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Sun T, Liu J, Chen CJ. Calibration algorithms for continuous glucose monitoring systems based on interstitial fluid sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 260:116450. [PMID: 38843770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is of great importance to the treatment and prevention of diabetes. As a proven commercial technology, electrochemical glucose sensor based on interstitial fluid (ISF) sensing has high sensitivity and wide detection range. Therefore, it has good promotion prospects in noninvasive or minimally-invasive CGM system. However, since there are concentration differences and time lag between glucose in plasma and ISF, the accuracy of this type of sensors are still limited. Typical calibration algorithms rely on simple linear regression which do not account for the variability of the sensitivity of sensors. To enhance the accuracy and stability of CGM based on ISF, optimization of calibration algorithm for sensors is indispensable. While there have been considerable researches on improving calibration algorithms for CGM, they have still received less attention. This article reviews the problem of typical calibration and presents the outstanding calibration algorithms in recent years. Finally, combined with existing research and emerging sensing technologies, this paper makes an outlook on the future calibration algorithms for CGM sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Sun
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jentsai Liu
- Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, College of Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Ching Jung Chen
- 3 Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Eichenlaub M, Pleus S, Freckmann G. A Proposal for the Clinical Characterization of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Trend Arrow Accuracy. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2024; 18:800-807. [PMID: 38415676 DOI: 10.1177/19322968241232679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The assessment and characterization of trend accuracy, that is, the ability of a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system to correctly indicate the direction and rate of change (RoC) of glucose levels, has received comparatively little attention in the overall evaluation of CGM performance. As such, only few approaches that examine the trend accuracy have been put forward. In this article, we review existing approaches and propose the clinical trend concurrence analysis (CTCA) which is an adaptation of the conventional trend concurrence analysis. The CTCA is intended to directly evaluate the trend arrows displayed by the CGM systems by characterizing their agreement to suitably categorized comparator RoCs. Here, we call on manufactures of CGM systems to provide the displayed trend arrows for retrospective analysis. The CTCA classifies any deviations between the CGM trend and comparator RoC according to their risk for an adverse clinical event arising from a possibly erroneous treatment decision. For that, the existing rate error grid analysis and a specific set of trend arrow-based insulin dosing recommendations were used. The results of the CTCA are presented in an accessible graphical display and exemplified on data from three CGM systems. With this article, we hope to increase the awareness for the importance and challenges of assessing the accuracy of trend information displayed by CGM systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Eichenlaub
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Pleus
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Guido Freckmann
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Eichenlaub M, Stephan P, Waldenmaier D, Pleus S, Rothenbühler M, Haug C, Hinzmann R, Thomas A, Jendle J, Diem P, Freckmann G. Continuous Glucose Deviation Interval and Variability Analysis (CG-DIVA): A Novel Approach for the Statistical Accuracy Assessment of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2024; 18:857-865. [PMID: 36329636 DOI: 10.1177/19322968221134639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accuracy of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems is crucial for the management of glucose levels in individuals with diabetes mellitus. However, the discussion of CGM accuracy is challenged by an abundance of parameters and assessment methods. The aim of this article is to introduce the Continuous Glucose Deviation Interval and Variability Analysis (CG-DIVA), a new approach for a comprehensive characterization of CGM point accuracy which is based on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration requirements for "integrated" CGM systems. METHODS The statistical concept of tolerance intervals and data from two approved CGM systems was used to illustrate the CG-DIVA. RESULTS The CG-DIVA characterizes the expected range of deviations of the CGM system from a comparison method in different glucose concentration ranges and the variability of accuracy within and between sensors. The results of the CG-DIVA are visualized in an intuitive and straightforward graphical presentation. Compared with conventional accuracy characterizations, the CG-DIVA infers the expected accuracy of a CGM system and highlights important differences between CGM systems. Furthermore, it provides information on the incidence of large errors which are of particular clinical relevance. A software implementation of the CG-DIVA is freely available (https://github.com/IfDTUlm/CGM_Performance_Assessment). CONCLUSIONS We argue that the CG-DIVA can simplify the discussion and comparison of CGM accuracy and could replace the high number of conventional approaches. Future adaptations of the approach could thus become a putative standard for the accuracy characterization of CGM systems and serve as the basis for the definition of future CGM performance requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Eichenlaub
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Delia Waldenmaier
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Pleus
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Cornelia Haug
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rolf Hinzmann
- Roche Diabetes Care GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
- IFCC Scientific Division - Working Group on Continuous Glucose Monitoring (WG-CGM)
| | - Andreas Thomas
- IFCC Scientific Division - Working Group on Continuous Glucose Monitoring (WG-CGM)
- Pirna, Germany
| | - Johan Jendle
- IFCC Scientific Division - Working Group on Continuous Glucose Monitoring (WG-CGM)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Peter Diem
- IFCC Scientific Division - Working Group on Continuous Glucose Monitoring (WG-CGM)
- Endokrinologie Diabetologie Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Guido Freckmann
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- IFCC Scientific Division - Working Group on Continuous Glucose Monitoring (WG-CGM)
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Oganesova Z, Pemberton J, Brown A. Innovative solution or cause for concern? The use of continuous glucose monitors in people not living with diabetes: A narrative review. Diabet Med 2024:e15369. [PMID: 38925143 DOI: 10.1111/dme.15369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) have expanded their scope beyond indicated uses for diabetes management and are gaining traction among people not living with diabetes (PNLD). CGMs track in time glucose levels and are proposed as tools for the early detection of abnormal glucose and a potential solution for its normalisation through behavioural change, particularly, diet personalisation and motivation of physical activity. This becomes relevance given the growing incidence of metabolic conditions, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Clinical guidelines, however, do not recommend CGMs in contexts outside type 1 diabetes (T1DM) or insulin-treated T2DM. Therefore, there is a visible disconnect between the indicated and real-world usage of these medical devices. While the commercial market for CGMs in PNLD is expanding rapidly, a comprehensive and evidence-based evaluation of the devices' utility in this population has not been done. Therefore, this review aims to formulate a working model for CGM utility in PNLD as proposed by the 'health and wellness' market that advertises and distributes it to these individuals. METHODS We aim to critically analyse the available research addressing components of the working model, that is (1) detection of abnormal glucose; (2) behavioural change, and (3) metabolic health improvement. RESULTS We find a lack of consistent and high-quality evidence to support the utility of CGMs for these purposes. We identify significantly under-reserved areas including clinical benchmarks and scoring procedures for CGM measures, device acceptability, and potential adverse effects of CGMs on eating habits in PNLD. We also raise concerns about the robustness of available CGM research. CONCLUSION In the face of these research gaps, we urge for the commercial claims suggesting the utility of the device in PNLD to be labelled as misleading. We argue that there is a regulatory inadequacy that fuels 'off-label' CGM distribution and calls for the strengthening of post-market clinical follow-up oversight for CGMs. We hope this will help to avert the continued misinformation risk to PNLD and 'off-label' exacerbation of health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna Oganesova
- Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Adrian Brown
- Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospital, London, UK
- Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, University College London Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
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Sun ZM, Du YZ, Wang SY, Sun SY, Ye Y, Sun XP, Li MX, He H, Long WC, Zhang CH, Yao XY, Fan WY, Wang L, Wu YH. Accuracy of FreeStyle Libre flash glucose monitoring in patients with type 2 diabetes who migrated from highlands to plains. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:1254-1262. [PMID: 38983810 PMCID: PMC11229966 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i6.1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The FreeStyle Libre flash glucose monitoring (FGM) system entered the Chinese market in 2017 to complement the self-monitoring of blood glucose. Due to its increased usage in clinics, the number of studies investigating its accuracy has increased. However, its accuracy has not been investigated in highland popu-lations in China. AIM To evaluate measurements recorded using the FreeStyle Libre FGM system compared with capillary blood glucose measured using the enzyme electrode method in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who had migrated within 3 mo from highlands to plains. METHODS Overall, 68 patients with T2D, selected from those who had recently migrated from highlands to plains (within 3 mo), were hospitalized at the Department of Endocrinology from August to October 2017 and underwent continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) with the FreeStyle Libre FGM system for 14 d. Throughout the study period, fingertip capillary blood glucose was measured daily using the enzyme electrode method (Super GL, China), and blood glucose levels were read from the scanning probe during fasting and 2 h after all three meals. Moreover, the time interval between reading the data from the scanning probe and collecting fingertip capillary blood was controlled to < 5 min. The accuracy of the FGM system was evaluated according to the CGM guidelines. Subsequently, the factors influencing the mean absolute relative difference (MARD) of this system were analyzed by a multiple linear regression method. RESULTS Pearson's correlation analysis showed that the fingertip and scanned glucose levels were positively correlated (R = 0.86, P = 0.00). The aggregated MARD of scanned glucose was 14.28 ± 13.40%. Parker's error analysis showed that 99.30% of the data pairs were located in areas A and B. According to the probe wear time of the FreeStyle Libre FGM system, MARD1 d and MARD2-14 d were 16.55% and 14.35%, respectively (t = 1.23, P = 0.22). Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that MARD did not correlate with blood glucose when the largest amplitude of glycemic excursion (LAGE) was < 5.80 mmol/L but negatively correlated with blood glucose when the LAGE was ≥ 5.80 mmol/L. CONCLUSION The FreeStyle Libre FGM system has good accuracy in patients with T2D who had recently migrated from highlands to plains. This system might be ideal for avoiding the effects of high hematocrit on blood glucose monitoring in populations that recently migrated to plains. MARD is mainly influenced by glucose levels and fluctuations, and the accuracy of the system is higher when the blood glucose fluctuation is small. In case of higher blood glucose level fluctuations, deviation in the scanned glucose levels is the highest at extremely low blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Mei Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital of the People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region in Chengdu, Chengdu 614000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuan-Ze Du
- Department of Nursing, Hospital of Chengdu Office of the People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Su-Yuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu Office of the People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shu-Yao Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu Office of the People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu Office of the People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xue-Ping Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu Office of the People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ming-Xia Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu Office of the People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hua He
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu Office of the People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wun-Chun Long
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu Office of the People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Cheng-Hui Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu Office of the People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xuan-Yu Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu Office of the People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wu-Yi Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu Office of the People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu Office of the People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yun-Hong Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital of the People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region in Chengdu, Chengdu 614000, Sichuan Province, China
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Selvin E. The Glucose Management Indicator: Time to Change Course? Diabetes Care 2024; 47:906-914. [PMID: 38295402 PMCID: PMC11116920 DOI: 10.2337/dci23-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Laboratory measurement of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) has, for decades, been the standard approach to monitoring glucose control in people with diabetes. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is a revolutionary technology that can also aid in the monitoring of glucose control. However, there is uncertainty in how best to use CGM technology and its resulting data to improve control of glucose and prevent complications of diabetes. The glucose management indicator, or GMI, is an equation used to estimate HbA1c based on CGM mean glucose. GMI was originally proposed to simplify and aid in the interpretation of CGM data and is now provided on all standard summary reports (i.e., average glucose profiles) produced by different CGM manufacturers. This Perspective demonstrates that GMI performs poorly as an estimate of HbA1c and suggests that GMI is a concept that has outlived its usefulness, and it argues that it is preferable to use CGM mean glucose rather than converting glucose to GMI or an estimate of HbA1c. Leaving mean glucose in its raw form is simple and reinforces that glucose and HbA1c are distinct. To reduce patient and provider confusion and optimize glycemic management, mean CGM glucose, not GMI, should be used as a complement to laboratory HbA1c testing in patients using CGM systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Selvin
- Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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Cuerda Del Pino A, Martín-San Agustín R, José Laguna Sanz A, Díez JL, Palanca A, Rossetti P, Gumbau-Gimenez M, Ampudia-Blasco FJ, Bondia J. Accuracy of Two Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices During Aerobic and High-Intensity Interval Training in Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2024; 26:411-419. [PMID: 38215205 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2023.0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of Dexcom G6 (DG6) and FreeStyle Libre-2 (FSL2) during aerobic training and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Methods: Twenty-six males (mean age 29.3 ± 6.3 years and mean duration of diabetes 14.9 ± 6.1 years) participated in this study. Interstitial glucose levels were measured using DG6 and FSL2, while plasma glucose levels were measured every 10 min using YSI 2500 as the reference for glucose measurements in this study. The measurements began 20 min before the start of exercise and continued for 20 min after exercise. Seven measurements were taken for each subject and exercise. Results: Both DG6 and FSL2 devices showed significant differences compared to YSI glucose data for both aerobic and HIIT exercises. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices exhibited superior performance during HIIT than aerobic training, with DG6 showing a mean absolute relative difference of 14.03% versus 31.98%, respectively. In the comparison between the two devices, FSL2 demonstrated significantly higher effectiveness in aerobic training, yet its performance was inferior to DG6 during HIIT. According to the 40/40 criteria, both sensors performed similarly, with marks over 93% for all ranges and both exercises, and above 99% for HIIT and in the >180 mg/dL range, which is in accordance with FDA guidelines. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the accuracy of DG6 and FSL2 deteriorates during and immediately after exercise but remains acceptable for both devices during HIIT. However, accuracy is compromised with DG6 during aerobic exercise. This study is the first to compare the accuracy of two CGMs, DG6, and FSL2, during two exercise modalities, using plasma glucose YSI measurements as the gold standard for comparisons. It was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT06080542).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Cuerda Del Pino
- Clinimetry and Technological Development in Therapeutic Exercise Research Group (CLIDET), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Martín-San Agustín
- Clinimetry and Technological Development in Therapeutic Exercise Research Group (CLIDET), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro José Laguna Sanz
- Clinimetry and Technological Development in Therapeutic Exercise Research Group (CLIDET), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Automática e Informática Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - José-Luis Díez
- Clinimetry and Technological Development in Therapeutic Exercise Research Group (CLIDET), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Automática e Informática Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Ana Palanca
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Cardiometabolic Risk and Diabetes Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paolo Rossetti
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University and Polytechnic La Fe Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Gumbau-Gimenez
- Clinimetry and Technological Development in Therapeutic Exercise Research Group (CLIDET), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - F Javier Ampudia-Blasco
- Clinimetry and Technological Development in Therapeutic Exercise Research Group (CLIDET), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Cardiometabolic Risk and Diabetes Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clinic University Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Bondia
- Clinimetry and Technological Development in Therapeutic Exercise Research Group (CLIDET), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Automática e Informática Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
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Shilo S, Keshet A, Rossman H, Godneva A, Talmor-Barkan Y, Aviv Y, Segal E. Continuous glucose monitoring and intrapersonal variability in fasting glucose. Nat Med 2024; 30:1424-1431. [PMID: 38589602 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-02908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Plasma fasting glucose (FG) levels play a pivotal role in the diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes worldwide. Here we investigated FG values using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices in nondiabetic adults aged 40-70 years. FG was measured during 59,565 morning windows of 8,315 individuals (7.16 ± 3.17 days per participant). Mean FG was 96.2 ± 12.87 mg dl-1, rising by 0.234 mg dl-1 per year with age. Intraperson, day-to-day variability expressed as FG standard deviation was 7.52 ± 4.31 mg dl-1. As there are currently no CGM-based criteria for diabetes diagnosis, we analyzed the potential implications of this variability on the classification of glycemic status based on current plasma FG-based diagnostic guidelines. Among 5,328 individuals who would have been considered to have normal FG based on the first FG measurement, 40% and 3% would have been reclassified as having glucose in the prediabetes and diabetes ranges, respectively, based on sequential measurements throughout the study. Finally, we revealed associations between mean FG and various clinical measures. Our findings suggest that careful consideration is necessary when interpreting FG as substantial intraperson variability exists and highlight the potential impact of using CGM data to refine glycemic status assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smadar Shilo
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ayya Keshet
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hagai Rossman
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Pheno.AI, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Anastasia Godneva
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yeela Talmor-Barkan
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Cardiology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Yaron Aviv
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Cardiology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Eran Segal
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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9
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Waterman LA, Pyle L, Forlenza GP, Towers L, Karami AJ, Jost E, Berget C, Wadwa RP, Cobry EC. Accuracy of a Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitor in Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis Admissions. Diabetes Technol Ther 2024. [PMID: 38441904 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2023.0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Objective: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices are integral in the outpatient care of people with type 1 diabetes, although they lack inpatient labeling. Food and Drug Administration began allowing inpatient use during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with some accuracy data now available, primarily from adult hospitals. Pediatric inpatient data remain limited, particularly during diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) admissions and for patients receiving intravenous (IV) insulin. Design and Methods: This retrospective chart review compared point-of-care glucose values to personal Dexcom G6 sensor data during pediatric hospitalizations. Accuracy was assessed using mean absolute relative difference (MARD), Clarke Error Grids, and the percentage of values within 15/20/30% if glucose value >100 mg/dL and 15/20/30 mg/dL if glucose value ≤100 mg/dL. Results: Matched paired glucose values (N = 612) from 36 patients (median age 14 years, 58.3% non-Hispanic White, 47.2% male) and 42 inpatient encounters were included in this subanalysis of DKA admissions. The MARDs for DKA and non-DKA admissions (N = 503) were 11.8% and 11.7%, with 97.6% and 98.6% of pairs falling within A and B zones of the Clarke Error Grid, respectively. Severe DKA admissions (pH <7.15 and/or bicarbonate <5 mmol/L) had a MARD of 8.9% compared to 14.3% for nonsevere DKA admissions. The MARD during administration of IV insulin (N = 266) was 13.4%. Conclusions: CGM accuracy is similar between DKA and non-DKA admissions and is maintained in severe DKA and during IV insulin administration, suggesting potential usability in pediatric hospitalizations. Further study on the feasibility of implementation of CGM in the hospital is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Waterman
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Laura Pyle
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Gregory P Forlenza
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lindsey Towers
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Angela J Karami
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Emily Jost
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cari Berget
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - R Paul Wadwa
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Erin C Cobry
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Gruson D, Cobbaert C, Dabla PK, Stankovic S, Homsak E, Kotani K, Khali R, Nichols JH, Gouget B. Validation and verification framework and data integration of biosensors and in vitro diagnostic devices: a position statement of the IFCC Committee on Mobile Health and Bioengineering in Laboratory Medicine (C-MBHLM) and the IFCC Scientific Division. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 0:cclm-2023-1455. [PMID: 38379410 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Advances in technology have transformed healthcare and laboratory medicine. Biosensors have emerged as a promising technology in healthcare, providing a way to monitor human physiological parameters in a continuous, real-time, and non-intrusive manner and offering value and benefits in a wide range of applications. This position statement aims to present the current situation around biosensors, their perspectives and importantly the need to set the framework for their validation and safe use. The development of a qualification framework for biosensors should be conceptually adopted and extended to cover digitally measured biomarkers from biosensors for advancing healthcare and achieving more individualized patient management and better patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Gruson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Pôle de recherche en Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Emerging Technologies Division and MHBLM Committee, International Federation Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC), Milan, Italy
| | - Christa Cobbaert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
- International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) Scientific Division, Milan, Italy
| | - Pradeep Kumar Dabla
- Emerging Technologies Division and MHBLM Committee, International Federation Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC), Milan, Italy
- Department of Biochemistry, G.B. Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Associated Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanja Stankovic
- Emerging Technologies Division and MHBLM Committee, International Federation Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC), Milan, Italy
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Evgenija Homsak
- Emerging Technologies Division and MHBLM Committee, International Federation Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC), Milan, Italy
- Department for Laboratory Diagnostics, University Clinical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Kazuhiko Kotani
- Emerging Technologies Division and MHBLM Committee, International Federation Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC), Milan, Italy
- Division of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-City, Japan
| | - Ramy Khali
- Emerging Technologies Division and MHBLM Committee, International Federation Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC), Milan, Italy
- Egyptian Association of Healthcare Quality and Patient Safety, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - James H Nichols
- Emerging Technologies Division and MHBLM Committee, International Federation Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC), Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bernard Gouget
- Emerging Technologies Division and MHBLM Committee, International Federation Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC), Milan, Italy
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11
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Joshi K, Harris M, Cotterill A, Wentworth JM, Couper JJ, Haynes A, Davis EA, Lomax KE, Huynh T. Continuous glucose monitoring has an increasing role in pre-symptomatic type 1 diabetes: advantages, limitations, and comparisons with laboratory-based testing. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 62:41-49. [PMID: 37349976 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is well-recognised as a continuum heralded by the development of islet autoantibodies, progression to islet autoimmunity causing beta cell destruction, culminating in insulin deficiency and clinical disease. Abnormalities of glucose homeostasis are known to exist well before the onset of typical symptoms. Laboratory-based tests such as the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) have been used to stage T1D and assess the risk of progression to clinical T1D. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) can detect early glycaemic abnormalities and can therefore be used to monitor for metabolic deterioration in pre-symptomatic, islet autoantibody positive, at-risk individuals. Early identification of these children can not only reduce the risk of presentation with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), but also determine eligibility for prevention trials, which aim to prevent or delay progression to clinical T1D. Here, we describe the current state with regard to the use of the OGTT, HbA1c, fructosamine and glycated albumin in pre-symptomatic T1D. Using illustrative cases, we present our clinical experience with the use of CGM, and advocate for an increased role of this diabetes technology, for monitoring metabolic deterioration and disease progression in children with pre-symptomatic T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Joshi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Children's Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark Harris
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew Cotterill
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John M Wentworth
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer J Couper
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Aveni Haynes
- Children's Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia Perth, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Davis
- Children's Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia Perth, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kate E Lomax
- Children's Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia Perth, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Tony Huynh
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Children's Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Mater Pathology, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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12
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Freckmann G, Eichenlaub M, Waldenmaier D, Pleus S, Wehrstedt S, Haug C, Witthauer L, Jendle J, Hinzmann R, Thomas A, Eriksson Boija E, Makris K, Diem P, Tran N, Klonoff DC, Nichols JH, Slingerland RJ. Clinical Performance Evaluation of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems: A Scoping Review and Recommendations for Reporting. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2023; 17:1506-1526. [PMID: 37599389 PMCID: PMC10658695 DOI: 10.1177/19322968231190941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of different approaches for design and results presentation of studies for the clinical performance evaluation of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems has long been recognized as a major challenge in comparing their results. However, a comprehensive characterization of the variability in study designs is currently unavailable. This article presents a scoping review of clinical CGM performance evaluations published between 2002 and 2022. Specifically, this review quantifies the prevalence of numerous options associated with various aspects of study design, including subject population, comparator (reference) method selection, testing procedures, and statistical accuracy evaluation. We found that there is a large variability in nearly all of those aspects and, in particular, in the characteristics of the comparator measurements. Furthermore, these characteristics as well as other crucial aspects of study design are often not reported in sufficient detail to allow an informed interpretation of study results. We therefore provide recommendations for reporting the general study design, CGM system use, comparator measurement approach, testing procedures, and data analysis/statistical performance evaluation. Additionally, this review aims to serve as a foundation for the development of a standardized CGM performance evaluation procedure, thereby supporting the goals and objectives of the Working Group on CGM established by the Scientific Division of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Freckmann
