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Kong X, Wang Q, Wang X, Yang K, Nie S, Li Y, Lao W, Yu X, Zhang Y, Li Z, Liu Y, Ning J, Wang Y, Bi C, Wu C, Zhai A. LINC01002 functions as a ceRNA to regulate FRMD8 by sponging miR-4324 for the development of COVID-19. Virol J 2024; 21:109. [PMID: 38734674 PMCID: PMC11088083 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02382-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has developed various strategies to evade the antiviral impact of type I IFN. Non-structural proteins and auxiliary proteins have been extensively researched on their role in immune escape. Nevertheless, the detailed mechanisms of structural protein-induced immune evasion have not been well elucidated. METHODS Human alveolar basal epithelial carcinoma cell line (A549) was stimulated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PIC) and independently transfected with four structural proteins expression plasmids, including nucleocapsid (N), spike (S), membrane (M) and envelope (E) proteins. By RT-qPCR and ELISA, the structural protein with the most pronounced inhibitory effects on IFN-β induction was screened. RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) and two differential analysis strategies were used to obtain differentially expressed genes associated with N protein inhibition of IFN-β induction. Based on DIANA-LncBase and StarBase databases, the interactive competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network for N protein-associated genes was constructed. By combining single-cell sequencing data (GSE158055), lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis was further determined. Finally, RT-qPCR was utilized to illustrate the regulatory functions among components of the ceRNA axis. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 N protein inhibited IFN-β induction in human alveolar epithelial cells most significantly compared with other structural proteins. RNA-Seq data analysis revealed genes related to N protein inhibiting IFNs induction. The obtained 858 differentially expressed genes formed the reliable ceRNA network. The function of LINC01002-miR-4324-FRMD8 axis in the IFN-dominated immune evasion was further demonstrated through integrating single-cell sequencing data. Moreover, we validated that N protein could reverse the effect of PIC on LINC01002, FRMD8 and miR-4324 expression, and subsequently on IFN-β expression level. And LINC01002 could regulate the production of FRMD8 by inhibiting miR-4324. CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2 N protein suppressed the induction of IFN-β by regulating LINC01002 which was as a ceRNA, sponging miR-4324 and participating in the regulation of FRMD8 mRNA. Our discovery provides new insights into early intervention therapy and drug development on SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Kong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Qinjin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Xumeng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Kaming Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Shuping Nie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Yuetong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Wanwen Lao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Zhenlin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Jie Ning
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Changlong Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China.
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China.
| | - Aixia Zhai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China.
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Lamoot A, Jangra S, Laghlali G, Warang P, Singh G, Chang LA, Park SC, Singh G, De Swarte K, Zhong Z, Louage B, De Lombaerde E, Ye T, Chen Y, Cuadrado-Castano S, Lienenklaus S, Sanders NN, Lambrecht BN, García-Sastre A, Schotsaert M, De Geest BG. Lipid Nanoparticle Encapsulation Empowers Poly(I:C) to Activate Cytoplasmic RLRs and Thereby Increases Its Adjuvanticity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306892. [PMID: 37867244 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Poly(I:C) is a synthetic analogue of dsRNA capable of activating both TLR3 and RLRs, such as MDA-5 and RIG-I, as pathogen recognition receptors. While poly(I:C) is known to provoke a robust type I IFN, type III IFN, and Th1 cytokine response, its therapeutic use as a vaccine adjuvant is limited due to its vulnerability to nucleases and poor uptake by immune cells. is encapsulated poly(I:C) into lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) containing an ionizable cationic lipid that can electrostatically interact with poly(I:C). LNP-formulated poly(I:C) triggered both lysosomal TLR3 and cytoplasmic RLRs, in vitro and in vivo, whereas poly(I:C) in an unformulated soluble form only triggered endosomal-localized TLR3. Administration of LNP-formulated poly(I:C) in mouse models led to efficient translocation to lymphoid tissue and concurrent innate immune activation following intramuscular (IM) administration, resulting in a significant increase in innate immune activation compared to unformulated soluble poly(I:C). When used as an adjuvant for recombinant full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, LNP-formulated poly(I:C) elicited potent anti-spike antibody titers, surpassing those of unformulated soluble poly(I:C) by orders of magnitude and offered complete protection against a SARS-CoV-2 viral challenge in vivo, and serum from these mice are capable of significantly reducing viral infection in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lamoot
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Sonia Jangra
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Gabriel Laghlali
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Prajakta Warang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Lauren A Chang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Seok-Chan Park
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, South Korea
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kim De Swarte
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Zifu Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Benoit Louage
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | | | - Tingting Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Sara Cuadrado-Castano
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Niek N Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Ghent University, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Bruno G De Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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Chu GE, Park JY, Park CH, Cho WG. Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in TRIF-Dependent Toll-like Receptor 3 Signaling in Bronchial Epithelial Cells against Viral Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:226. [PMID: 38203397 PMCID: PMC10778811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) plays an important role in double-stranded RNA recognition and triggers the innate immune response by acting as a key receptor against viral infections. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in TLR3-induced inflammatory responses during viral infections; however, their relationship with mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) remains largely unknown. In this study, we show that polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a mimic of viral RNA, induced TLR3-mediated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway activation and enhanced mtROS generation, leading to inflammatory cytokine production. TLR3-targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) and Mito-TEMPO inhibited inflammatory cytokine production in poly(I:C)-treated BEAS-2B cells. Poly(I:C) recruited the TLR3 adaptor molecule Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor, inducing IFN (TRIF) and activated NF-κB signaling. Additionally, TLR3-induced mtROS generation suppression and siRNA-mediated TRIF downregulation attenuated mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) degradation. Our findings provide insights into the TLR3-TRIF signaling pathway and MAVS in viral infections, and suggest TLR3-mtROS as a therapeutic target for the treatment of airway inflammatory and viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga Eul Chu
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea; (G.E.C.); (C.H.P.)
| | - Jun Young Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chan Ho Park
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea; (G.E.C.); (C.H.P.)
| | - Won Gil Cho
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea; (G.E.C.); (C.H.P.)
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Potter HG, Kowash HM, Woods RM, Revill G, Grime A, Deeney B, Burgess MA, Aarons T, Glazier JD, Neill JC, Hager R. Maternal behaviours and adult offspring behavioural deficits are predicted by maternal TNFα concentration in a rat model of neurodevelopmental disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 108:162-175. [PMID: 36503051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to inflammatory stressors during fetal development is a major risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) in adult offspring. Maternal immune activation (MIA), induced by infection, causes an acute increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines which can increase the risk for NDDs directly by inducing placental and fetal brain inflammation, or indirectly through affecting maternal care behaviours thereby affecting postnatal brain development. Which of these two potential mechanisms dominates in increasing offspring risk for NDDs remains unclear. Here, we show that acute systemic maternal inflammation induced by the viral mimetic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) on gestational day 15 of rat pregnancy affects offspring and maternal behaviour, offspring cognition, and expression of NDD-relevant genes in the offspring brain. Dams exposed to poly I:C elicited an acute increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF; referred to here as TNFα), which predicted disruption of key maternal care behaviours. Offspring of poly I:C-treated dams showed early behavioural and adult cognitive deficits correlated to the maternal TNFα response, but, importantly, not with altered maternal care. We also found interacting effects of sex and treatment on GABAergic gene expression and DNA methylation in these offspring in a brain region-specific manner, including increased parvalbumin expression in the female adolescent frontal cortex. We conclude that the MIA-induced elevation of TNFα in the maternal compartment affects fetal neurodevelopment leading to altered offspring behaviour and cognition. Our results suggest that a focus on prenatal pathways affecting fetal neurodevelopment would provide greater insights into the mechanisms underpinning the TNFα-mediated genesis of altered offspring behaviour and cognition following maternal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry G Potter
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Burnley BB11 1RA, United Kingdom.
| | - Hager M Kowash
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca M Woods
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Revill
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Grime
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan Deeney
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A Burgess
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Aarons
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Jocelyn D Glazier
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna C Neill
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; Chair of Medical Psychedelics Working Group, Drug Science, United Kingdom
| | - Reinmar Hager
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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TLR3 forms a laterally aligned multimeric complex along double-stranded RNA for efficient signal transduction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:164. [PMID: 36631495 PMCID: PMC9834221 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a member of the TLR family, which plays an important role in the innate immune system and is responsible for recognizing viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Previous biochemical and structural studies have revealed that a minimum length of approximately 40-50 base pairs of dsRNA is necessary for TLR3 binding and dimerization. However, efficient TLR3 activation requires longer dsRNA and the molecular mechanism underlying its dsRNA length-dependent activation remains unknown. Here, we report cryo-electron microscopy analyses of TLR3 complexed with longer dsRNA. TLR3 dimers laterally form a higher multimeric complex along dsRNA, providing the basis for cooperative binding and efficient signal transduction.
