1
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Jooss NJ, Diender MG, Fernández DI, Huang J, Heubel-Moenen FCJ, van der Veer A, Kuijpers MJE, Poulter NS, Henskens YMC, Te Loo M, Heemskerk JWM. Restraining of glycoprotein VI- and integrin α2β1-dependent thrombus formation by platelet PECAM1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:44. [PMID: 38236412 PMCID: PMC10796532 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The platelet receptors, glycoprotein VI (GPVI) and integrin α2β1 jointly control collagen-dependent thrombus formation via protein tyrosine kinases. It is unresolved to which extent the ITIM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif) receptor PECAM1 and its downstream acting protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN11 interfere in this process. Here, we hypothesized that integrin α2β1 has a co-regulatory role in the PECAM1- and PTPN11-dependent restraint of thrombus formation. We investigated platelet activation under flow on collagens with a different GPVI dependency and using integrin α2β1 blockage. Blood was obtained from healthy subjects and from patients with Noonan syndrome with a gain-of-function mutation of PTPN11 and variable bleeding phenotype. On collagens with decreasing GPVI activity (types I, III, IV), the surface-dependent inhibition of PECAM1 did not alter thrombus parameters using control blood. Blockage of α2β1 generally reduced thrombus parameters, most effectively on collagen IV. Strikingly, simultaneous inhibition of PECAM1 and α2β1 led to a restoration of thrombus formation, indicating that the suppressing signaling effect of PECAM1 is masked by the platelet-adhesive receptor α2β1. Blood from 4 out of 6 Noonan patients showed subnormal thrombus formation on collagen IV. In these patients, effects of α2β1 blockage were counterbalanced by PECAM1 inhibition to a normal phenotype. In summary, we conclude that the suppression of GPVI-dependent thrombus formation by either PECAM1 or a gain-of-function of PTPN11 can be overruled by α2β1 engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Jooss
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Molecular Haematology Unit, University of Oxford, Headington, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Marije G Diender
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Delia I Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Platelet Proteomics Group, Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jingnan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Platelet Proteomics Group, Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Floor C J Heubel-Moenen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arian van der Veer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Natalie S Poulter
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Yvonne M C Henskens
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maroeska Te Loo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W M Heemskerk
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Synapse Research Institute Maastricht, Kon. Emmaplein 7, 6217 KD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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2
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Qian Z, Song D, Ipsaro JJ, Bautista C, Joshua-Tor L, Yeh JTH, Tonks NK. Manipulating PTPRD function with ectodomain antibodies. Genes Dev 2023; 37:743-759. [PMID: 37669874 PMCID: PMC10546974 DOI: 10.1101/gad.350713.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are critical regulators of signal transduction but have yet to be exploited fully for drug development. Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase δ (RPTPδ/PTPRD) has been shown to elicit tumor-promoting functions, including elevating SRC activity and promoting metastasis in certain cell contexts. Dimerization has been implicated in the inhibition of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs). We have generated antibodies targeting PTPRD ectodomains with the goal of manipulating their dimerization status ectopically, thereby regulating intracellular signaling. We have validated antibody binding to endogenous PTPRD in a metastatic breast cancer cell line, CAL51, and demonstrated that a monoclonal antibody, RD-43, inhibited phosphatase activity and induced the degradation of PTPRD. Similar effects were observed following chemically induced dimerization of its phosphatase domain. Mechanistically, RD-43 triggered the formation of PTPRD dimers in which the phosphatase activity was impaired. Subsequently, the mAb-PTPRD dimer complex was degraded through lysosomal and proteasomal pathways, independently of secretase cleavage. Consequently, treatment with RD-43 inhibited SRC signaling and suppressed PTPRD-dependent cell invasion. Together, these findings demonstrate that manipulating RPTP function via antibodies to the extracellular segments has therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Qian
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
- Graduate Program of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11760, USA
| | - Dongyan Song
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Jonathan J Ipsaro
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | | | - Leemor Joshua-Tor
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Johannes T-H Yeh
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA;
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3
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Tremblay ML. Advancing therapeutics using antibody-induced dimerization of receptor tyrosine phosphatases. Genes Dev 2023; 37:678-680. [PMID: 37673461 PMCID: PMC10546972 DOI: 10.1101/gad.351120.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) are involved in a broad list of cellular, developmental, and physiological functions. Altering their expression leads to significant changes in protein phosphorylation linked to a growing list of human diseases, including cancers and neurological disorders. In this issue of Genes & Development, Qian and colleagues (pp. 743-759) present the identification of a monoclonal antibody targeting PTPRD extracellular domain-inducing dimerization and inhibition of the phosphatase activities, causing the proteolysis of dimeric PTPRD by a mechanism involving intracellular degradation pathways. Their study supports the potential of modulating PTPRD via its extracellular domains. This opens a new framework in the clinical manipulation of PTPRD and its closely related family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel L Tremblay
- Department of Biochemistry, Goodman Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A1A3, Canada
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4
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The Structure, Function and Regulation of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type J and Its Role in Diseases. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010008. [PMID: 36611803 PMCID: PMC9818648 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type J (PTPRJ), also known as DEP-1, HPTPη, or CD148, belongs to the R3 subfamily of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs). It was first identified as an antioncogene due to its protein level being significantly downregulated in most epithelial tumors and cancer cell lines (e.g., colon, lung, thyroid, breast, and pancreas). PTPRJ regulates mouse optic nerve projection by inhibiting the phosphorylation of the erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma (Eph) receptor and abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 (c-Abl). PTPRJ is crucial for metabolism. Recent studies have demonstrated that PTPRJ dephosphorylates JAK2 at positions Y813 and Y868 to inhibit leptin signaling. Akt is more phosphorylated at the Ser473 and Thr308 sites in Ptprj-/- mice, suggesting that PTPRJ may be a novel negative regulator of insulin signaling. PTPRJ also plays an important role in balancing the pro- and anti-osteoclastogenic activity of the M-CSF receptor (M-CSFR), and in maintaining NFATc1 expression during the late stages of osteoclastogenesis to promote bone-resorbing osteoclast (OCL) maturation. Furthermore, multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) as substrates of PTPRJ are probably a potential therapeutic target for many types of diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic diseases, by inhibiting their phosphorylation activity. In light of the important roles that PTPRJ plays in many diseases, this review summarizes the structural features of the protein, its expression pattern, and the physiological and pathological functions of PTPRJ, to provide new ideas for treating PTPRJ as a potential therapeutic target for related metabolic diseases and cancer.
