke and traumatic brain injury. Thus while the efficacy of a particular therapeutic approach in one CNS injury model may provide justification for its use in other neurotrauma models, similar outcomes may not necessarily occur and more targeted approaches suited to location and severity are required. All animal experiments were approved by The University of Western Australia Animal Ethics Committee (RA3/100/1460) on April 12, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart I Hodgetts
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia (UWA); Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sarah J Lovett
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, WA, Australia
| | - D Baron-Heeris
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, WA, Australia
| | - A Fogliani
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Marian Sturm
- Cell and Tissue Therapies WA (CTTWA), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - C Van den Heuvel
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alan R Harvey
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia (UWA); Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
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Köhli P, Otto E, Jahn D, Reisener MJ, Appelt J, Rahmani A, Taheri N, Keller J, Pumberger M, Tsitsilonis S. Future Perspectives in Spinal Cord Repair: Brain as Saviour? TSCI with Concurrent TBI: Pathophysiological Interaction and Impact on MSC Treatment. Cells 2021; 10:2955. [PMID: 34831179 PMCID: PMC8616497 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI), commonly caused by high energy trauma in young active patients, is frequently accompanied by traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although combined trauma results in inferior clinical outcomes and a higher mortality rate, the understanding of the pathophysiological interaction of co-occurring TSCI and TBI remains limited. This review provides a detailed overview of the local and systemic alterations due to TSCI and TBI, which severely affect the autonomic and sensory nervous system, immune response, the blood-brain and spinal cord barrier, local perfusion, endocrine homeostasis, posttraumatic metabolism, and circadian rhythm. Because currently developed mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapeutic strategies for TSCI provide only mild benefit, this review raises awareness of the impact of TSCI-TBI interaction on TSCI pathophysiology and MSC treatment. Therefore, we propose that unravelling the underlying pathophysiology of TSCI with concomitant TBI will reveal promising pharmacological targets and therapeutic strategies for regenerative therapies, further improving MSC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Köhli
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (P.K.); (E.O.); (D.J.); (M.-J.R.); (J.A.); (A.R.); (N.T.)
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ellen Otto
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (P.K.); (E.O.); (D.J.); (M.-J.R.); (J.A.); (A.R.); (N.T.)
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Denise Jahn
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (P.K.); (E.O.); (D.J.); (M.-J.R.); (J.A.); (A.R.); (N.T.)
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Jacqueline Reisener
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (P.K.); (E.O.); (D.J.); (M.-J.R.); (J.A.); (A.R.); (N.T.)
| | - Jessika Appelt
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (P.K.); (E.O.); (D.J.); (M.-J.R.); (J.A.); (A.R.); (N.T.)
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Adibeh Rahmani
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (P.K.); (E.O.); (D.J.); (M.-J.R.); (J.A.); (A.R.); (N.T.)
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nima Taheri
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (P.K.); (E.O.); (D.J.); (M.-J.R.); (J.A.); (A.R.); (N.T.)
| | - Johannes Keller
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Trauma Surgery and Orthopaedics, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Pumberger
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (P.K.); (E.O.); (D.J.); (M.-J.R.); (J.A.); (A.R.); (N.T.)
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Serafeim Tsitsilonis
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (P.K.); (E.O.); (D.J.); (M.-J.R.); (J.A.); (A.R.); (N.T.)
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
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10
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Muthu S, Jeyaraman M, Gulati A, Arora A. Current evidence on mesenchymal stem cell therapy for traumatic spinal cord injury: systematic review and meta-analysis. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:186-197. [PMID: 33183980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The authors aim to analyze the evidence in the literature regarding the efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy in human subjects with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) and identify its potential role in the management of SCI. METHODS The authors conducted independent and duplicate searches of electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library, until May 2020 for studies analyzing the efficacy and safety of stem cell therapy for SCI. American Spine Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale (AIS) grade improvement, ASIA sensorimotor score, activities of daily living score, residual urine volume, bladder function improvement, somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) improvement and adverse reactions were the outcomes analyzed. Analysis was performed in R platform using OpenMeta[Analyst] software. RESULTS Nineteen studies involving 670 patients were included for analysis. On analysis, the intervention group showed statistically significant improvement in AIS grade (P < 0.001), ASIA sensory score (P < 0.017), light touch (P < 0.001), pinprick (P = 0.046), bladder function (P = 0.012), residual urine volume (P = 0.023) and SSEP (P = 0.002). However, no significant difference was noted in motor score (P = 0.193) or activities of daily living score (P = 0.161). Although the intervention group had a significant increase in complications (P < 0.001), no serious or permanent adverse events were reported. On subgroup analysis, low concentration of MSCs (<5 × 107 cells) and initial AIS grade A presentation showed significantly better outcomes than their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS The authors' analysis establishes the efficacy and safety of MSC transplantation in terms of improvement in AIS grade, ASIA sensory score, bladder function and electrophysiological parameters like SSEP compared with controls, without major adverse events. However, further research is needed to standardize dose, timing, route and source of MSCs used for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Muthu
- Government Hospital, Velayuthampalayam, Karur, Tamil Nadu, India; Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India; Indian Stem Cells Study Group, Lucknow, India.
| | - Madhan Jeyaraman
- Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India; Indian Stem Cells Study Group, Lucknow, India; Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Arun Gulati
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College & Hospital, Karnal, India
| | - Arunabh Arora
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
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11
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Ahuja CS, Mothe A, Khazaei M, Badhiwala JH, Gilbert EA, van der Kooy D, Morshead CM, Tator C, Fehlings MG. The leading edge: Emerging neuroprotective and neuroregenerative cell-based therapies for spinal cord injury. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:1509-1530. [PMID: 32691994 PMCID: PMC7695641 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are associated with tremendous physical, social, and financial costs for millions of individuals and families worldwide. Rapid delivery of specialized medical and surgical care has reduced mortality; however, long-term functional recovery remains limited. Cell-based therapies represent an exciting neuroprotective and neuroregenerative strategy for SCI. This article summarizes the most promising preclinical and clinical cell approaches to date including transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, Schwann cells, and olfactory ensheathing cells, as well as strategies to activate endogenous multipotent cell pools. Throughout, we emphasize the fundamental biology of cell-based therapies, critical features in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury, and the strengths and limitations of each approach. We also highlight salient completed and ongoing clinical trials worldwide and the bidirectional translation of their findings. We then provide an overview of key adjunct strategies such as trophic factor support to optimize graft survival and differentiation, engineered biomaterials to provide a support scaffold, electrical fields to stimulate migration, and novel approaches to degrade the glial scar. We also discuss important considerations when initiating a clinical trial for a cell therapy such as the logistics of clinical-grade cell line scale-up, cell storage and transportation, and the delivery of cells into humans. We conclude with an outlook on the future of cell-based treatments for SCI and opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Ahuja
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Andrea Mothe
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Mohamad Khazaei
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Jetan H. Badhiwala
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Emily A. Gilbert
- Division of Anatomy, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Cindi M. Morshead
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of Anatomy, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Charles Tator
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
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12
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Yamazaki K, Kawabori M, Seki T, Houkin K. Clinical Trials of Stem Cell Treatment for Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113994. [PMID: 32498423 PMCID: PMC7313002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are more than one million patients worldwide suffering paralysis caused by spinal cord injury (SCI). SCI causes severe socioeconomic problems not only to the patients and their caregivers but also to society; therefore, the development of innovative treatments is crucial. Many pharmacological therapies have been attempted in an effort to reduce SCI-related damage; however, no single therapy that could dramatically improve the serious long-term sequelae of SCI has emerged. Stem cell transplantation therapy, which can ameliorate damage or regenerate neurological networks, has been proposed as a promising candidate for SCI treatment, and many basic and clinical experiments using stem cells for SCI treatment have been launched, with promising results. However, the cell transplantation methods, including cell type, dose, transplantation route, and transplantation timing, vary widely between trials, and there is no consensus regarding the most effective treatment strategy. This study reviews the current knowledge on this issue, with a special focus on the clinical trials that have used stem cells for treating SCI, and highlights the problems that remain to be solved before the widespread clinical use of stem cells can be adopted.
