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Wei P. The effect of self-compassion on social media addiction among college students - The mediating role of gratitude: An observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37775. [PMID: 38787992 PMCID: PMC11132318 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In contemporary society, social media pervades every aspect of daily life, offering significant benefits such as enhanced access to information, improved interconnectivity, and fostering community among its users. However, its usage, particularly when excessive, can lead to negative psychological outcomes, including the prevalence of social media addiction (SMA) among adolescents. While extensive research has been conducted on the phenomenon of SMA, there is a notable paucity of studies examining the link between individual levels of self-compassion and susceptibility to SMA. This study aims to investigate the correlation between self-compassion and SMA in college students, while also examining the potential mediating influence of gratitude. The study sampled 1131 college students who engaged in an anonymous online survey. This survey utilized the Chinese translations of the Self-Compassion Scale, Gratitude Questionnaire, and SMA Scale. For data analysis, validated factor analysis was performed using IBM® SPSS® AMOS™ version 23. Correlation analyses were carried out with IBM® SPSS® version 22.0, and the PROCESS macro (Model 4) was employed to assess path and mediation effects. Higher levels of positive self-compassion were found to mitigate the effects of SMA, while elevated levels of negative self-compassion were associated with an increase in such addiction. The study further revealed that gratitude played a partial mediating role in the relationship between self-compassion and SMA. Specifically, positive self-compassion can reduce symptoms of SMA by enhancing levels of gratitude, whereas negative self-compassion may worsen these symptoms by diminishing gratitude. Positive self-compassion is instrumental in fostering personal growth among college students, with gratitude serving as a significant mediator in reducing SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wei
- Center for Mental Health Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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Lekhak N, Bhatta T, Kahana E, Fernandes C, Snyder JS. Meditation, Compassionate Love, and Mental Health in Later Life. J Gerontol Nurs 2024; 50:40-50. [PMID: 38417076 DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20240208-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding of the mechanisms by which meditation imparts beneficial effects on later-life mental health is limited. The current study assessed the role of compassionate love in mediating the relationship between meditation and mental health in later life. METHOD Using data from a nationwide web-based survey (N = 1,861), we examined the indirect effects of meditation on depressive symptoms and anxiety via compassionate love. RESULTS Participants who practiced meditation (compared to those who did not) had significantly higher feelings of being loved (b = 0.11, p < 0.05); those who experienced more love had lower depressive symptoms (b = -2.10, p < 0.001) and anxiety (b = -0.99, p < 0.001). Meditation also had significant indirect effects (via compassionate love) on depressive symptoms (b = -0.23, p < 0.05) and anxiety (b = -0.11, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study underscores the need for contemplative interventions that foster compassionate love to improve mental health in later life. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 50(3), 40-50.].
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Peterson NE, Thomas M, Hunsaker S, Stewart T, Collett CJ. mHealth Gratitude Exercise Mindfulness App for Resiliency Among Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Staff: Three-Arm Pretest-Posttest Interventional Study. JMIR Nurs 2024; 7:e54561. [PMID: 38363595 PMCID: PMC10907946 DOI: 10.2196/54561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health care is highly complex and can be both emotionally and physically challenging. This can lead health care workers to develop compassion fatigue and burnout (BO), which can negatively affect their well-being and patient care. Higher levels of resilience can potentially prevent compassion fatigue and BO. Strategies that enhance resilience include gratitude, exercise, and mindfulness. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine if a 3-week daily resiliency practice, prompted via a gratitude, exercise, and mindfulness smartphone app, impacted the professional quality of life, physical activity, and happiness level of health care workers in a newborn intensive care unit setting. METHODS In total, 65 participants from a level III newborn intensive care unit at a regional hospital in the western United States completed this study. The Professional Quality of Life Scale, Physical Activity Vital Sign, and Subjective Happiness Score instruments were used to evaluate the effects of the mobile health (mHealth) intervention. Further, 2-tailed dependent paired t tests were used to evaluate participant pre- and postintervention instrument scores. Multiple imputation was used to predict scores of participants who practiced an intervention but did not complete the 3 instruments post intervention. RESULTS Dependent t tests using the original data showed that participants, as a whole, significantly improved in BO (t35=2.30, P=.03), secondary trauma stress (STS; t35=2.11, P=.04), and happiness (t35=-3.72, P<.001) scores. Compassion satisfaction (CS; t35=-1.94, P=.06) and exercise (t35=-1.71, P=.10) were trending toward, but did not reach, significance. Using the original data, only the gratitude intervention group experienced significant improvements (CS, BO, and happiness), likely due to the higher number of participants in this group. Analysis using imputed data showed that participants, as a whole, had significant improvements in all areas: CS (t64=-4.08, P<.001), BO (t64=3.39, P=.001), STS (t64=4.08, P<.001), exercise (t64=-3.19, P=.002), and happiness (t64=-3.99, P<.001). Looking at the intervention groups separately using imputed data, the gratitude group had significant improvements in CS, BO, STS, and happiness; the exercise group had significant improvements in STS and exercise; and the mindfulness group had significant improvements in CS and happiness. CONCLUSIONS Phone app delivery of resilience-enhancing interventions is a potentially effective intervention model for health care workers. Potential barriers to mHealth strategies are the technical issues that can occur with this type of intervention. Additional longitudinal and experimental studies with larger sample sizes need to be completed to better evaluate this modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Peterson
- College of Nursing, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Michael Thomas
- College of Nursing, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Stacie Hunsaker
- College of Nursing, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | | | - Claire J Collett
- College of Nursing, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
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Wang R, Gu X, Zhang Y, Luo K, Zeng X. Loving-kindness and compassion meditations in the workplace: A meta-analysis and future prospects. Stress Health 2024; 40:e3273. [PMID: 37221984 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Loving-kindness and compassion meditation (LKCM) have been well applied among employees to improve their health and well-being. Existing studies on LKCM have also provided supportive evidence of its benefits and effectiveness under organizational contexts. The current meta-analytical study aimed to systematically summarise the effects of LKCM in the workplace and to outline directions for future research and practice. Among 327 empirical studies on LKCM published until March 2022, 21 trials focussed on employees and provided sufficient information, which were included in the following meta-analysis. The results showed that LKCM benefited eight categories of workplace outcomes. Specifically, LKCM effectively decreased employees' burnout (g = 0.395, k = 10) and stress (g = 0.544, k = 10) and facilitated their mindfulness (g = 0.558, k = 14), self-compassion (g = 0.646, k = 12), personal mental health (g = 0.308, k = 13), job attitudes (g = 0.283, k = 4), interpersonal relationships (g = 0.381, k = 12), and psychological resources (g = 0.406, k = 6). The results of moderation analyses further indicated that the participants' job type, gender, and the focus of LKCM might differentially fluctuate the magnitude of LKCM effects. To advance research and best practice, we finally pointed out several issues that deserve attention, such as long-term effects, underlying mechanisms, potential moderators, and outcomes or influential factors at the organizational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- College of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Kangzhou Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianglong Zeng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Bautista TG, Roman G, Khan M, Lee M, Sahbaz S, Duthely LM, Knippenberg A, Macias-Burgos MA, Davidson A, Scaramutti C, Gabrilove J, Pusek S, Mehta D, Bredella MA. What is well-being? A scoping review of the conceptual and operational definitions of occupational well-being. J Clin Transl Sci 2023; 7:e227. [PMID: 38028344 PMCID: PMC10643923 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2023.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Well-being is a multifaceted construct that is used across disciplines to portray a state of wellness, health, and happiness. While aspects of well-being seem universal, how it is depicted in the literature has substantial variation. The aim of this scoping review was to identify conceptual and operational definitions of well-being within the field of occupational health. Broad search terms were used related to well-being and scale/assessment. Inclusion criteria were (1) peer-reviewed articles, (2) published in English, (3) included a measure of well-being in the methods and results section of the article, and (4) empirical paper. The searches resulted in 4394 articles, 3733 articles were excluded by reading the abstract, 661 articles received a full review, and 273 articles were excluded after a full review, leaving 388 articles that met our inclusion criteria and were used to extract well-being assessment information. Many studies did not define well-being or link their conceptual definition to the operational assessment tool being used. There were 158 assessments of well-being represented across studies. Results highlight the lack of a consistent definitions of well-being and standardized measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gretchen Roman
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Munziba Khan
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michele Lee
- Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Susan Pusek