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Effects of Bacillus subtilis Natto Strains on Antiviral Responses in Resiquimod-Stimulated Human M1-Phenotype Macrophages. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020313. [PMID: 36673407 PMCID: PMC9858497 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis natto is used in the production of natto, a traditional fermented soy food, and has beneficial immunomodulatory effects in humans. Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses, including influenza and coronavirus, often cause global pandemics. We proposed a human cell culture model mimicking ssRNA viral infection and investigated the ability of B. subtilis natto to induce antiviral effects in the model. The gene expressions were analyzed using quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR. M1-phenotype macrophages derived from THP-1 cells strongly express the Toll-like receptor 8 (76.2-hold), CD80 (64.2-hold), and CCR7 (45.7-hold) mRNA compared to M0 macrophages. One µg/mL of resiquimod (RSQ)-stimulation induced the expression of IRF3 (1.9-hold), CXCL10 (14.5-hold), IFNβ1 (3.5-hold), ISG20 (4.4-hold), and MxA (1.7-hold) mRNA in the M1-phenotype macrophages. Based on these results, the RSQ-stimulated M1-phenotype macrophages were used as a cell culture model mimicking ssRNA viral infection. Moreover, the B. subtilis natto XF36 strain induced the expression of genes associated with antiviral activities (IFNβ1, IFNλ1, ISG20, and RNase L) and anti-inflammatory activities (IL-10) in the cell culture model. Thus, it is suggested that the XF36 suppresses viral infections and excessive inflammation by inducing the expression of genes involved in antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Rivera-Cruz CM, Figueiredo ML. Evaluation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cell Toll-like receptor priming and effects on interaction with prostate cancer cells. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:33-45. [PMID: 36257875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a multipotent cell population of clinical interest because of their ability to migrate to injury and tumor sites, where they may participate in tissue repair and modulation of immune response. Although the processes regulating MSC function are incompletely understood, it has been shown that stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can alter MSC activity. More specifically, it has been reported that human bone marrow-derived MSCs can be "polarized" by TLR priming into contrasting immunomodulatory functions, with opposite (supportive or suppressive) roles in tumor progression and inflammation. Adipose-derived MSCs (ASCs) represent a promising alternative MSC subpopulation for therapeutic development because of their relative ease of isolation and higher abundance compared with their bone marrow-derived counterparts; however, the polarization of ASCs remains unreported. METHODS In this study, we evaluated the phenotypic and functional consequences of short-term, low-level stimulation of ASCs with TLR3 and TLR4 agonists. RESULTS In these assays, we identified transient gene expression changes resembling the reported pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory MSC phenotypes. Furthermore, these priming strategies led to changes in the functional properties of ASCs, affecting their ability to migrate and modulate immune-mediated responses to prostate cancer cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS TLR3 stimulation significantly decreased ASC migration, and TLR4 stimulation increased ASC immune-mediated killing potential against prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosette M Rivera-Cruz
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Marxa L Figueiredo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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Anandam KY, Abad C, Synova T, Vinas-Noguera M, Bolboli B, Vokral I, Karahoda R, Staud F. Precision-cut rat placental slices as a model to study sex-dependent inflammatory response to LPS and Poly I:C. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1083248. [PMID: 36605215 PMCID: PMC9807759 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1083248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Maternal inflammation in pregnancy represents a major hallmark of several pregnancy complications and a significant risk factor for neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders in the offspring. As the interface between the mother and the fetus, the placenta plays a crucial role in fetal development and programming. Moreover, studies have suggested that the placenta responds to an inflammatory environment in a sex-biased fashion. However, placenta-mediated immunoregulatory mechanisms are still poorly understood. Methods Therefore, we have developed a model of ex vivo precision-cut placental slices from the rat term placenta to study acute inflammatory response. Rat placental slices with a precise thickness of 200 µm were generated separately from male and female placentas. Inflammation was stimulated by exposing the slices to various concentrations of LPS or Poly I:C for 4 and 18 hours. Results Treatment of placental slices with LPS significantly induced the expression and release of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. In contrast, Poly I:C treatment resulted in a less-pronounced inflammatory response. Interestingly, the female placenta showed higher sensitivity to LPS than male placenta. Anti-inflammatory agents, curcumin, 1α,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3, and progesterone attenuated the LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine response at both mRNA and protein levels. Discussion We conclude that rat placental slices represent a novel alternative model to study the role of sexual dimorphism in the acute inflammatory response and immune activation in pregnancy.
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Bucknor MC, Gururajan A, Dale RC, Hofer MJ. A comprehensive approach to modeling maternal immune activation in rodents. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1071976. [PMID: 36590294 PMCID: PMC9800799 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1071976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal brain development is a highly orchestrated process, making it a very vulnerable window to perturbations. Maternal stress and subsequent inflammation during pregnancy leads to a state referred to as, maternal immune activation (MIA). If persistent, MIA can pose as a significant risk factor for the manifestation of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. To further elucidate this association between MIA and NDD risk, rodent models have been used extensively across laboratories for many years. However, there are few uniform approaches for rodent MIA models which make not only comparisons between studies difficult, but some established approaches come with limitations that can affect experimental outcomes. Here, we provide researchers with a comprehensive review of common experimental variables and potential limitations that should be considered when designing an MIA study based in a rodent model. Experimental variables discussed include: innate immune stimulation using poly I:C and LPS, environmental gestational stress paradigms, rodent diet composition and sterilization, rodent strain, neonatal handling, and the inclusion of sex-specific MIA offspring analyses. We discuss how some aspects of these variables have potential to make a profound impact on MIA data interpretation and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan C. Bucknor
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anand Gururajan
- The Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell C. Dale
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Markus J. Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,*Correspondence: Markus J. Hofer,
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Cox OT, O’Sullivan N, Tresse E, Ward S, Buckley N, O’Connor R. PDLIM2 is highly expressed in Breast Cancer tumour-associated macrophages and is required for M2 macrophage polarization. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1028959. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1028959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The PDZ-LIM domain-containing protein 2 (PDLIM2) regulates cell polarity and the protein stability of key transcription factors in epithelial and hemopoietic cells. We previously reported that PDLIM2 is more highly expressed in Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) than in other breast cancer types or normal breast tissue. In the course of the TNBC study, it was noted that PDLIM2 was highly expressed in the stroma of PDLIM2-expressing tumours. Here, we investigated the phenotype of these stromal cells and whether any infiltrating immune population was linked to PDLIM2 expression. We found that high PDLIM2 expression in breast tumours was associated with higher levels of infiltrating M2 macrophages, but was not associated with infiltrating T cell sub-populations. We then tested whether PDLIM2 contributes to macrophage differentiation or function by using cultures of bone marrow-derived macrophages from wildtype and Pdlim2 knockout mice. This demonstrated that PDLIM2 is required for naïve macrophage migration and for the full adoption of IL-4-induced M2 polarization, including expression of M2 phenotypic markers, cell adhesion and cell migration. TLR4-, TLR3- or IFNγ-induced M1 macrophage activity was less dependent on PDLIM2. Finally, analysis of publicly available breast cancer datasets showed that high PDLIM2 expression is associated with increased M2 macrophage infiltration. We conclude that PDLIM2 expression influences the tumour associated stroma and, in particular, M2 macrophage infiltration that may contribute to the progression of TNBC or other subsets of breast cancer.
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11
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Fisher DG, Gnazzo V, Holthausen DJ, López CB. Non-standard viral genome-derived RNA activates TLR3 and type I IFN signaling to induce cDC1-dependent CD8+ T-cell responses during vaccination in mice. Vaccine 2022; 40:7270-7279. [PMID: 36333225 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a critical need to develop vaccine adjuvants that induce robust immune responses able to protect against intracellular pathogens, including viruses. Previously, we described defective viral genome-derived oligonucleotides (DDOs) as novel adjuvants that strongly induce type 1 immune responses, including protective Th1 CD4+ T-cells and effector CD8+ T-cells in mice. Here, we unravel the early innate response required for this type 1 immunity induction. Upon DDO subcutaneous injection, type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) accumulate rapidly in the draining lymph node in a Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)- and type I interferon (IFN)-dependent manner. cDC1 accumulation in the lymph node is required for antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Notably, in contrast to poly I:C, DDO administration resulted in type I IFN expression at the injection site, but not in the draining lymph node. Additionally, DDOs induced an inflammatory cytokine profile distinct from that induced by poly I:C. Therefore, DDOs represent a powerful new adjuvant to be used during vaccination against intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin G Fisher
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Victoria Gnazzo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Center for Women Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - David J Holthausen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Center for Women Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Carolina B López
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Center for Women Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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12
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Primary Cortical Cell Tri-Culture-Based Screening of Neuroinflammatory Response in Toll-like Receptor Activation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092122. [PMID: 36140221 PMCID: PMC9495748 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the central nervous system (CNS) can lead to neuroinflammation and contribute to many neurological disorders, including autoimmune diseases. Cell culture models are powerful tools for studying specific molecular and cellular mechanisms that contribute to these disease states and identifying potential therapeutics. However, most cell culture models have limitations in capturing biologically relevant phenomena, due in part to the non-inclusion of necessary cell types. Neurons, astrocytes, and microglia (critical cell types that play a role in neuroinflammation) all express at least a subset of TLRs. However, the response of each of these cell types to various TLR activation, along with their relative contribution to neuroinflammatory processes, is far from clear. In this study, we demonstrate the screening capabilities of a primary cortical cell tri-culture of neuron, astrocyte, and microglia from neonatal rats. Specifically, we compare the neuroinflammatory response of tri-cultures to that of primary neuron-astrocyte co-cultures to a suite of known TLR agonists. We demonstrate that microglia are required for observation of neurotoxic neuroinflammatory responses, such as increased cell death and apoptosis, in response to TLR2, 3, 4, and 7/8 activation. Additionally, we show that following TLR3 agonist treatment, microglia and astrocytes play opposing roles in the neuroinflammatory response, and that the observed response is dictated by the degree of TLR3 activation. Overall, we demonstrate that microglia play a significant role in the neuroinflammatory response to TLR activation in vitro and, hence, the tri-culture has the potential to serve as a screening platform that better replicates the in vivo responses.
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13
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Prendergast K, McAllister AK. Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring. J Vis Exp 2022:10.3791/64095. [PMID: 36063000 PMCID: PMC9933952 DOI: 10.3791/64095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy is consistently linked to increased risk of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders in offspring. Animal models of MIA are used to test causality, investigate mechanisms, and develop diagnostics and treatments for these disorders. Despite their widespread use, many MIA models suffer from a lack of reproducibility and almost all ignore two important aspects of this risk factor: (i) many offspring are resilient to MIA, and (ii) susceptible offspring can exhibit distinct combinations of phenotypes. To increase reproducibility and model both susceptibility and resilience to MIA, the baseline immunoreactivity (BIR) of female mice before pregnancy is used to predict which pregnancies will result in either resilient offspring or offspring with defined behavioral and molecular abnormalities after exposure to MIA. Here, a detailed method of inducing MIA via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the double stranded RNA (dsRNA) viral mimic poly(I:C) at 12.5 days of gestation is provided. This method induces an acute inflammatory response in the dam, which results in perturbations in brain development in mice that map onto similarly impacted domains in human psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs).
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14
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pH-Responsive Lipid Nanoparticles Achieve Efficient mRNA Transfection in Brain Capillary Endothelial Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081560. [PMID: 36015185 PMCID: PMC9413996 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB), which is comprised of brain capillary endothelial cells, plays a pivotal role in the transport of drugs from the blood to the brain. Therefore, an analysis of proteins in the endothelial cells, such as transporters and tight junction proteins, which contribute to BBB function, is important for the development of therapeutics for the treatment of brain diseases. However, gene transfection into the vascular endothelial cells of the BBB is fraught with difficulties, even in vitro. We report herein on the development of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), in which mRNA is encapsulated in a nano-sized capsule composed of a pH-activated and reductive environment-responsive lipid-like material (ssPalm). We evaluated the efficiency of mRNA delivery into non-polarized human brain capillary endothelial cells, hCMEC/D3 cells. The ssPalm LNPs permitted marker genes (GFP) to be transferred into nearly 100% of the cells, with low toxicity in higher concentration. A proteomic analysis indicated that the ssPalm-LNP had less effect on global cell signaling pathways than a Lipofectamine MessengerMAX/GFP-encoding mRNA complex (LFN), a commercially available transfection reagent, even at higher mRNA concentrations.