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13
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Lv C, Zhang T, Li K, Gao K. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells improve spinal function of spinal cord injury in rats via TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:3657-3663. [PMID: 32346429 PMCID: PMC7185179 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on the repair of spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats as well as the role of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smads signaling pathway in the repair were investigated. Rat BMSCs and astrocyte-spinal cords (ASCs) were isolated and cultured in vitro, and the cell purity was detected by flow cytometry. ASCs were co-cultured with TGF-β1, BMSCs and BMSCs + TGF-β1, respectively, and grouped accordingly, and ASCs cultured conventionally were included into control group. 3-(4,5)-Dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay was conducted to detect the proliferation ability of ASCs in each group. Western blotting (WB) was utilized to examine the expression of TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway-related proteins [TGF-β1, Smad2 and phosphorylated (p)-Smad2] in ASCs and ASCs co-cultured with BMSCs. A rat model of SCI was established, and BMSCs were injected locally. Then (BBB) score was used to evaluate spinal cord repair, and WB was adopted to detect the expression of TGF-β1, Smad2 and p-Smad2 at the injured site. BMSCs and ASCs isolated in vitro grew well. According to MTT assay results, TGF-β1 significantly promoted the proliferation of ASCs (P<0.05), and co-culture of ASCs and BMSCs remarkably reduced the proliferation of ASCs (P<0.05). The detection of protein expression at the SCI site via WB demonstrated that the expression of TGF-β1, Smad2 and p-Smad2 in SCI group were obviously upregulated compared with those in Sham group at 1 week (P<0.05), and the injection of BMSCs could markedly downregulate the expression (P<0.05). After 3 week, there were no significant differences in the expression of TGF-β1, Smad2 and p-Smad2 among groups (P>0.05). The transplantation of BMSCs can improve the spinal function of SCI rats probably by inhibiting the TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway and reducing the proliferation of ASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoliang Lv
- Department of Spine Surgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Jining No. 1 People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Jining No. 1 People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Jining No. 1 People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Kai Gao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Jining No. 1 People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
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14
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Lindsay SL, McCanney GA, Willison AG, Barnett SC. Multi-target approaches to CNS repair: olfactory mucosa-derived cells and heparan sulfates. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:229-240. [PMID: 32099190 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains one of the biggest challenges in the development of neuroregenerative therapeutics. Cell transplantation is one of numerous experimental strategies that have been identified and tested for efficacy at both preclinical and clinical levels in recent years. In this Review, we briefly discuss the state of human olfactory cell transplantation as a therapy, considering both its current clinical status and its limitations. Furthermore, we introduce a mesenchymal stromal cell derived from human olfactory tissue, which has the potential to induce multifaceted reparative effects in the environment within and surrounding the lesion. We argue that no single therapy will be sufficient to treat SCI effectively and that a combination of cell-based, rehabilitation and pharmaceutical interventions is the most promising approach to aid repair. For this reason, we also introduce a novel pharmaceutical strategy based on modifying the activity of heparan sulfate, an important regulator of a wide range of biological cell functions. The multi-target approach that is exemplified by these types of strategies will probably be necessary to optimize SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Lindsay
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - George A McCanney
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alice G Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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15
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Saladini M, Nizzardo M, Govoni A, Taiana M, Bresolin N, Comi GP, Corti S. Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1: Clinical phenotypes, molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic insights. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:1169-1178. [PMID: 31802621 PMCID: PMC6991628 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1) is a rare autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the IGHMBP2 gene, which encodes immunoglobulin μ‐binding protein 2, leading to progressive spinal motor neuron degeneration. We review the data available in the literature about SMARD1. The vast majority of patients show an onset of typical symptoms in the first year of life. The main clinical features are distal muscular atrophy and diaphragmatic palsy, for which permanent supportive ventilation is required. No effective treatment is available yet, but novel therapeutic approaches, such as gene therapy, have shown encouraging results in preclinical settings and thus represent possible methods for treating SMARD1. Significant advancements in the understanding of both the SMARD1 clinical spectrum and its molecular mechanisms have allowed the rapid translation of preclinical therapeutic strategies to human patients to improve the poor prognosis of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Saladini
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Nizzardo
- Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Govoni
- Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Taiana
- Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Nereo Bresolin
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo P Comi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neuromuscular and rare diseases unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
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16
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Hakim R, Covacu R, Zachariadis V, Frostell A, Sankavaram S, Svensson M, Brundin L. Syngeneic, in contrast to allogeneic, mesenchymal stem cells have superior therapeutic potential following spinal cord injury. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 328:5-19. [PMID: 30551037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the importance of histocompatibility of transplanted MSCs in terms of therapeutic potential. Mouse syngeneic MSCs or allogeneic MSCs were transplanted following SCI in mouse. In this study we found that syngeneic, but not allogeneic, MSCs alternatively activated macrophages resulting in a down-regulation of pro-inflammation. Syngeneic MSCs also had a general suppressive effect on the immune response as compared to allogeneic MSCs. Additionally, syngeneic, but not allogeneic, MSCs significantly enhanced the recovery of hind limb function. In this study we show that the histocompatibility of transplanted MSCs is of importance for their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramil Hakim
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna 17176, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ruxandra Covacu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna 17176, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Vasilios Zachariadis
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Arvid Frostell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sreenivasa Sankavaram
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna 17176, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Svensson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, BioClinicum, Solnavägen 30, Solna, Stockholm 17176, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lou Brundin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, BioClinicum, Solnavägen 30, Solna, Stockholm 17176, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna 17176, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Karaoz E, Tepekoy F, Yilmaz I, Subasi C, Kabatas S. Reduction of Inflammation and Enhancement of Motility after Pancreatic Islet Derived Stem Cell Transplantation Following Spinal Cord Injury. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2019; 62:153-165. [PMID: 30840970 PMCID: PMC6411578 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2018.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a very serious health problem, usually caused by a trauma and accompanied by elevated levels of inflammation indicators. Stem cell-based therapy is promising some valuable strategies for its functional recovery. Nestin-positive progenitor and/or stem cells (SC) isolated from pancreatic islets (PI) show mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) characteristics. For this reason, we aimed to analyze the effects of rat pancreatic islet derived stem cell (rPI-SC) delivery on functional recovery, as well as the levels of inflammation factors following SCI.
Methods rPI-SCs were isolated, cultured and their MSC characteristics were determined through flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analysis. The experimental rat population was divided into three groups : 1) laminectomy & trauma, 2) laminectomy & trauma & phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and 3) laminectomy+trauma+SCs. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) labelled rPI-SCs were transplanted into the injured rat spinal cord. Their motilities were evaluated with Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) Score. After 4-weeks, spinal cord sections were analyzed for GFP labeled SCs and stained for vimentin, S100β, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 2’,3’-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and proinflammatory (interleukin [IL]-6, transforming growth factor [TGF]-β, macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]-2, myeloperoxidase [MPO]) and anti-inflammatory (IL-1 receptor antagonis) factors.
Results rPI-SCs were revealed to display MSC characteristics and express neural and glial cell markers including BDNF, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), fibronectin, microtubule associated protein-2a,b (MAP2a,b), β3-tubulin and nestin as well as antiinflammatory prostaglandin E2 receptor, EP3. The BBB scores showed significant motor recovery in group 3. GFP-labelled cells were localized on the injury site. In addition, decreased proinflammatory factor levels and increased intensity of anti-inflammatory factors were determined.
