Tumor promoting roles of IL-10, TGF-β, IL-4, and IL-35: Its implications in cancer immunotherapy

Biologically logic-gated Trojan-horse strategy for personalized triple-negative breast cancer precise therapy by selective ferroptosis and STING pathway provoking

Amidst the therapeutic quandaries associated with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive malignancy distinguished by its immune resistance and limited treatment avenues, the urgent need for innovative solutions is underscored. To conquer the dilemma, we present a groundbreaking approach that ingeniously employs DNA-fragments-containing exosomes (DNA-Exo) and the concept of "biological logic-gates" to achieve precise homing and controlled selective activation of ferroptosis and stimulator interferon genes (STING) pathways. Leveraging insights from our previous research, a nano-Trojan-horse, Fe0@HMON@DNA-Exo, is engineered via in situ Fe0 synthesis within the glutathione (GSH)-responsiveness degradable hollow mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (HMON) and subsequently enveloped in DNA-Exo derived from 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38)-treated 4T1 cells. Emphasizing the precision of our approach, the DNA-Exo ensures specific 'homing' to TNBC cells, rendering a targeted delivery mechanism. Concurrently, the concept of "biological logic-gates" is employed to dictate a meticulous and selective activation of STING in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) under OR logic-gating with robust immune response and Fe0-based ferroptosis in TNBC cells under AND logic-gating with reactive oxygen species (ROS) storm generation. In essence, our strategy exhibits great potential in transforming the "immunologically cold" nature of TNBC, enabling precise control over cellular responses, illuminating a promising therapeutic paradigm that is comprehensive and productive in pursuing precision oncology and paving the way for personalized TNBC therapies.

Targets for improving prostate tumor response to radiotherapy

Prostate cancer is a prevalent malignancy that is frequently managed with radiotherapy. However, resistance to radiotherapy remains a significant challenge in controlling this disease. Early radiotherapy is employed for locally confined prostate cancer (PCa), while recurrent disease post-surgery and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) are treated with late-stage radiotherapy, including radium-223. Combination therapies to integrate radiotherapy and chemotherapy have demonstrated enhanced treatment efficacy. Nonetheless, both modalities can induce severe local and systemic toxicities. Consequently, selectively sensitizing prostate tumors to radiotherapy could improve therapeutic outcomes while minimizing systemic side effects. The mechanisms underlying radioresistance in prostate cancer are multifaceted, including DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways, hypoxia, angiogenesis, androgen receptor (AR) signaling, and immune evasion. The advent of 177Lu-PSMA-617, which was approved in 2022, has shown promise in targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in advanced prostate cancer. Experimental and clinical studies have yielded promising results in suppressing prostate tumors by targeting these pathways. This paper reviews potential targets for sensitizing prostate tumors to radiotherapy. We discuss cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to therapy resistance and examine findings from experimental and clinical trials on promising targets and drugs that can be used in combination with radiotherapy.

Development and validation of a radiomic prediction model for TACC3 expression and prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer using contrast-enhanced CT imaging

BACKGROUNDS

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) prognosis remains poor despite treatment advances, and classical prognostic indicators often fall short in precision medicine. Transforming acidic coiled-coil protein-3 (TACC3) has been identified as a critical factor in tumor progression and immune infiltration across cancers, including NSCLC. Predicting TACC3 expression through radiomic features may provide valuable insights into tumor biology and aid clinical decision-making. However, its predictive value in NSCLC remains unexplored. Therefore, we aimed to construct and validate a radiomic model to predict TACC3 levels and prognosis in patients with NSCLC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Genomic data and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) images were sourced from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA). A total of 320 cases of lung adenocarcinoma from TCGA and 122 cases of NSCLC from GEO were used for prognostic analysis. Sixty-three cases from TCIA and GEO were included for radiomics feature extraction and model development. The radiomics model was constructed using logistic regression (LR) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms. We predicted TACC3 expression and evaluated its correlation with NSCLC prognosis using contrast-enhanced CT-based radiomics.

RESULTS

TACC3 expression significantly influenced NSCLC prognosis. High TACC3 levels were associated with reduced overall survival, potentially mediated by immune microenvironment and tumor progression regulation. LR and SVM algorithms achieved AUC of 0.719 and 0.724, respectively, which remained at 0.701 and 0.717 after five-fold cross-validation.

CONCLUSION

Contrast-enhanced CT-based radiomics can non-invasively predict TACC3 expression and provide valuable prognostic information, contributing to personalized treatment strategies.

Decoding the complex web: Cellular and molecular interactions in the lung tumor microenvironment

The lung tumor microenvironment (TME) or stroma is a dynamic space of numerous cells and their released molecules. This complicated web regulates tumor progression and resistance to different modalities. Lung cancer cells in conjunction with their stroma liberate a wide range of factors that dampen antitumor attacks by innate immunity cells like natural killer (NK) cells and also adaptive responses by effector T cells. These factors include numerous growth factors, exosomes and epigenetic regulators, and also anti-inflammatory cytokines. Understanding the intricate interactions between tumor cells and various elements within the lung TME, such as immune and stromal cells can help provide novel strategies for better management and treatment of lung malignancies. The current article discusses the complex network of cells and signaling molecules, which mediate communications in lung TME. By elucidating these multifaceted interactions, we aim to provide insights into potential therapeutic targets and strategies for lung cancer treatment.

In vitro treatment of triple-negative breast cancer cells with an extract from the Coriolus versicolor mushroom changes macrophage properties related to tumourigenesis

Macrophages, the most abundant cells that participate in tumour progression, are the subject of a number of anticancer therapy approaches. Our previous results revealed that an extract of the fungus Coriolus versicolor (CV) has anti-cancer and immunomodulatory properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether CV extract-treated triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells can release factors that can reprogram macrophages from pro-tumourigenic to anti-cancer subtypes. RAW 264.7 macrophages were cultured in a conditioned medium (CM) from non-treated 4T1 breast cancer cells (CM-NT) or CV extract-stimulated cells (CM-CV). After treatment, the following macrophage properties were evaluated: cell viability; M1/M2 phenotype (enzyme activities: iNOS and arginase 1; and expression of CD molecules: CD80 and CD163); cytokine concentrations: IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, TGF-β, MCP-1 and VEGF; migration level; and ROS production. The results revealed that, compared with normal cells, TNBC cells stimulated with CV extract create a microenvironment that promotes a decrease in macrophage viability and migration, intracellular ROS production, and pro-angiogenic cytokine production (VEGF and MCP-1). Moreover, CM-CV decreased the expression of M2 macrophage markers (arginase 1 and CD163; IL-10 and TGF-β) but upregulated the expression of M1 cell markers (iNOS and CD80; IL-6 and TNF-α). We concluded that CV extract modifies the tumour microenvironment and changes macrophage polarisation toward functioning as an anti-tumour agent. Therefore, it is promising to use in the treatment of TNBC-associated macrophages.

Exosomes in cancer diagnosis based on the Latest Evidence: Where are We?

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from various cellular sources and have emerged as favorable biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. These vesicles contain a variety of molecular components, including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, which can provide valuable information for cancer detection, classification, and monitoring. However, the clinical application of exosomes faces significant challenges, primarily related to the standardization and scalability of their use. In order to overcome these challenges, sophisticated methods such as liquid biopsy and imaging are being combined to augment the diagnostic capabilities of exosomes. Additionally, a deeper understanding of the interaction between exosomes and immune system components within the tumor microenvironment (TME) is essential. This review discusses the biogenesis and composition of exosomes, addresses the current challenges in their clinical translation, and highlights recent technological advancements and integrative approaches that support the role of exosomes in cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

Tumor microenvironment: Nurturing cancer cells for immunoevasion and druggable vulnerabilities for cancer immunotherapy

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an intricate ecosystem where cancer cells thrive, encompassing a wide array of cellular and non-cellular components. The TME co-evolves with tumor progression in a spatially and temporally dynamic manner, which endows cancer cells with the adaptive capability of evading immune surveillance. To this end, diverse cancer-intrinsic mechanisms were exploited to dampen host immune system, such as upregulating immune checkpoints, impairing antigens presentation and competing for nutrients. In this review, we discuss how cancer immunoevasion is tightly regulated by hypoxia, one of the hallmark biochemical features of the TME. Moreover, we comprehensively summarize how immune evasiveness of cancer cells is facilitated by the extracellular matrix, as well as soluble components of TME, including inflammatory factors, lactate, nutrients and extracellular vesicles. Given their important roles in dictating cancer immunoevasion, various strategies to target TME components are proposed, which holds promising translational potential in developing novel therapeutics to sensitize anti-cancer immunotherapy such as immune checkpoint blockade.

