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Alcas O, Saldaña D, Triveño A, Salazar M, Mejía P. Association between olfactory dysfunction and COVID-19 severity: A prospective study in a highly complex hospital in Peru. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2024; 103:10S-18S. [PMID: 34908507 DOI: 10.1177/01455613211066691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Olfactory dysfunction has been included among the early symptoms of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Evidence suggests that a relationship exists between the duration of olfaction disorders and the probability of developing severe COVID-19. Given the scope of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study aimed to determine the frequency of smell alteration and its association with the severity of COVID-19 in a referral hospital in Peru, which is one of the most affected countries in the Latin American region. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was an observational, prospective cohort study that included patients with COVID-19 who were treated at the Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins from August to November 2020. To assess the association, the chi-square test of independence or Fisher's exact test was performed. The outcome variable was COVID-19 severity, and the exposure variable was olfactory dysfunction. The first data collection was in the emergency department and the follow-up was via telephone. RESULTS A total of 179 patients were included. The mean age was 61.6 ± 15.5 years, and 129 patients (72.1%) were male. Olfactory dysfunction was observed in 43 patients (24%). An inverse association was found between age and olfactory dysfunction (P = .002). No significant association was found between COVID-19 severity level and olfactory alteration (P = .056). However, a direct association was found between COVID-19 severity and age (P = .003), cough (P < .001), and respiratory distress (P = .003). CONCLUSION This study did not find any association between the severity of COVID-19 and olfactory dysfunction. It showed a low incidence rate of smell alteration compared with studies from other regions. Moreover, smell alteration was associated with younger age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olenka Alcas
- Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins - HNERM, Lima, Perú
| | - Diego Saldaña
- Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins - HNERM, Lima, Perú
| | - Andy Triveño
- Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins - HNERM, Lima, Perú
| | - Miguel Salazar
- Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins - HNERM, Lima, Perú
| | - Paola Mejía
- Departament of Emergency, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins - HNERM, Lima, Perú
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Jang SS, Pak KS, Strom A, Gomez L, Kim K, Doherty TA, DeConde AS, Ryan AF, Yan CH. Pro-inflammatory markers associated with COVID-19-related persistent olfactory dysfunction. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2024; 14:786-793. [PMID: 37676246 PMCID: PMC10918027 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While localized inflammation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of acute coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) olfactory dysfunction (OD), persistent COVID-19 OD remains poorly understood with limited therapeutics. Our prospective study evaluated olfactory cleft (OC) biomarkers as predictors of persistent OD in mucus sampling. METHODS COVID-19 subjects with persistent OD >3 months confirmed by psychophysical olfaction tests were compared to COVID-19 subjects with no OD and those with no prior infection. OC mucus samples were evaluated for 13 anti-viral and inflammatory biomarkers. Cohorts were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Mann-Whitney tests with multi-comparison adjustment. Viral RNA was assessed through RT-PCR using the COVID-19 N2 primer. RESULTS Thirty-five samples were collected (20 COVID persistent OD, 8 COVID no OD, and 7 non-COVID no OD). Significant differences in IFN-λ1 (p = 0.007) and IFN-γ (p = 0.006) expression in OC mucus were found across all three groups, with the highest cytokine concentrations corresponding to COVID OD. IFN-α2 levels were elevated in COVID OD versus no OD (p = 0.026). Mean IFN-γ levels were the highest in COVID OD, but there were higher levels found in COVID no OD compared to non-COVID no OD (p = 0.008). No difference was seen in IL6. No N2 gene expression was detected in all cohorts. CONCLUSION IFN pathway cytokines were found elevated in the olfactory microenvironment of COVID-19 persistent OD compared to those with no OD and no prior history of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie S Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kwang S Pak
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Allyssa Strom
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Leslie Gomez
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kyubo Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Taylor A Doherty
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Adam S DeConde
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Allen F Ryan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Carol H Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Moro-López-Menchero P, Martín-Sanz MB, Fernandez-de-las-Peñas C, Gómez-Sanchez SM, Gil-Crujera A, Ceballos-García L, Escribano-Mediavilla NI, Fuentes-Fuentes MV, Palacios-Ceña D. Living and Coping with Olfactory and Taste Disorders: A Qualitative Study of People with Long-COVID-19. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:754. [PMID: 38610176 PMCID: PMC11011467 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12070754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Taste and smell disorders are common symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 acute infection. In post-COVID-19 condition, symptoms can persist leading to disruption in patients' lives, to changes in their coping skills, and to the need to develop strategies for everyday life. This study aimed to describe the perspective of a group of patients with Long-COVID-19, a condition where loss of taste and/or smell was the most predominant symptom. A qualitative descriptive study was conducted. Participants who had suffered SARS-CoV-2 infection and had Long-COVID-19 loss of taste and/or smell were recruited. Purposive sampling was applied, and participants were recruited until data redundancy was reached. In-depth interviews were used for data collection and thematic analysis was applied. Twelve COVID-19 survivors (75% women) were recruited. The mean age of the participants was 55 years, and the mean duration of post-COVID-19 symptoms was 25 months. Three themes were identified: (a) Living with taste and smell disorders, describing the disorders they experience on a daily basis, how their life has changed and the accompanying emotions, (b) Changes and challenges resulting from the loss of taste and smell, changes in habits, self-care and risk in certain jobs or daily activities, (c) Coping with taste and smell disorders, describing the daily strategies used and the health care received. In conclusion, Long-COVID-19 taste and/or smell disorders limit daily life and involve changes in habits, meal preparation, and the ability to detect potentially dangerous situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Moro-López-Menchero
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Research Group of Humanities and Qualitative Research in Health Science, King Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (P.M.-L.-M.); (D.P.-C.)
| | - María Belén Martín-Sanz
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Research Group of Humanities and Qualitative Research in Health Science, King Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (P.M.-L.-M.); (D.P.-C.)
| | - César Fernandez-de-las-Peñas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Research Group of Manual Therapy, Dry Needling and Therapeutic Exercise, King Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain;
| | - Stella Maris Gómez-Sanchez
- Research Group GAMDES, Department of Basic Health Sciences, King Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (S.M.G.-S.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - Antonio Gil-Crujera
- Research Group GAMDES, Department of Basic Health Sciences, King Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (S.M.G.-S.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - Laura Ceballos-García
- Department of Nursing and Dentistry, IDIBO Research Group, King Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (L.C.-G.); (N.I.E.-M.); (M.V.F.-F.)
| | - Nuria I. Escribano-Mediavilla
- Department of Nursing and Dentistry, IDIBO Research Group, King Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (L.C.-G.); (N.I.E.-M.); (M.V.F.-F.)
| | - Mª Victoria Fuentes-Fuentes
- Department of Nursing and Dentistry, IDIBO Research Group, King Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (L.C.-G.); (N.I.E.-M.); (M.V.F.-F.)
| | - Domingo Palacios-Ceña
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Research Group of Humanities and Qualitative Research in Health Science, King Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (P.M.-L.-M.); (D.P.-C.)
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Orji FT, Akpeh JO, Okolugbo NE. Recovery Patterns of COVID-19 Related Smell Disorders: An Analysis of the Available Evidence. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 75:4179-4189. [PMID: 37974870 PMCID: PMC10645952 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-023-04005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently acquired olfactory dysfunction (OD) has emerged as one of hallmark manifestations of the novel Corona virus disease (COVID-19), but the evolution of its spontaneous recovery has remained inconclusive, with reports of persistence of OD beyond six months of onset. We undertook this systematic review and meta-analysis with a view to generating a pooled recovery rate of COVID-19 associated olfactory dysfunctions and attempt to examine the predictors of olfactory recovery. Systematic review and meta-analysis. A systematic search of Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed data bases, comprising all longitudinal studies reporting the trajectory of COVID-19 related OD was carried out. The pooled recovery rate was estimated with random-effects model, and the potential heterogeneity of the subgroup sources was analyzed using meta-regression test. After the PRISMA selection process 28 studies from 16 countries were included, with a total of 5,175 OD patients, among 11,948 COVID-19 cases. The estimated global pooled recovery rate of OD was 82.7% (95% CI, 77.46%-88.04%), with a pooled median duration of OD of 11.6 days. Only 2 out of 28 studies had recovery data beyond a period of 2 months. But no significant difference was found in the recovery rate regarding the length of follow up (P = 0.840). Studies that conducted objective olfactory assessments showed significant higher recovery rate than those with subjective assessments (P = 0.001). Although ten studies (36%) reported > 90% recovery, nine studies (32%) documented persistence of OD in > 25% of their patients. Five out of 6 studies showed that hyposmia tended to show complete recovery than anosmia. Age, co-morbidities, and intra-nasal treatments had no effects. Test of homogeneity between subgroups using the Cochran's Q test was not significant (Q = 0.69, P = 0.40). Our meta-analysis revealed high rate of early and medium term recovery of COVID-19 related OD. However, it also showed disturbing rates of persistence of OD. Anosmia tended to be predictive of residual OD than hyposmia. Age, co-morbidities, intra-nasal corticosteroid and decongestants, had no effects on OD recovery.
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Alkholaiwi FM, Altamimi AF, Almalki HH, Almughaiseeb FA, Alsubaie SS, Alsayahi HS, Alhijli FW, Alobaishi RS, Agrawal A, Alqahtani ZA, Alotaibi FZ. Olfactory dysfunction among patients with COVID-19. Saudi Med J 2023; 44:1085-1103. [PMID: 37926445 PMCID: PMC10712775 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2023.44.11.20230264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the frequency of olfactory dysfunction (OD) among individuals afflicted with coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS A comprehensive literature search was carried out across several bibliographical databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) to extract publications in the English language between January 2020 and December 2021 to report the incidence of OD alone or together with gustatory dysfunction (GD) among COVID-19 patients. RESULTS Based on eligibility criteria, 84 articles were included from 27 countries, comprising 36,903 patients, of whom 58.1% were females. The generality rates of olfactory impairment alone was 34.60% and in conjunction with GD was 11.36%. Patients with OD were subclassified into various categories, and the prevalence of anosmia was 20.85%, 5.04% for hyposmia, 8.88% for anosmia or hyposmia, 1.84% for parosmia, 0.78% for phantosmia, and 0.02% for hyperosmia, among COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSION Clinical features associated with OD, either isolated or in combination with GD, are common in patients with COVID-19 and consider important signs of COVID-19 that may guide clinicians in the early phase of the disease.PROSPERO Reg. No.: 417296.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feras M. Alkholaiwi
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (Alkholaiwi, Alotaibi), College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the College of Medicine (Almalki, Almughaiseeb, Alsubaie, Alhijli, Alobaishi), Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (Altamimi) From the Department of Family Medicine (Altamimi), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alsayahi), King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alqahtani), John Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and from the Department of Paediatrics (Agrawal), Gandhi Medical College, MP, India.
| | - Alhanouf F. Altamimi
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (Alkholaiwi, Alotaibi), College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the College of Medicine (Almalki, Almughaiseeb, Alsubaie, Alhijli, Alobaishi), Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (Altamimi) From the Department of Family Medicine (Altamimi), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alsayahi), King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alqahtani), John Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and from the Department of Paediatrics (Agrawal), Gandhi Medical College, MP, India.
| | - Hanan H. Almalki
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (Alkholaiwi, Alotaibi), College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the College of Medicine (Almalki, Almughaiseeb, Alsubaie, Alhijli, Alobaishi), Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (Altamimi) From the Department of Family Medicine (Altamimi), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alsayahi), King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alqahtani), John Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and from the Department of Paediatrics (Agrawal), Gandhi Medical College, MP, India.
| | - Fay A. Almughaiseeb
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (Alkholaiwi, Alotaibi), College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the College of Medicine (Almalki, Almughaiseeb, Alsubaie, Alhijli, Alobaishi), Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (Altamimi) From the Department of Family Medicine (Altamimi), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alsayahi), King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alqahtani), John Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and from the Department of Paediatrics (Agrawal), Gandhi Medical College, MP, India.
| | - Shoug S. Alsubaie
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (Alkholaiwi, Alotaibi), College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the College of Medicine (Almalki, Almughaiseeb, Alsubaie, Alhijli, Alobaishi), Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (Altamimi) From the Department of Family Medicine (Altamimi), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alsayahi), King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alqahtani), John Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and from the Department of Paediatrics (Agrawal), Gandhi Medical College, MP, India.