Conclusion Transplantation of PI-SCs might be an effective strategy to improve functional recovery following spinal cord trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Karaoz
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, İstinye University, İstanbul, Turkey.,Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research & Practice, İstinye University, İstanbul, Turkey.,Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research & Manufacturing (LivMedCell), İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Tepekoy
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, İstinye University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Irem Yilmaz
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research & Manufacturing (LivMedCell), İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Cansu Subasi
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research & Manufacturing (LivMedCell), İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Kabatas
- Neurosurgery Clinic, Gaziosmanpasa Taksim Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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18
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Galhom RA, Hussein Abd El Raouf HH, Mohammed Ali MH. Role of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells and Schwann-like cells transplantation on spinal cord injury in adult male albino rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1365-1375. [PMID: 30372839 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury is a considerable health impact accompanied with physical, psychological and economic burden. Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) transplantation was found to produce neuronal regenerative effects. Schwann-like cells differentiated from BM-MSCs have myelin-forming ability. AIM OF THE WORK To compare the ability of BM-MSCs versus Schwann like cells to promote recovery of spinal cord injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS Adult male albino rats were used throughout the study. BM-MSCs were harvested from femora of rats. Sciatic nerves were extracted and used in the preparation of the induction culture medium for differentiation of BM-MSCs into Schwann-like cells. Rats were divided into control, spinal cord injured (SCI), spinal cord injured plus BM-MSCs transplantation (BM-MSC) and spinal cord injured plus Schwann-like cells transplantation (Sn) groups. BBB scale assessment was performed before and after SCI in all rats. Rats were euthanized at the end of the 7th week and spinal cords were dissected and processed for light and transmission electron microscopic examinations. RESULTS Spinal cord sections of SCI group revealed cavitation, necrosis and demyelination. BM-MSC and Sn groups showed both functional and structural improvement compared to SCI group with better BBB score and histopathological features in the BM-MSC group and more expression of S100 in the Sn group. CONCLUSION Transplantation of BM-MSCs and Schwann-like cells improved the structural and functional alterations of spinal cord injury with better improvement in BM-MSC group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania A Galhom
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
| | | | - Mona H Mohammed Ali
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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19
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Wang W, Huang X, Lin W, Qiu Y, He Y, Yu J, Xi Y, Ye X. Hypoxic preconditioned bone mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate spinal cord injury in rats via improved survival and migration. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2538-2550. [PMID: 30106084 PMCID: PMC6192716 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique hypoxic inflammatory microenvironment observed in the spinal cord following spinal cord injury (SCI) limits the survival and efficacy of transplanted bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The aim of the present study was to determine whether hypoxic preconditioning (HP) increased the therapeutic effects of BMSC on SCI. BMSCs were pretreated with cobalt chloride (CoCl2) in vitro, and the proliferative apoptotic and migratory abilities of these hypoxic BMSCs (H‑BMSCs) were assessed. BMSCs and H‑BMSCs derived from green fluorescent protein (GFP) rats were transplanted into SCI rats in vivo. The neurological function, histopathology, inflammation, and number and migration of transplanted cells were examined. HP significantly enhanced BMSC migration (increased hypoxia inducible factor 1α and C‑X‑C motif chemokine receptor 4 expression) and tolerance to apoptotic conditions (decreased caspase‑3 and increased B‑cell lymphoma 2 expression) in vitro. In vivo, H‑BMSC transplantation significantly improved neurological function, decreased spinal cord damage and suppressed the inflammatory response associated with microglial activation. The number of GFP‑positive cells in the SCI core and peripheral region of H‑BMSC animals was increased compared with that in those of BMSC animals, suggesting that HP may increase the survival and migratory abilities of BMSCs and highlights their therapeutic potential for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Qiu
- Department of Respiration, Shanghai Electric Power Hospital, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei He
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Jiangming Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Yanhai Xi
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojian Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
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El Zayat A, Badran Y. The effect of transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells to spinal cord on the recovery of urinary bladder function in patients having spinal cord injuries: a urodynamic study. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGY AND REHABILITATION 2018. [DOI: 10.4103/err.err_8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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21
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McGrath AM, Brohlin M, Wiberg R, Kingham PJ, Novikov LN, Wiberg M, Novikova LN. Long-Term Effects of Fibrin Conduit with Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Immunosuppression after Peripheral Nerve Repair in a Xenogenic Model. CELL MEDICINE 2018; 10:2155179018760327. [PMID: 32634185 PMCID: PMC6172997 DOI: 10.1177/2155179018760327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Previously we showed that a fibrin glue conduit with human mesenchymal stem cells
(hMSCs) and cyclosporine A (CsA) enhanced early nerve regeneration. In this study long
term effects of this conduit are investigated. Methods: In a rat model, the sciatic nerve was repaired with fibrin conduit containing fibrin
matrix, fibrin conduit containing fibrin matrix with CsA treatment and fibrin conduit
containing fibrin matrix with hMSCs and CsA treatment, and also with nerve graft as
control. Results: At 12 weeks 34% of motoneurons of the control group regenerated axons through the
fibrin conduit. CsA treatment alone or with hMSCs resulted in axon regeneration of 67%
and 64% motoneurons respectively. The gastrocnemius muscle weight was reduced in the
conduit with fibrin matrix. The treatment with CsA or CsA with hMSCs induced recovery of
the muscle weight and size of fast type fibers towards the levels of the nerve graft
group. Discussion: The transplantation of hMSCs for peripheral nerve injury should be optimized to
demonstrate their beneficial effects. The CsA may have its own effect on nerve
regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M McGrath
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Surgical and Perioperative Science, Section for Hand and Plastic Surgery, Norrland's University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Brohlin
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Wiberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Surgical and Perioperative Science, Section for Hand and Plastic Surgery, Norrland's University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paul J Kingham
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lev N Novikov
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mikael Wiberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Surgical and Perioperative Science, Section for Hand and Plastic Surgery, Norrland's University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Liudmila N Novikova
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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22
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The Effect of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Wharton's Jelly in Spinal Cord Injury Treatment Is Dose-Dependent and Can Be Facilitated by Repeated Application. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051503. [PMID: 29772841 PMCID: PMC5983761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells derived from Wharton’s jelly (WJ-MSCs) were used for the treatment of the ischemic-compression model of spinal cord injury in rats. To assess the effectivity of the treatment, different dosages (0.5 or 1.5 million cells) and repeated applications were compared. Cells or saline were applied intrathecally by lumbar puncture for one week only, or in three consecutive weeks after injury. Rats were assessed for locomotor skills (BBB, rotarod, flat beam) for 9 weeks. Spinal cord tissue was morphometrically analyzed for axonal sprouting, sparing of gray and white matter and astrogliosis. Endogenous gene expression (Gfap, Casp3, Irf5, Cd86, Mrc1, Cd163) was studied with quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT PCR). Significant recovery of functional outcome was observed in all of the treated groups except for the single application of the lowest number of cells. Histochemical analyses revealed a gradually increasing effect of grafted cells, resulting in a significant increase in the number of GAP43+ fibers, a higher amount of spared gray matter and reduced astrogliosis. mRNA expression of macrophage markers and apoptosis was downregulated after the repeated application of 1.5 million cells. We conclude that the effect of hWJ-MSCs on spinal cord regeneration is dose-dependent and potentiated by repeated application.