Interleukin-10 overexpression in 4T1 cells: A gateway to suppressing mammary carcinoma growth

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) exerts complex effects on tumor growth, exhibiting both pro- and anti-tumor properties. Recent focus on the anti-inflammatory properties of IL-10 has highlighted its potential anti-tumor properties, particularly through the enhancement of CD8+ T cell activity. However, further research is needed to fully elucidate its other anti-tumor mechanisms. Our study investigates novel anti-tumor mechanisms of IL-10 in a murine mammary carcinoma model (4T1). We found that IL-10 overexpression in mouse 4T1 cells suppressed tumor growth in vivo. This suppression was accompanied by an increase in IFN-γ-secreting CD8+ T cells and a decrease in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in tumor tissue. In vitro experiments showed that IL-10-rich tumor cell-derived supernatants inhibited myeloid cell differentiation into monocytic and granulocytic MDSCs while reducing MDSCs migration. In addition, IL-10 overexpression downregulated CXCL5 expression in 4T1 cells, resulting in decreased CXCR2+ MDSCs infiltration. Using RAG1-deficient mice and CXCL5 knockdown tumor models, we demonstrated that the anti-tumor effects of IL-10 depend on both CD8+ T cells and reduced MDSC infiltration. IL-10 attenuated the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by enhancing CD8+ T cell activity and inhibiting MDSCs infiltration. In human breast cancer, we observed a positive correlation between CXCL5 expression and MDSC infiltration. Our findings reveal a dual mechanism of IL-10-mediated tumor suppression: (1) direct enhancement of CD8+ T cell activity and (2) indirect reduction of immunosuppressive MDSCs through CXCL5 downregulation and inhibition of myeloid cell differentiation. This study provides new insights into the role of IL-10 in anti-tumor immunity and suggests potential strategies for breast cancer immunotherapy by modulating the IL-10-CXCL5-MDSCs axis.

Oxygen, angiogenesis, cancer and immune interplay in breast tumour microenvironment: a computational investigation

Breast cancer is a challenging global health problem among women. This study investigates the intricate breast tumour microenvironment (TME) dynamics utilizing data from mammary-specific polyomavirus middle T antigen overexpression mouse models (MMTV-PyMT). It incorporates endothelial cells (ECs), oxygen and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) to examine the interplay of angiogenesis, hypoxia, VEGF and immune cells in cancer progression. We introduce an approach to impute immune cell fractions within the TME using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from MMTV-PyMT mice. We quantify our analysis by estimating cell counts using cell size data and laboratory findings from existing literature. We perform parameter estimation via a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm (HGA). Our simulations reveal various TME behaviours, emphasizing the critical role of adipocytes, angiogenesis, hypoxia and oxygen transport in driving immune responses and cancer progression. Global sensitivity analyses highlight potential therapeutic intervention points, such as VEGFs' role in EC growth and oxygen transportation and severe hypoxia's effect on cancer and the total number of cells. The VEGF-mediated production rate of ECs shows an essential time-dependent impact, highlighting the importance of early intervention in slowing cancer progression. These findings align with clinical observations demonstrating the VEGF inhibitors' efficacy and suggest a timely intervention for better outcomes.

Analysis of the immunomodulatory properties of mycobacterium cell wall fraction on the cytokine production of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy dogs

BACKGROUND

Mycobacterium cell wall fraction (MCWF) is derived from nonpathogenic Mycobacterium phlei and is used as an immunomodulatory compound in clinical practice, yet its mode-of-action requires further research.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the host response to MCWF in canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR for assessment of cytokines.

ANIMALS

Eight healthy Labrador retrievers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

PBMCs were isolated from whole blood using density centrifugation. The cells were cultured with different concentrations of MCWF or a potent stimulator of cytokine production, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin, or left in cell culture medium for 24, 48 and 72 h. Cytokines were measured by ELISA for interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10 and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and by qRT-PCR for IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-γ, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-beta.

RESULTS

A significant increase of IL-10 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was detected at all time points for all concentrations of MCWF (p < 0.05). Protein analysis reflected this finding, with a maximum IL-10 concentration of 300.6 ± 38.3 μg/mL. Compared to the negative control, post-stimulation elevation of IFN-γ mRNA was noted at 24 h with all concentrations of MCWF (p < 0.01), and TNF-α mRNA was increased for 0.5 μg/dL MCWF only at 72 h (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

MCWF stimulation of PBMCs results in the elevation of both proinflammatory and regulatory cytokine mRNA. Further research into the role of MCWF as a systemically administered regulatory immunomodulator or adjuvant to allergen-specific immunotherapy should be considered.

Association of Sympathovagal Imbalance with Increased Inflammation and Impaired Adaptive Immunity in Bladder Cancer Patients

Stress responses can impact bladder cancer (BC) outcomes via immune-inflammatory pathway modulation. This study explores heart rate variability (HRV) associations with serum immune-inflammatory biomarkers, blood count inflammatory markers, and psychosocial self-report measures in patients versus healthy controls. The TREM-1 and TREM-2 expressions on peripheral blood monocytes were analysed via flow cytometry; serum inflammatory biomarkers by ELISA; HRV (5-min ECG) pre-tumour resection; blood counts by haematology analyser; and psychosocial factors by validated questionnaires. Patients exhibited altered immune-inflammatory profiles with increased TREM-1/TREM-2, sTREM-1, sTREM-1/sTREM-2 ratio, BDNF, MCP-1, and NLR, and reduced IFN-γ, IL-10, LMR, and PMR. HRV analysis indicated sympathetic dominance (SNS, Stress indices, ACmod) and reduced parasympathetic modulation (PNS index, SDNN, RMSSD, 2UV%, DCmod, SD1). Sympathetic HRV indices correlated positively with sTREM-1, sTREM-1/sTREM-2 ratio, fractalkine, and inflammatory markers (SII, NLR, PLR) and negatively with parasympathetic HRV indices-correlations absent in controls. Only in patients, reduced physical function and social support, and higher anxiety, depression, and fatigue, associated positively with sympathetic HRV indices and inflammatory markers. This study links immune-inflammatory markers, HRV parameters, and psychosocial factors in BC, suggesting that immune and autonomic variations may relate to unfavourable outcomes. Incorporating these assessments could help tailor more personalised treatment strategies for BC patients.

Exploring the role of antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblasts and CD74 on the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumor microenvironment

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has proven to be a formidable cancer primarily due to its tumor microenvironment (TME). This highly desmoplastic, hypoxic, and pro-inflammatory environment has not only been shown to facilitate the growth and metastasis of PDAC but has also displayed powerful immunosuppressive capabilities. A critical cell involved in the development of the PDAC TME is the fibroblast, specifically the antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblast (apCAF). The pro-inflammatory environment of PDAC induces the proliferation of apCAFs, promoting immunosuppression through immune cell inactivation, immune response regulation, and expression of CD74. In conjunction with apCAFs and tumor cells, CD74 serves as a versatile promoter of PDAC by preventing tumor antigen-expression on tumor cells, upregulating the expression of immunosuppressive chemical mediators, and activating proliferative pathways to induce PDAC malignancy. This review will highlight critical mediators and pathways that promote the PDAC stroma and TME with its hypoxic and immunosuppressive properties. Further, we will highlight the nature of apCAFs and CD74, their specific roles in the PDAC TME, and their potential as targets for immunotherapy.