- IFCC Scientific Division - Working Group on Continuous Glucose Monitoring
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manuel Eichenlaub
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Delia Waldenmaier
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Pleus
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wehrstedt
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Haug
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lilian Witthauer
- Diabetes Center Berne, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Inselspital Bern, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johan Jendle
- IFCC Scientific Division - Working Group on Continuous Glucose Monitoring
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Rolf Hinzmann
- IFCC Scientific Division - Working Group on Continuous Glucose Monitoring
- Roche Diabetes Care GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- IFCC Scientific Division - Working Group on Continuous Glucose Monitoring
- Pirna, Germany
| | - Elisabet Eriksson Boija
- IFCC Scientific Division - Working Group on Continuous Glucose Monitoring
- Equalis AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Konstantinos Makris
- IFCC Scientific Division - Working Group on Continuous Glucose Monitoring
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, KAT General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Peter Diem
- IFCC Scientific Division - Working Group on Continuous Glucose Monitoring
- Endokrinologie Diabetologie Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nam Tran
- IFCC Scientific Division - Working Group on Continuous Glucose Monitoring
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - David C. Klonoff
- IFCC Scientific Division - Working Group on Continuous Glucose Monitoring
- Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, San Mateo, CA, USA
| | - James H. Nichols
- IFCC Scientific Division - Working Group on Continuous Glucose Monitoring
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robbert J. Slingerland
- IFCC Scientific Division - Working Group on Continuous Glucose Monitoring
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Netherlands
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13
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Spanakis EK, Cook CB, Kulasa K, Aloi JA, Bally L, Davis G, Dungan KM, Galindo RJ, Mendez CE, Pasquel FJ, Shah VN, Umpierrez GE, Aaron RE, Tian T, Yeung AM, Huang J, Klonoff DC. A Consensus Statement for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics for Inpatient Clinical Trials. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2023; 17:1527-1552. [PMID: 37592726 PMCID: PMC10658683 DOI: 10.1177/19322968231191104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes Technology Society organized an expert consensus panel to develop metrics for research in the use of continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) in a hospital setting. The experts met virtually in small groups both before and after an April 13, 2023 virtual meeting of the entire panel. The goal of the panel was to develop consensus definitions in anticipation of greater use of CGMs in hospital settings in the future. Establishment of consensus definitions of inpatient analytical metrics will be easier to compare outcomes between studies. Panelists defined terms related to 10 dimensions of measurements related to the use of CGMs including (1) hospital hypoglycemia, (2) hospital hyperglycemia, (3) hospital time in range, (4) hospital glycemic variability, (5) hospital glycemia risk index, (6) accuracy of CGM devices and reference methods for CGMs in the hospital, (7) meaningful time blocks for hospital glycemic goals, (8) hospital CGM data sufficiency, (9) using CGM data for insulin dosing, and (10) miscellaneous factors. The panelists voted on 51 proposed recommendations. Based on the panel vote, 51 recommendations were classified as either strong (43) or mild (8). Additional research is needed on CGM performance in the hospital. This consensus report is intended to support that type of research intended to improve outcomes for hospitalized people with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias K. Spanakis
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Curtiss B. Cook
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Kristen Kulasa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph A. Aloi
- Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Lia Bally
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Georgia Davis
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Dungan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | - Viral N. Shah
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Tiffany Tian
- Diabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA
| | | | | | - David C. Klonoff
- Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, San Mateo, CA, USA
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14
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Bellido V, Freckman G, Pérez A, Galindo RJ. Accuracy and Potential Interferences of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors in the Hospital. Endocr Pract 2023; 29:919-927. [PMID: 37369291 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
For years, the standard of care for monitoring dysglycemia in hospitalized patients was capillary blood glucose (CBG) testing with point-of-care glucose meters. Recently, there has been a revolution in novel factory-calibrated continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems. Newer CGMs are smaller and less expensive, have improved accuracy and longer wear time, and do not require fingerstick CBG for calibration, resulting in increased utilization in ambulatory settings. Consequently, hospitals have noticed increased usability of CGMs among hospitalized patients and expect a progressive continued increase. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a critical need for innovative approaches to glycemic monitoring, with several pilot implementation projects using CGM in the intensive care unit and non-intensive care unit settings, further boosting the evidence in this area. Hence, recent guidelines have provided recommendations for the use of CGM in specific hospital scenarios and highlighted the potential of CGM to overcome CBG limitations for glucose monitoring in the inpatient setting. In this review, we provide the following: 1) an up-to-date review of the accuracy of the newer CGMs in hospitalized patients, 2) a discussion of standards for CGM accuracy metrics, 3) a contemporary overview of potential interferences that may cause inaccuracies or poor CGM performance, and 4) required steps for full regulatory approval of CGMs in the hospital and future research steps to advance the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Bellido
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Guido Freckman
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Antonio Pérez
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, España
| | - Rodolfo J Galindo
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miami, Florida.
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15
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Hermányi Z, Csiki V, Menyhárt A, Osgyán K, Körei A, Istenes I, Putz Z, Benhamida A, Berey A, Hetthéssy J, Varbiro S, Kozlovszky M, Kempler P. How to evaluate over 60 million blood glucose data - The design of the MÉRY Diabetes Database. J Diabetes Complications 2023; 37:108586. [PMID: 37699316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the article is to describe the method for creating a close to ideal diabetes database. The MÉRY Diabetes Database (MDD) consists of a large quantity of reliable, well-maintained, precise and up-to-date data suited for clinical research with the intention to improve diabetes care in terms of maintaining targeted blood glucose levels, avoiding hypoglycemic episodes and complications and improving patient compliance and quality of life. METHODS Based on the analysis of the databases found in the literature and the experience of our research team, nine important characteristics were identified as critical to an ideal diabetes database. The data for our database is collected using MÉRYkék glucometers, a device that meets all requirements of international regulations and measures blood glucose levels within the normal range with appropriate precision (10 %). RESULTS Using the key characteristics defined, we were able to create a database suitable for the analysis of a large amount of data regarding diabetes care and outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The MDD is a reliable and ever growing database which provides stable and expansive foundation for extensive clinical investigations that hold the potential to significantly influence the trajectory of diabetes care and enhance patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Hermányi
- Bajcsy-Zsilinszky Hospital and Clinic, 1106 Budapest, Maglódi út. 89-91, Hungary.
| | - Vanda Csiki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Üllői út 78/A, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Menyhárt
- Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, 1085 Budapest, Üllői út 26, Hungary
| | - Karola Osgyán
- Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, 1085 Budapest, Üllői út 26, Hungary
| | - Anna Körei
- Department of Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Korányi Sándor u. 2/a, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Istenes
- Department of Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Korányi Sándor u. 2/a, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Putz
- Department of Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Korányi Sándor u. 2/a, Hungary
| | - Abdallah Benhamida
- BioTech Research Center, Obuda University, 1034 Budapest, Bécsi út 96/b, Hungary.
| | - Attila Berey
- Di-Care Zrt., 1119 Budapest, Mérnök utca 12-14, Hungary.
| | - Judit Hetthéssy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Üllői út 78/A, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Varbiro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Üllői út 78/A, Hungary
| | - Miklós Kozlovszky
- BioTech Research Center, Obuda University, 1034 Budapest, Bécsi út 96/b, Hungary.
| | - Péter Kempler
- Department of Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Korányi Sándor u. 2/a, Hungary.
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16
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Vettoretti M, Drecogna M, Del Favero S, Facchinetti A, Sparacino G. A Markov Model of Gap Occurrence in Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data for Realistic in Silico Clinical Trials. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 240:107700. [PMID: 37437469 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors measure interstitial glucose concentration every 1-5 min for days or weeks. New CGM-based diabetes therapies are often tested in in silico clinical trials (ISCTs) using diabetes simulators. Accurate models of CGM sensor inaccuracies and failures could help improve the realism of ISCTs. However, the modeling of CGM failures has not yet been fully addressed in the literature. This work aims to develop a mathematical model of CGM gaps, i.e., occasional portions of missing data generated by temporary sensor errors (e.g., excessive noise or artifacts). METHODS Two datasets containing CGM traces collected in 167 adults and 205 children, respectively, using the Dexcom G6 sensor (Dexcom Inc., San Diego, CA) were used. Four Markov models, of increasing complexity, were designed to describe three main characteristics: number of gaps for each sensor, gap distribution in the monitoring days, and gap duration. Each model was identified on a portion of each dataset (training set). The remaining portion of each dataset (real test set) was used to evaluate model performance through a Monte Carlo simulation approach. Each model was used to generate 100 simulated test sets with the same size as the real test set. The distributions of gap characteristics on the simulated test sets were compared with those observed on the real test set, using the two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Jensen-Shannon divergence. RESULTS A six-state Markov model, having two states to describe normal sensor operation and four states to describe gap occurrence, achieved the best results. For this model, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test found no significant differences between the distribution of simulated and real gap characteristics. Moreover, this model obtained significantly lower Jensen-Shannon divergence values than the other models. CONCLUSIONS A Markov model describing CGM gaps was developed and validated on two real datasets. The model describes well the number of gaps for each sensor, the gap distribution over monitoring days, and the gap durations. Such a model can be integrated into existing diabetes simulators to realistically simulate CGM gaps in ISCTs and thus enable the development of more effective and robust diabetes management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vettoretti
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via G. Gradenigo 6/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Martina Drecogna
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via G. Gradenigo 6/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Simone Del Favero
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via G. Gradenigo 6/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Facchinetti
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via G. Gradenigo 6/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sparacino
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via G. Gradenigo 6/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
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17
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Kusinski LC, Brown J, Hughes DJ, Meek CL. Feasibility and acceptability of continuous glucose monitoring in pregnancy for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes: A single-centre prospective mixed methods study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292094. [PMID: 37756288 PMCID: PMC10529558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Undiagnosed diabetes in pregnancy is associated with stillbirth and perinatal complications, but standard testing for gestational diabetes using the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is impractical and exacerbates healthcare inequalities. There is an urgent need to improve the accuracy, acceptability and accessibility of glucose testing in pregnancy. We qualitatively assessed the feasibility and acceptability of two alternative home-based methods of glucose testing in pregnant women, using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), with or without a home-based OGTT. METHODS We recruited women with a singleton pregnancy at 28 weeks' gestation with ≥1 risk factor for gestational diabetes attending antenatal glucose testing. A Dexcom G6 CGM device was sited and women were asked to take a 75g OGTT solution (Rapilose) on day 4 after an overnight fast. Qualitative interviews were performed with 20 participants using video conferencing according to a semi-structured interview schedule and thematically analysed using NVIVO software. RESULTS 92 women were recruited; 73 also underwent a home OGTT. Women had an average of 6.9 days of glucose monitoring and found the CGM painless, easy to use with few or no adverse events. During the qualitative study, the main themes identified were reassurance and convenience. All women interviewed would recommend CGM and a home OGTT for diagnosis of gestational diabetes. CONCLUSIONS CGM with or without a home OGTT is feasible and acceptable to pregnant women for diagnosis of gestational diabetes and offered advantages of convenience and reassurance. Further work is needed to clarify diagnostic thresholds for gestational diabetes using CGM metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Kusinski
- Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Brown
- Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Universities NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah J. Hughes
- Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Universities NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L. Meek
- Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Universities NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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18