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, St. Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Salafi KA, Widianti E, Praptiwi A. Self-compassion among Undergraduate Nursing Students at a State University in Indonesia during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Rev Bras Enferm 2023; 76:e20220585. [PMID: 37820145 PMCID: PMC10561944 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2022-0585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the level of self-compassion and investigate the relationships between sociodemographic variables and self-compassion among undergraduate nursing students at a state university in Indonesia during the COVID-19 Pandemic. METHODS This study used a cross-sectional design. Samples were selected using a proportionate stratified random sampling technique (n=260). Data were collected using an Indonesian version of the Self-compassion Scale, which consists of 6 subscales: self-kindness, self-judgment, common humanity, isolation, mindfulness, and overidentification. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis. RESULTS 60% of students had moderate self-compassion. Students scored the highest in self-kindness (3,93±1,02) and over-identification (3,58±0,94), indicating that they often tried to love themselves when they felt emotional pain and often get carried away when something upsetting happened. Subsequently, a significant correlation was found between age and self-compassion (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Self-compassion among nursing students should be improved through interventions such as compassion literacy, mindfulness training, and compassion-based experiential techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Efri Widianti
- Universitas Padjadjaran, Faculty of Nursing. Bandung, Indonesia
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Liu A, Ben-Zion S, Schwartz A, Mahan JD, Reed S. Well-being factors associated with confidence in providing calm, compassionate care in pediatric residents. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2023; 115:107906. [PMID: 37478547 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2023.107906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Engagement in calm, compassionate care (CCC) is important in fostering patient-centered care. We aimed to study factors which predict confidence in providing CCC in pediatric residents. METHODS We performed a retrospective, multi-center, cohort study utilizing data from the Pediatric Resident Burnout and Resilience Study (PRB-RSC) from 2016 to 2018. The Calm Compassionate Care Scale (CCCS) was used to assess confidence in delivering CCC. We examined cross-sectional associations between CCC, demographic measures, programmatic features, and psychological scales. RESULTS The following showed significant positive associations with confidence in providing CCC: Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale, Neff's Self Compassion, Patient Reported Outcomes Measures-mental health, and Interpersonal Reactivity Index-empathetic concern. For the Maslach Burnout Index subscales, decreased personal accomplishment, increased emotional exhaustion, and increased depersonalization showed significant negative associations. CONCLUSIONS We found that several well-being measures and an increased sense of personal accomplishment are associated with increased confidence in providing CCC. These findings underscore the interrelatedness of these measures and highlight the importance of personal accomplishment as a positive factor in trainee development. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Program level interventions that decrease trainee burnout and enhance resiliency as well as support trainees' development of empathy and compassion may help trainees develop skills that promote patient-centered, compassionate care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Liu
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sabrina Ben-Zion
- Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Alan Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine - Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John D Mahan
- Department of Pediatrics Nationwide Children's Hospital/The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Suzanne Reed
- Department of Pediatrics Nationwide Children's Hospital/The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Croft RL, Byrd CT. A pilot study of an online self-compassion intervention for adults who stutter. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37572047 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2023.2236813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary aim of this pilot study was to determine the preliminary effectiveness of an online self-compassion intervention for improving self-compassion and quality of life in adults who stutter. A secondary aim was to determine intervention acceptability and participant satisfaction. METHOD Participants included adults who stutter who completed an online self-compassion module once a week for six consecutive weeks. Pre- and post-intervention measures included the Self-Compassion Scale-Trait and the Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering. Participants also completed acceptability questionnaires weekly and post-intervention via quantitative and qualitative reports. RESULT Ten participants completed all six intervention modules, as well as pre- and post-intervention measures. Participants reported increased self-compassion and improved quality of life at post-intervention, as well as high intervention acceptability with regard to delivery format, content, duration, and relevance to stuttering and daily life. Individual variation was also observed across acceptability domains. CONCLUSION The present study provides pilot data supporting the use of online modules to increase self-compassion and decrease the negative impact of stuttering on the quality of life among adults who stutter. Future studies should employ larger sample sizes, compare outcomes to a control group, and determine if gains are maintained over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn L Croft
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Courtney T Byrd
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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O'Donnell K, Dunbar M, Speelman D. Effectiveness of Daily Mindfulness Meditation App Usage to Reduce Anxiety and Improve Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cureus 2023; 15:e42432. [PMID: 37637657 PMCID: PMC10448000 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study examined the effect of 10-minute daily meditation app usage for 30 days on adult anxiety and mental well-being during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Participants were randomized into intervention (10 minutes of daily usage of the Insight Timer app) or control groups. Participants completed surveys to assess anxiety and well-being pre- and post-study. Data were analyzed using t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), or nonparametric equivalents. Results Pre-study results were comparable between groups. The pre- vs. post-study General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scores for anxiety decreased in the intervention group (n=18, median 5.5 vs. 3.0 (pre vs. post), p=0.0233, d=0.50), but not in the control group (n=28). The intervention group had a lower median GAD-7 score than the control group post-study (3.0 vs. 8.0, p=0.0223, d=0.35). Pre- vs. post-study mean 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) scores were improved in both the control (11.6 vs. 12.9 (pre vs. post), p=0.0408, d=0.36) and intervention groups (12.0 vs. 16.3 (pre vs. post), p=0.0001, d=0.77), although it was higher in the intervention group (16.3 vs. 12.9, p=0.0056, d=0.88). Conclusion Ten minutes of daily meditation app usage for 30 days may reduce anxiety and improve well-being in adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie O'Donnell
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, USA
| | - Melanie Dunbar
- Behavioral Health, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, USA
| | - Diana Speelman
- Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, USA
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Rushforth A, Durk M, Rothwell-Blake GAA, Kirkman A, Ng F, Kotera Y. Self-Compassion Interventions to Target Secondary Traumatic Stress in Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6109. [PMID: 37372696 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20126109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Healthcare professionals' wellbeing can be adversely affected by the intense demands of, and the secondary traumatic stress associated with, their job. Self-compassion is associated with positive wellbeing outcomes across a variety of workforce populations and is potentially an important skill for healthcare workers, as it offers a way of meeting one's own distress with kindness and understanding. This systematic review aimed to synthesise and evaluate the utility of self-compassion interventions in reducing secondary traumatic stress in a healthcare worker population. Eligible articles were identified from research databases, including ProQuest, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and EBSCO. The quality of non-randomised and randomised trials was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The literature search yielded 234 titles, from which 6 studies met the inclusion criteria. Four studies reported promising effects of self-compassion training for secondary traumatic stress in a healthcare population, although these did not use controls. The methodological quality of these studies was medium. This highlights a research gap in this area. Three of these four studies recruited workers from Western countries and one recruited from a non-Western country. The Professional Quality of Life Scale was used to evaluate secondary traumatic stress in all studies. The findings show preliminary evidence that self-compassion training may improve secondary traumatic stress in healthcare professional populations; however, there is a need for greater methodological quality in this field and controlled trials. The findings also show that the majority of research was conducted in Western countries. Future research should focus on a broader range of geographical locations to include non-Western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Rushforth
- College of Health, Psychology and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Mia Durk
- Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | | | - Ann Kirkman
- College of Health, Psychology and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Fiona Ng
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Yasuhiro Kotera
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK
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Geller J, Fernandes A, Kelly AC, Samson L, Srikameswaran S. Collaborative care in eating disorders treatment: exploring the role of clinician distress, self-compassion, and compassion for others. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:57. [PMID: 37024928 PMCID: PMC10080953 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collaborative care is described as showing curiosity and concern for patient experiences, providing choices, and supporting patient autonomy. In contrast, in directive care, the clinician has authority and the patient is expected to adhere to a treatment plan over which they have limited influence. In the treatment of eating disorders, collaborative care has been shown to be more acceptable and produce better outcomes than directive care. Despite widespread patient and clinician preference for collaborative care, it is common for clinicians to be directive in practice, resulting in negative patient attitudes toward treatment and poor adherence. There is a need to understand factors which contribute to its use. PURPOSE This study examined the contribution of clinicians' experience of distress and how they relate to themselves and others in times of difficulty (self-compassion and compassion for others), to their use of collaborative support. METHOD Clinicians working with individuals with eating disorders from diverse professional backgrounds (N = 123) completed an online survey. RESULTS Whereas clinician distress was not associated with use of collaborative or directive support behaviours, self-compassion and compassion for others were. Regression analyses indicated that compassion for others was the most important determinant of collaborative care. DISCUSSION Relating to their own and others' distress with compassion was most important in determining clinicians' use of collaborative support. Understanding how to cultivate conditions that foster compassion in clinical environments could promote the delivery of collaborative care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie Geller