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15
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Maternal immune activation with high molecular weight poly(I:C) in Wistar rats leads to elevated immune cell chemoattractants. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 364:577813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Ahmed D, Humphrey A, Roy D, Sheridan ME, Versey Z, Jaworski A, Edwards A, Donner J, Abizaid A, Willmore W, Kumar A, Golshani A, Cassol E. HIF-1α Regulation of Cytokine Production following TLR3 Engagement in Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages Is Dependent on Viral Nucleic Acid Length and Glucose Availability. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2813-2827. [PMID: 34740958 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is an important regulator of glucose metabolism and inflammatory cytokine production in innate immune responses. Viruses modulate HIF-1α to support viral replication and the survival of infected cells, but it is unclear if this transcription factor also plays an important role in regulating antiviral immune responses. In this study, we found that short and long dsRNA differentially engage TLR3, inducing distinct levels of proinflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α and IL-6) in bone marrow-derived macrophages from C57BL/6 mice. These responses are associated with differential accumulation of HIF-1α, which augments NF-κB activation. Unlike TLR4 responses, increased HIF-1α following TLR3 engagement is not associated with significant alterations in glycolytic activity and was more pronounced in low glucose conditions. We also show that the mechanisms supporting HIF-1α stabilization may differ following stimulation with short versus long dsRNA and that pyruvate kinase M2 and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species play a central role in these processes. Collectively, this work suggests that HIF-1α may fine-tune proinflammatory cytokine production during early antiviral immune responses, particularly when there is limited glucose availability or under other conditions of stress. Our findings also suggest we may be able to regulate the magnitude of proinflammatory cytokine production during antiviral responses by targeting proteins or molecules that contribute to HIF-1α stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duale Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allan Humphrey
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Apoptosis Research Centre, The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Roy
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Zoya Versey
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison Jaworski
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Edwards
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Donner
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alfonso Abizaid
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - William Willmore
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashkan Golshani
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;
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17
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Elean M, Albarracin L, Fukuyama K, Zhou B, Tomokiyo M, Kitahara S, Araki S, Suda Y, Saavedra L, Villena J, Hebert EM, Kitazawa H. Lactobacillus delbrueckii CRL 581 Differentially Modulates TLR3-Triggered Antiviral Innate Immune Response in Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Macrophages. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122449. [PMID: 34946051 PMCID: PMC8704909 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CRL 581 beneficially modulates the intestinal antiviral innate immune response triggered by the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist poly(I:C) in vivo. This study aimed to characterize further the immunomodulatory properties of the technologically relevant starter culture L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis CRL 581 by evaluating its interaction with intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages in the context of innate immune responses triggered by TLR3. Our results showed that the CRL 581 strain was able to adhere to porcine intestinal epithelial (PIE) cells and mucins. The CRL 581 strain also augmented the expression of antiviral factors (IFN-α, IFN-β, Mx1, OAS1, and OAS2) and reduced inflammatory cytokines in PIE cells triggered by TLR3 stimulation. In addition, the influence of L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis CRL 581 on the response of murine RAW macrophages to the activation of TLR3 was evaluated. The CRL 581 strain was capable of enhancing the expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, Mx1, OAS1, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Of note, the CRL 581 strain also augmented the expression of IL-10 in macrophages. The results of this study show that the high proteolytic strain L. delbrueckii spp. lactis CRL 581 was able to beneficially modulate the intestinal innate antiviral immune response by regulating the response of both epithelial cells and macrophages relative to TLR3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Elean
- Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (M.E.); (L.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Leonardo Albarracin
- Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (M.E.); (L.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Kohtaro Fukuyama
- Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Food and Feed Immunology Group, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (K.F.); (B.Z.); (M.T.); (S.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Binghui Zhou
- Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Food and Feed Immunology Group, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (K.F.); (B.Z.); (M.T.); (S.K.); (S.A.)
- International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Livestock Immunology Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Mikado Tomokiyo
- Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Food and Feed Immunology Group, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (K.F.); (B.Z.); (M.T.); (S.K.); (S.A.)
- International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Livestock Immunology Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Shugo Kitahara
- Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Food and Feed Immunology Group, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (K.F.); (B.Z.); (M.T.); (S.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Shota Araki
- Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Food and Feed Immunology Group, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (K.F.); (B.Z.); (M.T.); (S.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Yoshihito Suda
- Department of Food, Agriculture and Environment, Miyagi University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan;
| | - Lucila Saavedra
- Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (M.E.); (L.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Julio Villena
- Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (M.E.); (L.A.); (L.S.)
- Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Food and Feed Immunology Group, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (K.F.); (B.Z.); (M.T.); (S.K.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (E.M.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Elvira M. Hebert
- Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman 4000, Argentina; (M.E.); (L.A.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (E.M.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Food and Feed Immunology Group, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (K.F.); (B.Z.); (M.T.); (S.K.); (S.A.)
- International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Livestock Immunology Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (E.M.H.); (H.K.)
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18
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Human macrophages utilize a wide range of pathogen recognition receptors to recognize Legionella pneumophila, including Toll-Like Receptor 4 engaging Legionella lipopolysaccharide and the Toll-like Receptor 3 nucleic-acid sensor. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009781. [PMID: 34280250 PMCID: PMC8321404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines made by macrophages play a critical role in determining the course of Legionella pneumophila infection. Prior murine-based modeling indicated that this cytokine response is initiated upon recognition of L. pneumophila by a subset of Toll-like receptors, namely TLR2, TLR5, and TLR9. Through the use of shRNA/siRNA knockdowns and subsequently CRISPR/Cas9 knockouts (KO), we determined that TRIF, an adaptor downstream of endosomal TLR3 and TLR4, is required for full cytokine secretion by human primary and cell-line macrophages. By characterizing a further set of TLR KO's in human U937 cells, we discerned that, contrary to the viewpoint garnered from murine-based studies, TLR3 and TLR4 (along with TLR2 and TLR5) are in fact vital to the macrophage response in the early stages of L. pneumophila infection. This conclusion was bolstered by showing that i) chemical inhibitors of TLR3 and TLR4 dampen the cytokine output of primary human macrophages and ii) transfection of TLR3 and TLR4 into HEK cells conferred an ability to sense L. pneumophila. TLR3- and TLR4-dependent cytokines promoted migration of human HL-60 neutrophils across an epithelial layer, pointing to the biological importance for the newfound signaling pathway. The response of U937 cells to L. pneumophila LPS was dependent upon TLR4, a further contradiction to murine-based studies, which had concluded that TLR2 is the receptor for Legionella LPS. Given the role of TLR3 in sensing nucleic acid (i.e., dsRNA), we utilized newly-made KO U937 cells to document that DNA-sensing by cGAS-STING and DNA-PK are also needed for the response of human macrophages to L. pneumophila. Given the lack of attention given them in the bacterial field, C-type lectin receptors were similarly examined; but, they were not required. Overall, this study arguably represents the most extensive, single-characterization of Legionella-recognition receptors within human macrophages.
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19
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McGarry N, Murray CL, Garvey S, Wilkinson A, Tortorelli L, Ryan L, Hayden L, Healy D, Griffin EW, Hennessy E, Arumugam M, Skelly DT, Mitchell KJ, Cunningham C. Double stranded RNA drives anti-viral innate immune responses, sickness behavior and cognitive dysfunction dependent on dsRNA length, IFNAR1 expression and age. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 95:413-428. [PMID: 33892139 PMCID: PMC8447494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Double stranded RNA is generated during viral replication. The synthetic analogue poly I:C is frequently used to mimic anti-viral innate immune responses in models of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders including schizophrenia, autism, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Many studies perform limited analysis of innate immunity despite these responses potentially differing as a function of dsRNA molecular weight and age. Therefore fundamental questions relevant to impacts of systemic viral infection on brain function and integrity remain. Here, we studied innate immune-inducing properties of poly I:C preparations of different lengths and responses in adult and aged mice. High molecular weight (HMW) poly I:C (1-6 kb, 12 mg/kg) produced more robust sickness behavior and more robust IL-6, IFN-I and TNF-α responses than poly I:C of < 500 bases (low MW) preparations. This was partly overcome with higher doses of LMW (up to 80 mg/kg), but neither circulating IFNβ nor brain transcription of Irf7 were significantly induced by LMW poly I:C, despite brain Ifnb transcription, suggesting that brain IFN-dependent gene expression is predominantly triggered by circulating IFNβ binding of IFNAR1. In aged animals, poly I:C induced exaggerated IL-6, IL-1β and IFN-I in the plasma and similar exaggerated brain cytokine responses. This was associated with acute working memory deficits selectively in aged mice. Thus, we demonstrate dsRNA length-, IFNAR1- and age-dependent effects on anti-viral inflammation and cognitive function. The data have implications for CNS symptoms of acute systemic viral infection such as those with SARS-CoV-2 and for models of maternal immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh McGarry
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carol L Murray
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean Garvey
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Abigail Wilkinson
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lucas Tortorelli
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lucy Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorna Hayden
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daire Healy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eadaoin W Griffin
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Edel Hennessy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Malathy Arumugam
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donal T Skelly
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J Mitchell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Colm Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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20
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Han X, Ding S, Jiang H, Liu G. Roles of Macrophages in the Development and Treatment of Gut Inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:625423. [PMID: 33738283 PMCID: PMC7960654 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.625423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, which are functional plasticity cells, have the ability to phagocytize and digest foreign substances and acquire pro-(M1-like) or anti-inflammatory (M2-like) phenotypes according to their microenvironment. The large number of macrophages in the intestinal tract, play a significant role in maintaining the homeostasis of microorganisms on the surface of the intestinal mucosa and in the continuous renewal of intestinal epithelial cells. They are not only responsible for innate immunity, but also participate in the development of intestinal inflammation. A clear understanding of the function of macrophages, as well as their role in pathogens and inflammatory response, will delineate the next steps in the treatment of intestinal inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the origin and development of macrophages and their role in the intestinal inflammatory response or infection. In addition, the effects of macrophages in the occurrence and development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and their role in inducing fibrosis, activating T cells, reducing colitis, and treating intestinal inflammation were also reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebing Han
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, China
| | - Sujuan Ding
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, China
| | - Hongmei Jiang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, China
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21
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Mcgarry N, Murray CL, Garvey S, Wilkinson A, Tortorelli L, Ryan L, Hayden L, Healy D, Griffin EW, Hennessy E, Arumugam M, Skelly DT, Mitchell KJ, Cunningham C. Double stranded RNA drives innate immune responses, sickness behavior and cognitive impairment dependent on dsRNA length, IFNAR1 expression and age.. [PMID: 33442686 PMCID: PMC7805443 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.09.426034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Double stranded RNA is generated during viral replication. The synthetic analogue poly I:C is frequently used to mimic anti-viral innate immune responses in models of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders including schizophrenia, autism, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Many studies perform limited analysis of innate immunity despite these responses potentially differing as a function of dsRNA molecular weight and age. Therefore fundamental questions relevant to impacts of systemic viral infection on brain function and integrity remain. Here, we studied innate immune-inducing properties of poly I:C preparations of different lengths and responses in adult and aged mice. High molecular weight (HMW) poly I:C (1–6kb, 12 mg/kg) produced more robust sickness behavior and more robust IL-6, IFN-I and TNFα responses than poly I:C of <500 bases (low MW) preparations. This was partly overcome with higher doses of LMW (up to 80 mg/kg), but neither circulating IFNβ nor brain transcription of Irf7 were significantly induced by LMW poly I:C, despite brain Ifnb transcription, suggesting that brain IFN-dependent gene expression is predominantly triggered by circulating IFNβ binding of IFNAR1. In aged animals, poly I:C induced exaggerated IL-6, IL-1β and IFN-I in the plasma and similar exaggerated brain cytokine responses. This was associated with acute working memory deficits selectively in aged mice. Thus, we demonstrate dsRNA length-, IFNAR1- and age-dependent effects on anti-viral inflammation and cognitive function. The data have implications for CNS symptoms of acute systemic viral infection such as those with SARS-CoV-2 and for models of maternal immune activation.