| | - Hessah S. Alsayahi
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (Alkholaiwi, Alotaibi), College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the College of Medicine (Almalki, Almughaiseeb, Alsubaie, Alhijli, Alobaishi), Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (Altamimi) From the Department of Family Medicine (Altamimi), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alsayahi), King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alqahtani), John Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and from the Department of Paediatrics (Agrawal), Gandhi Medical College, MP, India.
| | - Fras W. Alhijli
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (Alkholaiwi, Alotaibi), College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the College of Medicine (Almalki, Almughaiseeb, Alsubaie, Alhijli, Alobaishi), Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (Altamimi) From the Department of Family Medicine (Altamimi), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alsayahi), King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alqahtani), John Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and from the Department of Paediatrics (Agrawal), Gandhi Medical College, MP, India.
| | - Reema S. Alobaishi
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (Alkholaiwi, Alotaibi), College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the College of Medicine (Almalki, Almughaiseeb, Alsubaie, Alhijli, Alobaishi), Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (Altamimi) From the Department of Family Medicine (Altamimi), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alsayahi), King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alqahtani), John Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and from the Department of Paediatrics (Agrawal), Gandhi Medical College, MP, India.
| | - Amit Agrawal
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (Alkholaiwi, Alotaibi), College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the College of Medicine (Almalki, Almughaiseeb, Alsubaie, Alhijli, Alobaishi), Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (Altamimi) From the Department of Family Medicine (Altamimi), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alsayahi), King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alqahtani), John Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and from the Department of Paediatrics (Agrawal), Gandhi Medical College, MP, India.
| | - Zuhour A. Alqahtani
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (Alkholaiwi, Alotaibi), College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the College of Medicine (Almalki, Almughaiseeb, Alsubaie, Alhijli, Alobaishi), Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (Altamimi) From the Department of Family Medicine (Altamimi), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alsayahi), King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alqahtani), John Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and from the Department of Paediatrics (Agrawal), Gandhi Medical College, MP, India.
| | - Fahad Z. Alotaibi
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (Alkholaiwi, Alotaibi), College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the College of Medicine (Almalki, Almughaiseeb, Alsubaie, Alhijli, Alobaishi), Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (Altamimi) From the Department of Family Medicine (Altamimi), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alsayahi), King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alqahtani), John Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and from the Department of Paediatrics (Agrawal), Gandhi Medical College, MP, India.
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Zyoud SH, Shakhshir M, Koni A, Shahwan M, Jairoun AA, Al-Jabi SW. Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in COVID-19: A Global Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2023; 132:164-172. [PMID: 35240864 PMCID: PMC9834628 DOI: 10.1177/00034894221082735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Coronavirus illness (COVID-19) has been found to alter infected people's sense of smell and taste. However, the pathobiology of this virus is not yet known. Therefore, it is critical to investigate the influence of COVID-19 infection on olfactory and gustatory processes. Therefore, we use bibliometric analysis on COVID-19 and olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction publications to provide studies perspective. METHODS A bibliometric literature search was performed in the Scopus database. The number and type of publications, countries for publications, institutional sources for publications, journals for publications, citation patterns, and funding agencies were analyzed using Microsoft Excel or VOSviewer. In addition, the VOSviewer 1.6.17 software was used to analyze and visualize hotspots and collaboration patterns between countries. RESULTS Scopus has published 187 088 documents for COVID-19 in all study fields at the time of data collection (July 26, 2021). A total of 1740 documents related to olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction were recovered. The countries most relevant by the number of publications were the United States (n = 362, 20.80%), Italy (n = 255, 14.66%), and the United Kingdom (n = 173, 9.94%). By analyzing the terms in the titles and abstracts, we identified 2 clusters related to olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction research, which are "diagnosis and test methods" and "prognosis and complications of the disease." CONCLUSIONS This is the first bibliometric analysis of publications related to COVID-19 and olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction. This study provides academics and researchers with useful information on the publishing patterns of the most influential publications on COVID-19 and olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction. Olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction as indices of suspicion for the empirical diagnosis of coronavirus infection is a new hotspot in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa’ed H. Zyoud
- Poison Control and Drug Information
Center (PCDIC), College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National
University, Nablus, Palestine
- Department of Clinical and Community
Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University,
Nablus, Palestine
- Clinical Research Centre, An-Najah
National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine
- Sa’ed H. Zyoud, PhD, Poison Control and
Drug Information Center (PCDIC), College of Medicine and Health Sciences,
An-Najah National University, Academic Street, Nablus 44839, Palestine.
| | - Muna Shakhshir
- Department of Nutrition, An-Najah
National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Amer Koni
- Department of Clinical and Community
Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University,
Nablus, Palestine
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy,
Hematology and Oncology Pharmacy Department, An-Najah National University Hospital,
Nablus, Palestine
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- College of Pharmacy and Health
Sciences, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ammar A. Jairoun
- Health and Safety Department, Dubai
Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samah W. Al-Jabi
- Department of Clinical and Community
Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University,
Nablus, Palestine
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Hendawy E, El-Anwar MW, Elghamry RM, Abdallah AM, Ibrahim AM. Anosmia in COVID-19 Patients: Can We Predict the Severity of Chest Manifestations? Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 27:e143-e151. [PMID: 36714889 PMCID: PMC9879642 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anosmia is one of the common symptoms of COVID-19, the link between severity of chest infection and anosmia was investigated by few studies. Objectives To find an association between anosmia and severity of chest infection. Methods An analysis of patients admitted to isolation hospital of our university with confirmed polymerase chain reaction positive testing for COVID-19, between March 2021 until September 2021. We called all patients who reported anosmia during their time of illness and asked them about anosmia. We examined their chest CT. A statistical analysis was done. Results A total of 140 patients completed the study; 65% were female and 56.4% had complete anosmia. Anosmia was significantly associated with loss of taste. Smell returned in 92.5% of anosmic patients. Duration of smell loss was ∼ 2 weeks in 40.5%. The most common symptoms associated with anosmia were running nose, sore throat, fever, and cough. Loss of smell was significantly associated with mild chest disease. 73.4% of anosmic patients had mild chest infection, 21.5% of them had moderate infection, and 5.1% had severe chest infection. Conclusion The pattern of anosmia in COVID-19 patients has some common similarities in general; the way it starts, the associated symptoms, the time until smell returns and, the most important, the severity of chest infection. As anosmia is significantly associated with mild chest infection. the presence of anosmia could be an independent predictor of good COVID-19 outcome as reflected by a lower disease severity and less frequent ICU admissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Hendawy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt,Address for correspondence Ehsan Hendawy, MD Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head-Neck SurgeryUniversity of Zagazig, Zagazig, Egypt, Postal Code: 44511
| | - Mohammad Waheed El-Anwar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Reda M. Elghamry
- Department of Chest Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amany M. Abdallah
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amin M. Ibrahim
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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8
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Koyama S, Mori E, Ueha R. Insight into the mechanisms of olfactory dysfunction by COVID-19. Auris Nasus Larynx 2022:S0385-8146(22)00230-9. [PMID: 36529610 PMCID: PMC9731926 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the unique symptoms of COVID-19 is chemosensory dysfunction. Almost three years since the beginning of the pandemic of COVID-19, there have been many studies on the symptoms, progress, and possible causes, and also studies on methods that may facilitate recovery of the senses. Studies have shown that some people recover their senses even within a couple of weeks whereas there are other patients that fail to recover chemosensory functions fully for several months and some never fully recover. Here we summarize the symptoms and the progress, and then review the papers on the causation as well as the treatments that may help facilitate the recovery of the symptoms. Depending on the differences in the levels of severity and the locations where the main pathological venues are, what is most effective in facilitating recovery can vary largely across patients and thus may require individualized strategies for each patient. The goal of this paper is to provide some thoughts on these choices depending on the differences in the causes and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Koyama
- Indiana University, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, United States,Correspondence author at: Indiana University, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, 1481 W Tenth St., Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Eri Mori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University, School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Rumi Ueha
- Swallowing Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Japan,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Bayraktar N, Bayraktar M, Ozturk A, Ibrahim B. Evaluation of the Relationship Between Aquaporin-1, Hepcidin, Zinc, Copper, and İron Levels and Oxidative Stress in the Serum of Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:5013-5021. [PMID: 36001235 PMCID: PMC9399591 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Our study aims to determine the relationship between hepcidin, aquaporin (AQP-1), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) levels, and oxidative stress in the sera of seriously ill COVID-19 patients with invasive mechanical ventilation. Ninety persons with and without COVID-19 were taken up and separated into two groups. The first group included seriously COVID-19 inpatients having endotracheal intubation in the intensive care unit (n = 45). The second group included individuals who had negative PCR tests and had no chronic disease (the healthy control group n = 45). AQP-1, hepcidin, Zn, Cu, Fe, total antioxidant status (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS) were studied in the sera of both groups, and the relations of these levels with oxidative stress were determined. When the COVID-19 patient and the control groups were compared, all studied parameters were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.01). Total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), and AQP-1, hepcidin, and Cu levels were increased in patients with COVID-19 compared to healthy people. Serum TAC, Zn, and Fe levels were found to be lower in the patient group than in the control group. Significant correlations were detected between the studied parameters in COVID-19 patients. Results indicated that oxidative stress may play an important role in viral infection due to SARS-CoV-2. We think that oxidative stress parameters as well as some trace elements at the onset of COVID-19 disease will provide a better triage in terms of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihayet Bayraktar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Bayraktar
- Department of Internal Medical, Faculty of Medicine, Yıdırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Ozturk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Bashar Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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10
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Higa E, Elbéji A, Zhang L, Fischer A, Aguayo GA, Nazarov PV, Fagherazzi G. Discovery and Analytical Validation of a Vocal Biomarker to Monitor Anosmia and Ageusia in Patients With COVID-19: Cross-sectional Study. JMIR Med Inform 2022; 10:e35622. [DOI: 10.2196/35622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The COVID-19 disease has multiple symptoms, with anosmia and ageusia being the most prevalent, varying from 75% to 95% and from 50% to 80% of infected patients, respectively. An automatic assessment tool for these symptoms will help monitor the disease in a fast and noninvasive manner.
Objective
We hypothesized that people with COVID-19 experiencing anosmia and ageusia had different voice features than those without such symptoms. Our objective was to develop an artificial intelligence pipeline to identify and internally validate a vocal biomarker of these symptoms for remotely monitoring them.
Methods
This study used population-based data. Participants were assessed daily through a web-based questionnaire and asked to register 2 different types of voice recordings. They were adults (aged >18 years) who were confirmed by a polymerase chain reaction test to be positive for COVID-19 in Luxembourg and met the inclusion criteria. Statistical methods such as recursive feature elimination for dimensionality reduction, multiple statistical learning methods, and hypothesis tests were used throughout this study. The TRIPOD (Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis) Prediction Model Development checklist was used to structure the research.
Results
This study included 259 participants. Younger (aged <35 years) and female participants showed higher rates of ageusia and anosmia. Participants were aged 41 (SD 13) years on average, and the data set was balanced for sex (female: 134/259, 51.7%; male: 125/259, 48.3%). The analyzed symptom was present in 94 (36.3%) out of 259 participants and in 450 (27.5%) out of 1636 audio recordings. In all, 2 machine learning models were built, one for Android and one for iOS devices, and both had high accuracy—88% for Android and 85% for iOS. The final biomarker was then calculated using these models and internally validated.
Conclusions
This study demonstrates that people with COVID-19 who have anosmia and ageusia have different voice features from those without these symptoms. Upon further validation, these vocal biomarkers could be nested in digital devices to improve symptom assessment in clinical practice and enhance the telemonitoring of COVID-19–related symptoms.