- St. Paul's Hospital Eating Disorders Program, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Avarna Fernandes
- St. Paul's Hospital Eating Disorders Program, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Allison C Kelly
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Lindsay Samson
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Suja Srikameswaran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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12
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Jahner S, Penz K, Stewart NJ, Morgan D, Kulig J. 'Staying strong': A constructivist grounded theory of how registered nurses deal with the impact of trauma-related events in rural acute care practice. J Clin Nurs 2023; 32:879-893. [PMID: 36031773 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.16459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This study explored how Registered Nurses (RNs) in rural practice deal with psychologically traumatic events when living and working in the same rural community over time. BACKGROUND Rural RNs who are exposed to trauma may be at high risk for psychological distress (e.g. secondary traumatic stress, vicarious trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder), in the context of isolated practice and slower emergency response times. DESIGN AND METHODS Charmaz's constructivist grounded theory methodology was chosen for this qualitative study. Purposeful sampling was used to recruit 19 RNs from six rural acute care hospitals. A total of 33 interviews were conducted with 19 face-to-face initial interviews, 14 follow-up telephone interviews and 14 reflective journals. Adherence to the COREQ EQUATOR guidelines was maintained. RESULTS Participants were exposed to a multitude of trauma-related events, with their main concern of being intertwined with events for life. They dealt with this by staying strong, which included relying upon others, seeking inner strength, attempting to leave the past behind and experiencing transformational change over time. Being embedded in the community left them linked with these trauma-related events for life. Staying strong was a crucial element to their ability to cope and to face future events. CONCLUSIONS The psychological implications of trauma-related events when working and living in rural acute care practice settings are significant and complex. Findings highlight the need for organizational support and processes and may contribute to improved psychological services and management practices. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Key learnings were that rural nurses, who live and work in the same community, experience psychological changes over time from traumatic events that stay with them for life; employers fail to recognise the seriousness of this issue and trauma-informed policies with associated resources are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharleen Jahner
- College of Nursing, Health Science E Wing, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Kelly Penz
- College of Nursing, Health Science E Wing, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Norma J Stewart
- College of Nursing, Health Science E Wing, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Debra Morgan
- Canadian Center for Health and Safety in Agriculture, Health Science E Wing, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Judith Kulig
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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Feasibility of a Loving Kindness Intervention for Mitigating Weight Stigma in Nursing Students: A Focus on Self-Compassion. Mindfulness (N Y) 2023; 14:841-853. [PMID: 37090853 PMCID: PMC9975442 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-023-02094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Preliminary research on self-compassion as a target for reducing forms of bias is promising, yet healthcare provider self-compassion has not yet been explored in relationship to weight bias. Healthcare providers commonly endorse weight stigma and bias, contributing to health disparities for patients with “obesity.” The current study explores the feasibility of the self-compassion loving kindness meditation (LKM) as a brief intervention that reduces weight bias in nursing students. Method Participants (189 nursing students) were randomly assigned to the LKM condition or body scan control condition before engaging in an implicit bias task and answering self-report measures of internalization of the thin ideal, weight bias, positive attitudes towards people with “obesity,” positive emotions, self-compassion, cognitive flexibility, and compassionate care. Results Statistically significant differences in self-compassion, cognitive flexibility, weight bias, and compassionate care failed to be found between the groups. Participants in the LKM condition endorsed significantly higher levels of positive emotionality compared to the control condition. Higher levels of self-compassion were related to lower levels of weight bias for participants in both conditions. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that internalization of the thin ideal and self-compassion accounted for 19.2% of the variance in positive attitudes towards people with “obesity.” Conclusions This study suggests the importance of examining self- and other-compassion in the context of weight stigma. Its findings exemplify the complexity of weight stigma and the need to further explore the mechanisms to be targeted to effectively reduce healthcare professionals’ bias. Pre-registration This study is not preregistered.
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Armaou M, Araviaki E, Dutta S, Konstantinidis S, Blake H. Effectiveness of Digital Interventions for Deficit-Oriented and Asset-Oriented Psychological Outcomes in the Workplace: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2022; 12:1471-1497. [PMID: 36286087 PMCID: PMC9601105 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe12100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digital psychological interventions can target deficit-oriented and asset-oriented psychological outcomes in the workplace. This review examined: (a) the effectiveness of digital interventions for psychological well-being at work, (b) associations with workplace outcomes, and (c) associations between interventions' effectiveness and their theory-base. METHODS six electronic databases were searched for randomised controlled trials (RCT) and quasi-experimental studies. The methodological quality of studies that used randomisation was conducted with the "Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias" tool, while the "JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist" was used for non-randomised studies. Studies' theory-base was evaluated using an adaptation of the "theory coding scheme" (TSC). Due to heterogeneity, narrative synthesis was performed. RESULTS 51 studies were included in a synthesis describing four clusters of digital interventions: (a) cognitive behavioural therapy, (b) stress-management interventions and workplace well-being promotion, (c) meditation training and mindfulness-based interventions, and (d) self-help interventions. Studies demonstrated a high risk of contamination effects and high attrition bias. Theory-informed interventions demonstrated greater effectiveness. Cognitive behavioural therapy demonstrated the most robust evidence for reducing depression symptoms among healthy employees. With the exception of the Headspace application, there was weak evidence for meditation training apps, while relaxation training was a key component of effective stress-management interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Armaou
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2HA, UK
| | | | - Snigdha Dutta
- Cambridge Centre for Teaching and Learning, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3PT, UK
| | | | - Holly Blake
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2HA, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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Use of Mobile Apps and Online Programs of Mindfulness and Self-Compassion Training in Workers: A Scoping Review. JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2022; 7:477-515. [PMID: 36091081 PMCID: PMC9444703 DOI: 10.1007/s41347-022-00267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mindfulness and self-compassion interventions are two strategies helpful in preventing and reducing burnout and work stress. However, professionals with overburdened schedules can experience obstacles in learning and practicing these interventions, originally taught with lengthy programs. The use of digital technologies could make these interventions more accessible to workers, as studied in a recent, growing body of evidence. The evidence available is diverse in terms of interventions, designs, outcomes, and populations. This calls for a review that can take into consideration this diversity while still rigorously synthesize it. Scoping reviews are designed to examine emerging evidence and summarize the evidence on a specific topic of interest. The present scoping review aims to assess the current state of the literature on the use of online programs and mobile applications of self-compassion, mindfulness, and meditation (digital mindfulness-based interventions; dMBIs) by workers. More specifically, information on the type of intervention, population, advantages, and disadvantages, measured outcomes, and advice for future research are gathered. MEDLINE (PubMed; Ovid), PsychInfo (Ovid), and Web of Science (Clarivate) were searched to identify all relevant articles. The screening process resulted in 56 articles being included in this scoping review. Inclusion criteria were (1) participants are workers; (2) the intervention is individual, digital, and mindfulness/self-compassion/meditation-based; and (3) articles were available in French or English language at the time of the review. Interventions used were mostly mindfulness-based, equally categorized under web-based and app-based interventions. Most interventions included information on mindfulness, meditation or self-compassion, meditation exercises, other types of exercises, instructions on how to use, and reminders. dMBIs are often studied in the healthcare population and predominantly in female samples. Although dMBIs present advantages (low cost, accessibility, practicality, feasibility), obstacles can arise in their implementation (low engagement and motivation, concerns about confidentiality). Included articles measured outcomes related to work, mindfulness or self-compassion, and other psychological variables (stress/anxiety, depression, resilience, wellbeing). Articles provided important directions to further research on dMBIs regarding methodological aspects, modality and intervention, and individual and organizational questions. dMBIs are becoming more popular and interventions are diverse. Although not without limitations, this scoping provided a synthesis on different aspects of the use of dMBIs within workers and highlighted pertinent future research directions.