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5
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Schwarz M, Rizzo S, Paz WE, Kresinsky A, Thévenin D, Müller JP. Disrupting PTPRJ transmembrane-mediated oligomerization counteracts oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3 ITD. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1017947. [PMID: 36452504 PMCID: PMC9701752 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1017947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP) PTPRJ (also known as DEP-1) has been identified as a negative regulator of the receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3 signalling in vitro. The inactivation of the PTPRJ gene in mice expressing the constitutively active, oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3 ITD aggravated known features of leukaemogenesis, revealing PTPRJ's antagonistic role. FLT3 ITD mutations resulting in constitutively kinase activity and cell transformation frequently occur in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Thus, in situ activation of PTPRJ could be used to abrogate oncogenic FLT3 signalling. The activity of PTPRJ is suppressed by homodimerization, which is mediated by transmembrane domain (TMD) interactions. Specific Glycine-to-Leucine mutations in the TMD disrupt oligomerization and inhibit the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and EGFR-driven cancer cell phenotypes. To study the effects of PTPRJ TMD mutant proteins on FLT3 ITD activity in cell lines, endogenous PTPRJ was inactivated and replaced by stable expression of PTPRJ TMD mutants. Autophosphorylation of wild-type and ITD-mutated FLT3 was diminished in AML cell lines expressing the PTPRJ TMD mutants compared to wild-type-expressing cells. This was accompanied by reduced FLT3-mediated global protein tyrosine phosphorylation and downstream signalling. Further, PTPRJ TMD mutant proteins impaired the proliferation and in vitro transformation of leukemic cells. Although PTPRJ's TMD mutant proteins showed impaired self-association, the specific phosphatase activity of immunoprecipitated proteins remained unchanged. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the destabilization of PTPRJ TMD-mediated self-association increases the activity of PTPRJ in situ and impairs FLT3 activity and FLT3-driven cell phenotypes of AML cells. Thus, disrupting the oligomerization of PTPRJ in situ could prove a valuable therapeutic strategy to restrict oncogenic FLT3 activity in leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Schwarz
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB - Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sophie Rizzo
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | | | - Anne Kresinsky
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB - Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany,Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Damien Thévenin
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Jörg P. Müller
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB - Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany,*Correspondence: Jörg P. Müller,
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6
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PTPRJ is downregulated in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. J Genet 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-022-01368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Liang X, Chen S, Wang X, Zhou L, Chen L. miR-204-5p promotes preeclampsia serum-induced injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells through regulation of the PTPRJ/Notch axis. Pregnancy Hypertens 2022; 28:100-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Shalev M, Arman E, Stein M, Cohen-Sharir Y, Brumfeld V, Kapishnikov S, Royal I, Tuckermann J, Elson A. PTPRJ promotes osteoclast maturation and activity by inhibiting Cbl-mediated ubiquitination of NFATc1 in late osteoclastogenesis. FEBS J 2021; 288:4702-4723. [PMID: 33605542 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bone-resorbing osteoclasts (OCLs) are multinucleated phagocytes, whose central roles in regulating bone formation and homeostasis are critical for normal health and development. OCLs are produced from precursor monocytes in a multistage process that includes initial differentiation, cell-cell fusion, and subsequent functional and morphological maturation; the molecular regulation of osteoclastogenesis is not fully understood. Here, we identify the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRJ as an essential regulator specifically of OCL maturation. Monocytes from PTPRJ-deficient (JKO) mice differentiate and fuse normally, but their maturation into functional OCLs and their ability to degrade bone are severely inhibited. In agreement, mice lacking PTPRJ throughout their bodies or only in OCLs exhibit increased bone mass due to reduced OCL-mediated bone resorption. We further show that PTPRJ promotes OCL maturation by dephosphorylating the M-CSF receptor (M-CSFR) and Cbl, thus reducing the ubiquitination and degradation of the key osteoclastogenic transcription factor NFATc1. Loss of PTPRJ increases ubiquitination of NFATc1 and reduces its amounts at later stages of osteoclastogenesis, thereby inhibiting OCL maturation. PTPRJ thus fulfills an essential and cell-autonomous role in promoting OCL maturation by balancing between the pro- and anti-osteoclastogenic activities of the M-CSFR and maintaining NFATc1 expression during late osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Shalev
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Esther Arman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Merle Stein
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Yael Cohen-Sharir
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vlad Brumfeld
- Department of Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Kapishnikov
- Department of Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Isabelle Royal
- CRCHUM - Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, QC, Canada.,Institut du Cancer de Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Ari Elson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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9
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Huo YH, Wang YN, Meng LB, Zhang AL, Liu B. Progress in the correlation between PTPN12 gene expression and human tumors. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20445. [PMID: 32541467 PMCID: PMC7302617 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global morbidity of cancer is rising rapidly. Despite advances in molecular biology, immunology, and cytotoxic and immune-anticancer therapies, cancer remains a major cause of death worldwide. Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 12 (PTPN12) is a new member of the cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase family, isolated from a cDNA library of adult colon tissue. Thus far, no studies have reviewed the correlation between PTPN12 gene expression and human tumors. METHODS This article summarizes the latest domestic and international research developments on how the expression of PTPN12 relates to human tumors. The extensive search in Web of Science and PubMed with the keywords including PTPN12, tumor, renal cell carcinoma, proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes was undertaken. RESULTS More and more studies have shown that a tumor is essentially a genetic disease, arising from a broken antagonistic function between proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. When their antagonistic effect is out of balance, it may cause uncontrolled growth of cells and lead to the occurrence of tumors. PTPN12 is a tumor suppressor gene, so inhibiting its activity will lead directly or indirectly to the occurrence of tumors. CONCLUSION The etiology, prevention, and treatment of tumors have become the focus of research around the world. PTPN12 is a tumor suppressor gene. In the future, PTPN12 might serve as a novel molecular marker to benefit patients, and even the development of tumor suppressor gene activation agents can form a practical research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-hu Huo
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Ya-ni Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei
| | - Ling-bing Meng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei
| | - Ai-li Zhang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The fourth hospital of Hebei medical university, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The fourth hospital of Hebei medical university, P. R. China
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10
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Takahashi K, Kim RH, Pasic L, He L, Nagasaka S, Katagiri D, May T, Shimizu A, Harris RC, Mernaugh RL, Takahashi T. Agonistic anti-CD148 monoclonal antibody attenuates diabetic nephropathy in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F647-F659. [PMID: 31984788 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00288.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CD148 is a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) that is expressed in the renal vasculature, including the glomerulus. Previous studies have shown that CD148 plays a role in the negative regulation of growth factor signals (including epidermal growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor), suppressing cell proliferation and transformation. However, the role of CD148 in kidney disease remains unknown. Here, we generated an agonistic anti-CD148 antibody and evaluated its effects in murine diabetic nephropathy (DN). Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the mouse CD148 ectodomain sequence were generated by immunizing CD148 knockout (CD148KO) mice. The mAbs that increased CD148 activity were selected by biological (proliferation) and biochemical (PTP activity) assays. The mAb (18E1) that showed strong agonistic activity was injected (10 mg/kg ip) in streptozotocin-induced wild-type and CD148KO diabetic mice for 6 wk, and the renal phenotype was then assessed. The effects of 18E1 mAb in podocyte growth factor signals were also assessed in culture. Compared with control IgG, 18E1 mAb significantly decreased albuminuria and mesangial expansion without altering hyperglycemia and blood pressure in wild-type diabetic mice. Immunohistochemical evaluation showed that 18E1 mAb significantly prevented the reduction of podocyte number and nephrin expression and decreased glomerular fibronectin expression and renal macrophage infiltration. The 18E1 mAb showed no effects in CD148KO diabetic mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that 18E1 mAb reduces podocyte epidermal growth factor receptor signals in culture and in diabetic mice. These findings suggest that agonistic anti-CD148 mAb attenuates DN in mice, in part by reducing epidermal growth factor receptor signals in podocytes. This antibody may be used for the treatment of early DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Takahashi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rachel H Kim
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lejla Pasic
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lilly He
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Shinya Nagasaka
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Katagiri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tracy May
- Vanderbilt University Antibody and Protein Resource, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Takamune Takahashi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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11
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Bloch E, Sikorski EL, Pontoriero D, Day EK, Berger BW, Lazzara MJ, Thévenin D. Disrupting the transmembrane domain-mediated oligomerization of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor J inhibits EGFR-driven cancer cell phenotypes. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18796-18806. [PMID: 31676686 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) play critical regulatory roles in mammalian signal transduction. However, the structural basis for the regulation of their catalytic activity is not fully understood, and RPTPs are generally not therapeutically targetable. This knowledge gap is partially due to the lack of known natural ligands or selective agonists of RPTPs. Contrary to what is known from structure-function studies of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), RPTP activities have been reported to be suppressed by dimerization, which may prevent RPTPs from accessing their RTK substrates. We report here that homodimerization of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor J (PTPRJ, also known as DEP-1) is regulated by specific transmembrane (TM) residues. We found that disrupting these interactions destabilizes homodimerization of full-length PTPRJ in cells, reduces the phosphorylation of the known PTPRJ substrate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and of other downstream signaling effectors, antagonizes EGFR-driven cell phenotypes, and promotes substrate access. We demonstrate these observations in human cancer cells using mutational studies and identified a peptide that binds to the PTPRJ TM domain and represents the first example of an allosteric agonist of RPTPs. The results of our study provide fundamental structural and functional insights into how PTPRJ activity is tuned by TM interactions in cells. Our findings also open up opportunities for developing peptide-based agents that could be used as tools to probe RPTPs' signaling mechanisms or to manage cancers driven by RTK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bloch
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015
| | - Eden L Sikorski
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015
| | - David Pontoriero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
| | - Evan K Day
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
| | - Bryan W Berger
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
| | - Matthew J Lazzara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
| | - Damien Thévenin
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015.