Trial Registration
Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04380987; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04380987
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11
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Johnson BJ, Salonen B, O'Byrne TJ, Choby G, Ganesh R, Stokken JK, O'Brien EK. Patient factors associated with COVID-19 loss of taste or smell patient factors in smell/taste loss COVID-19. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2022; 7:1688-1694. [PMID: 36544937 PMCID: PMC9764767 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Dysfunction in smell or taste is well recognized phenomenon in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to quantify the incidence and associated co-morbidities of reported olfactory or gustatory dysfunction in patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Methods From March 23, 2020 through July 31, 2020, 192,683 patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 at Mayo Clinic. These patients with a positive test were contacted via telephone by physicians at Mayo Clinic and information gathered on patient demographics, comorbidities, symptoms and clinical risk stratification based on these factors. Results Two thousand two hundred and fifty patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (1.2%). Six hundred and sixty-seven (29.6%) of these patients reported loss of smell or taste. Factors found to be correlated with reporting loss of smell or taste on multivariate analysis were: younger age, female sex, or symptoms of chest pain or tightness, cough, or headache and lower clinical risk category. Coronary artery disease (CAD) was associated with not reporting loss of taste or smell. Conclusion Of 2250 patients testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 at Mayo Clinic, 667 reported loss of taste and smell. Patients who reported loss of smell or taste were younger, female and more likely to report cough, chest pain, headache, or history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but overall had fewer high-risk comorbidities. Those who were older, male, and a reported history of CAD were less likely to report chemosensory dysfunction. Our data are the largest single institution data reporting COVID-19 associated loss of smell or taste, and the first to associate COPD and CAD as factors that affect rates of reported chemosensory dysfunction. Level of evidence IIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Jake Johnson
- Mayo Clinic Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Bradley Salonen
- Mayo Clinic Department of General Internal MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Thomas Jamie O'Byrne
- Mayo Clinic Department of Health Sciences ResearchMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Garret Choby
- Mayo Clinic Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Ravindra Ganesh
- Mayo Clinic Department of General Internal MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Janalee K. Stokken
- Mayo Clinic Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Erin K. O'Brien
- Mayo Clinic Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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12
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Javed N, Ijaz Z, Khair AH, Dar AA, Lopez ED, Abbas R, Sheikh AB. COVID-19 loss of taste and smell: potential psychological repercussions. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 43:38. [PMID: 36505013 PMCID: PMC9716963 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2022.43.38.31329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has become a cause for global concern. Apart from a multitude of symptoms, the virus is known for its ability to cause loss of taste and smell that can be irreversible in a few cases. In fact, even after recovery, post-covid syndrome can still lead to devastating outcomes, specifically with reference to loss of smell and taste. A number of mechanisms that have been postulated include receptor-mediated uptake, increased inflammation, transneuronal migration, and direct damage to the olfactory pathway. Considering how important these two senses are, many psychological, social, and emotional repercussions can be expected. These repercussions include lowering of self-esteem and developmental of mental health issues. Long-term altered taste sensation can also lead to the development of unhealthy eating habits that can result in increasing risk for diabetes and hypertension. A few solutions have been investigated for treating these chemosensory dysfunctions, such as olfactory training, corticosteroids, theophylline and acupuncture. Although the results have been promising but a new modality, virtual reality, requires more in-depth exploration because it targets not only the dysfunction but also the mental health issues being experienced. It is important that affected individuals be provided with strong emotional and family support. Additionally, physicians can help the patients through support groups, cognitive behavioural therapy, olfactory, and virtual reality training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nismat Javed
- Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zainab Ijaz
- Department of Psychiatry, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
| | - Ali Hamza Khair
- Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aimen Asim Dar
- Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Erick Daniel Lopez
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ramsha Abbas
- Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abu Baker Sheikh
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA,Corresponding author: Abu Baker Sheikh, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
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13
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COVID-19, sens chimiques et pathologies métaboliques. MÉDECINE DES MALADIES MÉTABOLIQUES 2022. [PMCID: PMC9433342 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmm.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Une réduction importante de l’odorat, indépendamment de l’obstruction nasale, et du goût, a été signalée comme un des symptômes majeurs suite à l’infection par la COVID-19. Cette réduction est si fréquente qu’elle a été proposée comme un des prédicteurs le plus relevant pour diagnostiquer l’infection. Différents mécanismes par lesquels les virus affectent l’odorat et le goût ont été proposés. L’ACE2 (enzyme de conversion de l’angiotensine 2) a été caractérisé comme le principal récepteur d’entrée du virus SARS-CoV-2 qui interagit avec les protéines « spikes » du virus, ce qui permet à ce dernier d’entrer dans la cellule hôte par un domaine de fusion. Il est principalement exprimé dans la partie supérieure des voies respiratoires, et la plus forte densité de ces protéines se trouve dans les épithéliums olfactif et gustatif. Les données actuellement disponibles indiquent que la cause la plus probable de l’anosmie pendant la COVID-19 est une altération de la fonction des neurones sensoriels olfactifs, associée à l’infection et à la mort des cellules microvillaires, et des péricytes vasculaires. Les mécanismes généraux sont les mêmes en ce qui concerne le goût. La pathogenèse des troubles olfactifs et gustatifs dans la COVID-19 peut entraîner des altérations diverses, dont des modifications de la prise alimentaire et du métabolisme énergétique. Les individus porteurs de pathologies métaboliques ayant une plus forte susceptibilité à la COVID-19 sont, de ce fait, plus exposés aux perturbations des sens chimiques et à leurs conséquences. De plus, des études récentes montrent que la COVID-19 augmenterait la susceptibilité au diabète en s’attaquant directement aux cellules β-pancréatiques.
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14
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Maleki M, Maarefvand M, Nazeri AR, Akbarzadeh Baghban AR, Borna A. Audio-Vestibular Profile of COVID-19; Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY 2022; 34:145-155. [PMID: 36035653 PMCID: PMC9393004 DOI: 10.22038/ijorl.2022.60404.3079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Introduction After more than a year of the COVID-19 pandemic, audio-vestibular problems have been reported as consequences. Several limited case report studies with different methodologies were published. This study aimed to describe the impact of COVID-19 on the auditory-vestibular system and communication problems in subjects with hearing impairment. Materials and Methods The current systematic review was performed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guideline. PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched to find relevant articles using combined keywords. Results Out of 26 final studies, 20 studies dealt with the effects of COVID-19 on the auditory and vestibular system, and six articles examined the COVID-19 effects on hearing-impaired people and patients. In these studies, dizziness (17.8%), tinnitus (8.1%), and vertigo (2.8%) were common symptoms. Most studies were case reports (42.30%), and in terms of quality, nine studies (34.61%) were in the suitable quality group. Conclusions COVID-19 might cause auditory-vestibular system problems by directly affecting the structures or functions of the inner ear or by weakening the immune system. The need for taking preventive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic has caused communication and social challenges, particularly for people with hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Maleki
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Maarefvand
- Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Reza Nazeri
- Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Reza Akbarzadeh Baghban
- Proteomic Research Center Department of Biostatistics, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Azadeh Borna
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding Author: School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Maddadkaran St., Shahid Nazari St., Mother Square, Mirdamad Blvd, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. E-mail:
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15
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Awwad AA, Abd Elhay OMM, Rabie MM, Awad EA, Kotb FM, Maghraby HM, Eldamarawy RH, Dawood YMA, Balat MIEI, Hasan AIM, Elsheshiny AH, El Sayed SSMM, Fouda AAB, Alkot AMF. Impact of Systemic Diseases on Olfactory Function in COVID-19 Infected Patients. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:5681-5691. [PMID: 35747780 PMCID: PMC9212789 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s355974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2/2019-nCoV) is now a major public health threat to the world. Olfactory dysfunctions (ODs) are considered potential indicating symptoms and early case identification triaging for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The most common reported comorbidities are diabetes mellitus, chronic lung disease, and cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate prevalence of different types of smell disorders in patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection and impact of involved systemic diseases. Methodology A cross-sectional retrospective study has been done for patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection (mild-to-moderate). The data collected from patient's files and developed online electronic questionnaire (WhatsApp) based on the patients most common and recurrent reported data including: a) symptoms of olfactory dysfunction and associated covid19 symptoms fever and headache, cough, sore throat, pneumonia, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, arthralgia and myalgia and taste dysfunction. b) Associated systemic diseases including: diabetes, hypertension, asthma, chronic renal disease, chorionic liver disease and hypothyroidism. Results Of 308 patients confirmed with Covid-19 infection, (72.4%) developed OD distributed as follows; complete anosmia (57.8%), troposmia (8.4%), hyposmia (2.9%), partial anosmia (2.6%) and euosmia (0.6%). Significantly increased prevalence of diabetes, hypertension asthma in the group with olfactory dysfunction (p < 0.001), chronic liver disease (p = 0.005), and hypothyroidism (p = 0.03). Conclusion The development of ODs after Covid-19 infection was associated with mild disease form and lower hospitalization. In addition, it showed significant relationship with preexisting systemic diseases. Anosmia is the common modality of ODs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat A Awwad
- Otorhinolaryngology department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Osama M M Abd Elhay
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Moustafa M Rabie
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman A Awad
- Internal medicine department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma M Kotb
- Internal medicine department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hend M Maghraby
- Internal medicine department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rmadan H Eldamarawy
- Internal medicine department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yahia M A Dawood
- Otorhinolaryngology department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa I E I Balat
- Otorhinolaryngology department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I M Hasan
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H Elsheshiny
- Neurology department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Said S M M El Sayed
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Albayoumi A B Fouda
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmad M F Alkot
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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16
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Hu W, Chen N, Yan W, Pei P, Wei Y, Zhan X. Knowledge Mapping of Olfactory Dysfunction: A Bibliometric Study. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:904982. [PMID: 35770245 PMCID: PMC9234575 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.904982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Olfaction is one of the five basic senses of human beings. As such, olfactory dysfunction seriously affects patients' quality of life and can even endanger them. In recent years, olfactory dysfunction has attracted greater research interest, and numerous studies have been published on olfactory dysfunction. However, there are few studies on olfactory dysfunction through bibliometric analysis. This study aims to describe the current situation and identify the foci and potential new research directions of olfactory dysfunction using a bibliometric approach. Methods Articles related to olfactory dysfunction published from 2002 to 2021 were located in the Web of Science Core Collection of Clarivate Analytics (London, UK). Bibliometric analyses were conducted with the CiteSpace (Chaomei Chen, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA) and VOSviewer (Center for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands) software programs. Results The number of articles published each year showed an upward trend, especially in 2020, where a sharp increase had occurred due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The United States was the country with the most publications and the strongest international cooperation. In terms of institutions, the greatest number of publications from a single institution came from Dresden University of Technology. Thomas Hummel was the author who had contributed the most articles. An analysis of co-citation networks and burst keywords in the field revealed a shift from “gonadotropin-releasing hormone” and “apoptosis” earlier on to “olfactory training,” “COVID-19,” and “Parkinson's disease” more recently. “Outcome,” “COVID-19,” “infection,” and “pathogenesis” are topics of the research frontier and hotspots. Conclusion More attention has been paid to olfactory dysfunction as the understanding of it has improved in the past 20 years. This study provides researchers with an objective, systematic, and comprehensive analysis of the literature on olfactory dysfunction. The current frontier areas and hotspots in the field focus on the pathological mechanisms of olfactory dysfunction after infection with COVID-19 and its different prognoses. The pathophysiological mechanism of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases and COVID-19 will be a primary future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiheng Yan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Pei
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxiang Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongxiang Wei
| | - Xiaojun Zhan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
- Xiaojun Zhan
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Ueha R, Ito T, Furukawa R, Kitabatake M, Ouji-Sageshima N, Ueha S, Koyama M, Uranaka T, Kondo K, Yamasoba T. Oral SARS-CoV-2 Inoculation Causes Nasal Viral Infection Leading to Olfactory Bulb Infection: An Experimental Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:924725. [PMID: 35770069 PMCID: PMC9234459 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.924725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections can cause long-lasting anosmia, but the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which can spread to the nasal cavity via the oral route, on the olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) lineage and olfactory bulb (OB) remains undetermined. Using Syrian hamsters, we explored whether oral SARS-CoV-2 inoculation can lead to nasal viral infection, examined how SARS-CoV-2 affects the ORN lineage by site, and investigated whether SARS-CoV-2 infection can spread to the OB and induce inflammation. On post-inoculation day 7, SARS-CoV-2 presence was confirmed in the lateral area (OCAM-positive) but not the nasal septum of NQO1-positive and OCAM-positive areas. The virus was observed partially infiltrating the olfactory epithelium, and ORN progenitor cells, immature ORNs, and mature ORNs were fewer than in controls. The virus was found in the olfactory nerve bundles to the OB, suggesting the nasal cavity as a route for SARS-CoV-2 brain infection. We demonstrated that transoral SARS-CoV-2 infection can spread from the nasal cavity to the central nervous system and the possibility of central olfactory dysfunction due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The virus was localized at the infection site and could damage all ORN-lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Ueha