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22
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Mielcarska MB, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP, Szulc-Da̧browska L, Bossowska-Nowicka M, Wyżewski Z, Cymerys J, Chodkowski M, Kiełbik P, Godlewski MM, Gieryńska M, Toka FN. Participation of Endosomes in Toll-Like Receptor 3 Transportation Pathway in Murine Astrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:544612. [PMID: 33281554 PMCID: PMC7705377 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.544612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR3 provides immediate type I IFN response following entry of stimulatory PAMPs into the CNS, as it is in HSV infection. The receptor plays a vital role in astrocytes, contributing to rapid infection sensing and suppression of viral replication, precluding the spread of virus beyond neurons. The route of TLR3 mobilization culminating in the receptor activation remains unexplained. In this research, we investigated the involvement of various types of endosomes in the regulation of the TLR3 mobility in C8-D1A murine astrocyte cell line. TLR3 was transported rapidly to early EEA1-positive endosomes as well as LAMP1-lysosomes following stimulation with the poly(I:C). Later, TLR3 largely associated with late Rab7-positive endosomes. Twenty-four hours after stimulation, TLR3 co-localized with LAMP1 abundantly in lysosomes of astrocytes. TLR3 interacted with poly(I:C) intracellularly from 1 min to 8 h following cell stimulation. We detected TLR3 on the surface of astrocytes indicating constitutive expression, which increased after poly(I:C) stimulation. Our findings contribute to the understanding of cellular modulation of TLR3 trafficking. Detailed analysis of the TLR3 transportation pathway is an important component in disclosing the fate of the receptor in HSV-infected CNS and may help in the search for rationale therapeutics to control the replication of neuropathic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matylda B Mielcarska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina P Gregorczyk-Zboroch
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Szulc-Da̧browska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Cymerys
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Chodkowski
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paula Kiełbik
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał M Godlewski
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gieryńska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Felix N Toka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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23
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Goh JY, O'Sullivan SE, Shortall SE, Zordan N, Piccinini AM, Potter HG, Fone KCF, King MV. Gestational poly(I:C) attenuates, not exacerbates, the behavioral, cytokine and mTOR changes caused by isolation rearing in a rat 'dual-hit' model for neurodevelopmental disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:100-117. [PMID: 32485291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many psychiatric illnesses have a multifactorial etiology involving genetic and environmental risk factors that trigger persistent neurodevelopmental impairments. Several risk factors have been individually replicated in rodents, to understand disease mechanisms and evaluate novel treatments, particularly for poorly-managed negative and cognitive symptoms. However, the complex interplay between various factors remains unclear. Rodent dual-hit neurodevelopmental models offer vital opportunities to examine this and explore new strategies for early therapeutic intervention. This study combined gestational administration of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C); PIC, to mimic viral infection during pregnancy) with post-weaning isolation of resulting offspring (to mirror adolescent social adversity). After in vitro and in vivo studies required for laboratory-specific PIC characterization and optimization, we administered 10 mg/kg i.p. PIC potassium salt to time-mated Lister hooded dams on gestational day 15. This induced transient hypothermia, sickness behavior and weight loss in the dams, and led to locomotor hyperactivity, elevated striatal cytokine levels, and increased frontal cortical JNK phosphorylation in the offspring at adulthood. Remarkably, instead of exacerbating the well-characterized isolation syndrome, gestational PIC exposure actually protected against a spectrum of isolation-induced behavioral and brain regional changes. Thus isolation reared rats exhibited locomotor hyperactivity, impaired associative memory and reversal learning, elevated hippocampal and frontal cortical cytokine levels, and increased mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation in the frontal cortex - which were not evident in isolates previously exposed to gestational PIC. Brains from adolescent littermates suggest little contribution of cytokines, mTOR or JNK to early development of the isolation syndrome, or resilience conferred by PIC. But notably hippocampal oxytocin, which can protect against stress, was higher in adolescent PIC-exposed isolates so might contribute to a more favorable outcome. These findings have implications for identifying individuals at risk for disorders like schizophrenia who may benefit from early therapeutic intervention, and justify preclinical assessment of whether adolescent oxytocin manipulations can modulate disease onset or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Yin Goh
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Saoirse E O'Sullivan
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Sinead E Shortall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Nicole Zordan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Anna M Piccinini
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Harry G Potter
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Kevin C F Fone
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Madeleine V King
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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24
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Comer AL, Carrier M, Tremblay MÈ, Cruz-Martín A. The Inflamed Brain in Schizophrenia: The Convergence of Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors That Lead to Uncontrolled Neuroinflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:274. [PMID: 33061891 PMCID: PMC7518314 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a disorder with a heterogeneous etiology involving complex interplay between genetic and environmental risk factors. The immune system is now known to play vital roles in nervous system function and pathology through regulating neuronal and glial development, synaptic plasticity, and behavior. In this regard, the immune system is positioned as a common link between the seemingly diverse genetic and environmental risk factors for schizophrenia. Synthesizing information about how the immune-brain axis is affected by multiple factors and how these factors might interact in schizophrenia is necessary to better understand the pathogenesis of this disease. Such knowledge will aid in the development of more translatable animal models that may lead to effective therapeutic interventions. Here, we provide an overview of the genetic risk factors for schizophrenia that modulate immune function. We also explore environmental factors for schizophrenia including exposure to pollution, gut dysbiosis, maternal immune activation and early-life stress, and how the consequences of these risk factors are linked to microglial function and dysfunction. We also propose that morphological and signaling deficits of the blood-brain barrier, as observed in some individuals with schizophrenia, can act as a gateway between peripheral and central nervous system inflammation, thus affecting microglia in their essential functions. Finally, we describe the diverse roles that microglia play in response to neuroinflammation and their impact on brain development and homeostasis, as well as schizophrenia pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Comer
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Micaël Carrier
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alberto Cruz-Martín
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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25
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Domankevich V, Efrati M, Schmidt M, Glikson E, Mansour F, Shai A, Cohen A, Zilberstein Y, Flaisher E, Galalae R, Kelson I, Keisari Y. RIG-1-Like Receptor Activation Synergizes With Intratumoral Alpha Radiation to Induce Pancreatic Tumor Rejection, Triple-Negative Breast Metastases Clearance, and Antitumor Immune Memory in Mice. Front Oncol 2020; 10:990. [PMID: 32766128 PMCID: PMC7379859 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusing alpha-emitting radiation therapy (DaRT) employs intratumoral Ra-224-coated seeds that efficiently destroy solid tumors by slowly releasing alpha-emitting atoms inside the tumor. In immunogenic tumor models, DaRT was shown to activate systemic antitumor immunity. Agonists of the membrane-bound toll-like receptors (TLRs) enhanced these effects and led to tumor rejection. Here, we examined the combination of DaRT with agents that activate a different type of pattern recognition receptors, the cytoplasmatic RIG1-like receptors (RLRs). In response to cytoplasmatic viral dsRNA, RLRs activate an antiviral immune response that includes the elevation of antigen presentation. Thus, it was postulated that in low-immunogenic tumor models, RLR activation in tumor cells prior to the induction of their death by DaRT will be superior compared to TLR activation. Intratumoral cytoplasmatic delivery of the dsRNA mimic polyIC by polyethylenimine (PEI), was used to activate RLR, while polyIC without PEI was used to activate TLR. PolyIC(PEI) prior to DaRT synergistically retarded 4T1 triple-negative breast tumors and metastasis development more efficiently than polyIC and rejected panc02 pancreatic tumors in some of the treated mice. Splenocytes from treated mice, adoptively transferred to naive mice in combination with 4T1 tumor cells, delayed tumor development compared to naïve splenocytes. Low-dose cyclophosphamide, known to reduce T regulatory cell number, enhanced the effect of DaRT and polyIC(PEI) and led to high long-term survival rates under neoadjuvant settings, which confirmed metastasis clearance. The epigenetic drug decitabine, known to activate RLR in low doses, was given intraperitoneally prior to DaRT and caused tumor growth retardation, similar to local polyIC(PEI). The systemic and/or local administration of RLR activators was also tested in the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tumor model SQ2, in which a delay in tumor re-challenge development was demonstrated. We conclude that RIG-I-like activation prior to intratumoral alpha radiation may serve as a potent combination technique to reduce both tumor growth and the spread of distant metastases in low-immunogenic and metastatic tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Domankevich
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.,Alpha Tau Medical, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Margalit Efrati
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.,Alpha Tau Medical, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Michael Schmidt
- Alpha Tau Medical, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Eran Glikson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Fairuz Mansour
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Amit Shai
- Alpha Tau Medical, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Adi Cohen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Yael Zilberstein
- Sackler Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | | | - Razvan Galalae
- MedAustron, Wiener Neustadt, Austria.,Medical Faculty, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Itzhak Kelson
- Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Yona Keisari
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
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26
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Liu H, Zhou R, Liu Y, Guo L, Wang X, Hu W, Ho W. HIV infection suppresses TLR3 activation-mediated antiviral immunity in microglia and macrophages. Immunology 2020; 160:269-279. [PMID: 32053234 PMCID: PMC7341545 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytic-lineage cells in the central nervous system (CNS), including microglia and brain resident macrophages, are the key players in the CNS innate immunity against viral infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, these cells also serve as the major targets and reservoirs for HIV in the CNS. To address the question of how HIV can establish persistent infection in the target cells in the CNS, we examined whether HIV has the ability to counteract Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) activation-mediated antiviral immunity in microglia and macrophages. We observed that HIV latently infected microglial cells (HC69·5) expressed reduced levels of TLR3 and TLR3 activation-mediated interferons (IFN-α/β and IFN-λ) as compared with the uninfected control cells (C20). In addition, HIV infection of primary human macrophages suppressed the expression of TLR3 and the IFNs. HIV infection also inhibited the expression of the antiviral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and the HIV-restriction miRNAs. Mechanistically, HIV infection inhibited the phosphorylation of IFN regulatory factors (IRF3 and IRF7) and signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (STAT1 and STAT3) in both HIV latently infected microglia and acutely infected macrophages. These findings provide previously unrecognized and sound mechanisms for HIV infection and persistence in the primary target and reservoir cells in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Liu
- School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineTemple University Lewis Katz School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Run‐Hong Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineTemple University Lewis Katz School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineTemple University Lewis Katz School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Le Guo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineTemple University Lewis Katz School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineTemple University Lewis Katz School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Wen‐Hui Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineTemple University Lewis Katz School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Wen‐Zhe Ho
- School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineTemple University Lewis Katz School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
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27
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Gierman LM, Silva GB, Pervaiz Z, Rakner JJ, Mundal SB, Thaning AJ, Nervik I, Elschot M, Mathew S, Thomsen LCV, Bjørge L, Iversen AC. TLR3 expression by maternal and fetal cells at the maternal-fetal interface in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:173-183. [PMID: 32573856 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma0620-728rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress at the maternal-fetal interface characterize the placental dysfunction that underlies the pregnancy disorder preeclampsia. Specialized fetal trophoblasts directly interact with leukocytes at both sites of the maternal-fetal interface; the uterine wall decidua; and the placenta. TLR3 has been implicated in the harmful inflammation at the maternal-fetal interface in preeclampsia, but the cellular involvement in the decidua and placenta has not been determined. This study aimed to characterize and quantify cell-specific TLR3 expression and function at the maternal-fetal interface in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. TLR3 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry and quantified by a novel image-based and cell-specific quantitation method. TLR3 was expressed at the maternal-fetal interface by all decidual and placental trophoblast types and by maternal and fetal leukocytes. Placental, but not decidual, TLR3 expression was significantly higher in preeclampsia compared to normal pregnancies. This increase was attributed to placental intravillous tissue and associated with both moderate and severe placental dysfunction. TLR3 pathway functionality in the decidua and placenta was confirmed by TLR3 ligand-induced cytokine response, but the TLR3 expression levels did not correlate between the two sites. In conclusion, functional TLR3 was broadly expressed by maternal and fetal cells at both sites of the maternal-fetal interface and the placental intravillous expression was increased in preeclampsia. This suggests TLR3-mediated inflammatory involvement with local regulation at both sites of the maternal-fetal interface in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lobke M Gierman