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23
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Muniswami DM, Kanthakumar P, Kanakasabapathy I, Tharion G. Motor Recovery after Transplantation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Rat Models of Spinal Cord Injury. Ann Neurosci 2018; 25:126-140. [PMID: 30814821 DOI: 10.1159/000487069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuronal tissue has a limited potential to self-renew or get repaired after damage. Cell therapies using stem cells are promising approaches for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) injuries. However, the clinical use of embryonic stem cells is limited by ethical concerns and other scientific consequences. Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC) could represent an alternative source of stem cells for replacement therapy. Indeed, many studies have demonstrated that MSCs can give rise to neuronal cells as well as many tissue-specific cell phenotypes. Purpose Motor recovery by transplantation of bone marrow MSCs in rat models of spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods Bone marrow was collected from the femur of albino Wistar rats. MSCs were separated using the Ficoll-Paque density gradient method and cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum. Cultured MSC was characterized by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry and neuronal-induced cells were further characterized for neural markers. Cultured MSCs were transplanted into the experimentally injured spinal cord of Wistar rats. Control (injured, but without cell transplantation) and transplanted rats were followed up to 8 weeks, analyzed using the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scale and electromyography (EMG) for behavioral and physiological status of the injured spinal cord. Finally, the tissue was evaluated histologically. Results Rat MSCs expressed positivity for a panel of MSC markers CD29, CD54, CD90, CD73, and CD105, and negativity for hematopoietic markers CD34, CD14, and CD45. In vitro neuronal transdifferentiated MSCs express positivity for β III tubulin, MAP2, NF, NeuN, Nav1.1, oligodendrocyte (O4), and negativity for glial fibrillary acid protein. All the treated groups show promising hind-limb motor recovery BBB score, except the control group. There was increased EMG amplitude in treated groups as compared to the control group. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled MSC survived and differentiated into neurons in the injured spinal cord, which is responsible for functional recovery. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that BM-MSC has the potential to repair the injured cord in rat models of SCI. Thus, BM-MSC appears to be a promising candidate for cell-based therapy in CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durai Murugan Muniswami
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - George Tharion
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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24
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Thomsen GM, Avalos P, Ma AA, Alkaslasi M, Cho N, Wyss L, Vit JP, Godoy M, Suezaki P, Shelest O, Bankiewicz KS, Svendsen CN. Transplantation of Neural Progenitor Cells Expressing Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor into the Motor Cortex as a Strategy to Treat Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1122-1131. [PMID: 29656478 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early dysfunction of cortical motor neurons may underlie the initiation of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). As such, the cortex represents a critical area of ALS research and a promising therapeutic target. In the current study, human cortical-derived neural progenitor cells engineered to secrete glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) were transplanted into the SOD1G93A ALS rat cortex, where they migrated, matured into astrocytes, and released GDNF. This protected motor neurons, delayed disease pathology and extended survival of the animals. These same cells injected into the cortex of cynomolgus macaques survived and showed robust GDNF expression without adverse effects. Together this data suggests that introducing cortical astrocytes releasing GDNF represents a novel promising approach to treating ALS. Stem Cells 2018;36:1122-1131.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen M Thomsen
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pablo Avalos
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Annie A Ma
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mor Alkaslasi
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Noell Cho
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Livia Wyss
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Vit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Biobehavioral Research Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Marlesa Godoy
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Patrick Suezaki
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Oksana Shelest
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Krystof S Bankiewicz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Liu Q, Lei L, Yu T, Jiang T, Kang Y. Effect of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor on the Neurogenesis and Osteogenesis in Bone Engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:1283-1292. [PMID: 29490590 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During bone growth, the lack of a neuralized vascular network in the regenerating area can affect subsequent bone quality. This study aimed to investigate if brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) could promote neurogenesis and osteogenesis in human bone mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) to improve bone formation during tissue engineering. Initially, a safe and effective BDNF concentration that facilitated hBMSC proliferation in vitro was determined. Subsequently, examination of mineralized nodule formation and evaluation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and ALP gene expression revealed that the most effective concentration of BDNF to elicit a response in hBMSCs was 100 ng/mL. In addition, we found out that by binding with TrkB receptor, the downstream Erk1/2 was phosphorylated, which promoted the expression of transcription factors, such as Runx2 and Osterix that are associated with osteoblast differentiation. We also found that by day 7 post-treatment, the neurogenic biomarkers, p75 and s100, were highly expressed in 100 ng/mL BDNF-treated hBMSCs. Finally, the effects of BDNF on osteogenesis and neurogenesis in newly formed tissues were assessed using animal models with a β-tricalcium phosphate scaffold. This revealed that treatment with 100 ng/mL BDNF promoted the osteogenesis and neurogenesis of hBMSCs in vivo by increasing expression of the osteogenic marker osteocalcin and various neurogenic biomarkers, including microtubule-associated protein 2, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neural/glial antigen 2, and β-tubulin III. This study has demonstrated that BDNF promotes hBMSC osteogenesis and neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo, and that BDNF may indirectly promote osteogenesis through increased neurogenesis. This further suggests that encouraging neutralization during bone engineering will lead to effective repairing of bone defects. The study may also provide insight into related fields, such as osseoperception and stress feedback regulation after dental implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- 1 Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology , Beijing, P.R. China .,2 Department of Stomatology, Peking University International Hospital , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lei Lei
- 1 Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Tao Yu
- 1 Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology , Beijing, P.R. China .,3 First Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ting Jiang
- 1 Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yunqing Kang
- 4 Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton, Florida.,5 Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton, Florida
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Wang T, Fang X, Yin ZS. Endothelial progenitor cell-conditioned medium promotes angiogenesis and is neuroprotective after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:887-895. [PMID: 29863020 PMCID: PMC5998635 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.232484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells secrete a variety of growth factors that inhibit inflammation, promote angiogenesis and exert neuroprotective effects. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether endothelial progenitor cell-conditioned medium might have therapeutic effectiveness for the treatment of spinal cord injury using both in vitro and in vivo experiments. After primary culture of bone marrow-derived macrophages, lipopolysaccharide stimulation was used to classically activate macrophages to their proinflammatory phenotype. These cells were then treated with endothelial progenitor cell-conditioned medium or control medium. Polymerase chain reaction was used to determine mRNA expression levels of related inflammatory factors. Afterwards, primary cultures of rat spinal cord neuronal cells were prepared and treated with H2O2 and either endothelial progenitor cell-conditioned medium or control medium. Hoechst 33258 and propidium iodide staining were used to calculate the proportion of neurons undergoing apoptosis. Aortic ring assay was performed to assess the effect of endothelial progenitor cell-conditioned medium on angiogenesis. Compared with control medium, endothelial progenitor cell-conditioned medium mitigated the macrophage inflammatory response at the spinal cord injury site, suppressed apoptosis, and promoted angiogenesis. Next, we used a rat model of spinal cord injury to examine the effects of the endothelial progenitor cell-conditioned medium in vivo. The rats were randomly administered intraperitoneal injection of PBS, control medium or endothelial progenitor cell-conditioned medium, once a day, for 6 consecutive weeks. Immunohistochemistry was used to observe neuronal morphology. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay was performed to detect the proportion of apoptotic neurons in the gray matter. The Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan Locomotor Rating Scale was used to evaluate the recovery of motor function of the bilateral hind limbs after spinal cord injury. Compared with the other two groups, the number of axons was increased, cavities in the spinal cord were decreased, the proportion of apoptotic neurons in the gray matter was reduced, and the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan score was higher in the endothelial progenitor cell-conditioned medium group. Taken together, the in vivo and in vitro results suggest that endothelial progenitor cell-conditioned medium suppresses inflammation, promotes angiogenesis, provides neuroprotection, and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Department of Spine Surgery, Hefei Binhu Hospital, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiao Fang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zong-Sheng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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Ku J, El-Hashash A. Stem Cell Roles and Applications in Genetic Neurodegenerative Diseases. STEM CELLS IN CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98065-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sublethal concentration of H2O2 enhances the protective effect of mesenchymal stem cells in rat model of spinal cord injury. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 40:609-615. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2499-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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29
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Pathophysiology, mechanisms and applications of mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:693-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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30
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Seo DK, Kim JH, Min J, Yoon HH, Shin ES, Kim SW, Jeon SR. Enhanced axonal regeneration by transplanted Wnt3a-secreting human mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2017; 159:947-957. [PMID: 28160063 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-017-3097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While pure mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI) is known to be safe, its efficacy is insufficient. Therefore, gene-modified stem cells are being developed to enhance the effect of pure MSCs. We investigated the effect of stem cell therapy through the transfection of a Wnt3a-producing gene that stimulates axonal regeneration. METHOD MSCs obtained from the human umbilical cord blood (hMSCs) were multiplied, cultivated, and transfected with the pLenti-Wnt3a-GFP viral vector to produce Wnt3a-secreting hMSCs. A total of 50 rats were injured with an Infinite Horizon impactor at the level of the T7-8 vertebrae. Rats were divided into five groups according to the transplanted material: (1) phosphate-buffered saline injection group (sham group, n = 10); (Pertz et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:1931-1936, 39) Wnt3a protein injection group (Wnt3a protein group, n = 10); (3) hMSC transplantation group (MSC group, n = 10); (4) hMSCs transfected with the pLenti vector transplantation group (pLenti-MSC group, n = 10); (5) hMSCs transfected with the pLenti+Wnt3a vector transplantation group (Wnt3a-MSC group, n = 10). Behavioral tests were performed daily for the first 3 days after injury and then weekly for 8 weeks. The injured spinal cords were extracted, and axonal regeneration markers including choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43), and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) were investigated by immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, and western blotting. RESULTS Seven weeks after the transplantation (8 weeks after SCI), rats in the Wnt3a-MSC group achieved significantly higher average scores in the motor behavior tests than those in the other groups (p < 0.05). Immunofluorescent stains showed greater immunoreactivity of ChAT, GAP43, and MAP2 in the Wnt3a-MSC group than in the other groups. RT-PCR and western blots revealed greater expression of these proteins in the Wnt3a-MSC group than in the other groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Wnt3a-secreting hMSC transplantation considerably improved neurological recovery and axonal regeneration in a rat SCI model.