- Swallowing Center, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Rumi Ueha, ;
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Satoshi Ueha
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Misaki Koyama
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Uranaka
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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El-Ghitany EM, Ashour A, Farghaly AG, Hashish MH, Omran EA. Predictors of anti-SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity: An Egyptian population-based study. INFECTIOUS MEDICINE 2022; 1:113-123. [PMID: 38013717 PMCID: PMC9212586 DOI: 10.1016/j.imj.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Population-based studies on the determinants of COVID-19 seroprevalence constitute a cornerstone in guiding appropriate preventive measures. Such studies are scarce in Egypt, thus we conducted this study to explore risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity. Methods This survey included 2919 participants from 10 Egyptian governorates. Sera were tested for SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) antibodies. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify associated factors and predictors of seropositivity regarding sociodemographic factors, clinical data, and personal practices of participants. A subgroup analysis was performed to investigate the occupational risks of seropositivity. Results Seropositivity was recorded in 1564 participants (53.6%). Independent predictors of seropositivity included non-smokers (aOR = 1.817; 95% CI: 1.407-2.346, p = 0.000), having blood group A (aOR = 1.231; 95% CI: 1.016-1.493, p = 0.034), a history of COVID-19 infection (aOR = 2.997; 95% CI: 2.176-4.127, p = 0.000), COVID-19 vaccination (aOR = 4.349; 95%CI: 2.798-6.759, p = 0.000), higher crowding index (aOR = 1.229; 95% CI: 1.041-1.451, p = 0.015), anosmia and/or ageusia (aOR = 3.453; 95% CI: 2.661-4.481, p = 0.000) and history of fever (aOR = 1.269; 95% CI: 1.033-1.560, p = 0.023). Healthcare worker and Obesity/overweight were additional significant predictors of seropositivity among the working participants (aOR = 1.760; 95% CI: 1.301-2.381, p = 0.000 and aOR = 1.384; 95% CI: 1.059-1.808, p = 0.019, respectively). Additional factors showing association with seropositivity in the univariate analysis were: female gender, age group (15-39 years), higher educational level (preparatory and above), lack of environmental disinfection and having roommates at the workplace. There was a positive correlation between the titers of both antibodies. Age was weakly correlated with anti-S titer, while anti-N was significantly correlated with the number of protective measures applied by the participants. Both antibodies were significantly correlated with adult BMI, while both were significantly negatively correlated with the smoking index. Conclusions SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was associated with some personal and behavioral and occupation-related factors. Fever and anosmia and/or ageusia were the symptoms mostly associated with seropositivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engy Mohamed El-Ghitany
- Department of Tropical Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ayat Ashour
- Department of Family Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Azza Galal Farghaly
- Department of Tropical Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mona H Hashish
- Department of Microbiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman A Omran
- Department of Microbiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Elvan-Tuz A, Karadag-Oncel E, Kiran S, Kanik-Yuksek S, Gulhan B, Hacimustafaoglu M, Ozdem-Alatas S, Kuyucu N, Ozdemir H, Egil O, Elmas-Bozdemir S, Polat M, Bursal-Duramaz B, Cem E, Apaydin G, Teksam O. Prevalence of Anosmia in 10.157 Pediatric COVID-19 Cases: Multicenter Study from Turkey. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:473-477. [PMID: 35349499 PMCID: PMC9083317 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19-related anosmia is a remarkable and disease-specific finding. With this multicenter cohort study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of anosmia in pediatric cases with COVID-19 from Turkey and make an objective assessment with a smell awareness questionnaire. MATERIAL AND METHODS This multicenter prospective cohort study was conducted with pediatric infection clinics in 37 centers in 19 different cities of Turkey between October 2020 and March 2021. The symptoms of 10.157 COVID-19 cases 10-18 years old were examined. Age, gender, other accompanying symptoms, and clinical severity of the disease of cases with anosmia and ageusia included in the study were recorded. The cases were interviewed for the smell awareness questionnaire at admission and one month after the illness. RESULTS Anosmia was present in 12.5% (1.266/10.157) of COVID-19 cases 10-18 years of age. The complete records of 1053 patients followed during the study period were analyzed. The most common symptoms accompanying symptoms with anosmia were ageusia in 885 (84%) cases, fatigue in 534 cases (50.7%), and cough in 466 cases (44.3%). Anosmia was recorded as the only symptom in 84 (8%) of the cases. One month later, it was determined that anosmia persisted in 88 (8.4%) cases. In the smell awareness questionnaire, the score at admission was higher than the score one month later (P < 0.001). DISCUSSION With this study, we have provided the examination of a large case series across Turkey. Anosmia and ageusia are specific symptoms seen in cases of COVID-19. With the detection of these symptoms, it should be aimed to isolate COVID-19 cases in the early period and reduce the spread of the infection. Such studies are important because the course of COVID-19 in children differs from adults and there is limited data on the prevalence of anosmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Elvan-Tuz
- From the Health Sciences University Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Eda Karadag-Oncel
- From the Health Sciences University Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sibel Kiran
- Hacettepe University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Oguz Egil
- Gaziantep CG Obstetrics and Children’s Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | | | - Meltem Polat
- Health Sciences University Dr Sami Ulus Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Ela Cem
- Health Sciences University Behcet Uz Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
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20
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Fakhruddin KS, Samaranayake LP, Buranawat B, Ngo H. Oro-facial mucocutaneous manifestations of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265531. [PMID: 35648785 PMCID: PMC9159624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We reviewed the prevalence, the likely aetiopathogenesis, and the management of oro-facial mucocutaneous manifestations of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2). English language manuscripts searched using standard databases yielded 26 articles that met the inclusion criteria. In total, 169 cases (75 females; 94 males) from 15 countries with a spectrum of COVID-19 severities were reviewed. Gustatory perturbations were prevalent in over 70%. Mucocutaneous manifestations were reported predominantly on the tongue, palate, buccal mucosa, gingivae, and lips and included ulcers, blisters, erosions, papillary hyperplasia, macules, glossitis, and mucositis. Ulcerative lesions, present in over 50 percent, were the most common oral manifestation. Lesions resembling candidal infections, with burning mouth, were prevalent in 19%. Petechiae and angina bullosa were generally seen, subsequent to COVID-19 therapies, in 11%. Ulcerated, necrotic gingivae were documented in severely ill with poor oral hygiene. These manifestations, present across the COVID-19 disease spectrum, were commonly associated with the immunosuppressed state and/ or the concurrent antimicrobial/steroidal therapies. In summary, a wide variety of orofacial mucocutaneous lesions manifest in COVID-19. They are likely to be secondary to the disease-associated immune impairment and/or pharmaco-therapy rather than a direct result of SARS-CoV-2 infection per se.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Borvornwut Buranawat
- Department of Periodontics and Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Hien Ngo
- Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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21
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Impact of the loss of smell on the sleep quality and fatigue level in COVID‑19 survivors. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 279:4443-4449. [PMID: 35429261 PMCID: PMC9013181 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are reported to have symptoms such as shortness of breath, dry cough, headache, fatigue, and diarrhea. Loss of smell is a symptom that some patients have suffered from due to inflammation of olfactory epithelium and neuroinvasion of COVID-19 resulting in damage to the olfactory nerves and olfactory bulb. Losing an important sense such as smell might have unfavorable consequences on the lives of COVID-19 survivors; however, these unfavorable consequences have not been sufficiently investigated. Methods This was a cross-sectional descriptive study, 81 COVID-19 survivors (51.85% male) answered the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Fatigue Severity Scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire. Results COVID-19 survivors who lost their smell were more likely to have poor sleep quality, high fatigue severity, and depression symptoms compared to others who did not lose their smell. Most COVID-19 survivors who lost their smell were women and had breathing difficulties. Conclusion Our knowledge of this relationship will assist in establishing more efficient treatment regimens that consider both psychological and physiological factors. Future research is needed to investigate the causality relationship between poor sleep quality, increased fatigue, and depression symptoms in COVID-19 survivors who experienced loss of the sense of smell.
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22
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Mao Y, Ye B, Fan C, Wu J, Wang B, Shen Y, Shi Z, Xiang M. Correlation Between Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Olfactory Dysfunction. Front Public Health 2022; 10:843850. [PMID: 35392472 PMCID: PMC8980590 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.843850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A great number of patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) experience olfactory dysfunction, typically of a short duration and with a high incidence rate, during the early stages of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This kind of olfactory dysfunction appears more likely in young people and women. This study presents a review of the clinical features and pathogenic mechanism of the olfactory dysfunction related to SARS-CoV-2 infection, aiming to provide a clinical reference for the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Mao
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cui Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jichang Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Beilei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihong Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingliang Xiang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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23
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Food pleasure across nations: A comparison of the drivers between Chinese and Danish populations. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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De Luca P, Di Stadio A, Colacurcio V, Marra P, Scarpa A, Ricciardiello F, Cassandro C, Camaioni A, Cassandro E. Long COVID, audiovestibular symptoms and persistent chemosensory dysfunction: a systematic review of the current evidence. ACTA OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICA ITALICA 2022; 42:S87-S93. [PMID: 35763279 PMCID: PMC9137376 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-suppl.1-42-2022-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective The persistence of auditory, vestibular, olfactory, and gustatory dysfunction for an extended time after COVID-19 has been documented, which represents an emerging challenge of which ENT specialists must be aware. This systematic review aims to evaluate the prevalence of persistent audiovestibolar and olfactory/gustatory symptoms in patients with “long-COVID”. Methods The literature was systematically reviewed according to PRISMA guidelines; PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar were screened by searching articles on audiovestibular symptoms and olfactory/gustatory dysfunction after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The keywords used were hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, smell disorders, parosmia, anosmia, hyposmia, dysgeusia combined with COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2. Results 1100 articles were identified. After removal of duplicates (382), 702 articles were excluded, and 16 were included in the systematic review. All articles included identified an association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistent hearing or chemosensory impairment. The studies were published over a period of 2 years, between 2019 and 2021. Conclusions The likelihood of patients with persistent audiovestibular symptoms related to COVID-19 was different among the articles; however, olfactory and gustatory disturbances were more consistently reported. Studies with longer follow-up are required to fully evaluate the long-term impact of these conditions.
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25
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Frosolini A, Parrino D, Fabbris C, Fantin F, Inches I, Invitto S, Spinato G, De Filippis C. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Confirmed Olfactory Bulb Reduction in Long COVID-19: Literature Review and Case Series. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040430. [PMID: 35447962 PMCID: PMC9029157 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An altered sense of smell and taste was recognized as one of the most characteristic symptoms of coronavirus infection disease (COVID-19). Despite most patients experiencing a complete functional resolution, there is a 21.3% prevalence of persistent alteration at 12 months after infection. To date, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in these patients have been variable and not clearly defined. We aimed to clarify radiological alterations of olfactory pathways in patients with long COVID-19 characterized by olfactory dysfunction. A comprehensive review of the English literature was performed by analyzing relevant papers about this topic. A case series was presented: all patients underwent complete otorhinolaryngology evaluation including the Sniffin’ Sticks battery test. A previous diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by positive swabs. The MRIs were acquired using a 3.0T MR scanner with a standardized protocol for olfactory tract analysis. Images were first analysed by a dedicated neuroradiologist and subsequently reviewed and compared with the previous available MRIs. The review of the literature retrieved 25 studies; most cases of olfactory dysfunction more than 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection showed olfactory bulb (OB) reduction. Patients in the personal case series had asymmetry and a reduction in the volume of the OB. This evidence was strengthened by the comparison with a previous MRI, where the OBs were normal. The results preliminarily confirmed OB reduction in cases of long COVID-19 with an altered sense of smell. Further studies are needed to clarify the epidemiology, pathophysiology and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Frosolini
- Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy; (F.F.); (C.D.F.)
- Audiology Unit, Treviso Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniela Parrino
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, ASST Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | | | - Francesco Fantin
- Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy; (F.F.); (C.D.F.)
- Audiology Unit, Treviso Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Ingrid Inches
- Neuroradiology Unit, Treviso Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy;
| | - Sara Invitto
- INSPIRE Lab, Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies, DiSTeBA, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Giacomo Spinato
- Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy; (F.F.); (C.D.F.)
- Otolaryngology Unit, Treviso Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy;
| | - Cosimo De Filippis
- Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy; (F.F.); (C.D.F.)