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR) and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gabriela B Silva
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR) and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Zahra Pervaiz
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR) and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Johanne J Rakner
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR) and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Siv B Mundal
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR) and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Astrid J Thaning
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR) and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingunn Nervik
- Cellular & Molecular Imaging Core Facility (CMIC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mattijs Elschot
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Seema Mathew
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Liv Cecilie V Thomsen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Line Bjørge
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ann-Charlotte Iversen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR) and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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28
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Mekhemar M, Tölle J, Dörfer C, Fawzy El‐Sayed K. TLR3 ligation affects differentiation and stemness properties of gingival mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells. J Clin Periodontol 2020; 47:991-1005. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mekhemar
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology School of Dental Medicine Christian‐Albrecht’s University Kiel Germany
- Universitätsklinikum SchleswigȐHolstein Ȑ Campus, Kiel
| | - Johannes Tölle
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology School of Dental Medicine Christian‐Albrecht’s University Kiel Germany
| | - Christof Dörfer
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology School of Dental Medicine Christian‐Albrecht’s University Kiel Germany
| | - Karim Fawzy El‐Sayed
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology School of Dental Medicine Christian‐Albrecht’s University Kiel Germany
- Oral Medicine and Periodontology Department Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine Cairo University Cairo Egypt
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29
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Qi X, Liu X, Matiski L, Rodriguez Del Villar R, Yip T, Zhang F, Sokalingam S, Jiang S, Liu L, Yan H, Chang Y. RNA Origami Nanostructures for Potent and Safe Anticancer Immunotherapy. ACS NANO 2020; 14:4727-4740. [PMID: 32275389 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rapid developments in nucleic acid nanotechnology have enabled the rational design and construction of self-assembling DNA and RNA nanostructures that are highly programmable. We recently developed a replicable single-stranded RNA origami (RNA-OG) technology that allows a long RNA molecule to be programmed to self-assemble into nanostructures of various shapes. Here, we show that such RNA-OG is highly stable in serum/plasma, and we thus exploited its immunostimulatory potential. We demonstrated that the RNA-OG stimulates a potent innate response primarily through a Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) pathway. In a murine peritoneal metastatic colon cancer model, intraperitoneally injected RNA-OG induced significant tumor retardation or regression by activating NK- and CD8-dependent antitumor immunity and antagonizing the peritoneal immunosuppressive environment. Unlike polyinosinic/polycytidylic acid (PolyIC), a well-known double-stranded RNA analogue, the RNA-OG treatment did not cause a high level of type-I interferons in the blood nor apparent toxicity upon its systemic administration in the animals. This work establishes the function of RNA-OG as a potent line of TLR3 agonists that are safe and effective for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Qi
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Lawrence Matiski
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Ryan Rodriguez Del Villar
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Theresa Yip
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Fei Zhang
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Sriram Sokalingam
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Shuoxing Jiang
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Li Liu
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Hao Yan
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Yung Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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30
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Ling LJ, Lu Y, Zhang YY, Zhu HY, Tu P, Li H, Chen DF. Flavonoids from Houttuynia cordata attenuate H1N1-induced acute lung injury in mice via inhibition of influenza virus and Toll-like receptor signalling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 67:153150. [PMID: 31958713 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza virus is one of the most important human pathogens, causing substantial seasonal and pandemic morbidity and mortality. Houttuynia cordata is a traditionally used medicinal plant for the treatment of pneumonia. Flavonoids are one of the major bioactive constituents of Houttuynia cordata. PURPOSE This study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of flavonoid glycosides from H. cordata on influenza A virus (IAV)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. METHODS Flavonoids from H. cordata (HCF) were extracted from H. cordata and identified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mice were infected intranasally with influenza virus H1N1 (A/FM/1/47). HCF (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg) or Ribavirin (100 mg/kg, the positive control) were administered intragastrically. Survival rates, life spans, weight losses, lung indexes, histological changes, inflammatory infiltration, and inflammatory markers in the lungs were measured. Lung virus titers and neuraminidase (NA) activities were detected. The expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and levels of NF-κB p65 phosphorylation (NF-κB p65(p)) in the lungs were analysed. The effects of HCF on viral replication and TLR signalling were further evaluated in cells. RESULTS HCF contained 78.5% flavonoid glycosides. The contents of rutin, hyperin, isoquercitrin, and quercitrin in HCF were 8.8%, 26.7%, 9.9% and 31.7%. HCF (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) increased the survival rate and life span of mice infected with the lethal H1N1 virus. In H1N1-induced ALI, mice treated with HCF (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) showed lesser weight loss and lower lung index than the model group. The lungs of HCF-treated ALI mice presented more intact lung microstructural morphology, milder inflammatory infiltration, and lower levels of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and malondialdehyde (MDA) than in the model group. Further investigation revealed that HCF exerted antiviral and TLR-inhibitory effects in vivo and in vitro. HCF (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) reduced lung H1N1 virus titers and inhibited viral NA activity in mice. HCF (100 and 200 mg/kg) elevated the levels of interferon-β in lungs. HCF also decreased the expression of TLR3/4/7 and level of NF-κB p65(p) in lung tissues. In vitro experiments showed that HCF (50, 100 and 200 μg/ml) significantly inhibited viral proliferation and suppressed NA activity. In RAW 264.7 cells, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR7 agonist-stimulated cytokine secretion, NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation were constrained by HCF treatment. Furthermore, among the four major flavonoid glycosides in HCF, hyperin and quercitrin inhibited both viral replication and TLR signalling in cells. CONCLUSION HCF significantly alleviated H1N1-induced ALI in mice, which were associated with its dual antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects via inhibiting influenzal NA activity and TLR signalling. among the four major flavonoid glycosides in HCF, hyperin and quercitrin played key roles in the therapeutic effect of HCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Ling
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yun-Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhu
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Peng Tu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Dao-Feng Chen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Rutting S, Zakarya R, Bozier J, Xenaki D, Horvat JC, Wood LG, Hansbro PM, Oliver BG. Dietary Fatty Acids Amplify Inflammatory Responses to Infection through p38 MAPK Signaling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:554-568. [PMID: 30648905 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0215oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an important risk factor for severe asthma exacerbations, which are mainly caused by respiratory infections. Dietary fatty acids, which are increased systemically in obese patients and are further increased after high-fat meals, affect the innate immune system and may contribute to dysfunctional immune responses to respiratory infection. In this study we investigated the effects of dietary fatty acids on immune responses to respiratory infection in pulmonary fibroblasts and a bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B). Cells were challenged with BSA-conjugated fatty acids (ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFAs], ω-3 PUFAs, or saturated fatty acids [SFAs]) +/- the viral mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]) or bacterial compound lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and release of proinflammatory cytokines was measured. In both cell types, challenge with arachidonic acid (AA) (ω-6 PUFA) and poly(I:C) or LTA led to substantially greater IL-6 and CXCL8 release than either challenge alone, demonstrating synergy. In epithelial cells, palmitic acid (SFA) combined with poly(I:C) also led to greater IL-6 release. The underlying signaling pathways of AA and poly(I:C)- or LTA-induced cytokine release were examined using specific signaling inhibitors and IB. Cytokine production in pulmonary fibroblasts was prostaglandin dependent, and synergistic upregulation occurred via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, whereas cytokine production in bronchial epithelial cell lines was mainly mediated through JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. We confirmed these findings using rhinovirus infection, demonstrating that AA enhances rhinovirus-induced cytokine release. This study suggests that during respiratory infection, increased levels of dietary ω-6 PUFAs and SFAs may lead to more severe airway inflammation and may contribute to and/or increase the severity of asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rutting
- 1 Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,2 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Razia Zakarya
- 1 Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,3 School of Life Sciences and
| | - Jack Bozier
- 1 Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,3 School of Life Sciences and
| | - Dia Xenaki
- 1 Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jay C Horvat
- 2 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Lisa G Wood
- 2 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- 2 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,5 University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Ultimo, Australia; and.,4 Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- 1 Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,3 School of Life Sciences and
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Kowash HM, Potter HG, Edye ME, Prinssen EP, Bandinelli S, Neill JC, Hager R, Glazier JD. Poly(I:C) source, molecular weight and endotoxin contamination affect dam and prenatal outcomes, implications for models of maternal immune activation. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 82:160-166. [PMID: 31415868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The viral mimetic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) is increasingly used to induce maternal immune activation (mIA) to model neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Robust and reproducible phenotypes across studies are essential for the generation of models that will enhance our understanding of NDDs and enable the development of improved therapeutic strategies. However, differences in mIA-induced phenotypes using poly(I:C) have been widely observed, and this has prompted the reporting of useful and much needed methodological guidelines. Here, we perform a detailed investigation of molecular weight and endotoxin variations in poly(I:C) procured from two of the most commonly used suppliers, Sigma and InvivoGen. We demonstrate that endotoxin contamination and molecular weight differences in poly(I:C) composition lead to considerable variability in maternal IL-6 response in rats treated on gestational day (GD)15 and impact on fetal outcomes. Specifically, both endotoxin contamination and molecular weight predicted reductions in litter size on GD21. Further, molecular weight predicted a reduction in placental weight at GD21. While fetal body weight at GD21 was not affected by poly(I:C) treatment, male fetal brain weight was significantly reduced by poly(I:C), dependent on supplier. Our data are in agreement with recent reports of the importance of poly(I:C) molecular weight, and extend this work to demonstrate a key role of endotoxin on relevant phenotypic outcomes. We recommend that the source and batch numbers of poly(I:C) used should always be stated and that molecular weight variability and endotoxin contamination should be minimised for more robust mIA modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Kowash
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - H G Potter
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - M E Edye
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - E P Prinssen
- Roche Innovation Centre, Basel, 124 Grenzacherstrasse, Basel, CH 4070, Switzerland
| | - S Bandinelli
- Roche Innovation Centre, Basel, 124 Grenzacherstrasse, Basel, CH 4070, Switzerland
| | - J C Neill
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK. http://www.b-neuro.com
| | - R Hager
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - J D Glazier
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Asiamah EK, Ekwemalor K, Adjei-Fremah S, Osei B, Newman R, Worku M. Natural and synthetic pathogen associated molecular patterns modulate galectin expression in cow blood. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 61:245-253. [PMID: 31602302 PMCID: PMC6778856 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2019.61.5.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) are highly conserved structural
motifs that are recognized by Pathogen Recognition receptors (PRRs) to initiate
immune responses. Infection by these pathogens and the immune response to PAMPS
such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Peptidoglycan (PGN), bacterial
oligodeoxynucleotides [CpG oligodeoxynucleotides 2006 (CpG ODN2006) and CpG
oligodeoxynucleotides 2216 (CpG ODN2216)], and viral RNA
Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid (Poly I:C), are associated with infectious and
metabolic diseases in animals impacting health and production. It is established
that PAMPs mediate the production of cytokines by binding to PRRs such as
Toll-like receptors (TLR) on immune cells. Galectins (Gal) are
carbohydrate-binding proteins that when expressed play essential roles in the
resolution of infectious and metabolic diseases. Thus it is important to
determine if the expression of galectin gene (LGALS) and Gal secretion in blood
are affected by exposure to LPS and PGN, PolyI:C and bacterial CpG ODNs. LPS
increased transcription of LGALS4 and 12 (2.5 and 2.02 folds respectively) and
decreased secretion of Gal 4 (p < 0.05). PGN increased
transcription of LGALS-1, -2, -3, -4, -7, and -12 (3.0, 2.3, 2.0, 4.1, 3.3, and
2.4 folds respectively) and secretion of Gal-8 and Gal-9 (p
< 0.05). Poly I:C tended to increase the transcription of LGALS1, LGALS4,
and LGALS8 (1.78, 1.88, and 1.73 folds respectively). Secretion of Gal-1, -3, -8
and nine were significantly increased in treated samples compared to control
(p < 0.05). CpG ODN2006 did not cause any
significant fold changes in LGALS transcription (FC < 2) but increased
secretion of Gal-1, and-3 (p < 0.05) in plasma compared
to control. Gal-4 was however reduced in plasma (p <
0.05). CpG ODN2216 increased transcription of LGALS1 and LGALS3 (3.8 and 1.6
folds respectively), but reduced LGALS2, LGALS4, LGALS7, and LGALS12
(–1.9, –2.0, –2.0 and; –2.7 folds respectively).