Peripheral immune signatures associated with the risk of hepatocarcinogenesis in cirrhotic Egyptian HCV patients before and after treatment with direct-acting antivirals

BACKGROUND

Although direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have revolutionized the management of chronic HCV, the debatable association with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurrence/recurrence has raised major concerns about their long-term use, especially in cirrhotic cases. The role of epithelial tight junction proteins (TJPs) in hepatocarcinogenesis has been highlighted; however, the association of their expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with HCC has rarely been reported. This study aimed to explore the role of peripheral claudin (Cldn)1 in liver pathogenesis and its crosstalk with soluble immune mediators in HCC prognosis.

METHODS

The study population included six independent subgroups: healthy controls, cirrhotic/non-cirrhotic treatment-naïve HCV patients, DAA-SVR patients, and anticancer treatment-naïve de novo HCC patients. The laboratory tests included serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), albumin, liver transaminases, total bilirubin, and CBC profiling. The serum levels of soluble cluster of differentiation (sCD)163, IL-10, and IL-12 were estimated by corresponding ELISA kits, whereas the levels of Cldn1 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in PBMCs were quantified using quantitative PCR (qPCR).

RESULTS

Serum sCD163, IL-10, and IL-12 levels were significantly higher in the HCC patient group than in the control and non-malignant patient groups (P < 0.0001). No significant difference was detected in the serum levels of the three markers between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients, whereas their levels were significantly different between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients (P < 0.0001). Similarly, the transcriptional levels of peripheral Cldn1 and TGF-β were significantly higher in patients with HCC and non-malignant cirrhosis than in patients without cirrhosis (P = 0.0185-<0.0001 and 0.0089-<0.0001, respectively). Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between all the abovementioned markers and HCC (P = 0.0303 to < 0.0001), which was further confirmed by the results of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, which revealed an area under the curve (AUC) value ranging from 0.883 to 0.996. The calculated cutoff values demonstrated remarkable prognostic capacity, with ranges of 88-99.41% and 82.14-97.92% and positive/negative predictive values ranging from 84.62 to 98.3% and 92-98%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The proposed HCC predictors are novel non-invasive HCC biomarkers that maintain their predictive power under different pathological conditions and circumvent the drawbacks of conventional prognostic markers in patients with mild cirrhosis and/or normal AFP, albumin, and/or platelet counts.

SCGB1A1 as a novel biomarker and promising therapeutic target for the management of HNSCC

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the sixth most common type of cancer worldwide, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) accounts for 90% of HNC cases. Furthermore, HNSCC accounts for 400,000 cancer-associated deaths worldwide each year. However, at present there is an absence of a versatile biomarker that can be used for diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and as a therapeutic target for HNSCC. In the present study, bioinformatics analysis was used to assess the relationship between hub genes and the clinical features of patients with HNSCC. The findings from the bioinformatics analysis were then verified using clinical samples and in vitro experiments. A total of 51 overlapping genes were identified from the intersection of differentially expressed genes and co-expressed genes. The top 10 hub genes were obtained from a protein-protein interaction network of overlapping genes. Among the hub genes, only secretoglobin family 1A member 1 (SCGB1A1) was significantly associated with both overall and disease-free survival. Specifically, upregulated SCGB1A1 expression levels were associated with prolonged overall and disease-free survival. Moreover, the SCGB1A1 expression levels were negatively correlated with drug sensitivity. Notably, it was demonstrated that SCGB1A1 was involved in tumor immunoreaction by affecting the infiltration of cells and checkpoint regulation of immune cells. Additionally, it was shown that SCGB1A1 regulated multiple key cancer-related signaling pathways, including extracellular matrix receptor interaction, transforming growth factor-β and tumor metabolism signaling pathways. Based on the results of the present study, SCGB1A1 may serve as a novel biomarker for predicting the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic effectiveness of certain drugs in patients with HNSCC. Moreover, SCGB1A1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the management of HNSCC.

Modulation of inflammatory mediators underlies the antitumor effect of the combination of morusin and docetaxel on prostate cancer cells

Prostate cancer stands as a prominent contributor to male mortality in cancer cases. Docetaxel (Doc) is a commonly used treatment, but some patients do not respond well due to drug toxicity and resistance. Morusin, a prenylated flavonoid found in Morus alba, show strong anticancer properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of morusin and docetaxel on prostate cancer cells, while exploring the underlying mechanisms. The IC50 values of morusin, docetaxel, and their combination on PC3 cells were evaluated using the sulforhodamine-B (SRB) assay. In addition, various markers including glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, and IL-10), NQO1, NRF2, and apoptotic markers (Bax and Bcl2) were evaluated. Co-administration of morusin and Doc significantly reduced Doc IC50 value, indicating enhanced cytotoxicity. The combination therapy affected inflammatory mediators by increasing IL-6 levels and reducing elevated TNF-α and NF-κB levels. Furthermore, the combination reduced GSH levels and augmented MDA, NQO1 and NRF2 levels, which have a crucial role in the cellular response to oxidative stress. Moreover, morusin enhanced apoptosis induced by Doc through increasing Bax levels and decreasing Bcl-2 expression. Molecular docking analyses confirmed morusins' activity against the target proteins studied. In conclusion, the combination of morusin and docetaxel showed enhanced efficacy at lower drug concentrations in treating prostate cancer. The combination therapy may reduce drug resistance by modulating inflammatory mediators and regulating antioxidant markers. The results of this study indicate the possibility of morusin in being a supplementary treatment option for prostate cancer.

Chikungunya virus infection inhibits B16 melanoma-induced immunosuppression of T cells and macrophages mediated by interleukin 10

Immunosuppression in cancer poses challenges for immunotherapy and highlights the vulnerability of immunocompromised patients to viral infections. This study explored how Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection potentially inhibits B16-F10 melanoma-induced immunosuppressive effects on T cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages. We found high expression of CHIKV entry genes in melanoma and other cancers, with B16-F10 cells demonstrating greater susceptibility to CHIKV infection than non-tumorigenic cells. Interestingly, the CHIKV-infected B16-F10 cell culture supernatant (B16-F10-CS) reversed the immunosuppressive effects of uninfected B16-F10-CS on T cells. This reversal was characterised by decreased STAT3 activation and increased MAPK activation in T cells, an effect amplified by interleukin 10 (IL-10) receptor blockade. In RAW 264.7 cells, B16-F10-CS enhanced CHIKV infectivity without triggering activation. However, blocking the IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) in RAW 264.7 reduced CHIKV infection. CHIKV infection and IL-10R blockade synergistically inhibited B16-F10-CS-mediated polarisation of RAW 264.7 cells towards immunosuppressive macrophage. Our findings suggest that CHIKV modulates cancer-induced immunosuppression through IL-10-dependent pathways, providing new insights into viral-cancer interactions. This research may contribute to developing novel antiviral immunotherapies and virotherapies beneficial for cancer patients and immunocompromised individuals.

BAFF overexpression in triple-negative breast cancer promotes tumor growth by inducing IL-10-secreting regulatory B cells that suppress anti-tumor T cell responses

PURPOSE

Despite BAFF's (B cell activating factor, BAFF) known influence on B cell survival and proliferation, its specific effects within the tumor microenvironment remain unclear. We aimed to elucidate how BAFF overexpression in breast cancer cells impacts tumor growth and the functions of T and B cells in the tumor microenvironment.

METHODS

BAFF was overexpressed in the 4T1 mouse triple-negative breast cancer cell line, and tumor growth, immune cell infiltration, and activity were assessed in vitro and in vivo using flow cytometry, co-culture assays, and mouse tumor models with B cell depletion.

RESULTS

BAFF overexpression in 4T1 cells promoted tumor growth in vivo, suppressed CD8+ T cell activity, and increased IL-10-secreting CD5+ regulatory B cells in tumors. 4T1/BAFF cells directly enhanced IL-10 production in CD5+ B cells via BAFF/BAFF-receptor interactions, and IL-10 from CD5+ B cells inhibited IFN-γ secretion by T cells. B cell depletion partially reversed the tumor-promoting effects of BAFF overexpression. Our study reveals a novel mechanism by which BAFF can foster tumor progression, with the induction of IL-10-secreting regulatory B cells that suppress anti-tumor T cell responses appearing to be a key component of BAFF's tumor-promoting activity.