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12
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The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRJ/DEP-1 contributes to the regulation of the Notch-signaling pathway and sprouting angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2019; 23:145-157. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-019-09683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Sala M, Spensiero A, Scala MC, Pepe G, Bilotta A, Paduano F, D'Agostino S, Lanzillotta D, Bertamino A, Novellino E, Trapasso F, Gomez-Monterrey IM, Campiglia P. Design, Synthesis, Biological Activity, and Structural Analysis of Lactam-Constrained PTPRJ Agonist Peptides. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1673-1680. [PMID: 29888867 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PTPRJ is a receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase mainly known for its antiproliferative and tumor-suppressive functions. PTPRJ dephosphorylates several growth factors and their receptors, negatively regulating cell proliferation and migration. We recently identified a disulfide-bridged nonapeptide, named PTPRJ-19 (H-[Cys-His-His-Asn-Leu-Thr-His-Ala-Cys]-OH), which activates PTPRJ, thereby causing cell growth inhibition and apoptosis of both cancer and endothelial cells. With the aim of replacing the disulfide bridge by a chemically more stable moiety, we have synthesized and tested a series of lactam analogues of PTPRJ-19. This replacement led to analogues with higher activity and greater stability than the parent peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sala
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Antonia Spensiero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Pepe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Anna Bilotta
- Department of Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Graecia, Campus "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Paduano
- Department of Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Graecia, Campus "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sabrina D'Agostino
- Department of Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Graecia, Campus "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Delia Lanzillotta
- Department of Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Graecia, Campus "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessia Bertamino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Trapasso
- Department of Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Graecia, Campus "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
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14
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The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRJ negatively modulates the CD98hc oncoprotein in lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23334-23348. [PMID: 29805737 PMCID: PMC5955124 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PTPRJ, a receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase strongly downregulated in human cancer, displays tumor suppressor activity by negatively modulating several proteins involved in proliferating signals. Here, through a proteomic-based approach, we identified a list of potential PTPRJ-interacting proteins and among them we focused on CD98hc, a type II glycosylated integral membrane protein encoded by SLC3A2, corresponding to the heavy chain of a heterodimeric transmembrane amino-acid transporter, including LAT1. CD98hc is widely overexpressed in several types of cancers and contributes to the process of tumorigenesis by interfering with cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration. We first validated PTPRJ-CD98hc interaction, then demonstrated that PTPRJ overexpression dramatically reduces CD98hc protein levels in A549 lung cancer cells. In addition, following to the treatment of PTPRJ-transduced cells with MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, CD98hc levels did not decrease compared to controls, indicating that PTPRJ is involved in the regulation of CD98hc proteasomal degradation. Moreover, PTPRJ overexpression combined with CD98hc silencing consistently reduced cell proliferation and triggered apoptosis of lung cancer cells. Interestingly, by interrogating the can Evolve database, we observed an inverse correlation between PTPRJ and SLC3A2 gene expression. Indeed, the non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) of patients showing a short survival rate express the lowest and the highest levels of PTPRJ and SLC3A2, respectively. Therefore, the results reported here contribute to shed lights on PTPRJ signaling in cancer cells: moreover, our findings also support the development of a novel anticancer therapeutic approach by targeting the pathway of PTPRJ that is usually downregulated in highly malignant human neoplasias.
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15
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Rangaraju S, Raza SA, Li NX, Betarbet R, Dammer EB, Duong D, Lah JJ, Seyfried NT, Levey AI. Differential Phagocytic Properties of CD45 low Microglia and CD45 high Brain Mononuclear Phagocytes-Activation and Age-Related Effects. Front Immunol 2018; 9:405. [PMID: 29552013 PMCID: PMC5840283 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), microglia are innate immune mononuclear phagocytes (CNS MPs) that can phagocytose infectious particles, apoptotic cells, neurons, and pathological protein aggregates, such as Aβ in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While CD11b+CD45low microglia account for the majority of CNS MPs, a small population of CD11b+CD45high CNS MPs is also recognized in AD that surround Aβ plaques. These transcriptionally and pathologically unique CD45high cells have unclear origin and undefined phagocytic characteristics. We have comprehensively validated rapid flow cytometric assays of bulk-phase and amyloid β fibril (fAβ) phagocytosis and applied these to study acutely isolated CNS MPs. Using these methods, we provide novel insights into differential abilities of CD11b+ CD45low and CD45high CNS MPs to phagocytose macroparticles and fAβ under normal, acute, and chronic neuroinflammatory states. CD45high CNS MPs also highly upregulate TREM2, CD11c, and several disease-associated microglia signature genes and have a higher phagocytic capacity for Aβ as compared to CD45low microglia in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD that becomes more apparent with aging. Our data suggest an overall pro-phagocytic and protective role for CD11b+CD45high CNS MPs in neurodegeneration, which if promoted, could be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikant Rangaraju
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Syed Ali Raza
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Noel Xiang'An Li
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ranjita Betarbet
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Duc Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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16
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Targeting Receptor-Type Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases with Biotherapeutics: Is Outside-in Better than Inside-Out? Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030569. [PMID: 29498714 PMCID: PMC6017057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), of the receptor and non-receptor classes, are key signaling molecules that play critical roles in cellular regulation underlying diverse physiological events. Aberrant signaling as a result of genetic mutation or altered expression levels has been associated with several diseases and treatment via pharmacological intervention at the level of PTPs has been widely explored; however, the challenges associated with development of small molecule phosphatase inhibitors targeting the intracellular phosphatase domain (the “inside-out” approach) have been well documented and as yet there are no clinically approved drugs targeting these enzymes. The alternative approach of targeting receptor PTPs with biotherapeutic agents (such as monoclonal antibodies or engineered fusion proteins; the “outside-in” approach) that interact with the extracellular ectodomain offers many advantages, and there have been a number of exciting recent developments in this field. Here we provide a brief overview of the receptor PTP family and an update on the emerging area of receptor PTP-targeted biotherapeutics for CD148, vascular endothelial-protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP), receptor-type PTPs σ, γ, ζ (RPTPσ, RPTPγ, RPTPζ) and CD45, and discussion of future potential in this area.