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Galiana L, Guillén M, Pades A, Flowers SL, Vidal-Blanco G, Sansó N. The Spanish Version of the State Self-Compassion Scale-Long Form (SSCS-L): A Study of Its Validity and Reliability in a Sample of Nursing Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10174. [PMID: 36011807 PMCID: PMC9408150 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In nurses, self-compassion mitigates the effects of stress, burnout and compassion fatigue, and enhances empathy, compassion and well-being and quality of life. The Self-Compassion Scale is the most-used instrument. The aim of this study is to validate the Spanish version of the new developed State Self-Compassion Scale-Long (SSCS-L). METHODS Students of the first year of the Nursing Degree were surveyed online. Together with the SSCS-L, their levels of positive and negative affect was reported. Analyses included descriptive statistics, competitive confirmatory factor analysis, evidence on criterion-related validity and estimates of reliability. RESULTS The best fitting model for the SSCS-L was the one hypothesizing six-correlated factors of self-compassion: self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, self-judgement, isolation, and over-identification. Positive relations between the positive dimensions of self-compassion and positive affect were found, whereas there were negative relations between the positive poles of self-compassion and negative affect. Estimates of reliability were adequate, except for the dimension of over-identification. CONCLUSIONS Self-compassion has become a key competency for nurses. The SSCS-L is an appropriate tool to allow an adequate assessment of self-compassion in experimental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Galiana
- Department of Methodology for the Behavioral Sciences, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mireia Guillén
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Antonia Pades
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Sarah L. Flowers
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | | | - Noemí Sansó
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IDISBA), 07004 Palma, Spain
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Telke S, Leininger B, Hanson L, Kreitzer MJ. A Randomized Trial of 21 Days of Loving Kindness Meditation for Stress Reduction and Emotional Well-being Within an Online Health Community for Patients, Family, and Friends Experiencing a Cancer Health Journey. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE 2022; 28:158-167. [PMID: 35167360 DOI: 10.1089/jicm.2020.0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: CaringBridge (CB) is an online health community for people undergoing challenging health journeys. Loving Kindness Meditation (LKM) is a systemized mind-body approach developed to increase loving acceptance and has previously been reported to increase resilience in the face of adversity. Materials and Methods: Results of a randomized controlled trial of immediate compared with deferred 21-day LKM intervention in an online community are reported. The deferred group received LKM intervention after a waiting period of 3 weeks. Inclusion criteria were >18 years old, ability to understand English, willingness to participate in a mind-body practice, and use of CB for a cancer journey. Change in perceived stress, self-compassion, social connectedness and assurance, and compassionate love scales from baseline to 21 days was assessed. Results: Of the 979 participants included in the study, 649 (66%) provided 3-week follow-up data and 330 (49%) self-reported engaging in the LKM practice 5 or more days/week. Participants in the immediate LKM group reported medium effect size improvement in stress (0.4), self-compassion (0.5), and social connectedness (0.4) compared with the deferred LKM group. Changes in perceived stress and self-compassion were larger in magnitude and increased with more frequent engagement in LKM. Conclusions: The immediate LKM group showed improvements in stress, self-compassion, and social connectedness compared with the deferred control group. Differential study retention rates by treatment arm and self-reported engagement in LKM subject the results to selection bias. Future research of similar interventions within online health communities might pay greater attention to promoting intervention adherence and engaging a more diverse economic and racial/ethnic population. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05002842).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Telke
- Earl E. Bakken Center for Spirituality and Healing, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brent Leininger
- Earl E. Bakken Center for Spirituality and Healing, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Linda Hanson
- Earl E. Bakken Center for Spirituality and Healing, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mary Jo Kreitzer
- Earl E. Bakken Center for Spirituality and Healing, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Steen M, Othman SME, Briley A, Vernon R, Hutchinson S, Dyer S. You Matter: Finding your self-compassion education for health professionals (Nurses and midwives): A sequential explanatory mixed methods study protocol. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 11:e34372. [PMID: 34848389 PMCID: PMC8796041 DOI: 10.2196/34372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been a few recent studies that have reported how having the ability to give self-compassion can reduce a health professional's levels of anxiety, stress, risk of compassion fatigue, burnout, and generally improve their wellbeing. Therefore, there is evidence to support further research into the investigation and exploration of self-compassion education and training for health professionals. OBJECTIVE This study aims to increase knowledge and understanding of self-compassion and how this may enhance the health and wellbeing of health professionals. METHODS The proposed research study will adopt a sequential explanatory mixed methods design. This study will be undertaken in three phases. Phase 1 will utilize a pre-educational self-compassion questionnaire (online survey) to collect data from participants at three-time points (pre, immediately after, and post-follow-up at 6-8 weeks) after attending the self-compassion education. Phase 2 will utilize an interview schedule to explore the participants' views and experiences through a follow-up focus group or individual interview. Finally, phase 3 will include data integration and dissemination of the key findings and recommendations. This study has ethical approval from the Women's and Children's Health Network, Human Research Ethics Committee, and Human Research Ethics Committee at the University of South Australia - 26 June 2021 (Application ID: 204074). RESULTS A scoping review has been previously undertaken to inform this research study (focussing on nurses and midwives). The preparatory phase was completed in April 2021. Phase 1 is expected to be completed by June 2022, and phase 2 will commence in July 2022. CONCLUSIONS The key findings from the data integration of this research project will provide in-depth details and insights to broaden the discussion about self-compassion and its influence upon health professionals' health and wellbeing. Health professionals (nurses and midwives) may benefit from self-compassion education and training programs to improve their health and wellbeing. CLINICALTRIAL
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Steen
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, AU
| | - Shwikar Mahmoud Etman Othman
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, AU.,Faculty of Nursing, South Valley University, Egypt, Qena, EG
| | - Annette Briley
- College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, AU
| | - Rachael Vernon
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, AU
| | - Steven Hutchinson
- SA Health
- Central Adelaide Local Health Network
- SA Prison Health Service, Adelaide, AU
| | - Susan Dyer
- Nursing & Midwifery Clinical Practice Development Unit, Women's & Children's Health Network, Adelaide, AU
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19
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A literature review of gratitude, parent–child relationships, and well-being in children. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Sinclair S, Kondejewski J, Jaggi P, Roze des Ordons AL, Kassam A, Hayden KA, Harris D, Hack TF. What works for whom in compassion training programs offered to practicing healthcare providers: a realist review. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:455. [PMID: 34454489 PMCID: PMC8403363 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02863-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients and families want their healthcare to be delivered by healthcare providers that are both competent and compassionate. While compassion training has begun to emerge in healthcare education, there may be factors that facilitate or inhibit the uptake and implementation of training into practice. This review identified the attributes that explain the successes and/or failures of compassion training programs offered to practicing healthcare providers. METHODS Realist review methodology for knowledge synthesis was used to consider the contexts, mechanisms (resources and reasoning), and outcomes of compassion training for practicing healthcare providers to determine what works, for whom, and in what contexts. RESULTS Two thousand nine hundred ninety-one articles underwent title and abstract screening, 53 articles underwent full text review, and data that contributed to the development of a program theory were extracted from 45 articles. Contexts included the clinical setting, healthcare provider characteristics, current state of the healthcare system, and personal factors relevant to individual healthcare providers. Mechanisms included workplace-based programs and participatory interventions that impacted teaching, learning, and the healthcare organization. Contexts were associated with certain mechanisms to effect change in learners' attitudes, knowledge, skills and behaviors and the clinical process. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion this realist review determined that compassion training may engender compassionate healthcare practice if it becomes a key component of the infrastructure and vision of healthcare organizations, engages institutional participation, improves leadership at all levels, adopts a multimodal approach, and uses valid measures to assess outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Sinclair
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Division of Palliative Medicine Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Compassion Research Lab, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Jane Kondejewski
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Compassion Research Lab, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Priya Jaggi
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Compassion Research Lab, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Amanda L Roze des Ordons
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Division of Palliative Medicine Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aliya Kassam
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Office of Postgraduate Medical Education, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - K Alix Hayden
- Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daranne Harris
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Compassion Research Lab, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Thomas F Hack
- College of Nursing, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 99 Curry Place, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2M6, Canada
- Psychosocial Oncology & Cancer Nursing Research, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Room CR3018, 369 Taché Ave, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R2H 2A6, Canada
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Sinclair S, Kondejewski J, Jaggi P, Dennett L, Roze des Ordons AL, Hack TF. What Is the State of Compassion Education? A Systematic Review of Compassion Training in Health Care. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2021; 96:1057-1070. [PMID: 33830949 PMCID: PMC8231671 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the current state and quality of compassion education interventions offered to health care providers during training or practice, determine how the components of each education intervention map onto the domains of an empirically based clinical model of compassion, and identify the most common approaches to compassion education. METHOD The MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Sociological Abstracts, Web of Science, ERIC, and Education Research Complete databases were searched from inception to March 2020 in this systematic review. Studies that evaluated a compassion education intervention for health care providers or those in training to enhance compassion toward patients and/or families were included. A narrative synthesis of the included studies was performed. The components of each intervention were mapped onto the domains of compassion described in the Patient Compassion Model. RESULTS One hundred eight peer-reviewed publications describing 103 interventions were included. Modalities ranged from establishing curricula and interventions in clinical settings to programs that used humanities-based reflective practices, clinical simulation, role modeling, and contemplative practices, with many education interventions adopting a multimodal approach. Most interventions mapped to the virtuous response domain of the Patient Compassion Model; very few mapped to the other domains of this model. CONCLUSIONS Most interventions were limited as they focused on a single domain of compassion; did not adequately define compassion; were assessed exclusively by self-report; were devoid of a comparator/control group; and did not evaluate retention, sustainability, and translation to clinical practice over time. The authors suggest that compassion education interventions be grounded in an empirically based definition of compassion; use a competency-based approach; employ multimodal teaching methods that address the requisite attitudes, skills, behaviors, and knowledge within the multiple domains of compassion; evaluate learning over time; and incorporate patient, preceptor, and peer evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Sinclair
- S. Sinclair is associate professor and director, Compassion Research Lab, Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jane Kondejewski
- J. Kondejewski is research assistant, Compassion Research Lab, Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Priya Jaggi
- P. Jaggi is research coordinator, Compassion Research Lab, Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Liz Dennett
- L. Dennett is librarian, Scott Health Sciences Library, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amanda L. Roze des Ordons
- A.L. Roze des Ordons is clinical associate professor, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Thomas F. Hack