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31
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Sarveazad A, Babahajian A, Bakhtiari M, Soleimani M, Behnam B, Yari A, Akbari A, Yousefifard M, Janzadeh A, Amini N, Agah S, Fallah A, Joghataei MT. The combined application of human adipose derived stem cells and Chondroitinase ABC in treatment of a spinal cord injury model. Neuropeptides 2017; 61:39-47. [PMID: 27484347 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although stem cell therapy has become a major focus as a new option for management of spinal cord injury (SCI), its effectiveness should be promoted. In this study, we investigated the effects of co-administrating human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) and Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) in a rat model of spinal cord injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS hADSCs derived from superficial layer of abdominal adipose tissue were used to treat a contusion-induced SCI. Animals were randomly allocated to five equal groups including sham (only laminectomy), SCI (SCI+vehicle injection), hADSCs (1×10⁶ hADSCs/10μl intra-spinal injection), ChABC (10μl of 100U/ml ChABC intra-spinal injection injection), and hADSCs+ChABC. Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan tests were used to evaluate locomotor function. 8weeks after treatment, cavity size, myelination, cell differentiation (neuron and astrocyte), and chondroitin sulfate amount were analyzed. RESULTS hADSC transplanted animals, ChABC injected animals (P<0.001), and hADSC+ChABC treated rats (P<0.001) displayed significant motor improvement compared to SCI group. Combination therapy of hADSCs and ChABC led to greater locomotor recovery compared to using hADSCs (P<0.001) or ChABC (P<0.01) alone. Spinal cords in the combined and single therapy groups had cavities filled with myelinated areas and less chondroitin sulfate content in comparison with the control group (P<0.001). hADSCs expressed GFAP, B III tubulin and Map2. CONCLUSION Combination therapy with ChABC and hADSCs exhibits more significant functional recovery than single therapy using either. This result may be applicable in selection of the best therapeutic strategy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Sarveazad
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asrin Babahajian
- Liver & Digestive Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Bakhtiari
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Soleimani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Behnam
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran; NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Office of the Clinical Director, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abazar Yari
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbari
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Physiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atousa Janzadeh
- Physiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Amini
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Agah
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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32
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Lindsay SL, Toft A, Griffin J, M M Emraja A, Barnett SC, Riddell JS. Human olfactory mesenchymal stromal cell transplants promote remyelination and earlier improvement in gait co-ordination after spinal cord injury. Glia 2017; 65:639-656. [PMID: 28144983 PMCID: PMC5324664 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autologous cell transplantation is a promising strategy for repair of the injured spinal cord. Here we have studied the repair potential of mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from the human olfactory mucosa after transplantation into a rodent model of incomplete spinal cord injury. Investigation of peripheral type remyelination at the injury site using immunocytochemistry for P0, showed a more extensive distribution in transplanted compared with control animals. In addition to the typical distribution in the dorsal columns (common to all animals), in transplanted animals only, P0 immunolabelling was consistently detected in white matter lateral and ventral to the injury site. Transplanted animals also showed reduced cavitation. Several functional outcome measures including end‐point electrophysiological testing of dorsal column conduction and weekly behavioural testing of BBB, weight bearing and pain, showed no difference between transplanted and control animals. However, gait analysis revealed an earlier recovery of co‐ordination between forelimb and hindlimb stepping in transplanted animals. This improvement in gait may be associated with the enhanced myelination in ventral and lateral white matter, where fibre tracts important for locomotion reside. Autologous transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells from the olfactory mucosa may therefore be therapeutically beneficial in the treatment of spinal cord injury. GLIA 2017 GLIA 2017;65:639–656
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Lindsay
- Institute of Infection, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Inflammation, and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Toft
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Griffin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed M M Emraja
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Carol Barnett
- Institute of Infection, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Inflammation, and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - John S Riddell
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Vaquero J, Zurita M, Rico MA, Bonilla C, Aguayo C, Fernández C, Tapiador N, Sevilla M, Morejón C, Montilla J, Martínez F, Marín E, Bustamante S, Vázquez D, Carballido J, Rodríguez A, Martínez P, García C, Ovejero M, Fernández MV. Repeated subarachnoid administrations of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells supported in autologous plasma improve quality of life in patients suffering incomplete spinal cord injury. Cytotherapy 2017; 19:349-359. [PMID: 28089079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Cell therapy with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) offers new hope for patients suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Ten patients with established incomplete SCI received four subarachnoid administrations of 30 × 106 autologous bone marrow MSCs, supported in autologous plasma, at months 1, 4, 7 and 10 of the study, and were followed until the month 12. Urodynamic, neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies were performed at months 6 and 12, and compared with basal studies. RESULTS Variable improvement was found in the patients of the series. All of them showed some degree of improvement in sensitivity and motor function. Sexual function improved in two of the eight male patients. Neuropathic pain was present in four patients before treatment; it disappeared in two of them and decreased in another. Clear improvement in bladder and bowel control were found in all patients suffering previous dysfunction. Before treatment, seven patients suffered spasms, and two improved. Before cell therapy, nine patients suffered variable degree of spasticity, and 3 of them showed clear decrease at the end of follow-up. At this time, nine patients showed infra-lesional electromyographic recordings suggesting active muscle reinnervation, and eight patients showed improvement in bladder compliance. After three administrations of MSCs, mean values of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial-derived neurotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophin 3 and 4 showed slight increases compared with basal levels, but without statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS Administration of repeated doses of MSCs by subarachnoid route is a well-tolerated procedure that is able to achieve progressive and significant improvement in the quality of life of patients suffering incomplete SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Vaquero
- Neurosurgery Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain; Neuroscience Research Unit, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Zurita
- Neuroscience Research Unit, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Rico
- Neuroscience Research Unit, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Bonilla
- Neuroscience Research Unit, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Aguayo
- Neuroscience Research Unit, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Fernández
- Neurosurgery Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Tapiador
- Rehabilitation Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Sevilla
- Rehabilitation Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Morejón
- Rehabilitation Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Montilla
- Rehabilitation Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Martínez
- Clinical Neurophysiology Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esperanza Marín
- Clinical Neurophysiology Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Bustamante
- Urology Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Vázquez
- Urology Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Carballido
- Urology Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Rodríguez
- Neuroscience Research Unit, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Martínez
- Neuroscience Research Unit, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral García
- Neuroimmunology Unit, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marta V Fernández
- Neuroscience Research Unit, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
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Dell'Anno MT, Strittmatter SM. Rewiring the spinal cord: Direct and indirect strategies. Neurosci Lett 2016; 652:25-34. [PMID: 28007647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is currently incurable. Treatment is limited to minimizing secondary complications and maximizing residual function by rehabilitation. Neurologic recovery is prevented by the poor intrinsic regenerative capacity of neurons in the adult central nervous system and by the presence of growth inhibitors in the adult brain and spinal cord. Here we identify three approaches to rewire the spinal cord after injury: axonal regeneration (direct endogenous reconnection), axonal sprouting (indirect endogenous reconnection) and neural stem cell transplantation (indirect exogenous reconnection). Regeneration and sprouting of axonal fibers can be both enhanced through the neutralization of myelin- and extracellular matrix-associated inhibitors described in the first part of this review. Alternatively, in the second part we focus on the formation of a novel circuit through the grafting of neural stem cells in the lesion site. Transplanted neural stem cells differentiate in vivo into neurons and glial cells which form an intermediate station between the rostral and caudal segment of the recipient spinal cord. In particular, here we describe how neural stem cells-derived neurons are endowed with the ability to extend long-distance axons to regain the transmission of motor and sensory information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Dell'Anno
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA.