Secretion of Gal-2 and -3 in plasma was increased compared to control
(p < 0.05). Gal-4 secretion was reduced in plasma
(p < 0.05). The results demonstrate that PAMPs
differentially modulate galectin transcription and translation of galectins in
cow blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Kwaku Asiamah
- Department of Agriculture-Animal Science, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA
| | - Kingsley Ekwemalor
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Sarah Adjei-Fremah
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Bertha Osei
- Functional and Chemical Genomics, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK 73104, USA
| | - Robert Newman
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Mulumebet Worku
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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Yaparla A, Docter-Loeb H, Melnyk MLS, Batheja A, Grayfer L. The amphibian (Xenopus laevis) colony-stimulating factor-1 and interleukin-34-derived macrophages possess disparate pathogen recognition capacities. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 98:89-97. [PMID: 31029710 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens such as the Frog Virus 3 (FV3) ranavirus are contributing to the worldwide amphibian declines. While amphibian macrophages (Mϕs) are central to the immune defenses against these viruses, the pathogen recognition capacities of disparate amphibian Mϕ subsets remain unexplored. In turn, Mϕ differentiation and functionality are interdependent on the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), which is ligated by colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and the unrelated interleukin-34 (IL-34) cytokines. Notably, the Xenopus laevis frog CSF-1- and IL-34-derived Mϕs are functionally distinct, and while the CSF-1-Mϕs are more susceptible to FV3, the IL-34-Mϕs are highly resistant to this pathogen. Here, we elucidate the pathogen recognition capacities of CSF-1- and IL-34-differentiated Mϕs by evaluating their baseline transcript levels of key pathogen pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Compared to the frog CSF-1-Mϕs, their IL-34-Mϕs exhibited greater expression of PRR genes associated with viral recognition as well as PRR genes known for recognizing bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). By contrast, the CSF-1-Mϕs displayed greater expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) that are absent in humans. Moreover, although the two Mϕ types possessed similar expression of most downstream PRR signaling components, they exhibited distinct outcomes upon stimulation with hallmark PAMPs, as measured by their tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-7 gene expression. Remarkably, stimulation with a TLR2/6 agonist conferred FV3 resistance to the otherwise susceptible CSF-1-Mϕs while treatment with a TLR9 agonist significantly ablated the IL-34-Mϕ resistance to FV3. These changes in Mϕ-FV3 susceptibility and resistance appeared to be linked to changes in their expression of key immune genes. Greater understanding of the amphibian macrophage pathogen-recognition capacities will lend to further insights into the pathogen-associated causes of the amphibian declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amulya Yaparla
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | | | | | | | - Leon Grayfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
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Toll-Like Receptors and Relevant Emerging Therapeutics with Reference to Delivery Methods. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090441. [PMID: 31480568 PMCID: PMC6781272 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The built-in innate immunity in the human body combats various diseases and their causative agents. One of the components of this system is Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes and/or endogenous molecules. Nonetheless, under certain conditions, these TLRs become hypofunctional or hyperfunctional, thus leading to a disease-like condition because their normal activity is compromised. In this regard, various small-molecule drugs and recombinant therapeutic proteins have been developed to treat the relevant diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn’s disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and allergy. Some drugs for these diseases have been clinically approved; however, their efficacy can be enhanced by conventional or targeted drug delivery systems. Certain delivery vehicles such as liposomes, hydrogels, nanoparticles, dendrimers, or cyclodextrins can be employed to enhance the targeted drug delivery. This review summarizes the TLR signaling pathway, associated diseases and their treatments, and the ways to efficiently deliver the drugs to a target site.
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Mueller FS, Richetto J, Hayes LN, Zambon A, Pollak DD, Sawa A, Meyer U, Weber-Stadlbauer U. Influence of poly(I:C) variability on thermoregulation, immune responses and pregnancy outcomes in mouse models of maternal immune activation. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:406-418. [PMID: 30980948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) models that are based on administration of the viral mimetic, poly(I:C), are widely used as experimental tools to study neuronal and behavioral dysfunctions in relation to immune-mediated neurodevelopmental disorders and mental illnesses. Evidence from investigations in non-pregnant rodents suggests that different poly(I:C) products can vary in terms of their immunogenicity, even if they are obtained from the same vendor. The present study aimed at extending these findings to pregnant mice, while also controlling various poly(I:C) products for potential contamination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found significant variability between different batches of poly(I:C) potassium salt obtained from the same vendor (Sigma-Aldrich) in terms of the relative amount of dsRNA fragments in the high molecular weight range (1000-6000 nucleotides long) and with regards to their effects on maternal thermoregulation and immune responses in maternal plasma, placenta and fetal brain. Batches of poly(I:C) potassium salt containing larger amounts of high molecular weight fragments induced more extensive effects on thermoregulation and immune responses compared to batches with minimal amounts of high molecular weight fragments. Consistent with these findings, poly(I:C) enriched for high molecular weight dsRNA (HMW) caused larger maternal and placental immune responses compared to low molecular weight (LMW) poly(I:C). These variable effects were unrelated to possible LPS contamination. Finally, we found marked variability between different batches of the poly(I:C) potassium salt in terms of their effects on spontaneous abortion rates. This batch-to-batch variability was confirmed by three independent research groups using distinct poly(I:C) administration protocols in mice. Taken together, the present data confirm that different poly(I:C) products can induce varying immune responses and can differentially affect maternal physiology and pregnancy outcomes. It is therefore pivotal that researchers working with poly(I:C)-based MIA models ascertain and consider the precise molecular composition and immunogenicity of the product in use. We recommend the establishment of reference databases that combine phenotype data with empirically acquired quality information, which can aid the design, implementation and interpretation of poly(I:C)-based MIA models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia S Mueller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich - Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juliet Richetto
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich - Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lindsay N Hayes
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Alice Zambon
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela D Pollak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Akira Sawa
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA; Bloomberg School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical Institutions, Baltimore, USA
| | - Urs Meyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich - Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Ulrike Weber-Stadlbauer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich - Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
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Cell Type Specific Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in Human Brains and Implications in Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7420189. [PMID: 31396533 PMCID: PMC6668540 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7420189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors mediate important cellular immune responses upon activation via various pathogenic stimuli such as bacterial or viral components. The activation and subsequent secretion of cytokines and proinflammatory factors occurs in the whole body including the brain. The subsequent inflammatory response is crucial for the immune system to clear the pathogen(s) from the body via the innate and adaptive immune response. Within the brain, astrocytes, neurons, microglia, and oligodendrocytes all bear unique compositions of Toll-like receptors. Besides pathogens, cellular damage and abnormally folded protein aggregates, such as tau and Amyloid beta peptides, have been shown to activate Toll-like receptors in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. This review provides an overview of the different cell type-specific Toll-like receptors of the human brain, their activation mode, and subsequent cellular response, as well as their activation in Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we critically evaluate the therapeutic potential of targeting Toll-like receptors for treatment of Alzheimer's disease as well as discussing the limitation of mouse models in understanding Toll-like receptor function in general and in Alzheimer's disease.