- T.F. Hack is professor, College of Nursing, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, and director, Psychosocial Oncology & Cancer Nursing Research, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Guan F, Wu Y, Ren W, Zhang P, Jing B, Xu Z, Wu ST, Peng KP, He JB. Self-compassion and the Mitigation of Negative Affect in the Era of Social Distancing. Mindfulness (N Y) 2021; 12:2184-2195. [PMID: 34221182 PMCID: PMC8236748 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-021-01674-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The outbreak of contagious diseases and their associated non-pharmaceutical interventions can lead to negative mental health consequences. This study aimed to investigate online self-compassion exercises' effectiveness in alleviating people's negative affect (anxiety and negative emotions) during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Methods Study 1 examined the associations between self-compassion and negative affect using an anonymous online survey. In study 2, two pilot experiments were conducted to examine online self-compassion exercises' (i.e., instructor-guided meditation and self-guided writing) effectiveness to mitigate individuals' negative affect. In study 3, a randomized controlled study was conducted to further examine online self-compassion writing's effectiveness in reducing people's negative affect. Results The results of study 1 indicated a significant negative association between self-compassion and participants' negative affect. Participants in study 2a reported significant decreases in negative affect after completing the self-compassion meditation. Study 2b showed that participants who completed the self-compassion writing reported significantly more self-compassion and less anxiety when compared to participants who did not. Study 3 showed substantial pre/post-test changes in participants who completed self-compassion writing. Importantly, there were significant increases in participants' self-compassion and decreases in negative affect when compared to participants in the control condition. Conclusions Self-compassion exercises were effective to alleviate individuals' anxiety and reduce negative emotions (even within a brief session) during the pandemic lockdown. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12671-021-01674-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Guan
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ren
- The Department of Youth and Children Work, China Youth University of Political Studies, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Xu
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Tao Wu
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kai-Ping Peng
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Bo He
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Kotera Y, Mayer CH, Vanderheiden E. Cross-Cultural Comparison of Mental Health Between German and South African Employees: Shame, Self-Compassion, Work Engagement, and Work Motivation. Front Psychol 2021; 12:627851. [PMID: 34239473 PMCID: PMC8258247 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.627851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative impact of the coronavirus disease outbreak 2019 (COVID-19) on work mental health is reported in many countries including Germany and South Africa: two culturally distinct countries. This study aims to compare mental health between the two workforces to appraise how cultural characteristics may impact their mental health status. A cross-sectional study was used with self-report measures regarding (i) mental health problems, (ii) mental health shame, (iii) self-compassion, (iv) work engagement and (v) work motivation. 257 German employees and 225 South African employees have completed those scales. This study reports results following the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines. T-tests, correlation and regression analyses were performed. German employees had lower mental health problems and mental health shame, and higher self-compassion than South Africans. Mental health problems were positively associated with mental health shame and amotivation, and negatively associated with work engagement and intrinsic motivation in both groups. Lastly, self-compassion, a PP 2.0 construct, was the strongest predictor for mental health problems in both countries. Our results suggest (i) that German culture's long-term orientation, uncertainty avoidance and restraint may help explain these differences, and (ii) that self-compassion was important to mental health in both countries. While the levels of mental health differed between the two countries, cultivating self-compassion may be an effective way to protect mental health of employees in those countries. Findings can help inform managers and HR staff to refine their wellbeing strategies to reduce the negative impact of the pandemic, especially in German-South African organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kotera
- Human Sciences Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Claude-Hélène Mayer
- Department of Industrial Psychology and People Management, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elisabeth Vanderheiden
- Institut für Sprachgebrauch und Therapeutische Kommunikation, Europa Universität Viadrina, Frankfurt, Germany
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Patronis S, Staffileno BA. Favorable Outcomes From an In-person and Online Feasibility Mindful Moment Pilot Study. Holist Nurs Pract 2021; 35:158-166. [PMID: 33853100 DOI: 10.1097/hnp.0000000000000443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Long hours, inadequate staff, and increasingly complicated patients make nurses more vulnerable to increased levels of stress and burnout. Nurses skilled in exercising self-care practices are better equipped to manage complex clinical situations. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility of short mindfulness sessions (Mindful Moment) practiced prior to a shift, available in person and online, on nurse burnout and perceived levels of stress. The 8-week Mindful Moment study consisted of 20-minute sessions delivered either in person or online that included yoga, self-reflection, and meditation. Nurse burnout was assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory at weeks 0, 4, and 8. Perceived stress was assessed using a visual analog scale before and after each Mindful Moment session. Descriptive statistics, pre/postintervention differences, and percent change calculations were used to evaluate study outcomes. Forty-seven nurses agreed to participate, with 20 nurses completing the study (43%). Participants were all female, aged 36.8 ± 9.8 years, with 12 ± 8.6 years of nursing experience. With respect to nurse burnout, there was a -31% change in emotional exhaustion (P = .079), a -31% change in depersonalization (P = .057), and a +10% change in personal accomplishment (P = .331). There were consistent reductions in nurses' perceived stress pre/post-Mindful Moment session, with percent changes ranging from -35% to 40%. Findings from this study suggest that practicing a brief Mindful Moment prior to the start of a shift is feasible and self-care interventions provide lower levels of burnout and perceived stress among this sample of nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Patronis
- Rush-Copley Medical Center Aurora, Illinois (Ms Patronis); and College of Nursing (Dr Staffileno) and Center for Clinical Research and Scholarship (Dr Staffileno), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Kotera Y, Van Gordon W. Effects of Self-Compassion Training on Work-Related Well-Being: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2021; 12:630798. [PMID: 33967896 PMCID: PMC8102699 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.630798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-compassion, sharing some commonalities with positive psychology 2.0 approaches, is associated with better mental health outcomes in diverse populations, including workers. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there is heightened awareness of the importance of self-care for fostering mental health at work. However, evidence regarding the applications of self-compassion interventions in work-related contexts has not been systematically reviewed to date. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to synthesize and evaluate the utility of self-compassion interventions targeting work-related well-being, as well as assess the methodological quality of relevant studies. Eligible articles were identified from research databases including ProQuest, PsycINFO, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The quality of non-randomized trials and randomized controlled trials was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Quality Assessment Table, respectively. The literature search yielded 3,387 titles from which ten studies met the inclusion criteria. All ten studies reported promising effects of self-compassion training for work-related well-being. The methodological quality of these studies was medium. All ten studies recruited workers in a caring field and were mostly conducted in Western countries. The Self-Compassion Scale or its short-form was used in almost all instances. Findings indicate that self-compassion training can improve self-compassion and other work-related well-being outcomes in working populations. However, in general, there is need for greater methodological quality in work-related self-compassion intervention studies to advance understanding regarding the applications and limitations of this technique in work contexts. Furthermore, future studies should focus on a broader range of employee groups, including non-caring professions as well as individuals working in non-Western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kotera
- Human Sciences Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
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Eleftheriou ME, Thomas E. Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:707057. [PMID: 34456763 PMCID: PMC8386240 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.707057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness-based interventions and psychedelic-assisted therapy have been experimentally utilised in recent years as alternative treatments for various psychopathologies with moderate to great success. Both have also demonstrated significant post-acute and long-term decreases in clinical symptoms and enhancements in well-being in healthy participants. These two therapeutic interventions share various postulated salutogenic mechanisms, such as the ability to alter present-moment awareness and anti-depressive action, via corresponding neuromodulatory effects. Recent preliminary evidence has also demonstrated that psychedelic administration can enhance mindfulness capacities which has already been demonstrated robustly as a result of mindfulness-based interventions. These shared mechanisms between mindfulness-based interventions and psychedelic therapy have led to scientists theorising, and recently demonstrating, synergistic effects when both are used in combination, in the form of potentiated therapeutic benefit. These synergistic results hold great promise but require replication in bigger sample groups and better controlled methodologies, to fully delineate the effect of set and setting, before they can be extended onto clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eleni Eleftheriou
- Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Thomas
- Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Baguley SI, Dev V, Fernando AT, Consedine NS. How Do Health Professionals Maintain Compassion Over Time? Insights From a Study of Compassion in Health. Front Psychol 2020; 11:564554. [PMID: 33447247 PMCID: PMC7802760 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.564554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although compassion in healthcare differs in important ways from compassion in everyday life, it provides a key, applied microcosm in which the science of compassion can be applied. Compassion is among the most important virtues in medicine, expected from medical professionals and anticipated by patients. Yet, despite evidence of its centrality to effective clinical care, research has focused on compassion fatigue or barriers to compassion and neglected to study the fact that most healthcare professionals maintain compassion for their patients. In contributing to this understudied area, the present report provides an exploratory investigation into how healthcare professionals report trying to maintain compassion. In the study, 151 professionals were asked questions about how they maintained compassion for their patients. Text responses were coded, with a complex mixture of internal vs. external, self vs. patient, and immediate vs. general strategies being reported. Exploratory analyses revealed reliable individual differences in the tendency to report strategies of particular types but no consistent age-related differences between older and younger practitioners emerged. Overall, these data suggest that while a range of compassion-maintaining strategies were reported, strategies were typically concentrated in particular areas and most professionals seek to maintain care using internal strategies. A preliminary typology of compassion maintaining strategies is proposed, study limitations and future directions are discussed, and implications for the study of how compassion is maintained are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie I. Baguley
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vinayak Dev
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Nathan S. Consedine
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Day G, Robert G, Rafferty AM. Gratitude in Health Care: A Meta-narrative Review. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2020; 30:2303-2315. [PMID: 32924863 PMCID: PMC7649920 DOI: 10.1177/1049732320951145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Research into gratitude as a significant sociological and psychological phenomenon has proliferated in the past two decades. However, there is little consensus on how it should be conceptualized or investigated empirically. We present a meta-narrative review that focuses on gratitude in health care, with an emphasis on research exploring interpersonal experiences in the context of care provision. Six meta-narratives from literatures across the humanities, sciences, and medicine are identified, contextualized, and discussed: gratitude as social capital; gifts; care ethics; benefits of gratitude; gratitude and staff well-being; and gratitude as an indicator of quality of care. Meta-narrative review was a valuable framework for making sense of theoretical antecedents and findings in this developing area of research. We conclude that greater attention needs to be given to what constitutes "evidence" in gratitude research and call for qualitative studies to better understand and shape the role and implications of gratitude in health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giskin Day
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Giskin Day, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King’s College London, James Clerk Maxwell Building, 27 Waterloo Road, London SE1 8WA, UK.