CONCLUSION

These findings underscore the complex immunomodulatory effects that BAFF exerts in the tumor microenvironment and point to BAFF-induced regulatory B cells as a potential new therapeutic target in breast cancer that warrants further investigation.

Tumor hypoxia unveiled: insights into microenvironment, detection tools and emerging therapies

Hypoxia is one of the defining characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in solid cancers. It has a major impact on the growth and spread of malignant cells as well as their resistance to common treatments like radiation and chemotherapy. Here, we explore the complex functions of hypoxia in the TME and investigate its effects on angiogenesis, immunological evasion, and cancer cell metabolism. For prognostic and therapeutic reasons, hypoxia identification is critical, and recent developments in imaging and molecular methods have enhanced our capacity to precisely locate underoxygenated areas inside tumors. Furthermore, targeted therapies that take advantage of hypoxia provide a potential new direction in the treatment of cancer. Therapeutic approaches that specifically target hypoxic conditions in tumors without causing adverse effects are being led by hypoxia-targeted nanocarriers and hypoxia-activated prodrugs (HAPs). This review provides an extensive overview of this dynamic and clinically significant area of oncology research by synthesizing current knowledge about the mechanisms of hypoxia in cancer, highlighting state-of-the-art detection methodologies, and assessing the potential and efficacy of hypoxia-targeted therapies.

Assessment of the circulating levels of immune system checkpoint selected biomarkers in patients with lung cancer

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer is recognized as one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths globally, with a significant increase in incidence and intricate pathogenic mechanisms. This study examines the expression profiles of Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1), PD-1 ligand (PDL-1), β-catenin, CD44, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 10 (IL-10), as well as their correlations with the clinic-pathological features and diagnostic significance in lung cancer patients.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The research involved lung cancer patients exhibiting various pathological characteristics, alongside demographically matched healthy controls. The expression levels of PD-1, PDL-1, β-catenin, and CD44 were analyzed using Real-Time PCR, while circulating levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were assessed through ELISA assays. This investigation focused on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to evaluate these factors non-invasively. Findings indicated that levels of PD-1, PDL-1, and CD44 were significantly elevated in patients compared to controls, which coincided with a decrease in β-catenin levels. Additionally, a concurrent rise in IL-6 and IL-10, both pro-inflammatory cytokines, was observed in patients, suggesting a potential regulatory role for these cytokines on the PD-1/PDL-1 axis, which may help tumors evade immune system checkpoints. The predictive value of these factors concerning lung tumors and metastasis was significant (Regression analysis). Furthermore, these markers demonstrated diagnostic potential in differentiating between patients and healthy controls, as well as between individuals with metastatic and non-metastatic tumors (ROC curve analysis).

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides insights into the expression profiles of PD-1/PDL-1 immune system checkpoints and their regulatory factors in lung cancer, potentially paving the way for new therapeutic and diagnostic approaches.

Targeting cyclooxygenase-2 for chemoprevention of inflammation-associated intestinal carcinogenesis: An update

Mounting evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggests that persistent inflammation functions as a driving force in the journey to cancer. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key enzyme involved in inflammatory signaling. While being transiently upregulated upon inflammatory stimuli, COX-2 has been found to be consistently overexpressed in human colorectal cancer and several other malignancies. The association between chronic inflammation and cancer has been revisited: cancer can arise when inflammation fails to resolve. Besides its proinflammatory functions, COX-2 also catalyzes the production of pro-resolving as well as anti-inflammatory metabolites from polyunsaturated fatty acids. This may account for the side effects caused by long term use of some COX-2 inhibitory drugs during the cancer chemopreventive trials. This review summarizes the latest findings highlighting the dual functions of COX-2 in the context of its implications in the development, maintenance, and progression of cancer.

Advanced machine learning unveils CD8 + T cell genetic markers enhancing prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy in breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women and poses a significant health burden, especially in China. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, patient variability and limited early detection contribute to poor outcomes. This study examines the role of CD8 + T cells in the tumor microenvironment to identify new biomarkers that improve prognosis and guide treatment strategies.

METHODS

CD8 + T-cell marker genes were identified using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), and a CD8 + T cell-related gene prognostic signature (CTRGPS) was developed using 10 machine-learning algorithms. The model was validated across seven independent public datasets from the GEO database. Clinical features and previously published signatures were also analyzed for comparison. The clinical applications of CTRGPS in biological function, immune microenvironment, and drug selection were explored, and the role of hub genes in BC progression was further investigated.

RESULTS

We identified 71 CD8 + T cell-related genes and developed the CTRGPS, which demonstrated significant prognostic value, with higher risk scores linked to poorer overall survival (OS). The model's accuracy and robustness were confirmed through Kaplan-Meier and ROC curve analyses across multiple datasets. CTRGPS outperformed existing prognostic signatures and served as an independent prognostic factor. The role of the hub gene TTK in promoting malignant proliferation and migration of BC cells was validated.

CONCLUSION

The CTRGPS enhances early diagnosis and treatment precision in BC, improving clinical outcomes. TTK, a key gene in the signature, shows promise as a therapeutic target, supporting the CTRGPS's potential clinical utility.

Inhibitory Effect of Lactobacillus Paracasei CMU-Pb-L5 In a Subcutaneous Transplanted Tumor Model of Colorectal Cancer

Lactobacillus paracasei (L.p) is a prevalent probiotic strain within the Lactobacillus genus, which has robust intestinal colonization capabilities. Previous studies have demonstrated the anticancer properties of L.p both in vivo and in vitro. However, the mechanisms underlying its anticancer activity in vivo remain unclear. This study established a subcutaneous transplanted tumor model of colorectal cancer (CRC) in mice to investigate the impact of L.p CMU-Pb-L5. Various parameters including tumor volume, tumor weight, histological alterations in tumor tissue, levels of polyamines and immune-related cytokines in serum, as well as the expression of polyamine metabolism-related and apoptosis-related proteins were evaluated. The results suggested that L.p CMU-Pb-L5 exhibited inhibitory effects on tumor cell proliferation, promotion of tumor cell apoptosis, reduction in polyamine levels, and enhancement of the immune response in CRC mice. To sum up, these results suggested that L.p CMU-Pb-L5 holds promise for potential clinical applications in the treatment of CRC.

Advancement and Challenges in Monitoring of CAR-T Cell Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Parameters and Markers in Hematological Malignancies

Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has revolutionized the treatment for relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphomas. Despite its success, this therapy is accompanied by a significant frequency of adverse events, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS), immune-effector-cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), or cytopenias, reaching even up to 80% of patients following CAR-T cell therapy. CRS results from the uncontrolled overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, which leads to symptoms such as fever, headache, hypoxia, or neurological complications. CAR-T cell detection is possible by the use of flow cytometry (FC) or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays, the two primary techniques used for CAR-T evaluation in peripheral blood, bone marrow (BM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). State-of-the-art imaging technologies play a crucial role in monitoring the distribution and persistence of CAR-T cells in clinical trials. Still, they can also be extended with the use of FC and digital PCR (dPCR). Monitoring the changes in cell populations during disease progression and treatment gives an important insight into how the response to CAR-T cell therapy develops on a cellular level. It can help improve the therapeutic design and optimize CAR-T cell therapy to make it more precise and personalized, which is crucial to overcoming the problem of tumor relapse.