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Sakane N, Hirota Y, Yamamoto A, Miura J, Takaike H, Hoshina S, Toyoda M, Saito N, Hosoda K, Matsubara M, Tone A, Kawashima S, Sawaki H, Matsuda T, Domichi M, Suganuma A, Sakane S, Murata T. To Use or Not to Use a Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose System? Real-world Flash Glucose Monitoring Patterns Using a Cluster Analysis of the FGM-Japan Study. Intern Med 2023; 62:2607-2615. [PMID: 36631091 PMCID: PMC10569920 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.0639-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study investigated self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) adherence and flash glucose monitoring patterns using a cluster analysis in Japanese type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients with intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM). Methods We measured SMBG adherence and performed a data-driven cluster analysis using a hierarchical clustering in T1D patients from Japan using the FreeStyle Libre system. Clusters were based on three variables (testing glucose frequency and referred Libre data for hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia). Patients We enrolled 209 participants. Inclusion criteria were patients with T1D, duration of isCGM use ≥3 months, age ≥20 years old, and regular attendance at the collaborating center. Results The rate of good adherence to SMBG recommended by a doctor was 85.0%. We identified three clusters: cluster 1 (low SMBG test frequency but high reference to Libre data, 17.7%), cluster 2 (high SMBG test frequency but low reference to Libre data, 34.0%), and cluster 3 (high SMBG test frequency and high reference to Libra data, 48.3%). Compared with other clusters, individuals in cluster 1 were younger, those in cluster 2 had a shorter Libre duration, and individuals in cluster 3 had lower time-in-range, higher severe diabetic distress, and high intake of snacks and sweetened beverages. There were no marked differences in the incidence of diabetic complications and rate of wearing the Libre sensor among the clusters. Conclusion We stratified the patients into three subgroups with varied clinical characteristics and CGM metrics. This new substratification might help tailor diabetes management of patients with T1D using isCGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sakane
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Japan
| | - Yushi Hirota
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Akane Yamamoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Junnosuke Miura
- Diabetes Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroko Takaike
- Diabetes Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Sari Hoshina
- Diabetes Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masao Toyoda
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Saito
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kiminori Hosoda
- Division of Diabetes and Lipid Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Japan
| | - Masaki Matsubara
- Division of Diabetes and Lipid Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Japan
- Department of General Medicine, Nara Medical University, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Tone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Masayuki Domichi
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Japan
| | - Akiko Suganuma
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Japan
| | - Seiko Sakane
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Japan
| | - Takashi Murata
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Japan
- Diabetes Center, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Japan
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19
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Kim YI, Choi Y, Park J. The role of continuous glucose monitoring in physical activity and nutrition management: perspectives on present and possible uses. Phys Act Nutr 2023; 27:44-51. [PMID: 37946446 PMCID: PMC10636508 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2023.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is on the rise as the prevalence of obesity and diabetes increases. This review aimed to explore the use of CGM and its potential novel applications in physical activity and nutrition management. METHODS We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Wiley Online Library databases using the keywords 'continuous glucose monitor,' 'nutrition,' 'physical activity,' and 'numerical modeling.' RESULTS Continuous blood glucose measurement is useful for individuals with obesity and diabetes. Long-term blood glucose data allow for personalized planning of nutritional composition, meal timing, and physical activity type and intensity, as well as help prevent hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Thus, understanding the limitations of CGM is important for its effective use. CONCLUSION CGM systems are being increasingly used to monitor and identify appropriate blood glucose controlling interventions. Blood glucose level is influenced by various factors such as nutrient composition, meal timing, physical activity, circadian rhythm, and cortisol levels. Numerical modeling can be used to analyze the complex relationship between stress, sleep, nutrition, and physical activity, which affect blood glucose levels. In future, blood glucose, sleep, and stress data will be integrated to predict appropriate lifestyle levels for blood glucose management. This integrated approach improves glucose control and overall wellbeing, potentially reducing societal costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Im Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngju Choi
- Institute of Specialized Teaching and Research, Inha University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Park
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Republic of Korea
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20
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Bauhaus H, Erdogan P, Braun H, Thevis M. Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) in Sports-A Comparison between a CGM Device and Lab-Based Glucose Analyser under Resting and Exercising Conditions in Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6440. [PMID: 37568982 PMCID: PMC10418731 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20156440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this pilot study was to compare glucose concentrations in capillary blood (CB) samples analysed in a laboratory by a validated method and glucose concentrations measured in the interstitial fluid (ISF) by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) under different physical activity levels in a postprandial state in healthy athletes without diabetes. As a physiological shift occurs between glucose concentration from the CB into the ISF, the applicability of CGM in sports, especially during exercise, as well as the comparability of CB and ISF data necessitate an in-depth assessment. Ten subjects (26 ± 4 years, 67 ± 11 kg bodyweight (BW), 11 ± 3 h) were included in the study. Within 14 days, they underwent six tests consisting of (a) two tests resting fasted (HC_Rest/Fast and LC_Rest/Fast), (b) two tests resting with intake of 1 g glucose/kg BW (HC_Rest/Glc and LC_Rest/Glc), (c) running for 60 min at moderate (ModExerc/Glc), and (d) high intensity after intake of 1 g glucose/kg BW (IntExerc/Glc). Data were collected in the morning, following a standardised dinner before test day. Sensor-based glucose concentrations were compared to those determined from capillary blood samples collected at the time of sensor-based analyses and subjected to laboratory glucose measurements. Pearson's r correlation coefficient was highest for Rest/Glc (0.92, p < 0.001) compared to Rest/Fast (0.45, p < 0.001), ModExerc/Glc (0.60, p < 0.001) and IntExerc/Glc (0.70, p < 0.001). Mean absolute relative deviation (MARD) and standard deviation (SD) was smallest for resting fasted and similar between all other conditions (Rest/Fast: 8 ± 6%, Rest/Glc: 17 ± 12%, ModExerc/Glc: 22 ± 24%, IntExerc/Glc: 18 ± 17%). However, Bland-Altman plot analysis showed a higher range between lower and upper limits of agreement (95% confidence interval) of paired data under exercising compared to resting conditions. Under resting fasted conditions, both methods produce similar outcomes. Under resting postprandial and exercising conditions, respectively, there are differences between both methods. Based on the results of this study, the application of CGM in healthy athletes is not recommended without concomitant nutritional or medical advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Bauhaus
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
- German Research Centre of Elite Sports, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Pinar Erdogan
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
- German Research Centre of Elite Sports, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Hans Braun
- German Research Centre of Elite Sports, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
- Manfred Donike Institute for Doping Analysis, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
- German Research Centre of Elite Sports, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
- Manfred Donike Institute for Doping Analysis, 50933 Cologne, Germany
- Centre for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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21
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Klupa T, Czupryniak L, Dzida G, Fichna P, Jarosz-Chobot P, Gumprecht J, Mysliwiec M, Szadkowska A, Bomba-Opon D, Czajkowski K, Malecki MT, Zozulinska-Ziolkiewicz DA. Expanding the Role of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Modern Diabetes Care Beyond Type 1 Disease. Diabetes Ther 2023:10.1007/s13300-023-01431-3. [PMID: 37322319 PMCID: PMC10299981 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-023-01431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Application of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has moved diabetes care from a reactive to a proactive process, in which a person with diabetes can prevent episodes of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, rather than taking action only once low and high glucose are detected. Consequently, CGM devices are now seen as the standard of care for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Evidence now supports the use of CGM in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on any treatment regimen, not just for those on insulin therapy. Expanding the application of CGM to include all people with T1DM or T2DM can support effective intensification of therapies to reduce glucose exposure and lower the risk of complications and hospital admissions, which are associated with high healthcare costs. All of this can be achieved while minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia and improving quality of life for people with diabetes. Wider application of CGM can also bring considerable benefits for women with diabetes during pregnancy and their children, as well as providing support for acute care of hospital inpatients who experience the adverse effects of hyperglycemia following admission and surgical procedures, as a consequence of treatment-related insulin resistance or reduced insulin secretion. By tailoring the application of CGM for daily or intermittent use, depending on the patient profile and their needs, one can ensure the cost-effectiveness of CGM in each setting. In this article we discuss the evidence-based benefits of expanding the use of CGM technology to include all people with diabetes, along with a diverse population of people with non-diabetic glycemic dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Klupa
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Leszek Czupryniak
- Department of Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Dzida
- Department of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Fichna
- Department of Pediatric Diabetes and Obesity, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Janusz Gumprecht
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Mysliwiec
- Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szadkowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dorota Bomba-Opon
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Czajkowski
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej T Malecki
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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22
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Lin YK, Agni A, Chuisano S, Fetters MD, Funnell M, Pop-Busui R, DeJonckheere MJ. Patient-Reported Usefulness and Challenges in Using Hypoglycemia-Informing Features of Continuous Glucose Monitors to Manage Hypoglycemia. Sci Diabetes Self Manag Care 2023; 49:229-238. [PMID: 37086168 PMCID: PMC10960636 DOI: 10.1177/26350106231168859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study series, which involves a questionnaire survey and qualitative interviews, was to (a) evaluate patient-reported usefulness of continuous glucose monitor (CGM) hypoglycemia-informing features and (b) identify challenges in using these features (ie, CGM glucose numbers, trend arrows, trend graphs, and hypoglycemia alarms) during hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). METHODS A cross-sectional questionnaire survey study was conducted with adults who have T1DM and were using CGMs to assess the perceived usefulness of hypoglycemia-informing features. A semistructured interview study with T1DM CGM-using adults and inductive thematic analysis were subsequently performed to identify challenges in using CGM hypoglycemia-informing features to manage hypoglycemia. RESULTS In the survey study (N = 252), the CGM glucose numbers, trend arrows, trend graphs, and hypoglycemia alarms were found to be very useful by 79%, 70%, 43%, and 64% of participants, respectively. Several challenges in using these features to manage hypoglycemia were identified in the qualitative study (N = 23): (1) hypoglycemia information not fully reliable,; (2) unpredictability of future blood glucose levels, (3) lack of awareness about how information can be used, and (4) disruptions associated with information. CONCLUSIONS Although the majority of T1DM adults found their CGMs' hypoglycemia-informing features helpful, challenges in optimally using these features persisted. Targeted knowledge and behavioral interventions could improve CGM use to reduce hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kuei Lin
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Annika Agni
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Samantha Chuisano
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael D Fetters
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Mixed Methods Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Martha Funnell
- Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rodica Pop-Busui
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Melissa J DeJonckheere
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Mixed Methods Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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23
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Ostrovsky V, Knobler H, Lazar LO, Pines G, Kuniavsky T, Cohen L, Schiller T, Kirzhner A, Zornitzki T. Persistent post-bariatric-surgery hypoglycemia: A long-term follow-up reassessment. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:1197-1205. [PMID: 36948939 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Post-bariatric-surgery hypoglycemia (PBH) is a serious complication of bariatric surgery (BS). In our previous study about three quarters of the patients developed PBH. However long-term follow-up data is lacking to determine whether this condition improves with time. The aim of the current study was to re-assess post-BS patients who participated in our previous study and determine whether there are changes in the frequency and/or severity of hypoglycemic events. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-four post-BS, post Roux-en-Y gastric-bypass (RYGB = 10), post omega-loop gastric-bypass (OLGB = 9) and post sleeve-gastrectomy (SG = 5) individuals were reevaluated in a follow-up study 34.4 ± 4 months after their previous assessment and 67 ± 17 months since surgery. The evaluation included: a dietitian assessment, a questionnaire, meal-tolerance test (MTT) and a one-week masked continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Hypoglycemia and severe hypoglycemia were defined by glucose levels ≤54 mg/dl and ≤40 mg/dl, respectively. Thirteen patients reported questionnaire meal-related complaints, mainly non-specific. During MTT, hypoglycemia occurred in 75% of the patients, and severe hypoglycemia in a third, but none was associated with specific complaints. During CGM, 66% of patients developed hypoglycemia and 37% had severe hypoglycemia. We did not observe significant improvements in hypoglycemic events compared to the previous assessment. Despite the high frequency of hypoglycemia, it did not necessitate hospitalizations or lead to death. CONCLUSIONS PBH did not resolve within long-term follow-up. Intriguingly, most patient were unaware of these events which can lead to underestimation by the medical staff. Further studies are needed to determine possible long term sequela of repeated hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Ostrovsky
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Israel.