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17
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Bilotta A, Dattilo V, D'Agostino S, Belviso S, Scalise S, Bilotta M, Gaudio E, Paduano F, Perrotti N, Florio T, Fusco A, Iuliano R, Trapasso F. A novel splice variant of the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRJ that encodes for a soluble protein involved in angiogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:10091-10102. [PMID: 28052032 PMCID: PMC5354644 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PTPRJ is a receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase with tumor suppressor activity. Very little is known about the role of PTPRJ ectodomain, although recently both physiological and synthetic PTPRJ ligands have been identified. A putative shorter spliced variant, coding for a 539 aa protein corresponding to the extracellular N-terminus of PTPRJ, is reported in several databases but, currently, no further information is available. Here, we confirmed that the PTPRJ short isoform (named sPTPRJ) is a soluble protein secreted into the supernatant of both endothelial and tumor cells. Like PTPRJ, also sPTPRJ undergoes post-translational modifications such as glycosylation, as assessed by sPTPRJ immunoprecipitation. To characterize its functional activity, we performed an endothelial cell tube formation assay and a wound healing assay on HUVEC cells overexpressing sPTPRJ and we found that sPTPRJ has a proangiogenic activity. We also showed that sPTPRJ expression down-regulates endothelial adhesion molecules, that is a hallmark of proangiogenic activity. Moreover, sPTPRJ mRNA levels in human high-grade glioma, one of the most angiogenic tumors, are higher in tumor samples compared to controls. Further studies will be helpful not only to clarify the way sPTPRJ works but also to supply clues to circumvent its activity in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bilotta
- Department of Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Dattilo
- Department of Scienze della Salute, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sabrina D'Agostino
- Department of Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefania Belviso
- Department of Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefania Scalise
- Department of Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariaconcetta Bilotta
- Department of Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.,Lymphoma and Genomics Research Program, Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Paduano
- Department of Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.,Tecnologica Research Institute, Biomedical Section, Crotone, Italy
| | - Nicola Perrotti
- Department of Scienze della Salute, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Alfredo Fusco
- Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale - CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, University Federico II of Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Iuliano
- Department of Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Trapasso
- Department of Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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18
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Yu ZH, Zhang ZY. Regulatory Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Targeting Strategies for Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1069-1091. [PMID: 28541680 PMCID: PMC5812791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An appropriate level of protein phosphorylation on tyrosine is essential for cells to react to extracellular stimuli and maintain cellular homeostasis. Faulty operation of signal pathways mediated by protein tyrosine phosphorylation causes numerous human diseases, which presents enormous opportunities for therapeutic intervention. While the importance of protein tyrosine kinases in orchestrating the tyrosine phosphorylation networks and in target-based drug discovery has long been recognized, the significance of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in cellular signaling and disease biology has historically been underappreciated, due to a large extent to an erroneous assumption that they are largely constitutive and housekeeping enzymes. Here, we provide a comprehensive examination of a number of regulatory mechanisms, including redox modulation, allosteric regulation, and protein oligomerization, that control PTP activity. These regulatory mechanisms are integral to the myriad PTP-mediated biochemical events and reinforce the concept that PTPs are indispensable and specific modulators of cellular signaling. We also discuss how disruption of these PTP regulatory mechanisms can cause human diseases and how these diverse regulatory mechanisms can be exploited for novel therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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19
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Hendriks W, Bourgonje A, Leenders W, Pulido R. Proteinaceous Regulators and Inhibitors of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020395. [PMID: 29439552 PMCID: PMC6016963 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper control of the phosphotyrosine content in signal transduction proteins is essential for normal cell behavior and is lost in many pathologies. Attempts to normalize aberrant tyrosine phosphorylation levels in disease states currently involve either the application of small compounds that inhibit tyrosine kinases (TKs) or the addition of growth factors or their mimetics to boost receptor-type TK activity. Therapies that target the TK enzymatic counterparts, the multi-enzyme family of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), are still lacking despite their undisputed involvement in human diseases. Efforts to pharmacologically modulate PTP activity have been frustrated by the conserved structure of the PTP catalytic core, providing a daunting problem with respect to target specificity. Over the years, however, many different protein interaction-based regulatory mechanisms that control PTP activity have been uncovered, providing alternative possibilities to control PTPs individually. Here, we review these regulatory principles, discuss existing biologics and proteinaceous compounds that affect PTP activity, and mention future opportunities to drug PTPs via these regulatory concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiljan Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Annika Bourgonje
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - William Leenders
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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20
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Meeusen B, Janssens V. Tumor suppressive protein phosphatases in human cancer: Emerging targets for therapeutic intervention and tumor stratification. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 96:98-134. [PMID: 29031806 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant protein phosphorylation is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells, and in many cases a prerequisite to sustain tumor development and progression. Like protein kinases, protein phosphatases are key regulators of cell signaling. However, their contribution to aberrant signaling in cancer cells is overall less well appreciated, and therefore, their clinical potential remains largely unexploited. In this review, we provide an overview of tumor suppressive protein phosphatases in human cancer. Along their mechanisms of inactivation in defined cancer contexts, we give an overview of their functional roles in diverse signaling pathways that contribute to their tumor suppressive abilities. Finally, we discuss their emerging roles as predictive or prognostic markers, their potential as synthetic lethality targets, and the current feasibility of their reactivation with pharmacologic compounds as promising new cancer therapies. We conclude that their inclusion in clinical practice has obvious potential to significantly improve therapeutic outcome in various ways, and should now definitely be pushed forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Meeusen
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Belgium.
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21
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Recent advances in understanding the role of protein-tyrosine phosphatases in development and disease. Dev Biol 2017; 428:283-292. [PMID: 28728679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) remove phosphate groups from tyrosine residues, and thereby propagate or inhibit signal transduction, and hence influence cellular processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation. The importance of tightly controlled PTP activity is reflected by the numerous mechanisms employed by the cell to control PTP activity, including a variety of post-translational modifications, and restricted subcellular localization. This review highlights the strides made in the last decade and discusses the important role of PTPs in key aspects of embryonic development: the regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, gastrulation and somitogenesis during early embryonic development, osteogenesis, and angiogenesis. The tentative importance of PTPs in these processes is highlighted by the diseases that present upon aberrant activity.
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22
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Defining the molecular basis of interaction between R3 receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases and VE-cadherin. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184574. [PMID: 28926625 PMCID: PMC5604967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) of the R3 subgroup play key roles in the immune, vascular and nervous systems. They are characterised by a large ectodomain comprising multiple FNIII-like repeats, a transmembrane domain, and a single intracellular phosphatase domain. The functional role of the extracellular region has not been clearly defined and potential roles in ligand interaction, dimerization, and regulation of cell-cell contacts have been reported. Here bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) in live cells was used to examine the molecular basis for the interaction of VE-PTP with VE-cadherin, two proteins involved in endothelial cell contact and maintenance of vascular integrity. The potential of other R3-PTPs to interact with VE-cadherin was also explored using this method. Quantitative BiFC analysis, using a VE-PTP construct expressing only the ectodomain and transmembrane domain, revealed a specific interaction with VE-cadherin, when compared with controls. Controls were sialophorin, an unrelated membrane protein with a large ectodomain, and a membrane anchored C-terminal Venus-YFP fragment, lacking both ectodomain and transmembrane domains. Truncation of the first 16 FNIII-like repeats from the ectodomain of VE-PTP indicated that removal of this region is not sufficient to disrupt the interaction with VE-cadherin, although it occurs predominantly in an intracellular location. A construct with a deletion of only the 17th domain of VE-PTP was, in contrast to previous studies, still able to interact with VE-cadherin, although this also was predominantly intracellular. Other members of the R3-PTP family (DEP-1, GLEPP1 and SAP-1) also exhibited the potential to interact with VE-cadherin. The direct interaction of DEP-1 with VE-cadherin is likely to be of physiological relevance since both proteins are expressed in endothelial cells. Together the data presented in the study suggest a role for both the ectodomain and transmembrane domain of R3-PTPs in interaction with VE-cadherin.