Unraveling Th subsets: insights into their role in immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy

T helper (Th) cell subsets play pivotal roles in regulating immune responses within the tumor microenvironment, influencing both tumor progression and anti-tumor immunity. Among these subsets, Th1 cells promote cytotoxic responses through the production of IFN-γ, while Th2 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) exert immunosuppressive effects that support tumor growth. Th9 and Th17 cells have context-dependent roles, contributing to both pro-inflammatory and regulatory processes in tumor immunity. Tumor antigen-specific T cells within the tumor microenvironment often exhibit a dysfunctional phenotype due to increased expression of inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, leading to reduced antitumor activity. Monoclonal antibodies that block these inhibitory signals-collectively known as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)-can reactivate these T cells, enhancing their ability to target and destroy cancer cells. Recent advancements have highlighted the critical role of T helper subsets in modulating responses to ICIs, with their interactions remaining a focus of ongoing research. Both positive and negative effects of ICIs have been reported in relation to Th cell subsets, with some effects depending on the type of tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes the crucial roles of different T helper cell subsets in tumor immunity and their complex relationship with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.

Nanotechnology in Advancing Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy for Cancer Treatment

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as a groundbreaking treatment for hematological cancers, yet it faces significant hurdles, particularly regarding its efficacy in solid tumors and concerning associated adverse effects. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the advancements and ongoing challenges in CAR-T therapy. We highlight the transformative potential of nanotechnology in enhancing CAR-T therapy by improving targeting precision, modulating the immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment, and overcoming physical barriers. Nanotechnology facilitates efficient CAR gene delivery into T cells, boosting transfection efficiency and potentially reducing therapy costs. Moreover, nanotechnology offers innovative solutions to mitigate cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). Cutting-edge nanotechnology platforms for real-time monitoring of CAR-T cell activity and cytokine release are also discussed. By integrating these advancements, we aim to provide valuable insights and pave the way for the next generation of CAR-T cell therapies to overcome current limitations and enhance therapeutic outcomes.

IL-4 drives exhaustion of CD8+ CART cells

Durable response to chimeric antigen receptor T (CART) cell therapy remains limited in part due to CART cell exhaustion. Here, we investigate the regulation of CART cell exhaustion with three independent approaches including: a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen using an in vitro model for exhaustion, RNA and ATAC sequencing on baseline and exhausted CART cells, and RNA and ATAC sequencing on pre-infusion CART cell products from responders and non-responders in the ZUMA-1 clinical trial. Each of these approaches identify interleukin (IL)-4 as a regulator of CART cell dysfunction. Further, IL-4-treated CD8+ CART cells develop signs of exhaustion independently of the presence of CD4+ CART cells. Conversely, IL-4 pathway editing or the combination of CART cells with an IL-4 monoclonal antibody improves antitumor efficacy and reduces signs of CART cell exhaustion in mantle cell lymphoma xenograft mouse models. Therefore, we identify both a role for IL-4 in inducing CART exhaustion and translatable approaches to improve CART cell therapy.

LPA suppresses HLA-DR expression in human melanoma cells: a potential immune escape mechanism involving LPAR1 and DR6-mediated release of IL-10

While immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are promising in the treatment of metastatic melanoma, about half of patients do not respond well to them. Low levels of human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) in tumors have been shown to negatively influence prognosis and response to ICIs. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is produced in large amounts by melanoma and is abundantly present in the tumor microenvironment. LPA induces the release of various cytokines and chemokines from tumor cells, which affect cancer development, metastasis, and tumor immunity. In the present study, we investigated the role of LPA-induced IL-10 release in regulating HLA-DR expression and the underlying mechanisms in human melanoma cells. We showed that LPA (0.001-10 μM) dose-dependently increased DR6 transcript levels through activating LPAR1 in HEK293T cells. Knockdown of NF-κB1 abrogated the LPA-increased DR6 expression without affecting basal DR6 expression in both A2058 and A375 melanoma cell lines. LPA (10 µM) significantly increased IL-10 transcripts in A2058 and A375 melanoma cells, the effect was abolished by pharmacological inhibition of LPAR1 or knockdown of DR6. We found a statistically significant correlation between the expression of LPAR1, DR6 and IL-10 in human melanoma tissue and an association between increased expression of LPAR1 and reduced effectiveness of ICI therapy. We demonstrated that LPA (10 µM) markedly suppressed HLA-DR expression in both A375 and A2058 melanoma cells via activating the LPAR1-DR6-IL-10 pathway. These data suggest that the LPAR1-DR6-IL-10 autocrine loop could constitute a novel mechanism used by tumor cells to evade immunosurveillance by decreasing HLA-DR expression.

Myrtenol ameliorates inflammatory, oxidative, apoptotic, and hyperplasic effects of urethane-induced atypical adenomatous hyperplasia in the rat lung

Lung atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) is a forerunner of pulmonary adenocarcinoma. The drugs being utilized in the remediation of this type of hyperplasia have some adverse impacts. The present research focused on the potential anti-hyperplasia effect of myrtenol, an herbal terpenoid, on urethane-induced lung AAH in rats. Rats were injected with urethane (1.5 g/kg) thrice at 48 h intervals, and 20 weeks later, the animals were treated with 50 mg/kg myrtenol intraperitoneally once a day for 1 week. The ELISA method was used to measure inflammatory cytokines and oxidative parameters in the lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The expression of NFκB and apoptotic/antiapoptotic factors (P53/Bcl-2) was evaluated by western blot and immunohistochemistry, respectively. H&E staining was performed for histopathological investigation. Histopathology confirmed the anti-hyperplasia effect of myrtenol, which was evidenced by the reduction of bronchoalveolar wall thickness and inflammation score. It also decreased hyperplasia progression by reducing Bcl-2, IL-10, p53, and Ki67. Compared with the urethane group, myrtenol normalized the activity of the oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Moreover, it showed an anti-inflammatory effect by decreasing lung and BALF IL-1β levels and NFκB expression. Myrtenol may have a promising effect on lung cancer treatment by counteracting lung hyperplasia via modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.

Rintatolimod in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Enhances Antitumor Immunity through Dendritic Cell-Mediated T-Cell Responses

PURPOSE

Amid the need for new approaches to improve survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), immune-based therapies have garnered interest. Rintatolimod, a Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3) agonist, is a potential candidate due to its dual impact on restraining PDAC cell functions and boosting the antitumor immune response. This study investigates the effect of TLR-3 activation through rintatolimod on the peripheral immune landscape of patients with advanced PDAC.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Paired blood samples of 30 patients with advanced PDAC, collected at baseline and after 12 rintatolimod intravenous infusions, underwent comprehensive transcriptomic NanoString and proteomic flow cytometry profiling. The impact of rintatolimod and immunologic factors on survival outcomes was assessed through univariate Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS

Rintatolimod treatment enhances peripheral immune activity at the transcriptomic and proteomic levels, particularly involving type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1) and T cells. Post-rintatolimod, the increased peripheral abundance of BTLA+ XCR1+ cDC1s and CD4+SELL+ T cells correlated with improved clinical outcomes. Patients with stable disease exhibited pronouncedDCand T-cell activation gene overexpression. Notably, the expression of immune checkpoints PD-L1 and PD-L2 decreased post-rintatolimod across all patients. However, those with progressive disease showed increased expression of genes encoding IDO1 and PD-1.

CONCLUSIONS

This study presents compelling evidence of the immune-stimulatory properties linked to TLR-3 activation through rintatolimod. Rintatolimod may break immunologic tolerance by enhancing antitumor immunity through DC-mediated Th-cell responses. Furthermore, our findings lay the groundwork for investigating the potential synergy between TLR-3 activation and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy to improve therapeutic outcomes. See related commentary by Martínez-Riaño et al., p. 3355.

Deciphering Regulatory T-Cell Dynamics in Cancer Immunotherapy: Mechanisms, Implications, and Therapeutic Innovations

This Review explores how tumor-associated regulatory cells (Tregs) affect cancer immunotherapy. It shows how Tregs play a role in keeping the immune system in check, how cancers grow, and how well immunotherapy work. Tregs use many ways to suppress the immune system, and these ways are affected by the tumor microenvironment (TME). New approaches to cancer therapy are showing promise, such as targeting Treg checkpoint receptors precisely and using Fc-engineered antibodies. It is important to tailor treatments to each patient's TME in order to provide personalized care. Understanding Treg biology is essential for creating effective cancer treatments and improving the long-term outcomes of immunotherapy.