| | - Hilla Knobler
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Israel
| | - Li Or Lazar
- Surgery Department, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Israel
| | - Guy Pines
- Surgery Department, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Israel
| | - Tamila Kuniavsky
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Israel
| | - Lee Cohen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Israel
| | - Tal Schiller
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Israel
| | - Alena Kirzhner
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Israel
| | - Taiba Zornitzki
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Israel
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Twigg S, Lim S, Yoo SH, Chen L, Bao Y, Kong A, Yeoh E, Chan SP, Robles J, Mohan V, Cohen N, McGill M, Ji L. Asia-Pacific Perspectives on the Role of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Optimizing Diabetes Management. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2023:19322968231176533. [PMID: 37232515 DOI: 10.1177/19322968231176533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is prevalent, and it imposes a substantial public health burden globally and in the Asia-Pacific (APAC) region. The cornerstone for optimizing diabetes management and treatment outcomes is glucose monitoring, the techniques of which have evolved from self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and to continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Contextual differences with Western populations and limited regionally generated clinical evidence warrant regional standards of diabetes care, including glucose monitoring in APAC. Hence, the APAC Diabetes Care Advisory Board convened to gather insights into clinician-reported CGM utilization for optimized glucose monitoring and diabetes management in the region. We discuss the findings from a pre-meeting survey and an expert panel meeting regarding glucose monitoring patterns and influencing factors, patient profiles for CGM initiation and continuation, CGM benefits, and CGM optimization challenges and potential solutions in APAC. While CGM is becoming the new standard of care and a useful adjunct to HbA1c and SMBG globally, glucose monitoring type, timing, and frequency should be individualized according to local and patient-specific contexts. The results of this APAC survey guide methods for the formulation of future APAC-specific consensus guidelines for the application of CGM in people living with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Twigg
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Liming Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Alice Kong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ester Yeoh
- Diabetes Centre, Admiralty Medical Centre and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
| | - Siew Pheng Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jeremyjones Robles
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chong Hua Hospital, Cebu, Philippines
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre and Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Neale Cohen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret McGill
- Central Clinical School Faculty of Medicine and Health, Diabetes Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Linong Ji
- Peking University Diabetes Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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25
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Bruggisser F, Knaier R, Roth R, Wang W, Qian J, Scheer FAJL. Best Time of Day for Strength and Endurance Training to Improve Health and Performance? A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:34. [PMID: 37208462 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current recommendations for physical exercise include information about the frequency, intensity, type, and duration of exercise. However, to date, there are no recommendations on what time of day one should exercise. The aim was to perform a systematic review with meta-analysis to investigate if the time of day of exercise training in intervention studies influences the degree of improvements in physical performance or health-related outcomes. METHODS The databases EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus were searched from inception to January 2023. Eligibility criteria were that the studies conducted structured endurance and/or strength training with a minimum of two exercise sessions per week for at least 2 weeks and compared exercise training between at least two different times of the day using a randomized crossover or parallel group design. RESULTS From 14,125 screened articles, 26 articles were included in the systematic review of which seven were also included in the meta-analyses. Both the qualitative synthesis and the quantitative synthesis (i.e., meta-analysis) provide little evidence for or against the hypothesis that training at a specific time of day leads to more improvements in performance-related or health-related outcomes compared to other times. There was some evidence that there is a benefit when training and testing occur at the same time of day, mainly for performance-related outcomes. Overall, the risk of bias in most studies was high. CONCLUSIONS The current state of research provides evidence neither for nor against a specific time of the day being more beneficial, but provides evidence for larger effects when there is congruency between training and testing times. This review provides recommendations to improve the design and execution of future studies on this topic. REGISTRATION PROSPERO (CRD42021246468).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Bruggisser
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Knaier
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ralf Roth
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingyi Qian
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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26
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Handy C, Chaudhry MS, Qureshi MRA, Love B, Shillingford J, Plum-Mörschel L, Zijlstra E. Noninvasive Continuous Glucose Monitoring With a Novel Wearable Dial Resonating Sensor: A Clinical Proof-of-Concept Study. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2023:19322968231170242. [PMID: 37102600 DOI: 10.1177/19322968231170242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A noninvasive, wearable continuous glucose monitor would be a major advancement in diabetes therapy. This trial investigated a novel noninvasive glucose monitor which analyzes spectral variations in radio frequency/microwave signals reflected from the wrist. METHODS A single-arm, open-label, experimental study compared glucose values from a prototype investigational device with laboratory glucose measurements from venous blood samples (Super GL Glucose Analyzer, Dr. Müller Gerätebau GmbH) at varying levels of glycemia. The study included 29 male participants with type 1 diabetes (age range = 19-56 years). The study comprised three stages with the following aims: (1) demonstrate initial proof-of-principle, (2) test an improved device design, and (3) test performance on two consecutive days without device recalibration. The co-primary endpoints in all trial stages were median and mean absolute relative difference (ARD) calculated across all data points. RESULTS In stage 1, the median and mean ARDs were 30% and 46%, respectively. Stage 2 produced marked performance improvements with a median and mean ARD of 22% and 28%, respectively. Stage 3 showed that, without recalibration, the device performed as well as the initial prototype (stage 1) with a median and mean ARD of 35% and 44%, respectively. CONCLUSION This proof-of-concept study shows that a novel noninvasive continuous glucose monitor was capable of detecting glucose levels. Furthermore, the ARD results are comparable to first models of commercially available minimally invasive products without the need to insert a needle. The prototype has been further developed and is being tested in subsequent studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05023798.
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27
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Pemberton JS, Wilmot EG, Barnard-Kelly K, Leelarathna L, Oliver N, Randell T, Taplin CE, Choudhary P, Adolfsson P. CGM accuracy: Contrasting CE marking with the governmental controls of the USA (FDA) and Australia (TGA): A narrative review. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:916-939. [PMID: 36585365 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The National Institute for Clinical Excellence updated guidance for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in 2022, recommending that CGM be available to all people living with type 1 diabetes. Manufacturers can trade in the UK with Conformité Européenne (CE) marking without an initial national assessment. The regulatory process for CGM CE marking, in contrast to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) process, is described. Manufacturers operating in the UK provided clinical accuracy studies submitted for CE marking. Critical appraisal of the studies shows several CGM devices have CE marking for wide-ranging indications beyond available data, unlike FDA and TGA approval. The FDA and TGA use tighter controls, requiring comprehensive product-specific clinical data evaluation. In 2018, the FDA published the integrated CGM (iCGM) criteria permitting interoperability. Applying the iCGM criteria to clinical data provided by manufacturers trading in the UK identified several study protocols that minimized glucose variability, thereby improving CGM accuracy on all metrics. These results do not translate into real-life performance. Furthermore, for many CGM devices available in the UK, accuracy reported in the hypoglycaemic range is below iCGM standards, or measurement is absent. We offer a framework to evaluate CGM accuracy studies critically. The review concludes that FDA- and TGA-approved indications match the available clinical data, whereas CE marking indications can have discrepancies. The UK can bolster regulation with UK Conformity Assessed marking from January 2025. However, balanced regulation is needed to ensure innovation and timely technological access are not hindered.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Pemberton
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's, and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Emma G Wilmot
- University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, UK
- University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Lalantha Leelarathna
- Manchester Diabetes Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nick Oliver
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Craig E Taplin
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Pratik Choudhary
- Leicester Diabetes Center, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Peter Adolfsson
- Department of Paediatrics, Kungsbacka Hospital; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Almurashi AM, Rodriguez E, Garg SK. Emerging Diabetes Technologies: Continuous Glucose Monitors/Artificial Pancreases. J Indian Inst Sci 2023; 103:1-26. [PMID: 37362851 PMCID: PMC10043869 DOI: 10.1007/s41745-022-00348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade there have been many advances in diabetes technologies, such as continuous glucose monitors (CGM s), insulin-delivery devices, and hybrid closed loop systems . Now most CGMs (Medtronic-Guardian, Dexcom-G6, and Abbott-Libre-2) have MARD values of < 10%, in contrast to two decades ago when the MARD used to be > 20%. In addition, the majority of the new CGMs do not require calibrations, and the latest CGMs last for 10-14 days. An implantable 6-months CGM by Eversense-3 is now approved in the USA and Europe. Recently, the FDA approved Libre 3 which provides real-time glucose values every minute. Even though it is approved as an iCGM it is not interoperable with automatic-insulin-delivery (AID) systems. The newer CGMs that are likely to be launched in the next few months in the USA include the 10-11 days Dexcom G7 (60% smaller than the existing G6), and the 7-days Medtronic Guardian 4. Most of the newer CGM have several features like automatic initialization, easy insertion, predictive alarms, and alerts. It has also been noticed that an arm insertion site might have better accuracy than abdomen or other sites, like the buttock for kids. Lag time between YSI and different sensors have been reported differently, sometimes it is down to 2-3 min; however, in many instances, it is still 15-20 min, especially when the rate of change of glucose is > 2 mg/min. We believe that in the next decade there will be a significant increase in the number of people who use CGM for their day-to-day diabetes care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhalim M. Almurashi
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, 1775 Aurora Ct, Rm 1324, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Madinah Health Cluster, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Erika Rodriguez
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, 1775 Aurora Ct, Rm 1324, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Satish K. Garg
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, 1775 Aurora Ct, Rm 1324, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
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Narang I, Smith J, Bleiker TO. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommends glucose monitoring devices for all patients with Type 1 diabetes: anticipating further increase in cutaneous reactions to these devices. Clin Exp Dermatol 2023; 48:382-383. [PMID: 36653932 DOI: 10.1093/ced/llac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isha Narang
- Departments of Dermatology University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation, Derby, UK
| | - Julie Smith
- Departments of Paediatrics, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation, Derby, UK
| | - Tanya O Bleiker
- Departments of Dermatology University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation, Derby, UK
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Markov AM, Krutilova P, Cedeno AE, McGill JB, McKee AM. Interruption of CGM: Frequency and Adverse Consequences. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2023:19322968231156572. [PMID: 36824046 DOI: 10.1177/19322968231156572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Removal of diabetes devices, including insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), is a common practice due to hospital policies, interference with imaging studies, medications, and surgical interventions. Furthermore, these devices are inherently prone to malfunction, adhesive failure, and issues with insertion that can lead to a reduction in wear time. Prescription and dispensing practices provide an exact number of sensors per month without redundancy to account for the realities of daily CGM use. METHODS A RedCap survey was completed by adult patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes (T1D or T2D) who utilize CGM followed in the Diabetes Center at Washington University in St Louis. RESULTS Of 384 surveys sent, 99 were completed. Participants had a mean age of 54 years, T1D 69%, female 70%, White 96%, non-Hispanic 96%, and a mean duration of diabetes mellitus (DM) 28 years. Of the cohort, 100% used CGM (80.2% Dexcom, 13.5% Freestyle Libre, 6.3% Medtronic), 61% insulin pump, and 41% Hybrid closed-loop (HCL) systems. CGM-related disruption events included device malfunction (in 85.4% of participants), insertion problems (63.5%), and falling off (61.4%). Medical care-related disruption occurred most frequently in the setting of imaging (41.7%), followed by surgery/procedures (11.7%) and hospitalization (4.4%). Adverse glycemic events attributed to CGM disruption, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, occurred ≥4 times in 36.5% and 12.4% of the cohort, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Disruption in CGM use is common. Lack of redundancy of CGM supplies contributes to care disruption and adverse glycemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Markov
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Petra Krutilova
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrea E Cedeno
- Northwestern Medicine Regional Medical Group, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Janet B McGill
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexis M McKee