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23
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Corti F, Simons M. Modulation of VEGF receptor 2 signaling by protein phosphatases. Pharmacol Res 2017; 115:107-123. [PMID: 27888154 PMCID: PMC5205541 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of serines, threonines, and tyrosines is a central event in signal transduction cascades in eukaryotic cells. The phosphorylation state of any particular protein reflects a balance of activity between kinases and phosphatases. Kinase biology has been exhaustively studied and is reasonably well understood, however, much less is known about phosphatases. A large body of evidence now shows that protein phosphatases do not behave as indiscriminate signal terminators, but can function both as negative or positive regulators of specific signaling pathways. Genetic models have also shown that different protein phosphatases play precise biological roles in health and disease. Finally, genome sequencing has unveiled the existence of many protein phosphatases and associated regulatory subunits comparable in number to kinases. A wide variety of roles for protein phosphatase roles have been recently described in the context of cancer, diabetes, hereditary disorders and other diseases. In particular, there have been several recent advances in our understanding of phosphatases involved in regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling. The receptor is the principal signaling molecule mediating a wide spectrum of VEGF signal and, thus, is of paramount significance in a wide variety of diseases ranging from cancer to cardiovascular to ophthalmic. This review focuses on the current knowledge about protein phosphatases' regulation of VEGFR2 signaling and how these enzymes can modulate its biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Corti
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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24
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Ye X, Chan KC, Waters AM, Bess M, Harned A, Wei BR, Loncarek J, Luke BT, Orsburn BC, Hollinger BD, Stephens RM, Bagni R, Martinko A, Wells JA, Nissley DV, McCormick F, Whiteley G, Blonder J. Comparative proteomics of a model MCF10A-KRasG12V cell line reveals a distinct molecular signature of the KRasG12V cell surface. Oncotarget 2016; 7:86948-86971. [PMID: 27894102 PMCID: PMC5341332 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic Ras mutants play a major role in the etiology of most aggressive and deadly carcinomas in humans. In spite of continuous efforts, effective pharmacological treatments targeting oncogenic Ras isoforms have not been developed. Cell-surface proteins represent top therapeutic targets primarily due to their accessibility and susceptibility to different modes of cancer therapy. To expand the treatment options of cancers driven by oncogenic Ras, new targets need to be identified and characterized at the surface of cancer cells expressing oncogenic Ras mutants. Here, we describe a mass spectrometry-based method for molecular profiling of the cell surface using KRasG12V transfected MCF10A (MCF10A-KRasG12V) as a model cell line of constitutively activated KRas and native MCF10A cells transduced with an empty vector (EV) as control. An extensive molecular map of the KRas surface was achieved by applying, in parallel, targeted hydrazide-based cell-surface capturing technology and global shotgun membrane proteomics to identify the proteins on the KRasG12V surface. This method allowed for integrated proteomic analysis that identified more than 500 cell-surface proteins found unique or upregulated on the surface of MCF10A-KRasG12V cells. Multistep bioinformatic processing was employed to elucidate and prioritize targets for cross-validation. Scanning electron microscopy and phenotypic cancer cell assays revealed changes at the cell surface consistent with malignant epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation secondary to KRasG12V activation. Taken together, this dataset significantly expands the map of the KRasG12V surface and uncovers potential targets involved primarily in cell motility, cellular protrusion formation, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Ye
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - King C. Chan
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Andrew M. Waters
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Matthew Bess
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Adam Harned
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Bih-Rong Wei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jadranka Loncarek
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brian T. Luke
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Bradley D. Hollinger
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Robert M. Stephens
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rachel Bagni
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Alex Martinko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
| | - James A. Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
| | - Dwight V. Nissley
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158-9001, USA
| | - Gordon Whiteley
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Josip Blonder
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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25
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Fournier P, Dussault S, Fusco A, Rivard A, Royal I. Tyrosine Phosphatase PTPRJ/DEP-1 Is an Essential Promoter of Vascular Permeability, Angiogenesis, and Tumor Progression. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5080-91. [PMID: 27364551 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRJ/DEP-1 has been implicated in negative growth regulation in endothelial cells, where its expression varies at transitions between proliferation and contact inhibition. However, in the same cells, DEP-1 has also been implicated in VEGF-dependent Src activation, permeability, and capillary formation, suggesting a positive role in regulating these functions. To resolve this dichotomy in vivo, we investigated postnatal angiogenesis and vascular permeability in a DEP-1-deficient mouse. In this study, we report that DEP-1 is required for Src activation and phosphorylation of its endothelial cell-specific substrate, VE-cadherin, after systemic injection of VEGF. Accordingly, VEGF-induced vascular leakage was abrogated in the DEP-1-deficient mice. Furthermore, capillary formation was impaired in murine aortic tissue rings or Matrigel plugs infused with VEGF. In the absence of DEP-1, angiogenesis triggered by ischemia or during tumor formation was defective, which in the latter case was associated with reduced tumor cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. Macrophage infiltration was also impaired, reflecting reduced vascular permeability in the tumors or a possible cell autonomous effect of DEP-1. Consequently, the formation of spontaneous and experimental lung metastases was strongly decreased in DEP-1-deficient mice. In clinical specimens of cancer, less vascularized tumors exhibited lower microvascular expression of DEP-1. Altogether, our results established DEP-1 as an essential driver of VEGF-dependent permeability, angiogenesis, and metastasis, suggesting a novel therapeutic route to cancer treatment. Cancer Res; 76(17); 5080-91. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Fournier
- CRCHUM - Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Dussault
- CRCHUM - Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alfredo Fusco
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Alain Rivard
- CRCHUM - Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Royal
- CRCHUM - Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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26
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Takahashi K, Sumarriva K, Kim R, Jiang R, Brantley-Sieders DM, Chen J, Mernaugh RL, Takahashi T. Determination of the CD148-Interacting Region in Thrombospondin-1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154916. [PMID: 27149518 PMCID: PMC4858292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CD148 is a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase that is expressed in multiple cell types, including vascular endothelial cells and duct epithelial cells. Previous studies have shown a prominent role of CD148 to reduce growth factor signals and suppress cell proliferation and transformation. Further, we have recently shown that thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) serves as a functionally important ligand for CD148. TSP1 has multiple structural elements and interacts with various cell surface receptors that exhibit differing effects. In order to create the CD148-specific TSP1 fragment, here we investigated the CD148-interacting region in TSP1 using a series of TSP1 fragments and biochemical and biological assays. Our results demonstrate that: 1) CD148 binds to the 1st type 1 repeat in TSP1; 2) Trimeric TSP1 fragments that contain the 1st type repeat inhibit cell proliferation in A431D cells that stably express wild-type CD148 (A431D/CD148wt cells), while they show no effects in A431D cells that lack CD148 or express a catalytically inactive form of CD148. The anti-proliferative effect of the TSP1 fragment in A431D/CD148wt cells was largely abolished by CD148 knockdown and antagonized by the 1st, but not the 2nd and 3rd, type 1 repeat fragment. Furthermore, the trimeric TSP1 fragments containing the 1st type repeat increased the catalytic activity of CD148 and reduced phospho-tyrosine contents of EGFR and ERK1/2, defined CD148 substrates. These effects were not observed in the TSP1 fragments that lack the 1st type 1 repeat. Last, we demonstrate that the trimeric TSP1 fragment containing the 1st type 1 repeat inhibits endothelial cell proliferation in culture and angiogenesis in vivo. These effects were largely abolished by CD148 knockdown or deficiency. Collectively, these findings indicate that the 1st type 1 repeat interacts with CD148, reducing growth factor signals and inhibiting epithelial or endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Takahashi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Katherine Sumarriva
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rachel Kim
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rosie Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Dana M. Brantley-Sieders
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Raymond L. Mernaugh
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Takamune Takahashi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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27