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26
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Chawla J, Y N, Bakshi SS, Kalidoss VK, Yadav S, Polineni S, Jayam C. Oral manifestations associated with COVID-19 disease: An observational cross sectional study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2022; 12:279-283. [PMID: 35340816 PMCID: PMC8934178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of present study was to investigate oral manifestations associated with COVID-19 disease. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study comprised 367 suspects with mild/moderate COVID-19 symptoms who reported to a tertiary care hospital's screening OPD. An in-depth case history was taken, and an oral cavity examination was performed to detect any oral findings. All participants were tested for SARS-CoV-2 using a naso-pharyngeal swab and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Oral manifestations and the results of RT-PCR testing were correlated. Statistical analyses were performed using Epi Info and R software. To estimate the prevalence of oral symptoms, the Pearson chi-square test was used. Results Oral manifestations were found in 58% of the study population. The difference in the prevalence of oral manifestations between RT-PCR positive COVID-19 patients versus RT-PCR negative suspects was statistically significant (p = 0.007) with xerostomia and dysgeusia being significantly higher in positive patients (p = 0.036 and p = 0.044 respectively) while the prevalence of stomatopyrosis and other intraoral signs was insignificant. Conclusion Xerostomia and dysgeusia are the common oral manifestations of COVID-19. First cross sectional study on oral manifestations of COVID-19 disease. Xerostomia and dysgeusia are the most common oral manifestations of COVID-19 disease. Oral ulcers and lesions present in COVID-19 patients are non-specific and not related to COVID-19 disease. Xerostomia and dysgeusia along with any systemic symptom like fever have more probability of suffering from COVID-19.
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27
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Arora S, Grover V, Saluja P, Algarni YA, Saquib SA, Asif SM, Batra K, Alshahrani MY, Das G, Jain R, Ohri A. Literature Review of Omicron: A Grim Reality Amidst COVID-19. Microorganisms 2022; 10:451. [PMID: 35208905 PMCID: PMC8876621 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) first emerged in Wuhan city in December 2019, and became a grave global concern due to its highly infectious nature. The Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus-2, with its predecessors (i.e., MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV) belong to the family of Coronaviridae. Reportedly, COVID-19 has infected 344,710,576 people around the globe and killed nearly 5,598,511 persons in the short span of two years. On November 24, 2021, B.1.1.529 strain, later named Omicron, was classified as a Variant of Concern (VOC). SARS-CoV-2 has continuously undergone a series of unprecedented mutations and evolved to exhibit varying characteristics. These mutations have largely occurred in the spike (S) protein (site for antibody binding), which attribute high infectivity and transmissibility characteristics to the Omicron strain. Although many studies have attempted to understand this new challenge in the COVID-19 strains race, there is still a lot to be demystified. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to summarize the structural or virologic characteristics, burden, and epidemiology of the Omicron variant and its potential to evade the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Arora
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Vishakha Grover
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dr. H.S.J. Institute of Dental Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India; (V.G.); (A.O.)
| | - Priyanka Saluja
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, JCD Dental College, Sirsa 125055, India
| | - Youssef Abdullah Algarni
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shahabe Abullais Saquib
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shaik Mohammed Asif
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Kavita Batra
- Biomedical Statistician, Office of Research, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at University of Nevada, 2040 W. Charleston Blvd., Las Vegas, NV 89102, USA;
| | - Mohammed Y. Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Gotam Das
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajni Jain
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dr. H.S.J. Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Punjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India;
| | - Anchal Ohri
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dr. H.S.J. Institute of Dental Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India; (V.G.); (A.O.)
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Relationship between Recovery from COVID-19-Induced Smell Loss and General and Oral Health Factors. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58020283. [PMID: 35208609 PMCID: PMC8877343 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Loss of smell is one of the strongest predictors of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and can persist long after other symptoms have resolved. “Long” cases (>28 days) of smell dysfunction present future challenges to medical and dental professionals, as there is a lack of evidence on the causes and any exacerbating or relieving factors. This study aimed to explore the persistence of COVID-19-induced smell loss and association with physical, lifestyle and oral health factors. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey of 235 participants. Recovery of smell was explored, comparing rapid recovery (≤28 days) with prolonged recovery (>28 days). Associative factors included age, sex, illness severity, diet, BMI, vitamin D supplementation, antidepressants, alcohol use, smoking, brushing frequency, flossing, missing teeth, appliances and number of dental restorations. Results: Smell loss showed 87% resolution within 30 days. Prolonged smell loss was significantly associated with older age (mean ± 95%, CI = 31.53 ± 1.36 years for rapid recovery vs. mean ± 95%, CI = 36.0 ± 3 years for prolonged recovery, p = 0.003) and increased self-reported illness severity (mean ± 95%, CI = 4.39 ± 0.27 for rapid recovery vs. 5.01 ± 0.54 for prolonged recovery, p = 0.016). Fisher’s exact test revealed flossing was associated with rapid recovery, with flossers comprising 75% of the rapid-recovery group, compared to 56% in the prolonged-recovery group (odds ratio ± 95%, CI = 2.26 (1.23–4.15), p = 0.01). All other factors were not significantly associated (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Increased age and illness severity were associated with prolonged smell recovery. Use of floss was the only modifiable factor associated with rapid recovery of smell loss. As 87% of cases resolve within 30 days, future studies may benefit from targeted recruitment of individuals experiencing prolonged sense loss. This would increase statistical confidence when declaring no association with the other factors assessed, avoiding type II errors.
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Diagnostic precision of local and World Health Organization definitions of symptomatic COVID-19 cases – an analysis of Mexico’s capital. Public Health 2022; 205:187-191. [PMID: 35306444 PMCID: PMC8831121 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Case definitions are vital in a pandemic to effectively identify, isolate, and contact trace, particularly where testing is slow, scant, or not available. While case definitions have been developed in the COVID-19 pandemic, their diagnostic properties have not been adequately assessed. This study's objective is to determine the diagnostic properties of local and World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 case definitions in the large metropolitan area of Mexico City. Methods We calculated the diagnostic properties of five COVID-19 definitions (three of the Mexican government and two of the WHO) using open data of suspected COVID-19 cases in Mexico City from March 24th, 2020, until May 15th, 2021. Results All 2,564,782 people included in the analysis met the WHO suspected case definition (sensitivity: 100%, specificity: 0%). The WHO probable case definition was met by 1.2%, while the first and second Mexican suspected case had sensitivities of 61% and specificities of 61% and 67%, respectively. Confirmed case by epidemiological contact had a low sensitivity (32%) but slightly higher specificity (81%). Conclusions Case definitions should maximize sensitivity, especially in a high-transmission area such as Mexico City. The WHO suspected case definition has the potential for detecting most symptomatic cases. We underline the need for routine evaluation of case definitions as new evidence arises to maximize their usefulness.
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Zhou X, Dong J, Guo Q, Li M, Li Y, Cheng L, Ren B. The Oral Complications of COVID-19. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:803785. [PMID: 35047561 PMCID: PMC8762203 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.803785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus infectious disease associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome. More and more patients are being cured due to the development of clinical guidelines for COVID-19 pneumonia diagnosis, treatment, and vaccines. However, the long-term impact of COVID-19 on patients after recovery is unclear. Currently available reports have shown that patients recovered from COVID-19 continue to experience health problems in respiratory and other organ systems. Oral problem is one of the important complications which has serious impacts on the rehabilitation and future quality of life, such as ageusia and macroglossia, but the oral complication is often being neglected. Aim of Review: From the perspective of stomatology, we summarized and elaborated in detail the types, pathogenesis of oral complications from COVID-19 patients after rehabilitation, and the reported prevention or treatment recommendations which may improve the COVID-19 patients associated oral diseases. Key Scientific Concepts of Review: 1) To understand the common oral complications and the mechanisms of the development of oral complications after the COVID-19 recovery; 2) To summary the practical strategies to prevent the oral complications and construct the rehabilitation plans for patients with oral complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajia Dong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients Who Do Not Report Olfactory Symptoms: A Pilot Study with Some Suggestions for Dentists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031036. [PMID: 35162061 PMCID: PMC8834295 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smell and taste dysfunction are frequently reported by SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. The degree of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction varies from a very mild reduction to their complete loss. Several studies have been performed to determine their prevalence in COVID-19 patients, mostly using subjective measurement methods. The literature lacks long-term studies regarding duration and recovery. METHODS We assessed olfactory performance, using the Sniffin' Sticks olfactory test, in a group of patients who had not reported olfactory dysfunction, around 131 days after their COVID-19 diagnosis. RESULTS 11 out of 20 subjects showed no olfactory reduction (65%), while 9 subjects showed reduced TDI score (45%). A total of 13 subjects (65%) scored above the cutoff point for Threshold, 16 subjects (80%) scored above the cutoff point for discrimination and 13 subjects (65%) scored above the cutoff point for identification. CONCLUSION Objective measurement methods of olfactory performance show a higher prevalence of olfactory reduction compared to patients' self-reported questionnaires. Olfactory dysfunction can last even months after its onset and because of its high prevalence, it could be a screening symptom for suspect COVID-19 cases.
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Study of the sensitivity and specificity of smell and taste disorders as a predictive factor of SARS-CoV-2 infection among primary care healthcare professionals. BJGP Open 2022; 6:BJGPO.2021.0141. [PMID: 35031557 PMCID: PMC9447327 DOI: 10.3399/bjgpo.2021.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Among the manifestations of COVID-19 are taste and smell disorders (TSDs). Aim To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of TSDs and other associated symptoms to estimate predictive values for determining SARS-CoV-2 infection. Design & setting A retrospective observational study of healthcare professionals in Catalonia, Spain. Method A study of the sensitivity and specificity of TSDs has been carried out using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 as the gold standard value. Logistic regressions adjusted for age and sex were performed to identify additional symptoms that might be associated with COVID-19. Results The results are based on 226 healthcare workers with clinical symptoms suggestive of COVID-19, 116 with positive PCR and 110 with negative PCR. TSDs had an odds ratio (OR) of 12.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.3 to 26.2), sensitivity 60.3% and specificity 89.1%. In the logistic regression model, the association of TSD, fever or low-grade fever, shivering, dyspnoea, arthralgia, and myalgia obtained an area under the curve (AUC) of 85.7% (95% CI = 80.7 % to 90.7 %), sensitivity 82.8 %, specificity 80.0%, and positive predictive values 81.4% and negative 81.5%. Conclusion TSDs are a strong predictor of COVID-19. The association of TSD, fever, low-grade fever or shivering, dyspnoea, arthralgia, and myalgia correctly predicts 85.7% of the results of the COVID-19 test.
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Palmer RK. Why Taste Is Pharmacology. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 275:1-31. [PMID: 35461405 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The chapter presents an argument supporting the view that taste, defined as the receptor-mediated signaling of taste cells and consequent sensory events, is proper subject matter for the field of pharmacology. The argument develops through a consideration of how the field of pharmacology itself is to be defined. Though its application toward the discovery and development of therapeutics is of obvious value, pharmacology nevertheless is a basic science committed to examining biological phenomena controlled by the selective interactions between chemicals - regardless of their sources or uses - and receptors. The basic science of pharmacology is founded on the theory of receptor occupancy, detailed here in the context of taste. The discussion then will turn to consideration of the measurement of human taste and how well the results agree with the predictions of receptor theory.