| | - Glenn Robert
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Marie Rafferty
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Yela JR, Gómez‐martínez MÁ, Crego A, Jiménez L. Effects of the Mindful Self‐Compassion programme on clinical and health psychology trainees' well‐being: A pilot study. CLIN PSYCHOL-UK 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/cp.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José Ramón Yela
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain,
| | | | - Antonio Crego
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain,
| | - Laura Jiménez
- Health Psychology Service, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain,
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Hagerman LA, Manankil-Rankin L, Schwind JK. Self-compassion in undergraduate nursing: an integrative review. Int J Nurs Educ Scholarsh 2020; 17:/j/ijnes.2020.17.issue-1/ijnes-2020-0021/ijnes-2020-0021.xml. [PMID: 33151177 DOI: 10.1515/ijnes-2020-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore self-compassion and its role in supporting well-being, compassionate care, and the academic experience in undergraduate nursing students. Method Whittemore and Knafl's (2005) integrative review methodology was used to search articles published between 2007 and 2020, which resulted in 36 articles meeting the inclusion criteria: compassion for self and others, strategies to support self-compassion; and self-compassion and student learning. Result Findings indicate that self-compassion may promote compassionate care, personal well-being, resilience, and emotional intelligence while supporting indicators of academic success. Compassion literacy, mindfulness training, and experiential exercises are some of the strategies that could be integrated into nursing curricula to enhance compassion in nursing students for self and others. Conclusion Integrating mindfulness and self-compassion in undergraduate curricula requires innovative teaching and learning approaches within a supportive organizational environment. To this end, a Self-Compassion Curricular Model to guide nursing programs is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louela Manankil-Rankin
- School of Nursing, Scholar Practitioner Program, Nipissing University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jasna K Schwind
- Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Fazia T, Bubbico F, Iliakis I, Salvato G, Berzuini G, Bruno S, Bernardinelli L. Short-Term Meditation Training Fosters Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation: A Pilot Study. Front Psychol 2020; 11:558803. [PMID: 33192816 PMCID: PMC7649763 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.558803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The practice of meditation has been historically linked to beneficial effects, not only in terms of spirituality but also in terms of well-being, general improvement of psychophysiological conditions and quality of life. The present study aims to assess the beneficial effects of a short-term intervention (a combination of 12 practical 1-h sessions of meditation, called Integral Meditation, and lectures on neuroscience of meditation) on psychological indicators of well-being in subjects from the general population. We used a one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design, in which all participants (n = 41, 17 men and 24 women, with a mean age of 41.1 years) underwent the same intervention. Out of these, 24 had already experienced meditation practice, but only 12 in a continuative way. Effects were assessed by the standardized Italian version of three self-report questionnaires: Core Outcome in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM), Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). The questionnaires were filled in at baseline and immediately after the last meditation session. Linear mixed effect models were used to evaluate pre-post treatment changes on each outcome. Participants showed a general, close to a statistically significant threshold, improvement in the total score of CORE-OM and its different domains. The total score of FFMQ (β = 0.154, p = 0.012) indicates a statistically significant increase in the level of mindfulness as well as in the domains acting with awareness (β = 0.212, p = 0.024), and non-judging of inner experiences (β = 0.384, p < 0.0001). Lastly, we observed a statistically significant improvement in the cognitive reappraisal ERQ domain (β = 0.541, p = 0.0003). Despite some limitations (i.e., small sample size, lack of a randomised control group and sole use of "soft" measurements, such as self-report questionnaires), this study offers promising results regarding the within-subject effectiveness of our intervention that includes a meditation practice on psychological indicators, thus providing interesting preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Fazia
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Bubbico
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ioannis Iliakis
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gerardo Salvato
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Cognitive Neuropsychology Centre, ASST "Grande Ospedale Metropolitano" Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Berzuini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Bernardinelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Mascaro JS, Florian MP, Ash MJ, Palmer PK, Frazier T, Condon P, Raison C. Ways of Knowing Compassion: How Do We Come to Know, Understand, and Measure Compassion When We See It? Front Psychol 2020; 11:547241. [PMID: 33132956 PMCID: PMC7561712 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.547241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, empirical research on compassion has burgeoned in the biomedical, clinical, translational, and foundational sciences. Increasingly sophisticated understandings and measures of compassion continue to emerge from the abundance of multidisciplinary and cross-disciplinary studies. Naturally, the diversity of research methods and theoretical frameworks employed presents a significant challenge to consensus and synthesis of this knowledge. To bring the empirical findings of separate and sometimes siloed disciplines into conversation with one another requires an examination of their disparate assumptions about what compassion is and how it can be known. Here, we present an integrated theoretical review of methodologies used in the empirical study of compassion. Our goal is to highlight the distinguishing features of each of these ways of knowing compassion, as well as the strengths and limitations of applying them to specific research questions. We hope this will provide useful tools for selecting methods that are tailored to explicit objectives (methods matching), taking advantage of methodological complementarity across disciplines (methods mixing), and incorporating the empirical study of compassion into fields in which it may be missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Mascaro
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Marcia J. Ash
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Patricia K. Palmer
- Department of Spiritual Health, Woodruff Health Sciences Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Tyralynn Frazier
- Center for Contemplative Science and Compassion-Based Ethics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Paul Condon
- Department of Psychology, Southern Oregon University, Ashland, OR, United States
| | - Charles Raison
- School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Testing the Intermediary Role of Perceived Stress in the Relationship between Mindfulness and Burnout Subtypes in a Large Sample of Spanish University Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17197013. [PMID: 32992782 PMCID: PMC7579009 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The burnout syndrome is the consequence of chronic stress that overwhelms an individual’s resources to cope with occupational or academic demands. Frenetic, under-challenged, and worn-out are different burnout subtypes. Mindfulness has been recognized to reduce stress, comprising five facets (observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judging of inner experience, and non-reactivity to inner experience). This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the relationship between mindfulness facets, perceived stress, and burnout subtypes in a sample of 1233 students of Education, Nursing, and Psychology degrees from different universities of Valencia (Spain). Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was computed showing an adequate fit (Chi-square, CFI, TLI, RMSEA, and SRMR). Four mindfulness facets (all but observing) significantly correlated with general second-order mindfulness. Unexpected results were found: Acting with awareness facet was positively associated with frenetic subtype, while the non-reacting facet was positively associated with frenetic and under-challenged subtype. Ultimately, mindfulness facets negatively predicted the perceived stress levels, which in turn, predicted burnout. However, mindfulness plays different roles in the early stages of burnout syndrome (i.e., frenetic and under-challenged).