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De Rossi G, Evans AR, Kay E, Woodfin A, McKay TR, Nourshargh S, Whiteford JR. Shed syndecan-2 inhibits angiogenesis. J Cell Sci 2015; 127:4788-99. [PMID: 25179601 PMCID: PMC4215719 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.153015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is essential for the development of a normal vasculature, tissue repair and reproduction, and also has roles in the progression of diseases such as cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. The heparan sulphate proteoglycan syndecan-2 is expressed on mesenchymal cells in the vasculature and, like the other members of its family, can be shed from the cell surface resulting in the release of its extracellular core protein. The purpose of this study was to establish whether shed syndecan-2 affects angiogenesis. We demonstrate that shed syndecan-2 regulates angiogenesis by inhibiting endothelial cell migration in human and rodent models and, as a result, reduces tumour growth. Furthermore, our findings show that these effects are mediated by the protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor CD148 (also known as PTPRJ) and this interaction corresponds with a decrease in active β1 integrin. Collectively, these data demonstrate an unexplored pathway for the regulation of new blood vessel formation and identify syndecan-2 as a therapeutic target in pathologies characterised by angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia De Rossi
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Alun R Evans
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Emma Kay
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Abigail Woodfin
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Tristan R McKay
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0NE, UK
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - James R Whiteford
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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28
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Tautz L, Senis YA, Oury C, Rahmouni S. Perspective: Tyrosine phosphatases as novel targets for antiplatelet therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2786-97. [PMID: 25921264 PMCID: PMC4451376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Arterial thrombosis is the primary cause of most cases of myocardial infarction and stroke, the leading causes of death in the developed world. Platelets, highly specialized cells of the circulatory system, are key contributors to thrombotic events. Antiplatelet drugs, which prevent platelets from aggregating, have been very effective in reducing the mortality and morbidity of these conditions. However, approved antiplatelet therapies have adverse side effects, most notably the increased risk of bleeding. Moreover, there remains a considerable incidence of arterial thrombosis in a subset of patients receiving currently available drugs. Thus, there is a pressing medical need for novel antiplatelet agents with a more favorable safety profile and less patient resistance. The discovery of novel antiplatelet targets is the matter of intense ongoing research. Recent findings demonstrate the potential of targeting key signaling molecules, including kinases and phosphatases, to prevent platelet activation and aggregation. Here, we offer perspectives to targeting members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) superfamily, a major class of enzymes in signal transduction. We give an overview of previously identified PTPs in platelet signaling, and discuss their potential as antiplatelet drug targets. We also introduce VHR (DUSP3), a PTP that we recently identified as a major player in platelet biology and thrombosis. We review our data on genetic deletion as well as pharmacological inhibition of VHR, providing proof-of-principle for a novel and potentially safer VHR-based antiplatelet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Tautz
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Yotis A Senis
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cécile Oury
- Laboratory of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, GIGA-Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Souad Rahmouni
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Unit, GIGA-Signal Transduction, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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29
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Takahashi K, Matafonov A, Sumarriva K, Ito H, Lauhan C, Zemel D, Tsuboi N, Chen J, Reynolds A, Takahashi T. CD148 tyrosine phosphatase promotes cadherin cell adhesion. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112753. [PMID: 25386896 PMCID: PMC4227875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD148 is a transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase that is expressed at cell junctions. Recent studies have shown that CD148 associates with the cadherin/catenin complex and p120 catenin (p120) may serve as a substrate. However, the role of CD148 in cadherin cell-cell adhesion remains unknown. Therefore, here we addressed this issue using a series of stable cells and cell-based assays. Wild-type (WT) and catalytically inactive (CS) CD148 were introduced to A431D (lacking classical cadherins), A431D/E-cadherin WT (expressing wild-type E-cadherin), and A431D/E-cadherin 764AAA (expressing p120-uncoupled E-cadherin mutant) cells. The effects of CD148 in cadherin adhesion were assessed by Ca2+ switch and cell aggregation assays. Phosphorylation of E-cadherin/catenin complex and Rho family GTPase activities were also examined. Although CD148 introduction did not alter the expression levels and complex formation of E-cadherin, p120, and β-catenin, CD148 WT, but not CS, promoted cadherin contacts and strengthened cell-cell adhesion in A431D/E-cadherin WT cells. This effect was accompanied by an increase in Rac1, but not RhoA and Cdc42, activity and largely diminished by Rac1 inhibition. Further, we demonstrate that CD148 reduces the tyrosine phosphorylation of p120 and β-catenin; causes the dephosphorylation of Y529 suppressive tyrosine residue in Src, a well-known CD148 site, increasing Src activity and enhancing the phosphorylation of Y228 (a Src kinase site) in p120, in E-cadherin contacts. Consistent with these findings, CD148 dephosphorylated both p120 and β-catenin in vitro. The shRNA-mediated CD148 knockdown in A431 cells showed opposite effects. CD148 showed no effects in A431D and A431D/E-cadherin 764AAA cells. In aggregate, these findings provide the first evidence that CD148 promotes E-cadherin adhesion by regulating Rac1 activity concomitant with modulation of p120, β-catenin, and Src tyrosine phosphorylation. This effect requires E-cadherin and p120 association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Takahashi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Anton Matafonov
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Katherine Sumarriva
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Hideyuki Ito
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Colette Lauhan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Dana Zemel
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Nobuo Tsuboi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Albert Reynolds
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Takamune Takahashi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Zhang M, March ME, Lane WS, Long EO. A signaling network stimulated by β2 integrin promotes the polarization of lytic granules in cytotoxic cells. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra96. [PMID: 25292215 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes kill target cells through the polarized release of the contents of intracellular perforin-containing granules. In natural killer (NK) cells, the binding of β2 integrin to members of the intercellular adhesion molecule family is sufficient to promote not only the adhesion of NK cells to target cells but also the polarization of intracellular lytic granules toward the target. We used NK cells in an experimental system designed to enable us to study the polarization of lytic granules in the absence of their release through degranulation, as well as β2 integrin signaling independently of inside-out signals from other receptors. Through a proteomics approach, we identified a signaling network centered on an integrin-linked kinase (ILK)-Pyk2-paxillin core that was required for granule and microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) polarization. The conserved Cdc42-Par6 signaling pathway, which controls cell polarity, was also activated by ILK and was required for granule polarization toward the target cell. A subset of the signaling components required for polarization contributed also to the convergence of granules on the MTOC. These results delineate two connected signaling networks that are stimulated upon β2 integrin engagement and control the polarization of the MTOC and associated lytic granules toward the site of contact with target cells to mediate cellular cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggang Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Michael E March
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - William S Lane
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Resource Laboratory, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Eric O Long
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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31
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Flister MJ, Endres BT, Rudemiller N, Sarkis AB, Santarriaga S, Roy I, Lemke A, Geurts AM, Moreno C, Ran S, Tsaih SW, De Pons J, Carlson DF, Tan W, Fahrenkrug SC, Lazarova Z, Lazar J, North PE, LaViolette PS, Dwinell MB, Shull JD, Jacob HJ. CXM: a new tool for mapping breast cancer risk in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6419-29. [PMID: 25172839 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The majority of causative variants in familial breast cancer remain unknown. Of the known risk variants, most are tumor cell autonomous, and little attention has been paid yet to germline variants that may affect the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we developed a system called the Consomic Xenograft Model (CXM) to map germline variants that affect only the tumor microenvironment. In CXM, human breast cancer cells are orthotopically implanted into immunodeficient consomic strains and tumor metrics are quantified (e.g., growth, vasculogenesis, and metastasis). Because the strain backgrounds vary, whereas the malignant tumor cells do not, any observed changes in tumor progression are due to genetic differences in the nonmalignant microenvironment. Using CXM, we defined genetic variants on rat chromosome 3 that reduced relative tumor growth and hematogenous metastasis in the SS.BN3(IL2Rγ) consomic model compared with the SS(IL2Rγ) parental strain. Paradoxically, these effects occurred despite an increase in the density of tumor-associated blood vessels. In contrast, lymphatic vasculature and lymphogenous metastasis were unaffected by the SS.BN3(IL2Rγ) background. Through comparative mapping and whole-genome sequence analysis, we narrowed candidate variants on rat chromosome 3 to six genes with a priority for future analysis. Collectively, our results establish the utility of CXM to localize genetic variants affecting the tumor microenvironment that underlie differences in breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Flister
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
| | - Bradley T Endres
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Nathan Rudemiller
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Allison B Sarkis
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Ishan Roy
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Angela Lemke