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Tran NK, LaValley C, Bagley B, Rodrigo J. Point of care blood glucose devices in the hospital setting. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2023; 60:290-299. [PMID: 36734399 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2023.2170316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dysglycemia is common among hospitalized patients. Accurate point-of-care (POC) glucose monitoring is necessary for the safe administration of insulin. Unfortunately, POC glucose meters are not all created equal. Interfering factors such as abnormal hematocrit, abnormal oxygen tension, and oxidizing/reducing substances can lead to inaccurate glucose measurements and result in inappropriate insulin dosing. The introduction of autocorrecting glucose meters has changed the POC testing landscape. Autocorrecting glucose meters provide more accurate measurements and have been associated with improved glycemic control in hospitalized patients. Continuous glucose monitoring has also created interest in using these platforms in at-risk inpatient populations. Future glucose monitoring technologies such as artificial intelligence/machine learning, wearable smart devices, and closed-loop insulin management systems are poised to transform glycemic management. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of glucose monitoring technology, summarize the clinical impact of glucose monitoring accuracy, and highlight emerging and future POC glucose monitoring technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam K Tran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Clayton LaValley
- Patient Care Services, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Berit Bagley
- Patient Care Services, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - John Rodrigo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Selvin E, Wang D, Rooney MR, Fang M, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Zeger S, Sartini J, Tang O, Coresh J, Aurora RN, Punjabi NM. Within-Person and Between-Sensor Variability in Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics. Clin Chem 2023; 69:180-188. [PMID: 36495162 PMCID: PMC9898170 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvac192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The within-person and between-sensor variability of metrics from different interstitial continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors in adults with type 2 diabetes not taking insulin is unclear. METHODS Secondary analysis of data from 172 participants from the Hyperglycemic Profiles in Obstructive Sleep Apnea randomized clinical trial. Participants simultaneously wore Dexcom G4 and Abbott Libre Pro CGM sensors for up to 2 weeks at baseline and again at the 3-month follow-up visit. RESULTS At baseline (up to 2 weeks of CGM), mean glucose for both the Abbott and Dexcom sensors was approximately 150 mg/dL (8.3 mmol/L) and time in range (70180 mg/dL [3.910.0 mmol/L]) was just below 80. When comparing the same sensor at 2 different time points (two 2-week periods, 3 months apart), the within-person coefficient of variation (CVw) in mean glucose was 17.4 (Abbott) and 14.2 (Dexcom). CVw for percent time in range: 20.1 (Abbott) and 18.6 (Dexcom). At baseline, the Pearson correlation of mean glucose from the 2 sensors worn simultaneously was r 0.86, root mean squared error (RMSE), 13 mg/dL (0.7 mmol/L); for time in range, r 0.88, RMSE, 8 percentage points. CONCLUSIONS Substantial variation was observed within sensors over time and across 2 different sensors worn simultaneously on the same individuals. Clinicians should be aware of this variability when using CGM technology to make clinical decisions.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02454153.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Selvin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary R. Rooney
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Fang
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justin B. Echouffo-Tcheugui
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Scott Zeger
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Sartini
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olive Tang
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R. Nisha Aurora
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Naresh M. Punjabi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Croker EE, Rowe CW, Mohammad N, Wynne K. Accuracy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Pregnancy During Inpatient Acute Glycemic Variability in Women with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2023; 17:253-255. [PMID: 36146931 PMCID: PMC9846392 DOI: 10.1177/19322968221126995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma E. Croker
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology,
John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher W. Rowe
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology,
John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College
of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW,
Australia
| | - Naeel Mohammad
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology,
John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Katie Wynne
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology,
John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College
of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW,
Australia
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Setford S, Liu Z, McColl D, Phillips S, Cameron H, Grady M. Post-Market Surveillance Assessment of the Clinical Accuracy of a Blood Glucose Monitoring System with an Improved Algorithm for Enhanced Product Performance. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2023; 17:133-140. [PMID: 34463143 PMCID: PMC9846413 DOI: 10.1177/19322968211039465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On-going manufacturer-led post-market surveillance (PMS), assessing the clinical accuracy of blood glucose monitoring (BGM) systems, is critical to substantiate the performance of such products for people with diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Batches of Verio test-strip product were randomly and routinely selected over the period from launch of an improved-algorithm product to reporting date and sent to 3 clinic sites for clinician-led accuracy assessment. Accuracy is reported as per recently adopted FDA guidance for BGM systems, EN ISO 15197:2015 and MARD/MAD (Mean absolute relative difference/Mean absolute difference). RESULTS Thirty-three individual test-strip batches were evaluated corresponding to 506 unique donors. Accuracy performance - FDA: 98.9% of values within ±15% of comparator; ISO: 99.0% within ±15 mg/dL or ±15% at <100 mg/dL (<5.55 mmol/L) or ≥100 mg/dL (≥5.55 mmol/L) glucose, respectively. Overall MARD was 4.19% with a MARD range of 3.54%-5.73% across all test strip batches. CONCLUSIONS This post-market surveillance program demonstrates the new BGM system consistently meets measures of clinical accuracy specified by regulators. This program supports a growing demand by regulators for real-world evidence demonstrating consistent in-market product efficacy as opposed to the current largely passive approach that relies on assessment of reports filed by device users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Setford
- LifeScan Scotland Ltd., Inverness,
UK
- Steven Setford, PhD, LifeScan Scotland Ltd,
Beechwood Park North, Inverness, Highland IV2 3ED, UK.
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Kalogeropoulou MS, Iglesias-Platas I, Beardsall K. Should continuous glucose monitoring be used to manage neonates at risk of hypoglycaemia? Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1115228. [PMID: 37025284 PMCID: PMC10070986 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1115228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) now recommends that continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) be offered to adults and children with diabetes who are at risk from hypoglycaemia. Hypoglycaemia is common in the neonatal period, and is a preventable cause of poor neurodevelopmental outcome, but is CGM helpful in the management of neonates at risk of hypoglycaemia? Neonatal studies have shown that CGM can detect clinically silent hypoglycaemia, which has been associated with reduced executive and visual function in early childhood. Intervention trials have further shown CGM can support the targeting of glucose levels in high-risk extremely preterm neonates. In spite of significant advances in technology, including smaller sensors, better accuracy and factory calibration, further progress and adoption into clinical practice has been limited as current devices are not designed nor have regulatory approval for the specific needs of the newborn. The use of CGM has the potential to support clinical management, and prevention of hypoglycaemia but must be set within its current limitations. The data CGM provides however also provides an important opportunity to improve our understanding of potential risks of hypoglycaemia and the impact of clinical interventions to prevent it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Iglesias-Platas
- Department of Paediatrics, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Beardsall
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Rosie Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Kathryn Beardsall
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Battelino T, Alexander CM, Amiel SA, Arreaza-Rubin G, Beck RW, Bergenstal RM, Buckingham BA, Carroll J, Ceriello A, Chow E, Choudhary P, Close K, Danne T, Dutta S, Gabbay R, Garg S, Heverly J, Hirsch IB, Kader T, Kenney J, Kovatchev B, Laffel L, Maahs D, Mathieu C, Mauricio D, Nimri R, Nishimura R, Scharf M, Del Prato S, Renard E, Rosenstock J, Saboo B, Ueki K, Umpierrez GE, Weinzimer SA, Phillip M. Continuous glucose monitoring and metrics for clinical trials: an international consensus statement. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023; 11:42-57. [PMID: 36493795 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 164.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Randomised controlled trials and other prospective clinical studies for novel medical interventions in people with diabetes have traditionally reported HbA1c as the measure of average blood glucose levels for the 3 months preceding the HbA1c test date. The use of this measure highlights the long-established correlation between HbA1c and relative risk of diabetes complications; the change in the measure, before and after the therapeutic intervention, is used by regulators for the approval of medications for diabetes. However, with the increasing use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in clinical practice, prospective clinical studies are also increasingly using CGM devices to collect data and evaluate glucose profiles among study participants, complementing HbA1c findings, and further assess the effects of therapeutic interventions on HbA1c. Data is collected by CGM devices at 1-5 min intervals, which obtains data on glycaemic excursions and periods of asymptomatic hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia (ie, details of glycaemic control that are not provided by HbA1c concentrations alone that are measured continuously and can be analysed in daily, weekly, or monthly timeframes). These CGM-derived metrics are the subject of standardised, internationally agreed reporting formats and should, therefore, be considered for use in all clinical studies in diabetes. The purpose of this consensus statement is to recommend the ways CGM data might be used in prospective clinical studies, either as a specified study endpoint or as supportive complementary glucose metrics, to provide clinical information that can be considered by investigators, regulators, companies, clinicians, and individuals with diabetes who are stakeholders in trial outcomes. In this consensus statement, we provide recommendations on how to optimise CGM-derived glucose data collection in clinical studies, including the specific glucose metrics and specific glucose metrics that should be evaluated. These recommendations have been endorsed by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the American Diabetes Association, the Association of Diabetes Care and Education Specialists, DiabetesIndia, the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes, the Japanese Diabetes Society, and the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. A standardised approach to CGM data collection and reporting in clinical trials will encourage the use of these metrics and enhance the interpretability of CGM data, which could provide useful information other than HbA1c for informing therapeutic and treatment decisions, particularly related to hypoglycaemia, postprandial hyperglycaemia, and glucose variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadej Battelino
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | | | | | - Guillermo Arreaza-Rubin
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roy W Beck
- Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Bruce A Buckingham
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Elaine Chow
- Phase 1 Clinical Trial Centre, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Pratik Choudhary
- Leicester Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Kelly Close
- diaTribe Foundation, San Francisco, CA, USA; Close Concerns, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Danne
- Diabetes Centre for Children and Adolescents, Auf der Bult, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Robert Gabbay
- American Diabetes Association, Arlington, VA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Satish Garg
- Barbara Davis Centre for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Irl B Hirsch
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tina Kader
- Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Boris Kovatchev
- Center for Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lori Laffel
- Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adult Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Maahs
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dídac Mauricio
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, CIBERDEM (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Revital Nimri
- National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Rimei Nishimura
- The Jikei University School of Medicine, Jikei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mauro Scharf
- Centro de Diabetes Curitiba and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Nossa Senhora das Graças, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Stefano Del Prato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eric Renard
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France; Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; INSERM Clinical Investigation Centre, Montpellier, France
| | - Julio Rosenstock
- Velocity Clinical Research, Medical City, Dallas, TX; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Banshi Saboo
- Dia Care, Diabetes Care and Hormone Clinic, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Kohjiro Ueki
- Diabetes Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Stuart A Weinzimer
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Moshe Phillip
- National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Williams ME, Steenkamp D, Wolpert H. Making sense of glucose sensors in end-stage kidney disease: A review. FRONTIERS IN CLINICAL DIABETES AND HEALTHCARE 2022; 3:1025328. [PMID: 36992784 PMCID: PMC10012164 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2022.1025328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus remains the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease worldwide. Inadequate glucose monitoring has been identified as one of the gaps in care for hemodialysis patients with diabetes, and lack of reliable methods to assess glycemia has contributed to uncertainty regarding the benefit of glycemic control in these individuals. Hemoglobin A1c, the standard metric to evaluate glycemic control, is inaccurate in patients with kidney failure, and does not capture the full range of glucose values for patients with diabetes. Recent advances in continuous glucose monitoring have established this technology as the new gold standard for glucose management in diabetes. Glucose fluctuations are uniquely challenging in patients dependent on intermittent hemodialysis, and lead to clinically significant glycemic variability. This review evaluates continuous glucose monitoring technology, its validity in the setting of kidney failure, and interpretation of glucose monitoring results for the nephrologist. Continuous glucose monitoring targets for patients on dialysis have yet to be established. While continuous glucose monitoring provides a more complete picture of the glycemic profile than hemoglobin A1c and can mitigate high-risk hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in the context of the hemodialysis procedure itself, whether the technology can improve clinical outcomes merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Williams