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Self-compassion mediates and moderates the association between harsh parenting and depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescent. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Liu A, Wang W, Wu X. Understanding the Relation Between Self-Compassion and Suicide Risk Among Adolescents in a Post-disaster Context: Mediating Roles of Gratitude and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1541. [PMID: 32765352 PMCID: PMC7378767 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The suicide risk among adolescents post-earthquake remains an important issue in trauma psychology. While existing studies and theories suggest that factors such as self-compassion, gratitude, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) play roles in the risk of suicide, few studies have combined these factors to explore the relationship between them. Objective This study examined the mediating roles of gratitude and PTSD in the relationship between self-compassion and suicide risk among Chinese adolescents after the Ya’an earthquake. Methods Four and a half years after the Ya’an earthquake, 499 middle school students in Lushan County were assessed using the following systems: Measures of Self-Compassion Scale, Gratitude Questionnaire, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, and Child Behavior Problems Questionnaire. Results When we controlled for gender, age, and traumatic exposure, in the direct effect model, positive self-compassion had a negative effect on suicide risk, and negative self-compassion had a positive effect on suicide risk. In the indirect effects model, both positive self-compassion and negative self-compassion had no significant direct effect on suicide risk. Moreover, we found an indirect and negative effect of positive self-compassion on suicide risk via gratitude and PTSD, as well as via an indirect path from gratitude to PTSD. On the other hand, we also found an indirect and positive effect of negative self-compassion on suicide risk via gratitude and PTSD, as well as via an indirect path from gratitude to PTSD. Conclusion Positive self-compassion reduces the risk of suicide, while negative self-compassion increases the risk of suicide. Gratitude and PTSD play significant mediating role between self-compassion and suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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36
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Kotera Y, Van Laethem M, Ohshima R. Cross-cultural comparison of mental health between Japanese and Dutch workers: relationships with mental health shame, self-compassion, work engagement and motivation. CROSS CULTURAL & STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/ccsm-02-2020-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe primary purpose of this descriptive study was to compare the levels of, and relationships among mental health problems, mental health shame, self-compassion, work engagement and work motivation between workers in Japan (collectivistic and success-driven culture) and the Netherlands (individualistic and quality-oriented culture).Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional design, where convenience samples of 165 Japanese and 160 Dutch workers completed self-report measures about mental health problems, shame, self-compassion, engagement and motivation, was used. Welch t-tests, correlation and regression analyses were conducted to compare (1) the levels of these variables, (2) relationships among these variables and (3) predictors of mental health problems, between the two groups.FindingsDutch workers had higher levels of mental health problems, work engagement and intrinsic motivation, and lower levels of shame and amotivation than Japanese workers. Mental health problems were associated with shame in both samples. Mental health problems were negatively predicted by self-compassion in Japanese, and by work engagement in Dutch employees.Originality/valueThe novelty of this study relates to exploring differences in work mental health between those two culturally contrasting countries. Our findings highlight potential cultural differences such as survey responding (Japanese acquiescent responding vs Dutch self-enhancement) and cultural emphases (Japanese shame vs Dutch quality of life). Job crafting, mindfulness and enhancing ikigai (meaningfulness in life) may be helpful to protect mental health in these workers, relating to self-compassion and work engagement. Findings from this study would be particularly useful to employers, managers and staff in human resources who work with cross-cultural workforce.
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Wasson RS, Barratt C, O'Brien WH. Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Self-compassion in Health Care Professionals: a Meta-analysis. Mindfulness (N Y) 2020; 11:1914-1934. [PMID: 32421083 PMCID: PMC7223423 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-020-01342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Health care professionals have elevated rates of burnout and compassion fatigue which are correlated with poorer quality of life and patient care, and inversely correlated with self-compassion. Primary studies have evaluated the extent to which mindfulness-based interventions increase self-compassion with contradictory findings. A meta-analytic review of the literature was conducted to quantitatively synthesize the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on self-compassion among health care professionals. Methods Twenty-eight treatment outcome studies were identified eligible for inclusion. Five cumulative effect sizes were calculated using random-effects models to evaluate differences of changes in self-compassion for treatment and control groups. Within and between group comparisons were evaluated. Sub-group and moderator analyses were conducted to explore potential moderating variables. Results Twenty-seven articles (k = 29, N = 1020) were utilized in the pre-post-treatment meta-analysis. Fifteen samples (52%) included health care professionals and fourteen (48%) professional health care students. Results showed a moderate effect size between pre-post-treatment comparisons (g = .61, 95% CI = .47 to .76) for self-compassion and a strong effect size for pre-treatment to follow-up (g = .76, 95% CI = .41 to 1.12). The effect size comparing post-treatment versus post-control was moderate. One exploratory moderator analysis was significant, with stronger effects for interventions with a retreat component. Conclusions Findings suggest mindfulness-based interventions improve self-compassion in health care professionals. Additionally, a variety of mindfulness-based programs may be useful for employees and trainees. Future studies with rigorous methodology evaluating effects on self-compassion and patient care from mindfulness-based interventions are warranted to extend findings and explore moderators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Wasson
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, 822 E Merry Ave, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA
| | - Clare Barratt
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, 822 E Merry Ave, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA
| | - William H O'Brien
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, 822 E Merry Ave, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA
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Kotera Y, Adhikari P, Sheffield D. Mental health of UK hospitality workers: shame, self-criticism and self-reassurance. SERVICE INDUSTRIES JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/02642069.2020.1713111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kotera
- Centre for Human Sciences Research, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Prateek Adhikari
- Centre for Human Sciences Research, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - David Sheffield
- Centre for Human Sciences Research, University of Derby, Derby, UK
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Varghese B. Relationships Between Positive and Negative Attributes of Self-Compassion and Perceived Caring Efficacy Among Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2020; 58:32-40. [PMID: 31710366 DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20191022-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this correlational quantitative study was to examine the relationships between work-related demographic variables, self-compassion, and perceived caring efficacy among psychiatric-mental health nurses (PMHNs), as measured using the Self-Compassion Scale and Caring Efficacy Scale. Participants were RNs actively working in psychiatric-mental health settings in the United States who are currently members of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association. Results suggest PMHNs with high levels of positive attributes of self-compassion had higher perceived levels of caring efficacy and those with high levels of negative attributes of self-compassion had lower perceived levels of caring efficacy. No statistically significant relationships were found between demographic variables, such as years of work experience, nurse:patient ratio, and perceived level of caring efficacy. The knowledge of the association between attributes of self-compassion and perceived caring efficacy can provide nurses with improved awareness of the need to be compassionate to the self and its relationship to effectiveness of care provided, potentially leading to positive health outcomes in clients. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 58(2), 32-40.].
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Gogo A, Osta A, McClafferty H, Rana DT. Cultivating a way of being and doing: Individual strategies for physician well-being and resilience. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2019; 49:100663. [PMID: 31564630 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2019.100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The practice of medicine is rewarding on many levels, but demands of the work can result in mental and emotional exhaustion, self-isolation, burnout, depression, suicidal ideation and tragically, completed suicide. It is critical to have effective strategies to address the unique stressors of a medical career, mitigate burnout, and buffer the physiologic toll of chronic stress. Using Zwack and Schweitzer's widely published description of approaches to maintaining resilience and approaches to wellness, we have organized these strategies into three broad domains relevant to medical practice: (1) gratification (connection and communication, meaning and purpose); (2) resilience building practices (self-reflection, time for oneself, self-compassion, spirituality); and (3) useful attitudes (acceptance, flexibility, self-awareness). Several techniques are described including mindfulness-based stress reduction, narrative medicine, skillful communication, and practices in self-compassion, gratitude, and spirituality. The focus of the work is to introduce a spectrum of resilience strategies for individual consideration that can be tailored and combined to meet a physician's changing needs over the course of medical training and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albina Gogo
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States.
| | - Amanda Osta
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Hilary McClafferty
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Deborah T Rana
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States
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Trockel MT, Hamidi MS, Menon NK, Rowe SG, Dudley JC, Stewart MT, Geisler CZ, Bohman BD, Shanafelt TD. Self-valuation: Attending to the Most Important Instrument in the Practice of Medicine. Mayo Clin Proc 2019; 94:2022-2031. [PMID: 31543254 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure self-valuation, involving constructive prioritization of personal well-being and a growth mindset perspective that seeks to learn and improve as the primary response to errors, in physicians and evaluate its relationship with burnout and sleep-related impairment. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional survey data collected between July 1, 2016, and October 31, 2017, from 5 academic medical centers in the United States. All faculty and medical-staff physicians at participating organizations were invited to participate. The self-valuation scale included 4 items measured on a 5-point (0-4) Likert scale (summative score range, 0-16). The self-valuation scale was developed and pilot tested in a sample of 250 physicians before inclusion in the multisite wellness survey, which also included validated measures of burnout and sleep-related impairment. RESULTS Of the 6189 physicians invited to participate, 3899 responded (response rate, 63.0%). Each 1-point score increase in self-valuation was associated with -1.10 point lower burnout score (95% CI, -1.16 to -1.05; standardized β=-0.53; P<.001) and 0.81 point lower sleep-related impairment score (95% CI, -0.85 to -0.76; standardized β=-0.47; P<.001), adjusting for sex and medical specialty. Women had lower self-valuation (Cohen d=0.30) and higher burnout (Cohen d=0.22) than men. Lower self-valuation scores in women accounted for most of the sex difference in burnout. CONCLUSION Low self-valuation among physicians is associated with burnout and sleep-related impairment. Further research is warranted to develop and test interventions that increase self-valuation as a mechanism to improve physician well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickey T Trockel
- Stanford Medicine WellMD Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA.