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Carol Moreno
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Sophia Ran
- SimonsCooper Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois. Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Shirng-Wern Tsaih
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jeffery De Pons
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Wenfang Tan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota. Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Scott C Fahrenkrug
- Recombinetics Inc, Saint Paul, Minnesota. Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota. Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Zelmira Lazarova
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jozef Lazar
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Paula E North
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Peter S LaViolette
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michael B Dwinell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - James D Shull
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. UW Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Howard J Jacob
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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32
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Aya-Bonilla C, Camilleri E, Haupt LM, Lea R, Gandhi MK, Griffiths LR. In silico analyses reveal common cellular pathways affected by loss of heterozygosity (LOH) events in the lymphomagenesis of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). BMC Genomics 2014; 15:390. [PMID: 24885312 PMCID: PMC4041994 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The analysis of cellular networks and pathways involved in oncogenesis has increased our knowledge about the pathogenic mechanisms that underlie tumour biology and has unmasked new molecular targets that may lead to the design of better anti-cancer therapies. Recently, using a high resolution loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis, we identified a number of potential tumour suppressor genes (TSGs) within common LOH regions across cases suffering from two of the most common forms of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), Follicular Lymphoma (FL) and Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL). From these studies LOH of the protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type J (PTPRJ) gene was identified as a common event in the lymphomagenesis of these B-cell lymphomas. The present study aimed to determine the cellular pathways affected by the inactivation of these TSGs including PTPRJ in FL and DLBCL tumourigenesis. Results Pathway analytical approaches identified that candidate TSGs located within common LOH regions participate within cellular pathways, which may play a crucial role in FL and DLBCL lymphomagenesis (i.e., metabolic pathways). These analyses also identified genes within the interactome of PTPRJ (i.e. PTPN11 and B2M) that when inactivated in NHL may play an important role in tumourigenesis. We also detected genes that are differentially expressed in cases with and without LOH of PTPRJ, such as NFATC3 (nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 3). Moreover, upregulation of the VEGF, MAPK and ERBB signalling pathways was also observed in NHL cases with LOH of PTPRJ, indicating that LOH-driving events causing inactivation of PTPRJ, apart from possibly inducing a constitutive activation of these pathways by reduction or abrogation of its dephosphorylation activity, may also induce upregulation of these pathways when inactivated. This finding implicates these pathways in the lymphomagenesis and progression of FL and DLBCL. Conclusions The evidence obtained in this research supports findings suggesting that FL and DLBCL share common pathogenic mechanisms. Also, it indicates that PTPRJ can play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of these B-cell tumours and suggests that activation of PTPRJ might be an interesting novel chemotherapeutic target for the treatment of these B-cell tumours. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-390) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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33
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Senis YA. Protein-tyrosine phosphatases: a new frontier in platelet signal transduction. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:1800-13. [PMID: 24015866 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Platelet activation must be tightly controlled in order to allow platelets to respond rapidly to vascular injury and prevent thrombosis from occurring. Protein-tyrosine phosphorylation is one of the main ways in which activation signals are transmitted in platelets. Although much is known about the protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) that initiate and propagate activation signals, relatively little is known about the protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) that modulate these signals in platelets. PTPs are a family of enzymes that dephosphorylate tyrosine residues in proteins and regulate signals transmitted within cells. PTPs have been implicated in a variety of pathological conditions, including cancer, diabetes and autoimmunity, but their functions in hemostasis and thrombosis remain largely undefined. Exciting new findings from a number of groups have revealed that PTPs are in fact critical regulators of platelet activation and thrombosis. The primary aim of this review is to highlight the unique and important functions of PTPs in regulating platelet activity. Establishing the functions of PTPs in platelets is essential to better understand the molecular basis of thrombosis and may lead to the development of improved antithrombotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Senis
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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34
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Ortuso F, Paduano F, Carotenuto A, Gomez-Monterrey I, Bilotta A, Gaudio E, Sala M, Artese A, Vernieri E, Dattilo V, Iuliano R, Brancaccio D, Bertamino A, Musella S, Alcaro S, Grieco P, Perrotti N, Croce CM, Novellino E, Fusco A, Campiglia P, Trapasso F. Discovery of PTPRJ agonist peptides that effectively inhibit in vitro cancer cell proliferation and tube formation. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1497-506. [PMID: 23627474 DOI: 10.1021/cb3007192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PTPRJ is a receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase involved in both physiological and oncogenic pathways. We previously reported that its expression is strongly reduced in the majority of explored cancer cell lines and tumor samples; moreover, its restoration blocks in vitro cancer cell proliferation and in vivo tumor formation. By means of a phage display library screening, we recently identified two peptides able to bind and activate PTPRJ, resulting in cell growth inhibition and apoptosis of both cancer and endothelial cells. Here, on a previously discovered PTPRJ agonist peptide, PTPRJ-pep19, we synthesized and assayed a panel of nonapeptide analogues with the aim to identify specific amino acid residues responsible for peptide activity. These second-generation nonapeptides were tested on both cancer and primary endothelial cells (HeLa and HUVEC, respectively); interestingly, one of them (PTPRJ-19.4) was able to both dramatically reduce cell proliferation and effectively trigger apoptosis of both HeLa and HUVECs compared to its first-generation counterpart. Moreover, PTPRJ-pep19.4 significantly inhibited in vitro tube formation on Matrigel. Intriguingly, while ERK1/2 phosphorylation and cell proliferation were both inhibited by PTPRJ-pep19.4 in breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and SKBr3), no effects were observed on primary normal human mammary endothelial cells (HMEC). We further characterized these peptides by molecular modeling and NMR experiments reporting, for the most active peptide, the possibility of self-aggregation states and highlighting new hints of structure-activity relationship. Thus, our results indicate that this nonapeptide might represent a great potential lead for the development of novel targeted anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alfonso Carotenuto
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Isabel Gomez-Monterrey
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Molecular Virology,
Immunology and Medical Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
| | - Marina Sala
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Diego Brancaccio
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessia Bertamino
- Dipartimento di
Farmacia, Università di Salerno,
84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Simona Musella
- Dipartimento di
Farmacia, Università di Salerno,
84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Grieco
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Carlo M. Croce
- Department of Molecular Virology,
Immunology and Medical Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alfredo Fusco
- Dipartimento
di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare c/o Istituto di Endocrinologia
ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131
Napoli, Italy
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Dipartimento di
Farmacia, Università di Salerno,
84084 Fisciano, Italy
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35
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Nunes-Xavier CE, Martín-Pérez J, Elson A, Pulido R. Protein tyrosine phosphatases as novel targets in breast cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:211-26. [PMID: 23756181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is linked to hyperactivation of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), and recent studies have unveiled that selective tyrosine dephosphorylation by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) of specific substrates, including PTKs, may activate or inactivate oncogenic pathways in human breast cancer cell growth-related processes. Here, we review the current knowledge on the involvement of PTPs in breast cancer, as major regulators of breast cancer therapy-targeted PTKs, such as HER1/EGFR, HER2/Neu, and Src. The functional interplay between PTKs and PTK-activating or -inactivating PTPs, and its implications in novel breast cancer therapies based on targeting of specific PTPs, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Nunes-Xavier
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital de Cruces, Plaza Cruces s/n, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