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Kong X, Gao J. Macrophage polarization: a key event in the secondary phase of acute spinal cord injury. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:941-954. [PMID: 27957787 PMCID: PMC5387136 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) has become epidemic in modern society. Despite advances made in the understanding of the pathogenesis and improvements in early recognition and treatment, it remains a devastating event, often producing severe and permanent disability. SCI has two phases: acute and secondary. Although the acute phase is marked by severe local and systemic events such as tissue contusion, ischaemia, haemorrhage and vascular damage, the outcome of SCI are mainly influenced by the secondary phase. SCI causes inflammatory responses through the activation of innate immune responses that contribute to secondary injury, in which polarization‐based macrophage activation is a hallmarker. Macrophages accumulated within the epicentre and the haematoma of the injured spinal cord play a significant role in this inflammation. Depending on their phenotype and activation status, macrophages may initiate secondary injury mechanisms and/or promote CNS regeneration and repair. When it comes to therapies for SCI, very few can be performed in the acute phase. However, as macrophage activation and polarization switch are exquisitely sensitive to changes in microenvironment, some trials have been conducted to modulate macrophage polarization towards benefiting the recovery of SCI. Given this, it is important to understand how macrophages and SCI interrelate and interact on a molecular pathophysiological level. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the immuno‐pathophysiological features of acute SCI mainly from the following perspectives: (i) the overview of the pathophysiology of acute SCI, (ii) the roles of macrophage, especially its polarization switch in acute SCI, and (iii) newly developed neuroprotective therapies modulating macrophage polarization in acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Oh SK, Jeon SR. Current Concept of Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury: A Review. Korean J Neurotrauma 2016; 12:40-46. [PMID: 27857906 PMCID: PMC5110917 DOI: 10.13004/kjnt.2016.12.2.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a catastrophic condition associated with significant neurological deficit, social, and financial burdens. Over the past decades, various treatments including medication, surgery, and rehabilitation therapy for SCI have been performed, but there were no definite treatment option to improve neurological function of patients with chronic SCI. Therefore, new treatment trials with stem cells have been studied to regenerate injured spinal cord. Among various types of stem cells, bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells is highly expected as candidates for the stem cell therapy. The result of the current research showed that direct intramedullary injection to the injured spinal cord site in subacute phase is most effective. Neurological examination, electrophysiologic studies, and magnetic resonance imaging are commonly used to assess the effectiveness of treatment. Diffusion tensor imaging visualizing white matter tract can be also alternative option to identify neuronal regeneration. Despite various challenging issues, stem cell therapy will open new perspectives for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Kyu Oh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Jeon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Al Delfi IR, Sheard JJ, Wood CR, Vernallis A, Innes JF, Myint P, Johnson WEB. Canine mesenchymal stem cells are neurotrophic and angiogenic: An in vitro assessment of their paracrine activity. Vet J 2016; 217:10-17. [PMID: 27810198 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used in cell replacement therapies for connective tissue damage, but also can stimulate wound healing through paracrine activity. In order to further understand the potential use of MSCs to treat dogs with neurological disorders, this study examined the paracrine action of adipose-derived canine MSCs on neuronal and endothelial cell models. The culture-expanded MSCs exhibited a MSC phenotype according to plastic adherence, cell morphology, CD profiling and differentiation potential along mesenchymal lineages. Treating the SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line with serum-free MSC culture-conditioned medium (MSC CM) significantly increased SH-SY5Y cell proliferation (P <0.01), neurite outgrowth (P = 0.0055) and immunopositivity for the neuronal marker βIII-tubulin (P = 0.0002). Treatment of the EA.hy926 endothelial cell line with MSC CM significantly increased the rate of wound closure in endothelial cell scratch wound assays (P = 0.0409), which was associated with significantly increased endothelial cell proliferation (P <0.05) and migration (P = 0.0001). Furthermore, canine MSC CM induced endothelial tubule formation in EA.hy926 cells in a soluble basement membrane matrix. Hence, this study has demonstrated that adipose-derived canine MSC CM stimulated neuronal and endothelial cells probably through the paracrine activity of MSC-secreted factors. This supports the use of canine MSC transplants or their secreted products in the clinical treatment of dogs with neurological disorders and provides some insight into possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Al Delfi
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - J J Sheard
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - C R Wood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Life Sciences, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester, Cheshire CH1 4BJ, UK
| | - A Vernallis
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - J F Innes
- Veterinary Tissue Bank Ltd, Brynkinalt Business Centre, Wrexham LL14 5NS, UK
| | - P Myint
- Veterinary Tissue Bank Ltd, Brynkinalt Business Centre, Wrexham LL14 5NS, UK
| | - W E B Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Life Sciences, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester, Cheshire CH1 4BJ, UK.
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Guiding migration of transplanted glial progenitor cells in the injured spinal cord. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22576. [PMID: 26971438 PMCID: PMC4789737 DOI: 10.1038/srep22576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of glial-restricted progenitors (GRPs) is a promising strategy for generating a supportive environment for axon growth in the injured spinal cord. Here we explored the possibility of producing a migratory stream of GRPs via directional cues to create a supportive pathway for axon regeneration. We found that the axon growth inhibitor chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) strongly inhibited the adhesion and migration of GRPs, an effect that could be modulated by the adhesion molecule laminin. Digesting glycosaminoglycan side chains of CSPG with chondroitinase improved GRP migration on stripes of CSPG printed on cover glass, although GRPs were still responsive to the remaining repulsive signals of CSPG. Of all factors tested, the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) had the most significant effect in promoting the migration of cultured GRPs. When GRPs were transplanted into either normal spinal cord of adult rats or the injury site in a dorsal column hemisection model of spinal cord injury, a population of transplanted cells migrated toward the region that was injected with the lentivirus expressing chondroitinase or bFGF. These findings suggest that removing CSPG-mediated inhibition, in combination with guidance by attractive factors, can be a promising strategy to produce a migratory stream of supportive GRPs.