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Sato K, Fujii K, Yamamoto N, Ichimura N, Yamaguchi S, Yamada H, Hibi H, Toyokuni S. Association of alcohol intake and female gender with high expression of TMPRSS2 in tongue as potential risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2022; 71:129-135. [PMID: 36213787 PMCID: PMC9519411 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.21-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is pandemic since 2020 and further information is necessary on the risk factors associated with the infection of SARS-CoV-2. As an entry mechanism, SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as receptor and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) to activate fusion with host plasma membrane. Because dysgeusia is an early symptom of COVID-19, we here studied the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the tongue and the associated tissues of mice and humans with immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analysis. ACE2 expression was low in the human tongue but was observed in the squamous epithelium, perineurium, arterial wall, salivary glands as well as taste buds. In contrast, mice showed high expression. In sharp contrast, TMPRSS2 expression was high in all the cells mentioned above in humans but relatively low in mice except for salivary glands. We then performed semi-quantitation of immunohistochemistry data of human ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and analyzed for age, sex, alcohol intake, and smoking habit with logistic regression analysis. We found that alcohol intake and female gender were the significant risk factors for increasing TMPRSS2 expression. In conclusion, TMPRSS2 is an important factor to be considered regarding SARS-CoV-2 entry and amplification in the oral cavity, which is promoted through drinking habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Sato
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Koki Fujii
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Noriyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Hospital
| | - Norihisa Ichimura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Hospital
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Hospital
| | - Hirohisa Yamada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hideharu Hibi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Center for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University
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Wurzel D, McMinn A, Hoq M, Blyth CC, Burgner D, Tosif S, Buttery J, Carr J, Clark JE, Cheng AC, Dinsmore N, Francis JR, Kynaston A, Lucas R, Marshall H, McMullan B, Singh-Grewal D, Wood N, Macartney K, Britton PN, Crawford NW. Prospective characterisation of SARS-CoV-2 infections among children presenting to tertiary paediatric hospitals across Australia in 2020: a national cohort study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e054510. [PMID: 34750151 PMCID: PMC8576200 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present Australia-wide data on paediatric COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndromes to inform health service provision and vaccination prioritisation. DESIGN Prospective, multicentre cohort study. SETTING Eight tertiary paediatric hospitals across six Australian states and territories in an established research surveillance network-Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease (PAEDS). PARTICIPANTS All children aged <19 years with SARS-CoV-2 infection including COVID-19, Paediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally Associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) and Kawasaki-like disease TS infection (KD-TS) treated at a PAEDS site from 24 March 2020 to 31 December 2020. INTERVENTION Laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. MAIN OUTCOME Incidence of severe disease among children with COVID-19, PIMS-TS and KD-TS. We also compared KD epidemiology before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS Among 386 children with SARS-CoV-2 infection, 381 (98.7%) had COVID-19 (median 6.3 years (IQR 2.1-12.8),53.3% male) and 5 (1.3%) had multisystem inflammatory syndromes (PIMS-TS, n=4; KD-TS, n=1) (median 7.9 years (IQR 7.8-9.8)). Most children with COVID-19 (n=278; 73%) were Australian-born from jurisdictions with highest community transmission. Comorbidities were present in 72 (18.9%); cardiac and respiratory comorbidities were most common (n=32/72;44%). 37 (9.7%) children with COVID-19 were hospitalised, and two (0.5%) required intensive care. Postinfective inflammatory syndromes (PIMS-TS/KD-TS) were uncommon (n=5; 1.3%), all were hospitalised and three (3/5; 60%) required intensive care management. All children recovered and there were no deaths. KD incidence remained stable during the pandemic compared with prepandemic. CONCLUSIONS Most children with COVID-19 had mild disease. Severe disease was less frequent than reported in high prevalence settings. Preventative strategies, such as vaccination, including children and adolescents, could reduce both the acute and postinfective manifestations of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Wurzel
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alissa McMinn
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Monsurul Hoq
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Disease, Telethon Kids Institute and School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Burgner
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shidan Tosif
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jim Buttery
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremy Carr
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Monash Children's Hospital, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julia E Clark
- Infectious Diseases, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Allen C Cheng
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit - School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Dinsmore
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshua Reginald Francis
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Darwin Hospital, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Anne Kynaston
- Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ryan Lucas
- General Medicine, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen Marshall
- Discipline of Paediatrics, Adelaide Medical School and The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, The Women's and Children's Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan McMullan
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- National Centre for Infections in Cancer, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Davinder Singh-Grewal
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Rheumatology, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas Wood
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristine Macartney
- Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Department Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Phil N Britton
- Department Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nigel W Crawford
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Cinnamon and its possible impact on COVID-19: The viewpoint of traditional and conventional medicine. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112221. [PMID: 34563952 PMCID: PMC8452493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 global epidemic caused by coronavirus has affected the health and other aspects of life for more than one year. Despite the current pharmacotherapies, there is still no specific treatment, and studies are in progress to find a proper therapy with high efficacy and low side effects. In this way, Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM), due to its holistic view, can provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of new diseases such as COVID-19. The muco-obstruction of the airway, which occurs in SARS-CoV-2, has similar features in TPM textbooks that can lead us to new treatment approaches. Based on TPM and pharmacological studies, Cinnamomum verum (Darchini)'s potential effective functions can contribute to SARS-CoV-2 infection treatment and has been known to be effective in corona disease in Public beliefs. From the viewpoint of TPM theories, Cinnamon can be effective in SARS-CoV-2 improvement and treatment through its anti-obstructive, diuretic, tonic and antidote effects. In addition, there is pharmacological evidence on anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, organ-o-protective and anti-depression effects of Cinnamon that are in line with the therapeutic functions mentioned in TPM.Overall, Cinnamon and its ingredients can be recommended for SARS-CoV2 management due to multi-targeting therapies. This review provides basic information for future studies on this drug's effectiveness in preventing and treating COVID-19 and similar diseases.
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Shams Vahdati S, Ala A, Rahmanpour D, Sadeghi-Hokmabadi E, Tahmasbi F. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 infection: an umbrella review. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2021; 57:113. [PMID: 34483649 PMCID: PMC8401342 DOI: 10.1186/s41983-021-00366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological involvements of COVID-19 are one of the most reported manifestations of this infection. This study aims to systematically review the previous systematic reviews which addressed the neurological manifestations of the COVID-19 infection. METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science databases and Google Scholar from December 2019 to December 2020. Articles were critically screened by two independent reviewers and if met the inclusion criteria, entered the study. Assessment of methodological quality was conducted by Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews-2 (AMSTAR-2) tool. Statistical analysis was not applicable. From a total of 1302 studies, 308 studies were removed due to their irrelevant title and abstract. After screening the full texts, a total of 66 found to be eligible. Twenty-one studies reported general manifestations of the COVID-19, 13 studies reported cerebrovascular events, 19 olfactory and oral dysfunctions, 5 systematic reviews on Guillen-Barré syndrome (GBS) and 8 articles on the sporadic manifestations like ocular signs and symptoms. The majority of the studies were classified as critically low or low in terms of quality. CONCLUSION Despite great heterogeneity in the current literature, neurological involvements are an important extra-pulmonary aspect of the COVID-19; most commonly in the form of general manifestations like headache and olfactory disturbances. Long-term effects of this virus on the nervous system must be a research priority for future references. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41983-021-00366-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Shams Vahdati
- Emergency Medicine Research Team, Emergency Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ala
- Emergency Medicine Research Team, Emergency Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dara Rahmanpour
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elyar Sadeghi-Hokmabadi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Neurology Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fateme Tahmasbi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Hensley MK, Markantone D, Prescott HC. Neurologic Manifestations and Complications of COVID-19. Annu Rev Med 2021; 73:113-127. [PMID: 34416121 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042320-010427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has created a global pandemic. Beyond the well-described respiratory manifestations, SARS-CoV-2 may cause a variety of neurologic complications, including headaches, alteration in taste and smell, encephalopathy, cerebrovascular disease, myopathy, psychiatric diseases, and ocular disorders. Herein we describe SARS-CoV-2's mechanism of neuroinvasion and the epidemiology, outcomes, and treatments for neurologic manifestations of COVID-19. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Hensley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, USA;
| | - Desiree Markantone
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA;
| | - Hallie C Prescott
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; .,VA Center for Clinical Management Research, HSR&D Center of Innovation, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Yağmur AR, Akbal Çufalı Ş, Aypak A, Köksal M, Güneş YC, Özcan KM. Correlation of olfactory dysfunction with lung involvement and severity of COVID-19. Ir J Med Sci 2021; 191:1843-1848. [PMID: 34374938 PMCID: PMC8352757 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-021-02732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a significant symptom of COVID-19 and may be the earliest symptom, or it may sometimes be the only manifestation of the disease. Aims To investigate whether OD is correlated with chest computed tomography (CT) findings, blood test parameters, and disease severity in COVID-19 patients. Methods The files of COVID-19 patients were retrospectively reviewed, and the ones who had information about smelling status and CT were taken into consideration. A total of 180 patients were divided into two groups: the OD group consisted of 89 patients with self-reported OD, and the No-OD group consisted of 91 subjects who did not complain of OD. The two groups were compared for the amount of lung consolidation on CT, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and blood test parameters (complete blood count, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), ferritin, D-dimer, interleukin-6 (IL-6)). Results The amount of lung consolidation and ICU admission were significantly higher in the No-OD group (p < 0.001 for both). White blood cell (p = 0.06), monocyte (p = 0.26), and platelet (p = 0.13) counts and hemoglobin (p = 0.63), ALT (p = 0.89), and D-dimer (p = 0.45) levels of the two groups were similar. Lymphocyte count (p = 0.01), neutrophil count (p = 0.01), and AST (p = 0.03), CK (p = 0.01), LDH (p < 0.001), CRP (p < 0.001), ESR (p < 0.001), ferritin (p < 0.001), and IL-6 (p < 0.001) levels were significantly higher in the No-OD group. Conclusions The patients presenting to the hospital with self-reported OD may have less lung involvement and a milder disease course compared to patients without OD on admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali R. Yağmur
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şeyda Akbal Çufalı
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Adalet Aypak
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murathan Köksal
- Department of Radiology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasin C. Güneş
- Department of Radiology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kürşat M. Özcan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Boscutti A, Delvecchio G, Pigoni A, Cereda G, Ciappolino V, Bellani M, Fusar-Poli P, Brambilla P. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 15:100268. [PMID: 34027497 PMCID: PMC8129998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) manifestations, Olfactory (OD) and Gustatory (GD) Dysfunctions (OGD) have drawn considerable attention, becoming a sort of hallmark of the disease. Many have speculated on the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of these disturbances; however, no definite answers have been produced on the topic. With this systematic review, we aimed to collect all the available evidence regarding the prevalence of OGD, the timing of their onset and their resolution, their rate of recovery and their role as diagnostic and prognostic tools for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. METHODS A systematic review comprising all the observational studies that reported the prevalence and/or the longitudinal trajectories of OGD in COVID-19 patients, as self-reported by patients or measured through objective psychophysical tests. RESULTS After the selection process, 155 studies were included, with a total of 70,920 patients and 105,291 not-infected individuals. Prevalence reports were extremely variable across studies, with wide ranges for OD (0%-98%) and GD (0-89%) prevalence. OGD occurred early during the disease course and only rarely preceded other symptoms; out of 30 studies with a follow-up time of at least 20 days, only in 5 studies OGD fully resolved in more than 90% of patients. OGD had low sensitivity and high specificity for SARS-CoV-2 infection; accuracy of OD and GD for infection identification was higher than 80% in 10 out of 33 studies and in 8 out of 22 studies considered, respectively. 28 out of 30 studies that studied the association between OGD and disease severity found how OGD were associated with lower rates of severe pneumonia, hospitalization and mortality. CONCLUSIONS OGD seem to be highly prevalent in SARS-CoV-2 infection. They occur early, concomitantly with other symptoms and often persist after recovery, in some cases for months; whether a full recovery eventually occurs in all cases is not clear yet. OGD are good predictors of SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with a milder disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Boscutti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - G. Delvecchio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - A. Pigoni
- Social and Affective Neuroscience Group, MoMiLab, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
| | - G. Cereda
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - V. Ciappolino
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Bellani
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- UOC Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona (AOUI), Italy
| | - P. Fusar-Poli
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, UK
- OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - P. Brambilla
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, 20122, Milan, Italy
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Okada Y, Yoshimura K, Toya S, Tsuchimochi M. Pathogenesis of taste impairment and salivary dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2021; 57:111-122. [PMID: 34257762 PMCID: PMC8266517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly transmissible pandemic disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The characteristics of the disease include a broad range of symptoms from mild to serious to death, with mild pneumonia to acute respiratory distress syndrome and complications in extrapulmonary organs. Taste impairment and salivary dysfunction are common early symptoms in COVID-19 patients. The mouth is a significant entry route for SARS-COV-2, similar to the nose and eyes. The cells of the oral epithelium, taste buds, and minor and major salivary glands express cell entry factors for SARS-COV-2, such as ACE2, TMPRSS2, and Furin. We describe the occurrence of taste impairment and salivary dysfunction in COVID-19 patients and show immunohistochemical findings regarding the cell entry factors in the oral tissue. We review and describe the pathogeneses of taste impairment and salivary dysfunction. Treatment for the oral disease is also described. Recently, it was reported that some people experience persistent and prolonged taste impairment and salivary dysfunction, described as post-COVID-19 syndrome or long COVID-19, after the acute illness of the infection has healed. To resolve these problems, it is important to understand the pathogenesis of oral complications. Recently, important advances have been reported in the understanding of gustatory impairment and salivary dysfunction. Although some progress has been made, considerable effort is still required for in-depth elucidation of the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Okada
- Department of Pathology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8580, Japan
| | - Ken Yoshimura
- Department of Anatomy, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8580, Japan
| | - Shuji Toya
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Nippon Dental University Niigata Hospital, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8580, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuchimochi
- The Nippon Dental University (Emeritus Professor), 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan
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Predictive Value of Comorbid Conditions for COVID-19 Mortality. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10122652. [PMID: 34208640 PMCID: PMC8233968 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we aim at understanding the broad spectrum of factors influencing the survival of infected patients and the correlations between these factors to create a predictive probabilistic score for surviving the COVID-19 disease. Initially, 510 hospital admissions were counted in the study, out of which 310 patients did not survive. A prediction model was developed based on this data by using a Bayesian approach. Following the data collection process for the development study, the second cohort of patients totaling 541 was built to validate the risk matrix previously created. The final model has an area under the curve of 0.773 and predicts the mortality risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection based on nine disease groups while considering the gender and age of the patient as distinct risk groups. To ease medical workers’ assessment of patients, we created a visual risk matrix based on a probabilistic model, ranging from a score of 1 (very low mortality risk) to 5 (very high mortality risk). Each score comprises a correlation between existing comorbid conditions, the number of comorbid conditions, gender, and age group category. This clinical model can be generalized in a hospital context and can be used to identify patients at high risk for whom immediate intervention might be required.