- Renal Unit, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Mark E. Williams,
| | - Devin Steenkamp
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Howard Wolpert
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Avari P, Lumb A, Flanagan D, Rayman G, Misra S, Dhatariya K, Choudhary P. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Within Hospital: A Scoping Review and Summary of Guidelines From the Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2022; 17:611-624. [PMID: 36444418 DOI: 10.1177/19322968221137338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of people, particularly with type 1 diabetes (T1D), are using wearable technologies. That is, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) pumps, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, and hybrid closed-loop systems, which combine both these elements. Given over a quarter of all people admitted to hospital have diabetes, there is a need for clinical guidelines for when people using them are admitted to hospital. The Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care (JBDS-IP) provide a scoping review and summary of guidelines on the use of diabetes technology in people with diabetes admitted to hospital.JBDS-IP advocates enabling people who can self-manage and use their own diabetes technology to continue doing so as they would do out of hospital. Whilst people with diabetes are recommended to achieve a target of 70% time within range (3.9-10.0 mmol/L [70-180 mg/dL]), this can be very difficult to achieve whilst unwell. We therefore recommend targeting hypoglycemia prevention as a priority, keeping time below 3.9 mmol/L (70 mg/dL) at < 1%, being aware of looming hypoglycemia if glucose is between 4.0 and 5.9 mmol/L (72-106 mg/dL), and consider intervening, particularly if there is a downward CGM trend arrow.Health care organizations need clear local policies and guidance to support individuals using diabetes technologies, and ensure the relevant workforce is capable and skilled enough to ensure their safe use within the hospital setting. The current set of guidelines is divided into two parts. Part 1, which follows below, outlines the guidance for use of CGM in hospital. The second part outlines guidance for use of CSII and hybrid closed-loop in hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parizad Avari
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alistair Lumb
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Flanagan
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Gerry Rayman
- Ipswich Diabetes Centre, East Suffolk and North East Essex Foundation Trust, Ipswich, UK
| | - Shivani Misra
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ketan Dhatariya
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Pratik Choudhary
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Longo RR, Joshi R. The Devil Is in the Details: Use, Limitations, and Implementation of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Inpatient Setting. Diabetes Spectr 2022; 35:405-419. [PMID: 36561647 PMCID: PMC9668728 DOI: 10.2337/dsi22-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems were reserved for use in the outpatient setting or for investigational purposes in hospitalized patients. However, during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, use of CGM in the inpatient setting has grown rapidly. This review outlines important details related to the accuracy, limitations, and implementation of, as well as necessary staff education for, inpatient CGM use and offers a glimpse into the future of CGM in the inpatient setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rick Longo
- Lahey Hospital and Medical Center–Beth Israel Lahey Health, Burlington, MA
| | - Renu Joshi
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Harrisburg, PA
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Diéguez E, Nieto-Ruiz A, Martín-Pérez C, Sepúlveda-Valbuena N, Herrmann F, Jiménez J, De-Castellar R, Catena A, García-Santos JA, Bermúdez MG, Campoy C. Association study between hypothalamic functional connectivity, early nutrition, and glucose levels in healthy children aged 6 years: The COGNIS study follow-up. Front Nutr 2022; 9:935740. [PMID: 36313089 PMCID: PMC9597646 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.935740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding (BF) is the gold standard in infant nutrition; knowing how it influences brain connectivity would help understand the mechanisms involved, which would help close the nutritional gap between infant formulas and breast milk. We analyzed potential long-term differences depending on the diet with an experimental infant formula (EF), compared to a standard infant formula (SF) or breastfeeding (BF) during the first 18 months of life on children's hypothalamic functional connectivity (FC) assessed at 6 years old. A total of 62 children participating in the COGNIS randomized clinical trial (Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02094547) were included in this study. They were randomized to receive an SF (n = 22) or a bioactive nutrient-enriched EF (n = 20). BF children were also included as a control study group (BF: n = 20). Brain function was evaluated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and mean glucose levels were collected through a 24-h continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device at 6 years old. Furthermore, nutrient intake was also analyzed during the first 18 months of life and at 6 years old through 3-day dietary intake records. Groups fed with EF and BF showed lower FC between the medial hypothalamus (MH) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in comparison with SF-fed children. Moreover, the BF children group showed lower FC between the MH and the left putamen extending to the middle insula, and higher FC between the MH and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) compared to the EF-fed children group. These areas are key regions within the salience network, which is involved in processing salience stimuli, eating motivation, and hedonic-driven desire to consume food. Indeed, current higher connectivity found on the MH-IFG network in the BF group was associated with lower simple sugars acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDRs) at 6 months of age. Regarding linoleic acid intake at 12 months old, a negative association with this network (MH-IFG) only in the BF group was found. In addition, BF children showed lower mean glucose levels compared to SF-fed children at 6 years old. Our results may point out a possible relationship between diet during the first 18 months of life and inclined proclivity for hedonic eating later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Diéguez
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Health Sciences Technological Park, Granada, Spain,EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Nieto-Ruiz
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Health Sciences Technological Park, Granada, Spain,EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Martín-Pérez
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, Segovia, Spain
| | - Natalia Sepúlveda-Valbuena
- Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Florian Herrmann
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez
- Ordesa Laboratories, S.L., Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | - Andrés Catena
- Department of Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Antonio García-Santos
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Health Sciences Technological Park, Granada, Spain,EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes G. Bermúdez
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Health Sciences Technological Park, Granada, Spain,EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Campoy
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Health Sciences Technological Park, Granada, Spain,EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,National Network of Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III (Granada's Node), Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Cristina Campoy
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Wiley KK, Mendonca E, Blackburn J, Menachemi N, Groot MD, Vest JR. Quantifying Electronic Health Record Data Quality in Telehealth and Office-Based Diabetes Care. Appl Clin Inform 2022; 13:1172-1180. [PMID: 36516970 PMCID: PMC9750794 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Data derived from the electronic health record (EHR) are commonly reused for quality improvement, clinical decision-making, and empirical research despite having data quality challenges. Research highlighting EHR data quality concerns has largely been examined and identified during traditional in-person visits. To understand variations in data quality among patients managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with and without a history of telehealth visits, we examined three EHR data quality dimensions: timeliness, completeness, and information density. METHODS We used EHR data (2016-2021) from a local enterprise data warehouse to quantify timeliness, completeness, and information density for diagnostic and laboratory test data. Means and chi-squared significance tests were computed to compare data quality dimensions between patients with and without a history of telehealth use. RESULTS Mean timeliness or T2DM measurement age for the study sample was 77.8 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 39.6-116.4). Mean completeness for the sample was 0.891 (95% CI, 0.868-0.914). The mean information density score was 0.787 (95% CI, 0.747-0.827). EHR data for patients managing T2DM with a history of telehealth use were timelier (73.3 vs. 79.8 days), and measurements were more uniform across visits (0.795 vs. 0.784) based on information density scores, compared with patients with no history of telehealth use. CONCLUSION Overall, EHR data for patients managing T2DM with a history of telehealth visits were generally timelier and measurements were more uniform across visits than for patients with no history of telehealth visits. Chronic disease care relies on comprehensive patient data collected via hybrid care delivery models and includes important domains for continued data quality assessments prior to secondary reuse purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K. Wiley
- Department of Healthcare Leadership and Management, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | | | - Justin Blackburn
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Nir Menachemi
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Mary De Groot
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Joshua R. Vest
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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Blonde L, Umpierrez GE, Reddy SS, McGill JB, Berga SL, Bush M, Chandrasekaran S, DeFronzo RA, Einhorn D, Galindo RJ, Gardner TW, Garg R, Garvey WT, Hirsch IB, Hurley DL, Izuora K, Kosiborod M, Olson D, Patel SB, Pop-Busui R, Sadhu AR, Samson SL, Stec C, Tamborlane WV, Tuttle KR, Twining C, Vella A, Vellanki P, Weber SL. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. Endocr Pract 2022; 28:923-1049. [PMID: 35963508 PMCID: PMC10200071 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this clinical practice guideline is to provide updated and new evidence-based recommendations for the comprehensive care of persons with diabetes mellitus to clinicians, diabetes-care teams, other health care professionals and stakeholders, and individuals with diabetes and their caregivers. METHODS The American Association of Clinical Endocrinology selected a task force of medical experts and staff who updated and assessed clinical questions and recommendations from the prior 2015 version of this guideline and conducted literature searches for relevant scientific papers published from January 1, 2015, through May 15, 2022. Selected studies from results of literature searches composed the evidence base to update 2015 recommendations as well as to develop new recommendations based on review of clinical evidence, current practice, expertise, and consensus, according to established American Association of Clinical Endocrinology protocol for guideline development. RESULTS This guideline includes 170 updated and new evidence-based clinical practice recommendations for the comprehensive care of persons with diabetes. Recommendations are divided into four sections: (1) screening, diagnosis, glycemic targets, and glycemic monitoring; (2) comorbidities and complications, including obesity and management with lifestyle, nutrition, and bariatric surgery, hypertension, dyslipidemia, retinopathy, neuropathy, diabetic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease; (3) management of prediabetes, type 2 diabetes with antihyperglycemic pharmacotherapy and glycemic targets, type 1 diabetes with insulin therapy, hypoglycemia, hospitalized persons, and women with diabetes in pregnancy; (4) education and new topics regarding diabetes and infertility, nutritional supplements, secondary diabetes, social determinants of health, and virtual care, as well as updated recommendations on cancer risk, nonpharmacologic components of pediatric care plans, depression, education and team approach, occupational risk, role of sleep medicine, and vaccinations in persons with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS This updated clinical practice guideline provides evidence-based recommendations to assist with person-centered, team-based clinical decision-making to improve the care of persons with diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S Sethu Reddy
- Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Einhorn
- Scripps Whittier Diabetes Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | - Rajesh Garg
- Lundquist Institute/Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Darin Olson
- Colorado Mountain Medical, LLC, Avon, Colorado
| | | | | | - Archana R Sadhu
- Houston Methodist; Weill Cornell Medicine; Texas A&M College of Medicine; Houston, Texas
| | | | - Carla Stec
- American Association of Clinical Endocrinology, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | - Katherine R Tuttle
- University of Washington and Providence Health Care, Seattle and Spokane, Washington
| | | | | | | | - Sandra L Weber
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Greenville, Prisma Health System, Greenville, South Carolina
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Freckmann G, Mende J, Pleus S, Waldenmaier D, Baumstark A, Jendrike N, Haug C. Mean Absolute Relative Difference of Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems and Relationship to ISO 15197. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2022; 16:1089-1095. [PMID: 33759584 PMCID: PMC9445334 DOI: 10.1177/19322968211001402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analytical quality of a blood glucose monitoring system (BGMS) is often assessed according to the requirements described in the international standard ISO 15197. However, the mean absolute relative difference (MARD) is sometimes used as well. This analysis aims at providing empirical data from BGMS evaluation studies conducted according to ISO 15197 and at providing an estimation of how MARD and percentage of measurement results within ISO accuracy limits are related. METHODS Results of 77 system accuracy evaluations conducted according to ISO 15197 were used to calculate MARD between BGMS and a laboratory comparison method's results (glucose oxidase or hexokinase method). Additionally, bias and 95%-limits of agreement (LoA) using the Bland and Altman method were calculated. RESULTS MARD results ranged from 2.3% to 20.5%. The lowest MARD of a test strip lot that showed <95% of results within ISO limits was 6.1%. The distribution of MARD results shows that only 3.6% of test strip lots with a MARD equal to or below 7% showed <95% of results within ISO limits (2.2% of all test strip lots). Bias of test strip lots that showed ≥95% of results within the limits ranged from -10.3% to +7.4%. The half-width of the 95%-LoA of test strip lots that showed ≥95% of results within the limits ranged from 4.8% to 24.0%. CONCLUSION There is a threshold MARD that may allow an estimate whether ISO 15197 requirements are fulfilled, but this statement cannot be made with certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Freckmann
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jochen Mende
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Jochen Mende, MSc, Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Lise-Meitner-Straße 8/2, Ulm D-89081, Germany.