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Sandner B, Ciatipis M, Motsch M, Soljanik I, Weidner N, Blesch A. Limited Functional Effects of Subacute Syngeneic Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Transplantation after Rat Spinal Cord Contusion Injury. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:125-39. [DOI: 10.3727/096368915x687679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation might be one means to improve motor, sensory, or autonomic recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Among the different cell types evaluated to date, bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) have received considerable interest due to their potential neuroprotective properties. However, uncertainty exists whether the efficacy of BMSCs after intraspinal transplantation justifies an invasive procedure. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of syngeneic BMSC transplantation following a moderate to severe rat spinal cord injury. Adult Fischer 344 rats underwent a T9 contusion injury (200 kDy) followed by grafting of GFP-expressing BMSCs 3 days postinjury. Animals receiving a contusion injury without cellular grafts or an injury followed by grafts of syngeneic GFP-expressing fibroblasts served as control. Eight weeks post-transplantation, BMSC-grafted animals showed only a minor effect in one measure of sensorimotor recovery, no significant differences in tissue sparing, and no changes in the recovery of bladder function compared to both control groups in urodynamic measurements. Both cell types survived in the lesion site with fibroblasts displaying a larger graft volume. Thus, contrary to some reports using allogeneic or xenogeneic transplants, subacute intraparenchymal grafting of syngeneic BMSCs has only a minor effect on functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Sandner
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mareva Ciatipis
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Motsch
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Irina Soljanik
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Weidner
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Armin Blesch
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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A. Elawady M, M. Elmaghrabi M, Ebrahim N, A. Elawady M, Sabry D, Shamaa A, Ragaei A. Therapeutic Potential of Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Modulating Astroglyosis of Surgical Induced Experimental Spinal Cord Injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2016.76024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mortazavi MM, Jaber M, Adeeb N, Deep A, Hose N, Rezaei M, Fard SA, Kateb B, Yashar P, Liker MA, Tubbs RS. Engraftment of neural stem cells in the treatment of spinal cord injury. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ANATOMY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Li J, Guo W, Xiong M, Han H, Chen J, Mao D, Tang B, Yu H, Zeng Y. Effect of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis on the migration of transplanted bone mesenchymal stem cells mobilized by erythropoietin toward lesion sites following spinal cord injury. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:1205-14. [PMID: 26398409 PMCID: PMC4601746 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has indicated that the stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) axis plays a crucial role in the recruitment of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into lesion sites in animal models. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis on the migration of transplanted BMSCs mobilized by erythropoietin (EPO) toward the lesion site following spinal cord injury (SCI). A model of SCI was established in rats using the modified Allen's test. In the EPO group, EPO was administered at a distance of 2 mm cranially and then 2 mm caudally from the site of injury. In the BMSC group, 10 μl of BMSC suspension was administered in the same manner. In the BMSC + EPO group, both BMSCs and EPO were administered as described above. In the BMSC + EPO + AMD3100 group, in addition to the injection of BMSCs and EPO, AMD3100 (a chemokine receptor antagonist) was administered. The Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) Locomotor Rating Scale and a grid walk test were used to estimate the neurological recovery following SCI. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to assess the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and SDF-1 expression levels. An immunofluorescence assay was performed to identify the distribution of the BMSCs in the injured spinal cord. A Transwell migration assay was performed to examine BMSC migration. A terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed to detect the apoptotic index (AI). Western blot analysis was performed to measure the expression levels of erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) and CXCR4. Significant improvements in locomotor function were detected in the BMSC + EPO group compared with the BMSC group (P<0.05). GFP-labeled BMSCs were observed and were located at the lesion sites. Additionally, EPO significantly decreased the TNF-α levels and increased the SDF-1 levels in the injured spinal cord (P<0.05). The AI in the BMSC + EPO group was significantly lower compared with that in the other groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, EPO significantly upregulated the protein expression of CXCR4 in the BMSCs and promoted the migration of the BMSCs, whereas these effects were markedly inhibited when the BMSCs were co-transplanted with AMD3100. The findings of the present study confirm that EPO mobilizes BMSCs to the lesion site following SCI and enhances the anti-apoptotic effects of the BMSCs by upregulating the expression of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Weichun Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Min Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442008, P.R. China
| | - Heng Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442008, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442008, P.R. China
| | - Dan Mao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442008, P.R. China
| | - Bing Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442008, P.R. China
| | - Hualong Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442008, P.R. China
| | - Yun Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442008, P.R. China
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Cruz-Martinez P, Pastor D, Estirado A, Pacheco-Torres J, Martinez S, Jones J. Stem cell injection in the hindlimb skeletal muscle enhances neurorepair in mice with spinal cord injury. Regen Med 2015; 9:579-91. [PMID: 25372077 DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To develop a low-risk, little-invasive stem cell-based method to treat acute spinal cord injuries. methods: Adult mice were submitted to an incomplete spinal cord injury, and mesenchymal stem cells injected intramuscularly into both hindlimbs. Behavior tests and MRI of the spinal cord were periodically performed for up to 6 months, along with immunohistochemical analysis. Immunohistochemical and PCR analysis of the muscles were used to detect the grafted cells as well as the soluble factors released. RESULTS The stem cell-treated mice presented significant improvements in their motor skills 5 months after treatment. Spinal cord repair was detected by magnetic resonance and immunohistochemistry. In the hindlimb muscles, the stem cells activated muscle and motor neuron repair mechanisms, due to the secretion of several neurotrophic factors. CONCLUSION Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell injection into hindlimb muscles stimulates spinal cord repair in acute spinal cord lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Cruz-Martinez
- Neuroscience Institute, University Miguel Hernández (UMH-CSIC), San Juan, Alicante, Spain
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Gutierrez J, Lamanna JJ, Grin N, Hurtig CV, Miller JH, Riley J, Urquia L, Avalos P, Svendsen CN, Federici T, Boulis NM. Preclinical Validation of Multilevel Intraparenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in the Porcine Spinal Cord. Neurosurgery 2015; 77:604-12; discussion 612. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Although multiple clinical trials are currently testing different stem cell therapies as treatment alternatives for many neurodegenerative diseases and spinal cord injury, the optimal injection parameters have not yet been defined.
OBJECTIVE:
To test the spinal cord's tolerance to increasing volumes and numbers of stem cell injections in the pig.
METHODS:
Twenty-seven female Göttingen minipigs received human neural progenitor cell injections using a stereotactic platform device. Cell transplantation in groups 1 to 5 (5–7 pigs in each) was undertaken with the intent of assessing the safety of an injection volume escalation (10, 25, and 50 µL) and an injection number escalation (20, 30, and 40 injections). Motor function and general morbidity were assessed for 21 days. Full necropsy was performed; spinal cords were analyzed for graft survival and microscopic tissue damage.
RESULTS:
No mortality or permanent surgical complications were observed during the 21-day study period. All animals returned to preoperative baseline within 14 days, showing complete motor function recovery. The histological analysis showed that there was no significant decrease in neuronal density between groups, and cell engraftment ranged from 12% to 31% depending on the injection paradigm. However, tissue damage was identified when injecting large volumes into the spinal cord (50 μL).