CD47-mediated immune evasion in early-stage lung cancer progression

Alveolar and interstitial macrophages play crucial roles in eradicating pathogens and transformed cells in the lungs. The immune checkpoint CD47, found on normal and malignant cells, interacts with the SIRPα ligand on macrophages, inhibiting phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and promoting immune evasion. In this study, we demonstrated that CD47 is not only a transmembrane protein, but that it is also highly concentrated in extracellular vesicles from lung cancer cell lines and patient plasma. Abundant CD47 was observed in the cytoplasm of lung cancer cells, aligning with our finding that it was packed into extracellular vesicles for physiological and pathological functions. In our clinical cohort, extracellular vesicle CD47 was significantly higher in the patients with early-stage lung cancer, emphasizing innate immunity inactivation in early tumor progression. To validate our hypothesis, we established an orthotopic xenograft model mimicking lung cancer development, which showed increased serum soluble CD47 and elevated IL-10/TNF-α ratio, indicating an immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment. CD47 expression led to reduced tumor-infiltrating macrophages during progression, while there was a post-xenograft increase in tumor-associated macrophages. In conclusion, CD47 is pivotal in early lung cancer progression, with soluble CD47 emerging as a key pathological effector.

Combining cashew gum with cyclophosphamide in murine melanoma model: A strategy for the reduction of side effects

The understanding of cancer immunity and antitumor factors generated by natural polysaccharides is not yet fully comprehended. Polysaccharides, like cashew gum (CG), can exhibit immunomodulatory action and may assist in the antitumor process and side effects relieve. This study aimed to determine the antitumor effect of CG alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide (CTX), and its interactions with immune cells, in a murine melanoma model, using the B16-F10 cell line. Tumor growth inhibition, hematological, histopathological, ELISA, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and qRT-PCR analyses were performed to elucidate the antitumor potential, involvement of immune cells, and potential toxic effects. CG showed significant tumor growth inhibition, reaching up to 42.9 % alone and 51.4 % in combination with CTX, with mild toxicity to organs. CG enhanced leukocyte count, even in the presence of CTX. Furthermore, CG influenced the activation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), characterized by an increase in Il4, as well as a reduction in Ifng, Il1b, Tgfb, and Il6 gene expression. Nevertheless, these effects did not compromise the antitumor activity of CG. In summary, the combination of CG with CTX is a promising approach for leukopenia, one of the most important side effects of cancer treatment and deserves further investigation.

The anti-cancer properties of miR-340 plasmid-chitosan complexes (miR-340 CC) on murine model of breast cancer

MiRNA-340 (miR-340) has been found to have tumour-suppressing effects in breast cancer (BC). However, for clinical use, miRNAs need to be delivered safely and effectively to protect them from degradation. In our previous study, we used chitosan complexes as a safe carrier with anti-cancer properties to deliver miR-340 plasmid into 4T1 cells. This study explored further information concerning the anti-cancer impacts of both chitosan and miR-340 plasmid in a murine model of BC. Mice bearing 4T1 cells were intra-tumorally administered miR-340 plasmid-chitosan complexes (miR-340 CC). Afterwards, the potential of miR-340 CC in promoting anti-tumour immune responses was evaluated. MiR-340 CC significantly reduced tumour size, inhibited metastasis, and prolonged the survival of mice. MiR-340 CC up-regulates P-27 gene expression related to cancer cell apoptosis, and down-regulates gene expressions involved in angiogenesis and metastasis (breast regression protein-39 (BRP-39)) and CD163 as an anti-inflammatory macrophages (MQs) marker. Furthermore, CD47 expression as a MQs immune check-point was remarkably decreased after miR-340 CC treatment. The level of IL-12 in splenocytes of miR-340 CC treated mice increased, while the level of IL-10 decreased, indicating anti-cancer immune responses. Our findings display that miR-340 CC can be considered as a promising therapy in BC.

Components, Formulations, Deliveries, and Combinations of Tumor Vaccines

Tumor vaccines, an important part of immunotherapy, prevent cancer or kill existing tumor cells by activating or restoring the body's own immune system. Currently, various formulations of tumor vaccines have been developed, including cell vaccines, tumor cell membrane vaccines, tumor DNA vaccines, tumor mRNA vaccines, tumor polypeptide vaccines, virus-vectored tumor vaccines, and tumor-in-situ vaccines. There are also multiple delivery systems for tumor vaccines, such as liposomes, cell membrane vesicles, viruses, exosomes, and emulsions. In addition, to decrease the risk of tumor immune escape and immune tolerance that may exist with a single tumor vaccine, combination therapy of tumor vaccines with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, CAR-T therapy, or photoimmunotherapy is an effective strategy. Given the critical role of tumor vaccines in immunotherapy, here, we look back to the history of tumor vaccines, and we discuss the antigens, adjuvants, formulations, delivery systems, mechanisms, combination therapy, and future directions of tumor vaccines.

Integrated analysis of single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing identifies a signature based on drug response genes to predict prognosis and therapeutic response in ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer represents a severe gynecological malignancy with a dire prognosis, underscoring the imperative need for dependable biomarkers that can accurately predict drug response and guide therapeutic choices. In this study, we harnessed online single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) and bulk RNA sequencing (RNAseq) datasets, applying the Scissor algorithm to identify cells responsive to paclitaxel. From these cells, we derived a gene signature, subsequently used to construct a prognostic model that demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity in predicting patient outcomes. Moreover, we conducted pathway and functional enrichment analyses to uncover potential molecular mechanisms driving the prognostic gene signature. This study illustrates the critical role of scRNAseq and bulk RNAseq in developing precise prognostic models for ovarian cancer, potentially transforming clinical decision-making.

Investigating the complex interplay between fibroblast activation protein α-positive cancer associated fibroblasts and the tumor microenvironment in the context of cancer immunotherapy

Introduction

This study investigates the role of Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP)-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts (FAP+CAF) in shaping the tumor immune microenvironment, focusing on its association with immune cell functionality and cytokine expression patterns.

Methods

Utilizing immunohistochemistry, we observed elevated FAP+CAF density in metastatic versus primary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tumors, with higher FAP+CAF correlating with increased T cell infiltration in RCC, a unique phenomenon illustrating the complex interplay between tumor progression, FAP+CAF density, and immune response.

Results

Analysis of immune cell subsets in FAP+CAF-rich stromal areas further revealed significant correlations between FAP+ stroma and various T cell types, particularly in RCC and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This was complemented by transcriptomic analyses, expanding the range of stromal and immune cell subsets interrogated, as well as to additional tumor types. This enabled evaluating the association of these subsets with tumor infiltration, tumor vascularization and other components of the tumor microenvironment. Our comprehensive study also encompassed cytokine, angiogenesis, and inflammation gene signatures across different cancer types, revealing heterogeneous cellular composition, cytokine expressions and angiogenic profiles. Through cytokine pathway profiling, we explored the relationship between FAP+CAF density and immune cell states, uncovering potential immunosuppressive circuits that limit anti-tumor activity in tumor-resident immune cells.

Conclusions

These findings underscore the complexity of tumor biology and the necessity for personalized therapeutic and patient enrichment approaches. The insights gathered from FAP+CAF prevalence, immune infiltration, and gene signatures provide valuable perspectives on tumor microenvironments, aiding in future research and clinical strategy development.

Reciprocal Interactions of Human Monocytes and Cancer Cells in Co-Cultures In Vitro

The tumor microenvironment (TME) includes immune and stromal cells and noncellular extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most important immune cells in TME and are crucial for carcinomas' progression. The purpose was to analyze direct and indirect interactions in co-culture of tumor cells with monocytes/macrophages and, additionally, to indicate which interactions are more important for cancer development. Cytokines, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide level, tumor cell cycle and changes in tumor cell morphology after human tumor cells (Hep-2 and RK33 cell lines) with human monocyte/macrophage (THP-1 cell line) interactions were tested. Morphology and cytoskeleton organization of tumor cells did not change after co-culture with macrophages. In co-culture of tumor cells with human monocyte, changes in the percentage of tumor cells in cell cycle phases was observed. No significant changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) were found in the co-culture as compared to the tumor cell mono-culture. Monocytes produced about three times higher ROS than tumor cells. In co-cultures, a lower nitric oxide (NOx) level was found as compared to the sum of the production by both mono-cultures. Co-culture conditions limited the production of cytokines (IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) as compared to the sum of their level in mono-cultures. In conclusion, macrophages influence tumor cell growth and functions. Mutual (direct and paracrine) interactions between tumor cells and macrophages changed cytokine production and tumor cell cycle profile. The data obtained may allow us to initially indicate which kind of interactions may have a greater impact on cancer development processes.