| | - Maryam S Hamidi
- Stanford Medicine WellMD Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Nikitha K Menon
- Stanford Medicine WellMD Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Susannah G Rowe
- Comprehensive Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - Miriam T Stewart
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA
| | - Cory Z Geisler
- Provider Services, University of Wisconsin Health, Madison
| | - Bryan D Bohman
- Stanford Medicine WellMD Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Tait D Shanafelt
- Stanford Medicine WellMD Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
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Affiliation(s)
- Paria M Wilson
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Maneesh Batra
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Seattle Children's Hospital and the University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - John D Mahan
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Betty B Staples
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Janet R Serwint
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Kotera Y, Green P, Sheffield D. Mental Health Shame of UK Construction Workers: Relationship with Masculinity, Work Motivation, and Self-Compassion. JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.5093/jwop2019a15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shattell M, Johnson A. Mindful Self-Compassion: How it Can Enhance Resilience. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2019; 56:15-17. [PMID: 29328351 DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20171219-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kemper KJ, McClafferty H, Wilson PM, Serwint JR, Batra M, Mahan JD, Schubert CJ, Staples BB, Schwartz A. Do Mindfulness and Self-Compassion Predict Burnout in Pediatric Residents? ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2019; 94:876-884. [PMID: 30520809 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000002546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Burnout symptoms are common among health professionals. Gaps remain in understanding both the stability of burnout and compassion over time and relationships among burnout, self-compassion, stress, and mindfulness in pediatric residents. METHOD The authors conducted a prospective cohort study of residents at 31 U.S. residency programs affiliated with the Pediatric Resident Burnout-Resilience Study Consortium. Residents completed online cross-sectional surveys in spring 2016 and 2017. The authors assessed demographic characteristics and standardized measures of mindfulness, self-compassion, stress, burnout, and confidence in providing compassionate care. RESULTS Of 1,108 eligible residents, 872 (79%) completed both surveys. Of these, 72% were women. The prevalence of burnout was 58% and the level of mindfulness was 2.8 in both years; levels of stress (16.4 and 16.2) and self-compassion (37.2 and 37.6) were also nearly identical in both years. After controlling for baseline burnout levels in linear mixed-model regression analyses, mindfulness in 2016 was protective for levels of stress and confidence in providing compassionate care in 2017. Self-compassion in 2016 was protective for burnout, stress, and confidence in providing compassionate care in 2017; a one-standard-deviation increase in self-compassion score was associated with a decrease in the probability of burnout from 58% to 48%. CONCLUSIONS Burnout and stress were prevalent and stable over at least 12 months among pediatric residents. Mindfulness and self-compassion were longitudinally associated with lower stress and greater confidence in providing compassionate care. Future studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of training that promotes mindfulness and self-compassion in pediatric residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathi J Kemper
- K.J. Kemper is founding director, Center for Integrative Health and Wellness, and professor of pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. H. McClafferty is director, Pediatric Integrative Medicine in Residency Program, and codirector, Fellowship in Integrative Medicine, University of Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona. P.M. Wilson is assistant professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. J.R. Serwint is professor emeritus of pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. M. Batra is associate program director, Pediatric Residency Program, and associate professor of pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. J.D. Mahan is director, Pediatric Residency Program, and professor of pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. C.J. Schubert is professor of pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. B.B. Staples is director, Pediatric Residency Program, and associate professor of pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. A. Schwartz is Michael Reese Endowed Professor of Medical Education and director of research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, and data analyst, Association of Pediatric Program Directors Longitudinal Educational Assessment Research Network
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Reizer A. Bringing Self-Kindness Into the Workplace: Exploring the Mediating Role of Self-Compassion in the Associations Between Attachment and Organizational Outcomes. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1148. [PMID: 31164857 PMCID: PMC6536612 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that individual differences in adult attachment predict several organizational outcomes. However, little is known about the mechanism that underlies these associations. The current study examines whether self-compassion can serve as a potential mediator explaining the associations between individual differences in attachment and organizational outcomes. Four outcome measures were evaluated: job performance (HPQ; Kessler et al., 2003), organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) (Goodman and Svyantek, 1999), turnover intentions (Abrams et al., 1998), and emotional exhaustion (Schaufeli et al., 1996). In addition, participants (N = 202, response rate 81%) also completed several questionnaires assessing attachment style (ECR; Brennan et al., 1998) and self-compassion (SCS; Neff, 2003). Using structural equation modeling (SEM) for testing the research hypotheses, the hypothesized model was supported, with self-compassion mediating the relationship between attachment styles and all four work-related outcomes. The research findings suggest that self-compassion can provide a solid mechanism for understanding organizational outcomes and for understanding individual differences related to attachment functioning in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abira Reizer
- Department of Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Braun SE, Kinser PA, Rybarczyk B. Can mindfulness in health care professionals improve patient care? An integrative review and proposed model. Transl Behav Med 2019; 9:187-201. [PMID: 29945218 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/iby059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness in health care professionals (HCPs) is often discussed as a tool for improving patient care outcomes, yet there has not been a critical evaluation of the evidence, despite a growing body of research on mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs). Numerous mechanisms exist by which mindfulness in HCPs may have an effect on patient care, and the field lacks an integrated model to guide future investigations into how MBIs may exert effects. The primary goals of this integrative review are to evaluate the evidence for the impact of MBIs in HCPs on patient care outcomes and to propose a causal model to guide future research. Databases were systematically searched for eligible studies investigating either an MBI or a measure of dispositional mindfulness in HCPs on patient care outcomes. Studies were critically evaluated using a previously developed tool. Twenty-six studies were identified (N = 1,277), which provide strong support for effects of mindfulness on HCP-reported patient care. Moderate support was found for patient safety, patient treatment outcomes, and patient-centered care. There was overall weak evidence to support a relationship between HCP-mindfulness on patient satisfaction. Mindfulness in HCPs may be related to several aspects of patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ellen Braun
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Patricia Anne Kinser
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Bruce Rybarczyk
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Reed S, Kemper KJ, Schwartz A, Batra M, Staples BB, Serwint JR, McClafferty H, Schubert CJ, Wilson PM, Rakowsky A, Chase M, Mahan JD. Variability of Burnout and Stress Measures in Pediatric Residents: An Exploratory Single-Center Study From the Pediatric Resident Burnout-Resilience Study Consortium. J Evid Based Integr Med 2019; 23:2515690X18804779. [PMID: 30378438 PMCID: PMC6238198 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x18804779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Residency is a high-risk period for physician burnout. We aimed to determine the short-term stability of factors associated with burnout, application of these data to previous conceptual models, and the relationship of these factors over 3 months. Physician wellness questionnaire results were analyzed at 2 time points 3 months apart. Associations among variables within and across time points were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to predict burnout and compassionate care. A total of 74% of residents completed surveys. Over 3 months, burnout ( P = .005) and empathy ( P = .04) worsened. The most significant cross-sectional relationship was between stress and emotional exhaustion (time 1 r = 0.61, time 2 r = 0.68). Resilience was predictive of increased compassionate care and decreased burnout ( P < .05). Mindfulness was predictive of decreased burnout ( P < .05). Mitigating stress and fostering mindfulness and resilience longitudinally may be key areas of focus for improved wellness in pediatric residents. Larger studies are needed to better develop targeted wellness interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Reed
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Suzanne Reed, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles J. Schubert
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Alex Rakowsky
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Margaret Chase
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John D. Mahan
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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LeVasseur M, Purzycki E, Williams H. Developing and Implementing Mindfulness Programs in Hospital and Health-Care Settings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ace.20314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Nguyen MC, Gabbe SG, Kemper KJ, Mahan JD, Cheavens JS, Moffatt-Bruce SD. Training on mind-body skills: Feasibility and effects on physician mindfulness, compassion, and associated effects on stress, burnout, and clinical outcomes. JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2019.1578892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven G. Gabbe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - Kathi J. Kemper
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John D. Mahan
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Susan D. Moffatt-Bruce
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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