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Schug H, Yue Y, Krese R, Fischer S, Kortner TM, Schirmer K. Time- and concentration-dependent expression of immune and barrier genes in the RTgutGC fish intestinal model following immune stimulation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:308-317. [PMID: 30844464 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The fish intestine comprises an important environment-organism interface that is vital to fish growth, health and pathogen defense. Yet, knowledge about the physiology and defense mechanisms toward environmental stressors, such as bacterial or viral cues, is limited and depends largely on in vivo experiments with fish. On this background, we here explore the immune competence of a recently established in vitro intestinal barrier model based on the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intestinal epithelial cell line, RTgutGC. We demonstrate that the RTgutGC cell barrier reacts to two immune stimuli, the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli and the viral Poly(I:C), by regulating the mRNA abundance of selected genes in a partly time- and concentration dependent manner. The immune stimuli activated the Myd88-and Ticam-dependent signalling cascades, which resulted in downstream activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferon, comparable to the regulatory patterns known from in vivo. Stimuli exposure furthermore influenced the regulation of epithelial barrier markers and resulted in slightly impaired barrier functionality after long-term exposure to LPS. Collectively, we provide proof of the usefulness of this unique cell culture model to further gain basic understanding of the fish innate immune system and to apply it in various fields, such as fish feed development and fish health in aquaculture or the evaluation of immuno-toxicity of chemical contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Schug
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Rok Krese
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Fischer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; aQuaTox-Solutions, 8304, Wallisellen, Switzerland
| | - Trond M Kortner
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Dutot M, Grassin-Delyle S, Salvator H, Brollo M, Rat P, Fagon R, Naline E, Devillier P. A marine-sourced fucoidan solution inhibits Toll-like-receptor-3-induced cytokine release by human bronchial epithelial cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 130:429-436. [PMID: 30797011 PMCID: PMC7112488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fucoidans are sulfated polysaccharides from brown algae, known to have immunomodulatory activity. Their effects on the response of airway epithelial cells to Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) stimulation have not been characterized. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of a marine-sourced fucoidan solution (MFS) on the TLR3-induced expression and/or production of cytokines and prostaglandin by human primary bronchial epithelial cells as a model of the airway epithelium. The cells were incubated with MFS in the presence or absence of Poly(I:C) (a TLR3 agonist that mimics viral RNA). Cytokine expression and production were assessed using RT-qPCR and ELISA. The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and the production of prostaglandin E2 were also measured. Relative to control, exposure to MFS was associated with lower Poly(I:C)-induced mRNA expression of various cytokines and chemokines, and lower COX-2 production. The MFS inhibited the production of some cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6), chemokines (CCL5, CCL22, CXCL1, CXCL5 and CXCL8) and prostaglandin E2 but did not alter the production of IL-12/25, CCL2 and CCL20. At clinically relevant concentrations, the MFS inhibited the TLR3-mediated production of inflammatory mediators by human primary bronchial epithelial cells - suggesting that locally applied MFS might help to reduce airway inflammation in viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dutot
- Yslab, F-29000 Quimper, France; CNRS UMR 8038, Laboratoire de Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - S Grassin-Delyle
- INSERM UMR 1173 et Plateforme de spectrométrie de masse MasSpecLab, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Département des Maladies Respiratoires, Hôpital Foch, F-92150 Suresnes, France
| | - H Salvator
- Département des Maladies Respiratoires, Hôpital Foch, F-92150 Suresnes, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Respiratoire, UPRES EA 220, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92150 Suresnes, France
| | - M Brollo
- Département des Maladies Respiratoires, Hôpital Foch, F-92150 Suresnes, France
| | - P Rat
- CNRS UMR 8038, Laboratoire de Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - R Fagon
- Yslab, F-29000 Quimper, France
| | - E Naline
- Département des Maladies Respiratoires, Hôpital Foch, F-92150 Suresnes, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Respiratoire, UPRES EA 220, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92150 Suresnes, France
| | - P Devillier
- Département des Maladies Respiratoires, Hôpital Foch, F-92150 Suresnes, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Respiratoire, UPRES EA 220, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92150 Suresnes, France
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Kim D, Kim H, Han S, Scatena M, Kim DH, Lee JB. Immunostimulatory Effects Triggered by Self-Assembled Microspheres with Tandem Repeats of Polymerized RNA Strands. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801395. [PMID: 30657652 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled RNA particles have been exploited widely to maximize the therapeutic potential of RNA. However, the immune response via RNA particles is not fully understood. In addition, the investigation of the immunogenicity from RNA-based particles is required owing to inherent immunostimulatory effects of RNA for clinical translation. To examine the immune stimulating potency, rationally designed microsized RNA particles, called RNA microspheres (RMSs), are generated with single or double strands via rolling circle transcription. The RMSs show an exceptional stability in the presence of serum, while they are selectively degraded under endolysosomal conditions. With precisely controlled size, both RMSs are successfully taken up by macrophages. Unlike the nature of RNA fragments, RMSs induce only basal-level expression of inflammatory cytokines as well as type I interferon from macrophages, suggesting that RMSs are immunocompatible in the therapeutic dose range. Taken together, this study could help accelerate clinical translation and broaden the applicability of the self-assembled RNA-based particles without being limited by their potential immunotoxicity, while a systematic controllability study observing the release of RNA fragments from RMSs would provide self-assembled RNA-based structures with a great potential for immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajeong Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Seoul; Seoul 02504 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Seoul; Seoul 02504 Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Washington; Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Sangwoo Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Seoul; Seoul 02504 Republic of Korea
| | - Marta Scatena
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Washington; Seattle WA 98195 USA
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle WA 98109 USA
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Washington; Seattle WA 98195 USA
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle WA 98109 USA
| | - Jong Bum Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Seoul; Seoul 02504 Republic of Korea
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Kentner AC, Bilbo SD, Brown AS, Hsiao EY, McAllister AK, Meyer U, Pearce BD, Pletnikov MV, Yolken RH, Bauman MD. Maternal immune activation: reporting guidelines to improve the rigor, reproducibility, and transparency of the model. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:245-258. [PMID: 30188509 PMCID: PMC6300528 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The 2017 American College of Neuropychopharmacology (ACNP) conference hosted a Study Group on 4 December 2017, Establishing best practice guidelines to improve the rigor, reproducibility, and transparency of the maternal immune activation (MIA) animal model of neurodevelopmental abnormalities. The goals of this session were to (a) evaluate the current literature and establish a consensus on best practices to be implemented in MIA studies, (b) identify remaining research gaps warranting additional data collection and lend to the development of evidence-based best practice design, and (c) inform the MIA research community of these findings. During this session, there was a detailed discussion on the importance of validating immunogen doses and standardizing the general design (e.g., species, immunogenic compound used, housing) of our MIA models both within and across laboratories. The consensus of the study group was that data does not currently exist to support specific evidence-based model selection or methodological recommendations due to lack of consistency in reporting, and that this issue extends to other inflammatory models of neurodevelopmental abnormalities. This launched a call to establish a reporting checklist focusing on validation, implementation, and transparency modeled on the ARRIVE Guidelines and CONSORT (scientific reporting guidelines for animal and clinical research, respectively). Here we provide a summary of the discussions in addition to a suggested checklist of reporting guidelines needed to improve the rigor and reproducibility of this valuable translational model, which can be adapted and applied to other animal models as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C. Kentner
- 0000 0001 0021 3995grid.416498.6School of Arts & Sciences, Health Psychology Program, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA USA
| | - Staci D. Bilbo
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,0000 0004 0386 9924grid.32224.35Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA USA
| | - Alan S. Brown
- 0000000419368729grid.21729.3fDepartment of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ,0000 0000 8499 1112grid.413734.6New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - Elaine Y. Hsiao
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - A. Kimberley McAllister
- 0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bCenter for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Urs Meyer
- 0000 0004 1937 0650grid.7400.3Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland ,0000 0004 1937 0650grid.7400.3Neuroscience Centre Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brad D. Pearce
- 0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, and Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Mikhail V. Pletnikov
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Robert H. Yolken
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Melissa D. Bauman
- 0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bThe UC Davis MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, USA
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Williams DW, Askew LC, Jones E, Clements JE. CCR2 Signaling Selectively Regulates IFN-α: Role of β-Arrestin 2 in IFNAR1 Internalization. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:105-118. [PMID: 30504423 PMCID: PMC6310093 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An integral component of the antiviral response, type I IFNs require regulation to modulate immune activation. We identify β-arrestin 2 as a key modulator of type I IFN in primary human macrophages, an essential component of the innate immune response. β-Arrestin 2 was selectively activated by CCL2/CCR2 signaling, which induced a decrease in IFN-α, but not IFN-β expression. Small interfering RNA knockdown of β-arrestin 2 demonstrated its role in IFNAR1 internalization, as well as STAT1 and IRF3 activation. As a result, cytokine responses were not propagated following HIV infection and TLR3 activation. However, remnants of IFN signaling remained intact, despite β-arrestin 2 activation, as IFN-β, IFN-γ, IFN-λ1, IRF7, TRAIL, and MxA expression were sustained. Similar effects of β-arrestin 2 on IFN signaling occurred in hepatocytes, suggesting that arrestins may broadly modulate IFN responses in multiple cell types. In summary, we identify a novel role of β-arrestin 2 as an integral regulator of type I IFN through its internalization of IFNAR1 and a subsequent selective loss of downstream IFN signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionna W Williams
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205;
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Lauren C Askew
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Elonna Jones
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Janice E Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; and
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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43
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Anwar MA, Shah M, Kim J, Choi S. Recent clinical trends in Toll-like receptor targeting therapeutics. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:1053-1090. [PMID: 30450666 PMCID: PMC6587958 DOI: 10.1002/med.21553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are germline‐encoded receptors that are central to innate and adaptive immune responses. Owing to their vital role in inflammation, TLRs are rational targets in clinics; thus, many ligands and biologics have been reported to overcome the progression of various inflammatory and malignant conditions and support the immune system. For each TLR, at least one, and often many, drug formulations are being evaluated. Ligands reported as stand‐alone drugs may also be reported based on their use in combinatorial therapeutics as adjuvants. Despite their profound efficacy in TLR‐modulation in preclinical studies, multiple drugs have been terminated at different stages of clinical trials. Here, TLR modulating drugs that have been evaluated in clinical trials are discussed, along with their mode of action, suggestive failure reasons, and ways to improve the clinical outcomes. This review presents recent advances in TLR‐targeting drugs and provides directions for more successful immune system manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Masaud Shah
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | | | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
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Leite Pereira A, Tchitchek N, Marcos Lopez E, Lambotte O, Le Grand R, Cosma A. A high-resolution mass cytometry analysis reveals a delay of cytokines production after TLR4 or TLR7/8 engagements in HIV-1 infected humans. Cytokine 2018; 111:97-105. [PMID: 30138900 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection is associated with chronic inflammation in both non-treated and treated patients. TLR-dependent mechanisms are strongly involved in the maintenance of this inflammation. Indeed, the residual replication of HIV, the potential viral co-infections, or the products issued from microbial translocation provide TLR ligands, which contribute to trigger innate immune responses. Maintaining this chronic inflammation leads to an exhaustion of the immune system. Therefore, the TLR-dependent responses could be altered in HIV-infected patients. To investigate this hypothesis, we performed high-resolution phenotyping using a mass cytometry panel of 34 cell markers. Whole blood cells from healthy, non-treated HIV-infected and ART-treated HIV-infected subjects were stimulated with LPS, R848 or Poly(I:C). We observed the immune responses induced in T-cells, B-cells, polymorphonuclear cells, NK cells, basophils, monocytes and dendritic cells. We observed that, for either LPS or R848 stimulations, the production of cytokines in monocytes and conventional dendritic cells was delayed in treated or non-treated HIV-infected patients, compared to healthy individuals. These results suggest that leukocytes from chronic HIV-infected patients are slower to respond following the sensing of pathogens and danger signals, which may be an important feature of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Leite Pereira
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - Inserm U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - Inserm U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ernesto Marcos Lopez
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - Inserm U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - Inserm U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Service de Médecine Interne-Immunologie Clinique, 94276 Le Kremin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - Inserm U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Antonio Cosma
- CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - Inserm U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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45
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Careaga M, Taylor SL, Chang C, Chiang A, Ku KM, Berman RF, Van de Water JA, Bauman MD. Variability in PolyIC induced immune response: Implications for preclinical maternal immune activation models. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 323:87-93. [PMID: 30196839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Maternal infection during pregnancy may increase the risk of offspring neurodevelopmental disorders. The preclinical Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PolyIC) model has become one of the most widely used approaches in maternal immune activation (MIA) research. However, variability in molecular weight may impact the immune activating potential of PolyIC. Nulliparous rats injected with high molecular weight PolyIC exhibit pronounced cytokine response and sickness behavior that was not observed in rats injected low molecular weight PolyIC. Although an essential next step is to extend these studies to pregnant animals, the preliminary results suggest that PolyIC molecular weight is an important experimental design consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milo Careaga
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA; The MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Sandra L Taylor
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Carolyn Chang
- The MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Alex Chiang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA; The MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Katherine M Ku
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA; The MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Robert F Berman
- The MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Judy A Van de Water
- The MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, USA; Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Melissa D Bauman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA; The MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, USA; California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, USA.