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43
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Fasunla A, Thairu Y, Salami H, Ibekwe T. SELF-REPORTED OLFACTORY, GUSTATORY AND OTOLOGIC DYSFUNCTIONS AMONG COVID-19 POSITIVE ADULTS IN NIGERIA- A PRELIMINARY REPORT. Ann Ib Postgrad Med 2021; 19:S15-S21. [PMID: 35095364 PMCID: PMC8791404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pathophysiology of COVID-19 is evolving. We investigated self-reported sudden loss of sense of smell and taste, and otologic disorders among COVID-19 patients. METHODS This was a case-control olfaction, gustation and otology study of COVID-19 RT-PCR tested adults. The study took place at the isolation centres for COVID-19 positive individuals in Abuja and Ibadan, among the epicentres of the disease in Nigeria. The participants were 46 COVID-19 positive adults and 46 COVID-19 negative adults. They responded to a validated online questionnaire-based on olfactory, gustatory and auditory loss. Chi-square tests and correlation analysis was done. Level of significance was at P<0.05. RESULTS Among cases, sudden loss of smell, taste and hearing were reported by 14 (30.4%), 8 (17.4%) and 5 (10.9%) cases respectively during the COVID- 19 infection. First symptom was loss of smell in 7 (15.2%) and loss of taste in 2 (4.3%) cases. The controls did not present with any of the symptoms. There was no significant correlation between loss of smell and age (r = 0.023, p=0.879); sex (r = -0.132, p=0.382) and co-morbidities (r = -0.028, p = 0.857). Similarly, there was no significant correlation between loss of taste and age (r = 0.052, p = 0.732); sex (0.040, p = 0.792) and co-morbidities (r = -0.014, p = 0.925). CONCLUSION Sudden loss of smell and taste are commoner among COVID - 19 positive adults than those without the infection in Nigeria. There is evidence of associated reduction in hearing acuity but further study with objective audiometric testing is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.J. Fasunla
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University College Hospital and College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Y. Thairu
- Dept. of Microbiology, University of Abuja, and University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - H. Salami
- Department of Nursing, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - T.S. Ibekwe
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Abuja and University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
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Pérula de Torres LÁ, González-Lama J, Jiménez García C, Sánchez Montero R, Rider Garrido F, Ortega López Y, Pajares Conde D, Ramírez Baena M, Párraga Martínez I, Romero-Rodríguez E. Frequency and predictive validity of olfactory and taste dysfunction in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 156:595-601. [PMID: 34056110 PMCID: PMC8141902 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcle.2020.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background and objective Olfactory and taste dysfunction (OD, TD) have been considered symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, its presence in certain populations, especially those with mild clinical symptoms, has not been clarified. The objective was to estimate the frequency of OD and TD, and its predictive validity in patients detected in Primary Care. Patients and methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Spanish National Health System. An epidemiological survey was administered to patients who were requested the PCR test for SARS-CoV-2. Odds ratio (OR) were estimated to measure the magnitude of the association between OD and TD and the existence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) of these symptoms in SARS-CoV-2 infection were calculated. Results Of 1038 patients screened, 20.1% had SARS-CoV-2 infection. OD and DG were present in 64.4% (95% CI 56.0-72.1) and 56.2% (95% CI 47.9-64.2) of the subjects with infection, respectively. The OR for OD was 12.2 (95% CI 8.26-18.06) and for TD was 7.95 (95% CI 5.48-11.53). TD presented a sensitivity of 41.1% (95% CI 34.4-46.1), a specificity of 91.9% (95% CI 89.8-93.7), a PPV of 56.2% (95% CI48.0-64.2) and a NPV of 86.1% (95% CI 83.6-88.3), while the OD showed a sensitivity of 45.0% (95% CI 37.6-51.5), a specificity of 93.7% (95% CI 91.8-95.0), a PPV of 64.4% (95% CI 56.0-72.1) and a NPV of 87.1% (95% CI 84.7-89.2). Conclusions More than half of the subjects with SARS-CoV-2 infection have OD or TD. The presence of OD or TD could be of diagnostic utility due to its ability to predict infection in more than half of the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ángel Pérula de Torres
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Unidad Docente Multiprofesional de Atención Familiar y Comunitaria de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Grupo de Evaluación y Mejora del Programa de Actividades Preventivas y de Promoción de la Salud (PAPPS-semFYC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús González-Lama
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Grupo de Evaluación y Mejora del Programa de Actividades Preventivas y de Promoción de la Salud (PAPPS-semFYC), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Salud «Matrona Antonia Mesa Fernández», UGC Cabra, AGS Sur de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Celia Jiménez García
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Distrito Sanitario Córdoba y Guadalquivir, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | - Yolanda Ortega López
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva. Hospital Infanta Margarita, AGS Sur de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Diego Pajares Conde
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva. Hospital Infanta Margarita, AGS Sur de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Miguel Ramírez Baena
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva. Hospital Infanta Margarita, AGS Sur de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ignacio Párraga Martínez
- Sección de Investigación de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria (semFYC), Madrid, Spain.,C.S. Zona viii de Albacete, Gerencia Atención Integrada de Albacete, Albacete, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Esperanza Romero-Rodríguez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Grupo de Evaluación y Mejora del Programa de Actividades Preventivas y de Promoción de la Salud (PAPPS-semFYC), Barcelona, Spain
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Al-Rawi NH, Sammouda AR, AlRahin EA, Ali FAA, Arayedh GSA, Daryanavard HA, Saeed MH, Nuaimi ASA. Prevalence of Anosmia or Ageusia in Patients With COVID-19 Among United Arab Emirates Population. Int Dent J 2021; 72:249-256. [PMID: 34226066 PMCID: PMC8141716 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this research was to determine the relationship and prevalence of taste and smell dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) population. Methods Enrolled participants were interviewed online via a phone call after obtaining their informed consent. Quantification of smell, taste, and other sensations before, during, and after COVID-19 infection was correlated with the severity of COVID-19 symptoms. Results A total of 500 patients with (mild–severe) COVID-19 completed the survey. A total of 26.4% were asymptomatic, and 21.4% were classified as paucisymptomatic with less severe symptoms. Almost equal proportions of the studied population experienced extreme taste sensation reductions (43%) and loss of smell sensation (44%). Statistically significant drastic decreases in smell and taste senses were seen among younger individuals. The magnitude of reduction in both sense changes increased steeply from the asymptomatic group to the paucisymptomatic group to the symptomatic group. Conclusions Sudden anosmia or ageusia need to be recognised for early detection of COVID-19 infection to identify otherwise hidden carriers, thus favoring an early isolation strategy that will restrict the spread of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natheer H Al-Rawi
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Ayat R Sammouda
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eman A AlRahin
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Ghadeer S Al Arayedh
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Musab H Saeed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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Charpentier C, Pellissier G, Ichou H, Ferré VM, Larfi I, Phung BC, Vallois D, LeGac S, Aubier M, Descamps D, Fidouh-Houhou N, Bouvet E. Contribution of rapid lateral flow assays from capillary blood specimens to the diagnosis of COVID-19 in symptomatic healthcare workers: a pilot study in a university hospital, Paris, France. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 101:115430. [PMID: 34229244 PMCID: PMC8130593 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background This study aimed to assess, by rapid tests, the immune status against COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers (HCW) with history of symptoms, and for whom SARS-CoV-2 detection was either not documented or negative. Methods Whole blood by finger prick and serum samples were taken from HCW for use with 2 rapid lateral flow tests and an automated immunoassay. Results Seventy-two HCWs were included, median duration between symptoms onset and serology sampling was 68 days. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected by rapid test in 11 HCW (15.3%) and confirmed in the 10 with available serum by the automated immunoassay. The frequency of ageusia or anosmia was higher in participants with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (P = 0.0006 and P = 0.029, respectively). Conclusions This study, among symptomatic HCW during the first wave in France, showed that 15% had IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2, a higher seroprevalence than in the general population. Rapid lateral flow tests were highly concordant with automated immunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Charpentier
- Service de Virologie, Université de Paris, INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France.
| | - Gérard Pellissier
- Groupe d'Étude sur le Risque d'Exposition des Soignants aux agents infectieux (GERES), UFR de Médecine Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Houria Ichou
- Service de Virologie, Université de Paris, INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Valentine Marie Ferré
- Service de Virologie, Université de Paris, INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Larfi
- Inserm U1152, Université de Paris, Site Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Bao-Chau Phung
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Dorothée Vallois
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie LeGac
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; COREVIH Ile-de-France Nord, Paris, France
| | - Michel Aubier
- Inserm U1152, Université de Paris, Site Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- Service de Virologie, Université de Paris, INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Nadhira Fidouh-Houhou
- Service de Virologie, Université de Paris, INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Bouvet
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; COREVIH Ile-de-France Nord, Paris, France
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47
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Jalessi M, Bagheri SH, Azad Z, Firouzabadi FD, Amini E, Alizadeh R, Chaibakhsh S, Ghalehbaghi B, Hopkins C, Farhadi M. The outcome of olfactory impairment in patients with otherwise paucisymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 during the pandemic. J Laryngol Otol 2021; 135:426-435. [PMID: 33883051 PMCID: PMC8111181 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215121001110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to measure the duration and recovery rate of olfactory loss in patients complaining of recent smell loss as their prominent symptom during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. METHOD This was a prospective telephone follow-up observational study of 243 participants who completed an online survey that started on 12 March 2020. RESULTS After a mean of 5.5 months from the loss of smell onset, 98.3 per cent of participants reported improvement with a 71.2 per cent complete recovery rate after a median of 21 days. The chance of complete recovery significantly decreased after 131 days from the onset of loss of smell (100 per cent sensitive and 97.7 per cent specific). Younger age and isolated smell loss were associated with a rapid recovery, whereas accompanying rhinological and gastrointestinal symptoms were associated with longer loss of smell duration. CONCLUSION Smell loss, occurring as a prominent symptom during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, showed a favourable outcome. However, after 5.5 months from the onset, around 10 per cent of participants still complained of moderate or severe hyposmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jalessi
- Skull Base Research Centre, Tehran, Iran
| | - S H Bagheri
- ENT Department and Head and Neck Research Centre, Tehran, Iran
| | - Z Azad
- Skull Base Research Centre, Tehran, Iran
| | - F D Firouzabadi
- ENT Department and Head and Neck Research Centre, Tehran, Iran
| | - E Amini
- Skull Base Research Centre, Tehran, Iran
| | - R Alizadeh
- ENT Department and Head and Neck Research Centre, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Chaibakhsh
- Eye Research Centre, The Five Senses Health Institute, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - B Ghalehbaghi
- ENT Department and Head and Neck Research Centre, Tehran, Iran
| | - C Hopkins
- Guy's and St Thomas’ Hospital, King's College, London, UK
| | - M Farhadi
- ENT Department and Head and Neck Research Centre, Tehran, Iran
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48
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Pritsch M, Radon K, Bakuli A, Le Gleut R, Olbrich L, Guggenbüehl Noller JM, Saathoff E, Castelletti N, Garí M, Pütz P, Schälte Y, Frahnow T, Wölfel R, Rothe C, Pletschette M, Metaxa D, Forster F, Thiel V, Rieß F, Diefenbach MN, Fröschl G, Bruger J, Winter S, Frese J, Puchinger K, Brand I, Kroidl I, Hasenauer J, Fuchs C, Wieser A, Hoelscher M. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Infection in the Representative COVID-19 Cohort Munich. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073572. [PMID: 33808249 PMCID: PMC8038115 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Given the large number of mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 cases, only population-based studies can provide reliable estimates of the magnitude of the pandemic. We therefore aimed to assess the sero-prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the Munich general population after the first wave of the pandemic. For this purpose, we drew a representative sample of 2994 private households and invited household members 14 years and older to complete questionnaires and to provide blood samples. SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was defined as Roche N pan-Ig ≥ 0.4218. We adjusted the prevalence for the sampling design, sensitivity, and specificity. We investigated risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and geospatial transmission patterns by generalized linear mixed models and permutation tests. Seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies was 1.82% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28-2.37%) as compared to 0.46% PCR-positive cases officially registered in Munich. Loss of the sense of smell or taste was associated with seropositivity (odds ratio (OR) 47.4; 95% CI 7.2-307.0) and infections clustered within households. By this first population-based study on SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in a large German municipality not affected by a superspreading event, we could show that at least one in four cases in private households was reported and known to the health authorities. These results will help authorities to estimate the true burden of disease in the population and to take evidence-based decisions on public health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pritsch
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (M.P.); (A.B.); (L.O.); (J.M.G.N.); (E.S.); (N.C.); (C.R.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (V.T.); (F.R.); (M.N.D.); (G.F.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (I.B.); (I.K.); (A.W.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany;
| | - Katja Radon
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (K.R.); (F.F.)