Shifting cold to hot tumors by nanoparticle-loaded drugs and products

Cold tumors lack antitumor immunity and are resistant to therapy, representing a major challenge in cancer medicine. Because of the immunosuppressive spirit of the tumor microenvironment (TME), this form of tumor has a low response to immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and also chemotherapy. Cold tumors have low infiltration of immune cells and a high expression of co-inhibitory molecules, such as immune checkpoints and immunosuppressive molecules. Therefore, targeting TME and remodeling immunity in cold tumors can improve the chance of tumor repression after therapy. However, tumor stroma prevents the infiltration of inflammatory cells and hinders the penetration of diverse molecules and drugs. Nanoparticles are an intriguing tool for the delivery of immune modulatory agents and shifting cold to hot tumors. In this review article, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the ability of nanoparticles loaded with different drugs and products to modulate TME and enhance immune cell infiltration. We also focus on newest progresses in the design and development of nanoparticle-based strategies for changing cold to hot tumors. These include the use of nanoparticles for targeted delivery of immunomodulatory agents, such as cytokines, small molecules, and checkpoint inhibitors, and for co-delivery of chemotherapy drugs and immunomodulatory agents. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of nanoparticles for enhancing the efficacy of cancer vaccines and cell therapy for overcoming resistance to treatment.

Estimation of the tissue and serum levels of IL-35 in Mycosis fungoides: a case-control study

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) with its etiology not yet fully understood. Interleukin (IL)-35 is an inhibitory cytokine that belongs to the IL-12 family. Elevated IL-35 in the plasma and the tumor microenvironment increases tumorigenesis and indicates poor prognosis in different types of malignancies. The objective of this study is to estimate the expression levels of IL-35 in tissue and serum of MF patients versus healthy controls. This case-control study included 35 patients with patch, plaque, and tumor MF as well as 30 healthy controls. Patients were fully assessed, and serum samples and lesional skin biopsies were taken prior to starting treatment. The IL-35 levels were measured in both serum and tissue biopsies by ELISA technique. Both tissue and serum IL-35 levels were significantly higher in MF patients than in controls (P < 0.001) and tissue IL-35 was significantly higher than serum IL-35 in MF patients (P < 0.001). Tissue IL-35 was significantly higher in female patients and patients with recurrent MF compared to male patients and those without recurrent disease (P < 0.001). Since both tissue and serum IL-35 levels are increased in MF, IL-35 is suggested to have a possible role in MF pathogenesis. IL-35 can be a useful diagnostic marker for MF. Tissue IL-35 can also be an indicator of disease recurrence.

CSPG4-targeting CAR-macrophages inhibit melanoma growth

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of hematological malignancies but has been clinically less effective in solid tumors. Engineering macrophages with CARs has emerged as a promising approach to overcome some of the challenges faced by CAR-T cells due to the macrophage's ability to easily infiltrate tumors, phagocytose their targets, and reprogram the immune response. We engineered CAR-macrophages (CAR-Ms) to target chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), an antigen expressed in melanoma, and several other solid tumors. CSPG4-targeting CAR-Ms exhibited specific phagocytosis of CSPG4-expressing melanoma cells. Combining CSPG4-targeting CAR-Ms with CD47 blocking antibodies synergistically enhanced CAR-M-mediated phagocytosis and effectively inhibited melanoma spheroid growth in 3D. Furthermore, CSPG4-targeting CAR-Ms inhibited melanoma tumor growth in mouse models. These results suggest that CSPG4-targeting CAR-M immunotherapy is a promising solid tumor immunotherapy approach for treating melanoma.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

We engineered macrophages with CARs as an alternative approach for solid tumor treatment. CAR-macrophages (CAR-Ms) targeting CSPG4, an antigen expressed in melanoma and other solid tumors, phagocytosed melanoma cells and inhibited melanoma growth in vivo . Thus, CSPG4-targeting CAR-Ms may be a promising strategy to treat patients with CSPG4-expressing tumors.

Engineered biological nanoparticles as nanotherapeutics for tumor immunomodulation

Biological nanoparticles, or bionanoparticles, are small molecules manufactured in living systems with complex production and assembly machinery. The products of the assembly systems can be further engineered to generate functionalities for specific purposes. These bionanoparticles have demonstrated advantages such as immune system evasion, minimal toxicity, biocompatibility, and biological clearance. Hence, bionanoparticles are considered the new paradigm in nanoscience research for fabricating safe and effective nanoformulations for therapeutic purposes. Harnessing the power of the immune system to recognize and eradicate malignancies is a viable strategy to achieve better therapeutic outcomes with long-term protection from disease recurrence. However, cancerous tissues have evolved to become invisible to immune recognition and to transform the tumor microenvironment into an immunosuppressive dwelling, thwarting the immune defense systems and creating a hospitable atmosphere for cancer growth and progression. Thus, it is pertinent that efforts in fabricating nanoformulations for immunomodulation are mindful of the tumor-induced immune aberrations that could render cancer nanotherapy inoperable. This review systematically categorizes the immunosuppression mechanisms, the regulatory immunosuppressive cellular players, and critical suppressive molecules currently targeted as breakthrough therapies in the clinic. Finally, this review will summarize the engineering strategies for affording immune moderating functions to bionanoparticles that tip the tumor microenvironment (TME) balance toward cancer elimination, a field still in the nascent stage.

Statin prevents cancer development in chronic inflammation by blocking interleukin 33 expression

Chronic inflammation is a major cause of cancer worldwide. Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a critical initiator of cancer-prone chronic inflammation; however, its induction mechanism by environmental causes of chronic inflammation is unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that Toll-like receptor (TLR)3/4-TBK1-IRF3 pathway activation links environmental insults to IL-33 induction in the skin and pancreas inflammation. An FDA-approved drug library screen identifies pitavastatin to effectively suppress IL-33 expression by blocking TBK1 membrane recruitment/activation through the mevalonate pathway inhibition. Accordingly, pitavastatin prevents chronic pancreatitis and its cancer sequela in an IL-33-dependent manner. The IRF3-IL-33 axis is highly active in chronic pancreatitis and its associated pancreatic cancer in humans. Interestingly, pitavastatin use correlates with a significantly reduced risk of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer in patients. Our findings demonstrate that blocking the TBK1-IRF3-IL-33 signaling axis suppresses cancer-prone chronic inflammation. Statins present a safe and effective prophylactic strategy to prevent chronic inflammation and its cancer sequela.

The dawn of a new Era: mRNA vaccines in colorectal cancer immunotherapy

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a typical cancer that accounts for 10% of all new cancer cases annually and nearly 10% of all cancer deaths. Despite significant progress in current classical interventions for CRC, these traditional strategies could be invasive and with numerous adverse effects. The poor prognosis of CRC patients highlights the evident and pressing need for more efficient and targeted treatment. Novel strategies regarding mRNA vaccines for anti-tumor therapy have also been well-developed since the successful application for the prevention of COVID-19. mRNA vaccine technology won the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, signaling a new direction in human anti-cancer treatment: mRNA medicine. As a promising new immunotherapy in CRC and other multiple cancer treatments, the mRNA vaccine has higher specificity, better efficacy, and fewer side effects than traditional strategies. The present review outlines the basics of mRNA vaccines and their advantages over other vaccines and informs an available strategy for developing efficient mRNA vaccines for CRC precise treatment. In the future, more exploration of mRNA vaccines for CRC shall be attached, fostering innovation to address existing limitations.