CONCLUSION:
This series supports the functional safety of various injection volumes and numbers in the spinal cord and gives critical insight into important safety thresholds. These results are relevant to all translational programs delivering cell therapeutics to the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanmarco Gutierrez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jason J. Lamanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Natalia Grin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Carl V. Hurtig
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joseph H. Miller
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jonathan Riley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lindsey Urquia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pablo Avalos
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Clive N. Svendsen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Thais Federici
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nicholas M. Boulis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Zhang RP, Xu C, Liu Y, Li JD, Xie J. Visual bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in the repair of spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:404-11. [PMID: 25878588 PMCID: PMC4396102 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.153688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An important factor in improving functional recovery from spinal cord injury using stem cells is maximizing the number of transplanted cells at the lesion site. Here, we established a contusion model of spinal cord injury by dropping a weight onto the spinal cord at T7-8. Superparamagnetic iron oxide-labeled bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were transplanted into the injured spinal cord via the subarachnoid space. An outer magnetic field was used to successfully guide the labeled cells to the lesion site. Prussian blue staining showed that more bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells reached the lesion site in these rats than in those without magnetic guidance or superparamagnetic iron oxide labeling, and immunofluorescence revealed a greater number of complete axons at the lesion site. Moreover, the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale scores were the highest in rats with superparamagnetic labeling and magnetic guidance. Our data confirm that superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles effectively label bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and impart sufficient magnetism to respond to the external magnetic field guides. More importantly, superparamagnetic iron oxide-labeled bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can be dynamically and non-invasively tracked in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging. Superparamagnetic iron oxide labeling of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells coupled with magnetic guidance offers a promising avenue for the clinical treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-ping Zhang
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Radiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jian-ding Li
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
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Xiang L, Chen Y. Stem cell transplantation for treating spinal cord injury: A literature comparison between studies of stem cells obtained from various sources. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1256-63. [PMID: 25709624 PMCID: PMC4336961 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.16.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To identify global research trends of stem cell transplantation for treating spinal cord injury using a bibliometric analysis of the Web of Science. DATA RETRIEVAL: We performed a bibliometric analysis of data retrievals for stem cell transplantation for treating spinal cord injury from 2002 to 2011 using the Web of Science. SELECTION CRITERIA: Inclusion criteria: (a) peer-reviewed articles on stem cell transplantation for treating spinal cord injury that were published and indexed in the Web of Science; (b) type of articles: original research articles, reviews, meeting abstracts, proceedings papers, book chapters, editorial material, and news items; and (c) year of publication: 2002–2011. Exclusion criteria: (a) articles that required manual searching or telephone access; (b) documents that were not published in the public domain; and (c) a number of corrected papers from the total number of articles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Annual publication output; (2) distribution according to country; (3) distribution according to institution; (4) distribution according to journals; (5) distribution according to funding agencies; and (6) top cited articles over the last 10 years. RESULTS: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and embryonic stem cells have been widely used for treating spinal cord injury. In total, 191 studies of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation and 236 studies of embryonic stem cell transplantation for treating spinal cord injury appeared in the Web of Science from 2002 to 2011, and almost half of which were derived from American or Japanese authors and institutes. The number of studies of stem cell transplantation for treating spinal cord injury has gradually increased over the past 10 years. Most papers on stem cell transplantation for treating spinal cord injury appeared in journals with a particular focus on stem cell research, such as Stem Cells and Cell Transplantation. Although umbilical cord blood stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells have been studied for treating spinal cord injury, the number of published papers was much smaller, with only 21 and 17 records, respectively, in the Web of Science. CONCLUSION: Based on our analysis of the literature and research trends, we found that stem cells transplantation obtained from various sources have been studied for treating spinal cord injury; however, it is difficult for researchers to reach a consensus on this theme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbi Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, China
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Torres-Espín A, Redondo-Castro E, Hernandez J, Navarro X. Immunosuppression of allogenic mesenchymal stem cells transplantation after spinal cord injury improves graft survival and beneficial outcomes. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:367-80. [PMID: 25203134 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI) is a promising strategy for clinical application. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have demonstrated beneficial effects following transplantation in animal models of SCI. However, despite the immunoprivilege properties of the MSC, their survival in the injured spinal cord is reduced due to the detrimental milieu in the damaged tissue and immune rejection of the cells. The limited survival of the engrafted cells may determine the therapy success. Therefore, we compared two strategies to increase the presence of the cells in the injured spinal cord in rats: increasing the amount of MSC transplants and using immunosuppressive treatment with FK506 after transplantation. Functional outcomes for locomotion and electrophysiological responses were assessed. The grafted cells survival and the amount of cavity and spared tissue were studied. The findings indicate that immunosuppression improved grafted cells survival. A cell-dose effect was found regarding locomotion recovery and tissue protection independent of immunosuppression. Nevertheless, immunosuppression enhanced the electrophysiological outcomes and allowed filling of the cavity formed after injury by new regenerative tissue and axons. These results indicate that MSC transplantation combined with immunosuppression prolongs the survival of engrafted cells and improves functional and morphological outcomes after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Torres-Espín
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
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Zhang L, Liu D, Pu D, Wang Y, Li L, He Y, Li Y, Li L, Li W. The TLR7 agonist Imiquimod promote the immunogenicity of mesenchymal stem cells. Biol Res 2015; 48:6. [PMID: 25654296 PMCID: PMC4363195 DOI: 10.1186/0717-6287-48-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered the best candidate in stem cells therapy due to their multipotent differentiation ability, low expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86, CD34 and HLA-II) and immunosuppression effects on in vivo immune responses. MSCs were now widely used in clinical trials but received no encourage results. The major problem was the fate of engrafted MSCs in vivo could not be defined. Some studies indicated that MSCs could induce immune response and result in the damage and rejection of MSCs. As toll like receptors (TLRs) are important in inducing of immune responses, in this study we study the role of TLR7 in mediating the immune status of MSCs isolated from umbilical cord. RESULTS Our results indicated that TLR7 agonist Imiquimod could increase the proliferation of PBMC isolated from healthy human volunteers and release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in supernatant from PBMC-UCMSCs co-culture system. Flow cytometry and quantitative PCR also confirmed the regulated expression of surface co-stimulatory molecules and pro-inflammatory genes (IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TGF-β and TNF-α). And the down-regulation expression of stem cell markers also confirmed the loss of stemness of UCMSCs. We also found that the osteo-differentiation ability of UCMSCs was enhanced in the presence of Imiquimod. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first report that activation of TLR7 pathway increases the immunogenicity of UCMSCs. Extensive researches have now been conducted to study whether the change of immune status will be help in tumor rejection based on the tumor-tropism of MSCs.
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Ritfeld GJ, Patel A, Chou A, Novosat TL, Castillo DG, Roos RAC, Oudega M. The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in bone marrow stromal cell-mediated spinal cord repair. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:2209-20. [PMID: 25581479 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x686201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of intraspinal bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) transplants to elicit repair is thought to result from paracrine effects by secreted trophic factors including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Here we used gene therapy to increase or silence BDNF production in BMSCs to investigate the role of BDNF in BMSC-mediated neuroprotection. In a spinal cord organotypic culture, BMSC-conditioned medium significantly enhanced spinal motoneuron survival by 64% compared with culture medium only. Only conditioned medium of BDNF-hypersecreting BMSCs sustained this neuroprotective effect. In a rat model of spinal cord contusion, a BDNF-dependent neuroprotective effect was confirmed; only with a subacute transplant of BDNF-hypersecreting BMSCs were significantly more spared motoneurons found at 4 weeks postinjury compared with vehicle controls. Spared nervous tissue volume was improved by 68% with both control BMSCs and BDNF-hypersecreting BMSCs. In addition, blood vessel density in the contusion with BDNF-hypersecreting BMSCs was 35% higher compared with BMSC controls and sixfold higher compared with vehicle controls. BDNF-silenced BMSCs did not survive the first week of transplantation, and no neuroprotective effect was found at 4 weeks after transplantation. Together, our data broaden our understanding of the role of BDNF in BMSC-mediated neuroprotection and successfully exploit BDNF dependency to enhance anatomical spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby J Ritfeld
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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