- Center for International Health (CIH), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) Munich, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 89337 Munich, Germany
| | - Abhishek Bakuli
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (M.P.); (A.B.); (L.O.); (J.M.G.N.); (E.S.); (N.C.); (C.R.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (V.T.); (F.R.); (M.N.D.); (G.F.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (I.B.); (I.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Ronan Le Gleut
- Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (R.L.G.); (M.G.); (P.P.); (Y.S.); (T.F.); (J.H.); (C.F.)
- Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Core Facility Statistical Consulting, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Laura Olbrich
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (M.P.); (A.B.); (L.O.); (J.M.G.N.); (E.S.); (N.C.); (C.R.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (V.T.); (F.R.); (M.N.D.); (G.F.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (I.B.); (I.K.); (A.W.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany;
| | - Jessica Michelle Guggenbüehl Noller
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (M.P.); (A.B.); (L.O.); (J.M.G.N.); (E.S.); (N.C.); (C.R.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (V.T.); (F.R.); (M.N.D.); (G.F.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (I.B.); (I.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Elmar Saathoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (M.P.); (A.B.); (L.O.); (J.M.G.N.); (E.S.); (N.C.); (C.R.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (V.T.); (F.R.); (M.N.D.); (G.F.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (I.B.); (I.K.); (A.W.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany;
| | - Noemi Castelletti
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (M.P.); (A.B.); (L.O.); (J.M.G.N.); (E.S.); (N.C.); (C.R.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (V.T.); (F.R.); (M.N.D.); (G.F.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (I.B.); (I.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Mercè Garí
- Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (R.L.G.); (M.G.); (P.P.); (Y.S.); (T.F.); (J.H.); (C.F.)
| | - Peter Pütz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (R.L.G.); (M.G.); (P.P.); (Y.S.); (T.F.); (J.H.); (C.F.)
- Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Yannik Schälte
- Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (R.L.G.); (M.G.); (P.P.); (Y.S.); (T.F.); (J.H.); (C.F.)
- Center for Mathematics, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Turid Frahnow
- Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (R.L.G.); (M.G.); (P.P.); (Y.S.); (T.F.); (J.H.); (C.F.)
- Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Roman Wölfel
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany;
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Camilla Rothe
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (M.P.); (A.B.); (L.O.); (J.M.G.N.); (E.S.); (N.C.); (C.R.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (V.T.); (F.R.); (M.N.D.); (G.F.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (I.B.); (I.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Michel Pletschette
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (M.P.); (A.B.); (L.O.); (J.M.G.N.); (E.S.); (N.C.); (C.R.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (V.T.); (F.R.); (M.N.D.); (G.F.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (I.B.); (I.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Dafni Metaxa
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (M.P.); (A.B.); (L.O.); (J.M.G.N.); (E.S.); (N.C.); (C.R.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (V.T.); (F.R.); (M.N.D.); (G.F.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (I.B.); (I.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Felix Forster
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (K.R.); (F.F.)
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) Munich, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 89337 Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Thiel
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (M.P.); (A.B.); (L.O.); (J.M.G.N.); (E.S.); (N.C.); (C.R.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (V.T.); (F.R.); (M.N.D.); (G.F.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (I.B.); (I.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Friedrich Rieß
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (M.P.); (A.B.); (L.O.); (J.M.G.N.); (E.S.); (N.C.); (C.R.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (V.T.); (F.R.); (M.N.D.); (G.F.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (I.B.); (I.K.); (A.W.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany;
| | - Maximilian Nikolaus Diefenbach
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (M.P.); (A.B.); (L.O.); (J.M.G.N.); (E.S.); (N.C.); (C.R.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (V.T.); (F.R.); (M.N.D.); (G.F.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (I.B.); (I.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Günter Fröschl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (M.P.); (A.B.); (L.O.); (J.M.G.N.); (E.S.); (N.C.); (C.R.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (V.T.); (F.R.); (M.N.D.); (G.F.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (I.B.); (I.K.); (A.W.)
- Center for International Health (CIH), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Bruger
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (M.P.); (A.B.); (L.O.); (J.M.G.N.); (E.S.); (N.C.); (C.R.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (V.T.); (F.R.); (M.N.D.); (G.F.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (I.B.); (I.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Simon Winter
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (M.P.); (A.B.); (L.O.); (J.M.G.N.); (E.S.); (N.C.); (C.R.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (V.T.); (F.R.); (M.N.D.); (G.F.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (I.B.); (I.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Jonathan Frese
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (M.P.); (A.B.); (L.O.); (J.M.G.N.); (E.S.); (N.C.); (C.R.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (V.T.); (F.R.); (M.N.D.); (G.F.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (I.B.); (I.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Kerstin Puchinger
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (M.P.); (A.B.); (L.O.); (J.M.G.N.); (E.S.); (N.C.); (C.R.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (V.T.); (F.R.); (M.N.D.); (G.F.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (I.B.); (I.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Isabel Brand
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (M.P.); (A.B.); (L.O.); (J.M.G.N.); (E.S.); (N.C.); (C.R.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (V.T.); (F.R.); (M.N.D.); (G.F.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (I.B.); (I.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Inge Kroidl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (M.P.); (A.B.); (L.O.); (J.M.G.N.); (E.S.); (N.C.); (C.R.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (V.T.); (F.R.); (M.N.D.); (G.F.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (I.B.); (I.K.); (A.W.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany;
| | - Jan Hasenauer
- Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (R.L.G.); (M.G.); (P.P.); (Y.S.); (T.F.); (J.H.); (C.F.)
- Center for Mathematics, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Research Unit Mathematics and Life Sciences, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane Fuchs
- Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (R.L.G.); (M.G.); (P.P.); (Y.S.); (T.F.); (J.H.); (C.F.)
- Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Core Facility Statistical Consulting, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Center for Mathematics, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Wieser
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (M.P.); (A.B.); (L.O.); (J.M.G.N.); (E.S.); (N.C.); (C.R.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (V.T.); (F.R.); (M.N.D.); (G.F.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (I.B.); (I.K.); (A.W.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany;
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (M.P.); (A.B.); (L.O.); (J.M.G.N.); (E.S.); (N.C.); (C.R.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (V.T.); (F.R.); (M.N.D.); (G.F.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (I.B.); (I.K.); (A.W.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany;
- Center for International Health (CIH), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-44005-9801
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Hüls A, Costa AC, Dierssen M, Baksh RA, Bargagna S, Baumer NT, Brandão AC, Carfi A, Carmona-Iragui M, Chicoine BA, Ghosh S, Lakhanpaul M, Manso C, Mayer MA, Ortega MDC, de Asua DR, Rebillat AS, Russell LA, Sgandurra G, Valentini D, Sherman SL, Strydom A. Medical vulnerability of individuals with Down syndrome to severe COVID-19-data from the Trisomy 21 Research Society and the UK ISARIC4C survey. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 33:100769. [PMID: 33644721 PMCID: PMC7897934 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health conditions, immune dysfunction, and premature aging associated with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome, DS) may impact the clinical course of COVID-19. METHODS The T21RS COVID-19 Initiative launched an international survey for clinicians or caregivers on patients with COVID-19 and DS. Data collected between April and October 2020 (N=1046) were analysed and compared with the UK ISARIC4C survey of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with and without DS. FINDINGS The mean age of COVID-19 patients with DS in the T21RS survey was 29 years (SD = 18). Similar to the general population, the most frequent signs and symptoms of COVID-19 were fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Joint/muscle pain and vomiting or nausea were less frequent (p < 0.01), whereas altered consciousness/confusion were more frequent (p < 0.01). Risk factors for hospitalization and mortality were similar to the general population with the addition of congenital heart defects as a risk factor for hospitalization. Mortality rates showed a rapid increase from age 40 and were higher in patients with DS (T21RS DS versus non-DS patients: risk ratio (RR) = 3.5 (95%-CI=2.6;4.4), ISARIC4C DS versus non-DS patients: RR = 2.9 (95%-CI=2.1;3.8)) even after adjusting for known risk factors for COVID-19 mortality. INTERPRETATION Leading signs/symptoms of COVID-19 and risk factors for severe disease course are similar to the general population. However, individuals with DS present significantly higher rates of medical complications and mortality, especially from age 40. FUNDING Down Syndrome Affiliates in Action, DSMIG-USA, GiGi's Playhouse, Jerome Lejeune Foundation, LuMind IDSC Foundation, The Matthew Foundation, NDSS, National Task Group on Intellectual Disabilities and Dementia Practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hüls
- Department of Epidemiology and Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alberto C.S. Costa
- Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
| | - R. Asaad Baksh
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- The London Down Syndrome (LonDownS) Consortium, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicole T. Baumer
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Angelo Carfi
- Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Carmona-Iragui
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana de Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sujay Ghosh
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Reserach Unit. Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta.Kolkata. West Bengal, India
| | - Monica Lakhanpaul
- UCL- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Whttington NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; Down Syndrome Medical Interest Group, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Miguel-Angel Mayer
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute and DCEXS Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria del Carmen Ortega
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Institute i+12. Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre. Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Real de Asua
- Department of Internal Medicine and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica-La Princesa, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Lauren Ashley Russell
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Giuseppina Sgandurra
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Diletta Valentini
- Pediatric Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stephanie L. Sherman
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andre Strydom
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- The London Down Syndrome (LonDownS) Consortium, London, United Kingdom
- South London and the Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
| | - T21RS COVID-19 Initiative
- Department of Epidemiology and Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- The London Down Syndrome (LonDownS) Consortium, London, United Kingdom
- Fondazione Stella Maris IRCCS, Pisa, Italy
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana de Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain
- Advocate Medical Group Adult Down Syndrome Center, Park Ridge, IL, USA
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Reserach Unit. Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta.Kolkata. West Bengal, India
- UCL- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Whttington NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; Down Syndrome Medical Interest Group, London, United Kingdom
- CM: DOWN ESPAÑA, Madrid, Spain
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute and DCEXS Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Institute i+12. Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre. Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica-La Princesa, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Institut Jérôme Lejeune, Paris, France
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Pediatric Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- The London Down Syndrome (LonDownS) Consortium, London, United Kingdom
- South London and the Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
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Thampi N, Sander B, Science M. Comment empêcher le SRAS-CoV-2 d’entrer dans les écoles. CMAJ 2021; 193:E198-E199. [PMID: 33526553 PMCID: PMC7954569 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.202568-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Thampi
- Centre hospitalier pour enfants de l'est de l'Ontario (Thampi); Département de pédiatrie (Thampi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario; Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (Sander), Réseau universitaire de santé; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Sander), Université de Toronto; Hôpital SickKids (Science); Département de pédiatrie (Science), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.
| | - Beate Sander
- Centre hospitalier pour enfants de l'est de l'Ontario (Thampi); Département de pédiatrie (Thampi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario; Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (Sander), Réseau universitaire de santé; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Sander), Université de Toronto; Hôpital SickKids (Science); Département de pédiatrie (Science), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Michelle Science
- Centre hospitalier pour enfants de l'est de l'Ontario (Thampi); Département de pédiatrie (Thampi), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario; Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (Sander), Réseau universitaire de santé; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Sander), Université de Toronto; Hôpital SickKids (Science); Département de pédiatrie (Science), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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