Exploring the detailed role of interleukins in cancer: A comprehensive review of literature

The cancer cells that are not normal can grow into tumors, invade surrounding tissues, and travel to other parts of the body via the lymphatic or circulatory systems. Interleukins, a vital class of signaling proteins, facilitate cell-to-cell contact within the immune system. A type of non-coding RNA known as lncRNAs mediates its actions by regulating miRNA-mRNA roles (Interleukins). Because of their dual function in controlling the growth of tumors and altering the immune system's response to cancer cells, interleukins have been extensively studied concerning cancer. Understanding the complex relationships between interleukins, the immune system, the tumor microenvironment, and the components of interleukin signaling pathways that impact the miRNA-mRNA axis, including lncRNAs, has advanced significantly in cancer research. Due to the significant and all-encompassing influence of interleukins on the immune system and the development and advancement of cancers, lncRNAs play a crucial role in cancer research by modulating interleukins. Their diverse effects on immune system regulation, tumor growth encouragement, and tumor inhibition make them appealing candidates for potential cancer treatments and diagnostics. A deeper understanding of the relationship between the biology of interleukin and lncRNAs will likely result in more effective immunotherapy strategies and individualized cancer treatments.

Enhancing cancer immunotherapy with photodynamic therapy and nanoparticle: making tumor microenvironment hotter to make immunotherapeutic work better

Cancer immunotherapy has made tremendous advancements in treating various malignancies. The biggest hurdle to successful immunotherapy would be the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and low immunogenicity of cancer cells. To make immunotherapy successful, the 'cold' TME must be converted to 'hot' immunostimulatory status to activate residual host immune responses. To this end, the immunosuppressive equilibrium in TME should be broken, and immunogenic cancer cell death ought to be induced to stimulate tumor-killing immune cells appropriately. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an efficient way of inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) of cancer cells and disrupting immune-restrictive tumor tissues. PDT would trigger a chain reaction that would make the TME 'hot' and have ICD-induced tumor antigens presented to immune cells. In principle, the strategic combination of PDT and immunotherapy would synergize to enhance therapeutic outcomes in many intractable tumors. Novel technologies employing nanocarriers were developed to deliver photosensitizers and immunotherapeutic to TME efficiently. New-generation nanomedicines have been developed for PDT immunotherapy in recent years, which will accelerate clinical applications.

Exploiting the immune system in hepatic tumor targeting: Unleashing the potential of drugs, natural products, and nanoparticles

Hepatic tumors present a formidable challenge in cancer therapeutics, necessitating the exploration of novel treatment strategies. In recent years, targeting the immune system has attracted interest to augment existing therapeutic efficacy. The immune system in hepatic tumors includes numerous cells with diverse actions. CD8+ T lymphocytes, T helper 1 (Th1) CD4+ T lymphocytes, alternative M1 macrophages, and natural killer (NK) cells provide the antitumor immunity. However, Foxp3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells (Tregs), M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are the key immune inhibitor cells. Tumor stroma can also affect these interactions. Targeting these cells and their secreted molecules is intriguing for eliminating malignant cells. The current review provides a synopsis of the immune system components involved in hepatic tumor expansion and highlights the molecular and cellular pathways that can be targeted for therapeutic intervention. It also overviews the diverse range of drugs, natural products, immunotherapy drugs, and nanoparticles that have been investigated to manipulate immune responses and bolster antitumor immunity. The review also addresses the potential advantages and challenges associated with these approaches.

Immunostimulatory effects of thermal ablation: Challenges and future prospects

ABSTRACT

This literature explores the immunostimulatory effects of thermal ablation in the tumor microenvironment, elucidating the mechanisms such as immunogenic cell death, tumor-specific antigens, and damage-associated molecular patterns. Furthermore, it outlines critical issues associated with thermal ablation-induced immunostimulatory challenges and offers insights into future research avenues and potential therapeutic strategies.

Treg cells as a protective factor for Hashimoto`s thyroiditis: a Mendelian randomization study

Background and objectives

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), a chronic autoimmune disorder impacting thyroid function, is a growing public health concern. The relationship between Treg cells and HT has been extensively studied, with Treg cells considered crucial in suppressing HT progression. However, these studies have mainly been observational, limiting our understanding of Treg cells' impact on HT risk. Leveraging large datasets, we utilized Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to examine the causal association between Treg cell biomarkers and HT, providing additional validation for these relationships.

Methods

Comprehensive two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis was performed to determine the causal association between Treg cells signatures and HT in this study. Based on publicly available genetic data, we explored causal associations between 165 Treg cells signatures and HT risk.

Results

The European cohort study has identified five Treg cell phenotypes that causally protect against HT risk. Resting Treg %CD4 (OR = 0.975, 95% CI = 0.954~0.998, P = 0.030); CD4 on resting Treg (OR = 0.938, 95% CI = 0.882~0.997, P = 0.041; CD28- CD8dim %CD8dim (OR = 0.983, 95% CI = 0.969~0.998, P = 0.030); CD25 on CD39+ resting Treg (OR = 0.926, 95% CI = 0.864~0.991, P = 0.026); 5) CD28 on activated & secreting Treg (OR = 0.969, 95% CI = 0.942~0.996, P = 0.025). The Asian cohort study has identified four Treg cell phenotypes negatively correlated with the risk of HT. CD25hi %T cell (OR = 0.635, 95% CI = 0.473~852, P = 0.002); CD4 Treg %CD4 (OR = 0.829, 95% CI = 0.687~1.000, P = 0.050); CD127-CD8br %T cell (OR = 0.463, 95% CI =0.311~0.687, P< 0.001); CD3 on resting Treg (OR = 0.786, 95% CI = 0.621~0.994, P = 0.044).

Conclusion

Our study has demonstrated the close connection between Treg cells and HT by genetic means, thus providing foundational basis for future research.

Tumor-derived interleukin 35 mediates the dissemination of gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Rapid development of drug resistance after chemotherapy is a major cause of treatment failure in individuals with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this study, we illustrate that tumor-derived interleukin 35 (IL-35) mediates the accelerated resistance of PDAC to gemcitabine (GEM). We observe that GEM resistance can spread from GEM-resistant PDAC cells to GEM-sensitive cells, and that IL-35 is responsible for the propagation of chemoresistance, which is supported by sequencing and experimental data. Additionally, we discover that GEM-resistant cells have significantly higher levels of IL-35 expression. Mechanistically, aberrantly expressed IL-35 triggers transcriptional activation of SOD2 expression via GP130-STAT1 signaling, scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leading to GEM resistance. Furthermore, GEM treatment stimulates IL-35 expression through activation of the NF-κB pathway, resulting in acquired chemoresistance. In the mouse model, a neutralizing antibody against IL-35 enhances the tumor suppressive effect of GEM. Collectively, our data suggests that IL-35 is critical in mediating GEM resistance in pancreatic cancer, and therefore could be a valuable therapeutic target in overcoming PDAC chemoresistance.

The tumor microenvironment: shaping cancer progression and treatment response

The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in cancer progression and treatment response. It comprises a complex network of stromal cells, immune cells, extracellular matrix, and blood vessels, all of which interact with cancer cells and influence tumor behaviour. This review article provides an in-depth examination of the TME, focusing on stromal cells, blood vessels, signaling molecules, and ECM, along with commonly available therapeutic compounds that target these components. Moreover, we explore the TME as a novel strategy for discovering new anti-tumor drugs. The dynamic and adaptive nature of the TME offers opportunities for targeting specific cellular interactions and signaling pathways. We discuss emerging approaches, such as combination therapies that simultaneously target cancer cells and modulate the TME. Finally, we address the challenges and future prospects in targeting the TME. Overcoming drug resistance, improving drug delivery, and identifying new therapeutic targets within the TME are among the challenges discussed. We also highlight the potential of personalized medicine and the integration of emerging technologies, such as immunotherapy and nanotechnology, in TME-targeted therapies. This comprehensive review provides insights into the TME and its therapeutic implications. Understanding the TME's complexity and targeting its components offer promising avenues for the development of novel anti-tumor therapies and improved patient outcomes.