| | - Stefan Pleus
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Delia Waldenmaier
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Annette Baumstark
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nina Jendrike
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Haug
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Longo RR, Elias H, Khan M, Seley JJ. Use and Accuracy of Inpatient CGM During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Observational Study of General Medicine and ICU Patients. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2022; 16:1136-1143. [PMID: 33971753 PMCID: PMC9445343 DOI: 10.1177/19322968211008446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is widely used in the outpatient setting for people with diabetes and has been limited to investigational use only for the inpatient population. In April 2020, the US FDA exercised enforcement discretion for the temporary use of inpatient CGM during the pandemic, thus hospitals were presented the opportunity to implement this technology. METHODS We sought to investigate the accuracy of CGM in hospitalized patients on general care floors and the intensive care unit (ICU) in attempts to decrease healthcare professional exposure to COVID-19 and ultimately improve glycemic management of patients affected by COVID-19. Point of care (POC) and laboratory (Lab) glucose values were matched with simultaneous CGM glucose values and measures of accuracy were performed to evaluate the safety and usability of CGM in this population. Our data are presented drawing a distinction between POC and Lab as reference glucose sources. RESULTS In 808 paired samples obtained from 28 patients (10 ICU, 18 general floor), overall mean absolute relative difference (MARD) for all patients using either POC or Lab as reference was 13.2%. When using POC as the reference glucose MARD was 13.9% and using Lab glucose as reference 10.9%. Using both POC and Lab reference glucose pairs the overall MARD for critical care patients was 12.1% and for general floor patients 14%. CONCLUSION We determined, with proper protocols and safeguards in place, use of CGM in the hospitalized patient is a reasonable alternative to standard of care to achieve the goal of reducing healthcare professional exposure. Further study is necessary to validate safety, accuracy, and efficacy of this technology. Investigation and analysis are necessary for the development of protocols to utilize CGM trend arrows, alerts, and alarms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rick Longo
- Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
- Rebecca Rick Longo, ACNP-BC, MSN, CDCES, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, 41 Mall Road, Burlington, MA 01805, USA.
| | - Heather Elias
- Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Mehvish Khan
- Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
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Buschur EO, Faulds E, Dungan K. CGM in the Hospital: Is It Ready for Prime Time? Curr Diab Rep 2022; 22:451-460. [PMID: 35796882 PMCID: PMC9261155 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-022-01484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in the hospital setting is growing with more patients using these devices at home and when admitted to the hospital, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. RECENT FINDINGS Historically, most evidence for CGM use in the inpatient setting was limited to small studies utilizing outdated CGM technology and analyzing accuracy of sensor measurements. Previous studies have shown reduced sensor accuracy during extreme hypo- or hyperglycemia, rapid fluctuations of glucose, compression of the sensor itself, and in those who are critically ill. Studies that are more recent have shown CGM to have adequate accuracy and may be effective in reducing hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients; some studies have also showed improvement in time in target glycemic range. Furthermore, CGM may reduce nursing workload, cost of inpatient care, and use of personal protective equipment and face-to-face patient care especially for patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. This review will describe the evidence for use of CGM in hospitalized critically ill or non-critically ill patients, address accuracy and safety considerations, and outline paths for future implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth O. Buschur
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 5th Floor McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Drive, Columbus, OH 43210-1296 USA
| | - Eileen Faulds
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 5th Floor McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Drive, Columbus, OH 43210-1296 USA
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943The Ohio State University College of Nursing, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Kathleen Dungan
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 5th Floor McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Drive, Columbus, OH 43210-1296 USA
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Thabit H. Analysis of "Accuracy of a Seventh-Generation Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes". J Diabetes Sci Technol 2022:19322968221105283. [PMID: 35771001 DOI: 10.1177/19322968221105283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In an article in the Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, Laffell et al examined the accuracy and performance of a seventh-generation "G7" continuous glucose monitor (CGM) system in participants with type 1 diabetes aged 2 to 17 years. The study had notable points which increase the generalizability of the authors' findings to usual clinical practice, such as accuracy assessment across a wide range of glycemia in the arm and abdominal area, at variable rates of change and time periods (beginning and end of sensor wear). However, accuracy measurements in the younger cohort (2-6 years old) were relatively few. Overall and per-sensor accuracy assessments using standard accuracy metrics were consistently high. The authors also highlighted the enhanced features of the G7 system compared to earlier generation systems, which support better usability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hood Thabit
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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47
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Koutny T, Mayo M. Predicting glucose level with an adapted branch predictor. Comput Biol Med 2022; 145:105388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pleus S, Freckmann G, Schauer S, Heinemann L, Ziegler R, Ji L, Mohan V, Calliari LE, Hinzmann R. Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose as an Integral Part in the Management of People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Ther 2022; 13:829-846. [PMID: 35416589 PMCID: PMC9076772 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-022-01254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) has been considered a cornerstone of adequate diabetes management. Structured SMBG can follow different monitoring patterns, and it results in improved glycemic control, reduced hypoglycemia, and a better quality of life of people with diabetes. The technology, usability, and accuracy of SMBG systems have advanced markedly since their introduction a few decades ago. Current SMBG systems are small and easy to use, require small (capillary) blood sample volumes, and provide measurement results within seconds. In addition, devices are increasingly equipped with features such as connectivity to other devices and/or digital diaries and diabetes management tools. Although measurement quality can come close to or equal that of the glucose monitoring systems used by healthcare professionals, several available SMBG systems still do not meet internationally accepted accuracy standards, such as the International Organization for Standardization 15197 standard. Reports from China, India, and Brazil based on local experience suggest that in addition of the accuracy issues of SMBG systems, other obstacles also need to be overcome to optimize SMBG usage. Nonetheless, adequate usage of SMBG data is of high relevance for the management of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pleus
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Guido Freckmann
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schauer
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Ralph Ziegler
- Diabetes Clinic for Children and Adolescents, Muenster, Germany
| | - Linong Ji
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking, China
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Luis Eduardo Calliari
- Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Pediatric Department, Santa Casa School of Medical Department, Santa Casa School of Medical Sciences, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rolf Hinzmann
- Roche Diabetes Care GmbH, Sandhofer Straße 116, 68305, Mannheim, Germany.
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Schnell O, Battelino T, Bergenstal R, Blüher M, Böhm M, Brosius F, Carr RD, Ceriello A, Forst T, Giorgino F, Guerci B, Heerspink HJL, Itzhak B, Ji L, Kosiborod M, Lalić N, Lehrke M, Marx N, Nauck M, Rodbard HW, Rosano GMC, Rossing P, Rydén L, Santilli F, Schumm-Draeger PM, Vandvik PO, Vilsbøll T, Wanner C, Wysham C, Standl E. Report from the CVOT Summit 2021: new cardiovascular, renal, and glycemic outcomes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:50. [PMID: 35395808 PMCID: PMC8990484 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The 7th Cardiovascular Outcome Trial (CVOT) Summit on Cardiovascular, Renal, and Glycemic Outcomes, was held virtually on November 18–19, 2021. Pursuing the tradition of the previous summits, this reference congress served as a platform for in-depth discussion and exchange on recently completed CVOTs. This year’s focus was placed on the outcomes of EMPEROR-Preserved, FIGARO-DKD, AMPLITUDE-O, SURPASS 1–5, and STEP 1–5. Trial implications for diabetes and obesity management and the impact on new treatment algorithms were highlighted for endocrinologists, diabetologists, cardiologists, nephrologists, and general practitioners. Discussions evolved from outcome trials using SGLT2 inhibitors as therapy for heart failure, to CVOTs with nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and GLP-1 receptor agonists. Furthermore, trials for glycemic and overweight/obesity management, challenges in diabetes management in COVID-19, and novel guidelines and treatment strategies were discussed. Trial registration The 8th Cardiovascular Outcome Trial Summit will be held virtually on November 10–11, 2022 (http://www.cvot.org)
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schnell
- Forschergruppe Diabetes e. V., Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, 85764, Munich, Germany.
| | - Tadej Battelino
- University Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Richard Bergenstal
- International Diabetes Center at Park Nicollet, Health Partners, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Böhm
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Brosius
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas Forst
- CRS Clinical Research Services Mannheim GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Francesco Giorgino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Bruno Guerci
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetology and Nutrition, Nancy University Hospital, Nancy, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Hiddo J L Heerspink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Baruch Itzhak
- Clalit Health Services and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Linong Ji
- Peking University People's Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Mikhail Kosiborod
- Cardiometabolic Center of Excellence, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Nebojša Lalić
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michael Lehrke
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Nauck
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Rydén
- Department of Medicine K2, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Santilli
- Department of Medicine and Aging, Hospital and, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Per Olav Vandvik
- Department of Medicine, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.,Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerupn, Denmark
| | | | - Carol Wysham
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, MultiCare Rockwood Clinic, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Eberhard Standl
- Forschergruppe Diabetes e. V., Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, 85764, Munich, Germany
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50
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Sweeney AT, Pena S, Sandeep J, Hernandez B, Chen Y, Breeze JL, Bulut A, Feghali K, Abdelrehim M, Abdelazeem M, Srivoleti P, Salvucci L, Cann SB, Norman C. Use of a Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in High Risk Hospitalized Non-critically ill Patients with Diabetes after Cardiac Surgery and during their Transition of Care from the Intensive Care Unit during Covid-19-A Pilot Study. Endocr Pract 2022; 28:615-621. [PMID: 35276324 PMCID: PMC8902897 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has demonstrated benefits in managing inpatient diabetes. We initiated this single-arm pilot feasibility study during the COVID-19 pandemic in 11 patients to determine the feasibility and accuracy of real-time CGM in cardiac surgery patients with diabetes after their transition of care from the intensive care unit(ICU). METHODS Clarke Error Grid(CEG) analysis was used to compare CGM and point-of-care(POC) measurements. Mean absolute relative difference(MARD) of the paired measurements was calculated to assess the accuracy of the CGM for glucose measurements during the first 24 hours on CGM, the remainder of time on the CGM as well as for different chronic kidney disease(CKD) strata. RESULTS Overall MARD between POC and CGM measurements was 14.80%. MARD for patients without CKD IV and V with eGFR < 20 ml/min/1.73m2 was 12.13%. Overall, 97% of the CGM values were within the no-risk zone of the CEG analysis. For the first 24 hours, a sensitivity analysis of the overall MARD for all subjects and for those with eGFR > 20 ml/min/1.73m2 was 15.42% (+/- 14.44) and 12.80% (+/- 7.85) respectively. Beyond the first 24 hours, overall MARD for all subjects and for those with eGFR > 20 ml/min/1.73m2 was 14.54% (+/- 13.21) and 11.86% (+/- 7.64) respectively. CONCLUSIONS CGM has great promise to optimize inpatient diabetes management in the noncritical care setting and after the transition of care from the ICU with high clinical reliability, and accuracy. More studies are needed to further assess CGM in patients with advanced CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann T Sweeney
- Department of Medicine, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
| | - Samara Pena
- Department of Medicine, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Jeena Sandeep
- Department of Medicine, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Bryan Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Ye Chen
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Janis L Breeze
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Aysegul Bulut
- Department of Medicine, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Karen Feghali
- Department of Medicine, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Moaz Abdelrehim
- Department of Medicine, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Mohamed Abdelazeem
- Department of Medicine, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Padmavathi Srivoleti
- Department of Medicine, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Linda Salvucci
- Department of Medicine, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Susan Berry Cann
- Department of Medicine, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Catalina Norman
- Department of Medicine, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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