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46
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Bat-Erdene U, Quan E, Chan K, Lee BM, Matook W, Lee KY, Rosales JL. Neutrophil TLR4 and PKR are targets of breast cancer cell glycosaminoglycans and effectors of glycosaminoglycan-induced APRIL secretion. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:45. [PMID: 29904116 PMCID: PMC6002394 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), which induces survival and migration signals and tumor growth, is commonly observed in breast cancer tissues but is not often expressed in breast cancer cells themselves. Here, we examined whether breast cancer cells induce APRIL secretion from neutrophils, which are frequently recruited into the breast tumor microenvironment. We found that breast cancer cells do stimulate neutrophils to secrete APRIL through their glycosaminoglycans. Breast cancer cells depleted of heparan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans lose their ability to induce APRIL secretion from neutrophils, and heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate can induce secretion that is comparable to that of breast cancer cell-induced secretion. While stimulation of the RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) is sufficient to induce neutrophil APRIL secretion, both PKR and the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are required for breast cancer cell glycosaminoglycan-induced secretion as separate and specific inhibition of TLR4 or PKR completely prevents the process, suggesting that breast cancer cell glycosaminoglycans target neutrophil TLR4 and PKR to trigger APRIL secretion. Thus, apart from the putative role of cell surface heparan sulfate in binding APRIL that leads to cell growth, we demonstrate that heparan sulfate, as well as chondroitin sulfate plays a novel role in promoting neutrophil secretion of APRIL that could lead to further cell growth. We propose that breast cancer cells take advantage of the neutrophil recruitment to the tumor microenvironment through the dual role of heparan sulfate as cell surface receptor or docking molecule for APRIL and as a ligand that induces neutrophil APRIL secretion to promote their own growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uilst Bat-Erdene
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Eric Quan
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kelvin Chan
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Brianna-Marie Lee
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Wejdan Matook
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ki-Young Lee
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jesusa L Rosales
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Identification of the RNA Pseudoknot within the 3' End of the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Genome as a Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern To Activate Antiviral Signaling via RIG-I and Toll-Like Receptor 3. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00097-18. [PMID: 29618647 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00097-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Once infected by viruses, cells can detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on viral nucleic acid by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to initiate the antiviral response. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the causative agent of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), characterized by reproductive failure in sows and respiratory diseases in pigs of different ages. To date, the sensing mechanism of PRRSV has not been elucidated. Here, we reported that the pseudoknot region residing in the 3' untranslated regions (UTR) of the PRRSV genome, which has been proposed to regulate RNA synthesis and virus replication, was sensed as nonself by retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and strongly induced type I interferons (IFNs) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). The interaction between the two stem-loops inside the pseudoknot structure was sufficient for IFN induction, since disruption of the pseudoknot interaction powerfully dampened the IFN induction. Furthermore, transfection of the 3' UTR pseudoknot transcripts in PAMs inhibited PRRSV replication in vitro Importantly, the predicted similar structures of other arterivirus members, including equine arteritis virus (EAV), lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV), also displayed strong IFN induction activities. Together, in this work we identified an innate recognition mechanism by which the PRRSV 3' UTR pseudoknot region served as PAMPs of arteriviruses and activated innate immune signaling to produce IFNs that inhibit virus replication. All of these results provide novel insights into innate immune recognition during virus infection.IMPORTANCE PRRS is the most common viral disease in the pork industry. It is caused by PRRSV, a positive single-stranded RNA virus, whose infection often leads to persistent infection. To date, it is not yet clear how PRRSV is recognized by the host and what is the exact mechanism of IFN induction. Here, we investigated the nature of PAMPs on PRRSV and the associated PRRs. We found that the 3' UTR pseudoknot region of PRRSV, which has been proposed to regulate viral RNA synthesis, could act as PAMPs recognized by RIG-I and TLR3 to induce type I IFN production to suppress PRRSV infection. This report is the first detailed description of pattern recognition for PRRSV, which is important in understanding the antiviral response of arteriviruses, especially PRRSV, and extends our knowledge on virus recognition.
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Differential Delivery of Genomic Double-Stranded RNA Causes Reovirus Strain-Specific Differences in Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Activation. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01947-17. [PMID: 29437975 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01947-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotype 3 (T3) reoviruses induce substantially more type 1 interferon (IFN-I) secretion than serotype 1 (T1) strains. However, the mechanisms underlying differences in IFN-I production between T1 and T3 reoviruses remain undefined. Here, we found that differences in IFN-I production between T1 and T3 reoviruses correlate with activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a key transcription factor for the production of IFN-I. T3 strain rsT3D activated IRF3 more rapidly and to a greater extent than the T1 strain rsT1L, in simian virus 40 (SV40) immortalized endothelial cells (SVECs). Differences in IRF3 activation between rsT1L and rsT3D were observed in the first hours of infection and were independent of de novo viral RNA and protein synthesis. NF-κB activation mirrored IRF3 activation, with rsT3D inducing more NF-κB activity than rsT1L. We also found that IRF3 and NF-κB are activated in a mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS)-dependent manner. rsT1L does not suppress IRF3 activation, as IRF3 phosphorylation could be induced in rsT1L-infected cells. Transfected rsT1L and rsT3D RNA induced IRF3 phosphorylation, indicating that genomic RNA from both strains has the capacity to activate IRF3. Finally, bypassing the normal route of reovirus entry by transfecting in vitro-generated viral cores revealed that rsT1L and rsT3D core particles induced equivalent IRF3 activation. Taken together, our findings indicate that entry-related events that occur after outer capsid disassembly, but prior to deposition of viral cores into the cytoplasm, influence the efficiency of IFN-I responses to reovirus. This work provides further insight into mechanisms by which nonenveloped viruses activate innate immune responses.IMPORTANCE Detection of viral nucleic acids by the host cell triggers type 1 interferon (IFN-I) responses, which are critical for containing and clearing viral infections. Viral RNA is sensed in the cytoplasm by cellular receptors that initiate signaling pathways, leading to the activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and NF-κB, key transcription factors required for IFN-I induction. Serotype 3 (T3) reoviruses induce significantly more IFN-I than serotype 1 (T1) strains. In this work, we found that differences in IFN-I production by T1 and T3 reoviruses correlate with differential IRF3 activation. Differences in IRF3 activation are not caused by a blockade of the IRF3 activation by a T1 strain. Rather, differences in events during the late stages of viral entry determine the capacity of reovirus to activate host IFN-I responses. Together, our work provides insight into mechanisms of IFN-I induction by nonenveloped viruses.
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49
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Lee SMY, Yip TF, Yan S, Jin DY, Wei HL, Guo RT, Peiris JSM. Recognition of Double-Stranded RNA and Regulation of Interferon Pathway by Toll-Like Receptor 10. Front Immunol 2018; 9:516. [PMID: 29616030 PMCID: PMC5865411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)-10 remains an orphan receptor without well-characterized ligands or functions. Here, we reveal that TLR10 is predominantly localized to endosomes and binds dsRNA in vitro at endosomal pH, suggesting that dsRNA is a ligand of TLR10. Recognition of dsRNA by TLR10 activates recruitment of myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 for signal transduction and suppression of interferon regulatory factor-7 dependent type I IFN production. We also demonstrate crosstalk between TLR10 and TLR3, as they compete with each other for dsRNA binding. Our results suggest for the first time that dsRNA is a ligand for TLR10 and propose novel dual functions of TLR10 in regulating IFN signaling: first, recognition of dsRNA as a nucleotide-sensing receptor and second, sequestration of dsRNA from TLR3 to inhibit TLR3 signaling in response to dsRNA stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suki Man-Yan Lee
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center of Influenza Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Tsz-Fung Yip
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center of Influenza Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Sheng Yan
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center of Influenza Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Hong-Li Wei
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Joseph Sriyal Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center of Influenza Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Guo L, Xu XQ, Zhou L, Zhou RH, Wang X, Li JL, Liu JB, Liu H, Zhang B, Ho WZ. Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells Release Antiviral Factors That Inhibit HIV Infection of Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29515574 PMCID: PMC5825896 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a rich source of CD4+ T cells and macrophages, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a major target site for HIV infection. The interplay between GI-resident macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) constitutes an important element of GI innate immunity against pathogens. In this study, we investigated whether human IECs have the ability to produce antiviral factors that can inhibit HIV infection of macrophages. We demonstrated that IECs possess functional toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), the activation of which resulted in induction of key interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRF3 and IRF7), IFN-β, IFN-λ, and CC chemokines (MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES), the ligands of HIV entry co-receptor CCR5. In addition, TLR3-activated IECs release exosomes that contained the anti-HIV factors, including IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs: ISG15, ISG56, MxB, OAS-1, GBP5, and Viperin) and HIV restriction miRNAs (miRNA-17, miRNA-20, miRNA-28, miRNA-29 family members, and miRNA-125b). Importantly, treatment of macrophages with supernatant (SN) from the activated IEC cultures inhibited HIV replication. Further studies showed that IEC SN could also induce the expression of antiviral ISGs and cellular HIV restriction factors (Tetherin and APOBEC3G/3F) in HIV-infected macrophages. These findings indicated that IECs might act as an important element in GI innate immunity against HIV infection/replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Guo
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi-Qiu Xu
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Run-Hong Zhou
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jie-Liang Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jin-Biao Liu
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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