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Hendriks WJAJ, Pulido R. Protein tyrosine phosphatase variants in human hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1673-96. [PMID: 23707412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reversible tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins is a key regulatory mechanism to steer normal development and physiological functioning of multicellular organisms. Phosphotyrosine dephosphorylation is exerted by members of the super-family of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) enzymes and many play such essential roles that a wide variety of hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities in man are caused by PTP alleles. More than two decades of PTP research has resulted in a collection of PTP genetic variants with corresponding consequences at the molecular, cellular and physiological level. Here we present a comprehensive overview of these PTP gene variants that have been linked to disease states in man. Although the findings have direct bearing for disease diagnostics and for research on disease etiology, more work is necessary to translate this into therapies that alleviate the burden of these hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiljan J A J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Aya-Bonilla C, Green MR, Camilleri E, Benton M, Keane C, Marlton P, Lea R, Gandhi MK, Griffiths LR. High-resolution loss of heterozygosity screening implicatesPTPRJas a potential tumor suppressor gene that affects susceptibility to non-hodgkin's lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013; 52:467-79. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Böhmer F, Szedlacsek S, Tabernero L, Ostman A, den Hertog J. Protein tyrosine phosphatase structure-function relationships in regulation and pathogenesis. FEBS J 2013; 280:413-31. [PMID: 22682070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation on tyrosine residues is tightly controlled by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) at multiple levels: spatio-temporal expression, subcellular localization and post-translational modification. Structural and functional analysis of the PTP domains has provided insight into catalysis and regulatory mechanisms that control the enzymatic activity. Understanding the molecular basis of PTP regulation is of fundamental importance to dissect the pleiotropic effect of these enzymes in both health and disease. Here, we review recent insights into the regulation of receptor-like PTPs by extracellular ligands and into regulation by reversible oxidation that impairs catalysis directly. The physiological roles of PTPs are essential in homeostasis in eukaryotic cells and pertubation of their functional attributes causes different disease states. As an example, we discuss recent findings indicating how inappropriate oxidation of PTPs in cancer cells may contribute to cell transformation. On the other hand, PTPs from many pathogens are key virulence factors and manipulate signalling pathways in the host cells to promote invasion and survival of the microorganisms. This research area has received relatively little attention but has advanced remarkably. We review the structural features of pathogenic PTPs, their similarities and differences with eukaryotic PTPs, and the possible exploitation of this knowledge for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Böhmer
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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He XP, Xie J, Tang Y, Li J, Chen GR. CuAAC click chemistry accelerates the discovery of novel chemical scaffolds as promising protein tyrosine phosphatases inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:2399-405. [PMID: 22455590 PMCID: PMC3474962 DOI: 10.2174/092986712800269245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are crucial regulators for numerous biological processes in nature. The dysfunction and overexpression of many PTP members have been demonstrated to cause fatal human diseases such as cancers, diabetes, obesity, neurodegenerative diseases and autoimmune disorders. In the past decade, considerable efforts have been devoted to the production of PTPs inhibitors by both academia and the pharmaceutical industry. However, there are only limited drug candidates in clinical trials and no commercial drugs have been approved, implying that further efficient discovery of novel chemical entities competent for inhibition of the specific PTP target in vivo remains yet a challenge. In light of the click-chemistry paradigm which advocates the utilization of concise and selective carbon-heteroatom ligation reactions for the modular construction of useful compound libraries, the Cu(I)-catalyzed azidealkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) has fueled enormous energy into the modern drug discovery. Recently, this ingenious chemical ligation tool has also revealed efficacious and expeditious in establishing large combinatorial libraries for the acquisition of novel PTPs inhibitors with promising pharmacological profiles. We thus offer here a comprehensive review highlighting the development of PTPs inhibitors accelerated by the CuAAC click chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-P He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
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Paduano F, Ortuso F, Campiglia P, Raso C, Iaccino E, Gaspari M, Gaudio E, Mangone G, Carotenuto A, Bilotta A, Narciso D, Palmieri C, Agosti V, Artese A, Gomez-Monterrey I, Sala M, Cuda G, Iuliano R, Perrotti N, Scala G, Viglietto G, Alcaro S, Croce CM, Novellino E, Fusco A, Trapasso F. Isolation and functional characterization of peptide agonists of PTPRJ, a tyrosine phosphatase receptor endowed with tumor suppressor activity. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1666-76. [PMID: 22759068 DOI: 10.1021/cb300281t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PTPRJ is a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase whose expression is strongly reduced in the majority of investigated cancer cell lines and tumor specimens. PTPRJ negatively interferes with mitogenic signals originating from several oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases, including HGFR, PDGFR, RET, and VEGFR-2. Here we report the isolation and characterization of peptides from a random peptide phage display library that bind and activate PTPRJ. These agonist peptides, which are able to both circularize and form dimers in acqueous solution, were assayed for their biochemical and biological activity on both human cancer cells and primary endothelial cells (HeLa and HUVEC, respectively). Our results demonstrate that binding of PTPRJ-interacting peptides to cell cultures dramatically reduces the extent of both MAPK phosphorylation and total phosphotyrosine levels; conversely, they induce a significant increase of the cell cycle inhibitor p27(Kip1). Moreover, PTPRJ agonist peptides both reduce proliferation and trigger apoptosis of treated cells. Our data indicate that peptide agonists of PTPRJ positively modulate the PTPRJ activity and may lead to novel targeted anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paduano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale
e Clinica, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, 88100
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Ortuso
- Laboratorio
di Chimica Farmaceutica
Computazionale, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche
e Biomediche, Sezione Chimico-Tecnologica, Università di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
| | - Cinzia Raso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale
e Clinica, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, 88100
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Enrico Iaccino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale
e Clinica, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, 88100
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marco Gaspari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale
e Clinica, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, 88100
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale
e Clinica, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, 88100
Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Molecular Virology,
Immunology and Medical Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
| | - Graziella Mangone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale
e Clinica, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, 88100
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alfonso Carotenuto
- Dipartimento di
Chimica Farmaceutica
e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Bilotta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale
e Clinica, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, 88100
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Narciso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale
e Clinica, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, 88100
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Camillo Palmieri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale
e Clinica, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, 88100
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valter Agosti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale
e Clinica, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, 88100
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Artese
- Laboratorio
di Chimica Farmaceutica
Computazionale, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Isabel Gomez-Monterrey
- Dipartimento di
Chimica Farmaceutica
e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Sala
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche
e Biomediche, Sezione Chimico-Tecnologica, Università di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
| | - Giovanni Cuda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale
e Clinica, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, 88100
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Iuliano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale
e Clinica, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, 88100
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Perrotti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale
e Clinica, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, 88100
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scala
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale
e Clinica, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, 88100
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viglietto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale
e Clinica, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, 88100
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Laboratorio
di Chimica Farmaceutica
Computazionale, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carlo M. Croce
- Department of Molecular Virology,
Immunology and Medical Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento di
Chimica Farmaceutica
e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Fusco
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia
Cellulare e Molecolare c/o Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia
Sperimentale del CNR, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Trapasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale
e Clinica, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, 88100
Catanzaro, Italy
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Polymorphisms of protein tyrosine phosphatase CD148 influence FcγRIIA-dependent platelet activation and the risk of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2012; 120:1309-16. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-04-424044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is due primarily to IgG antibodies specific to platelet factor 4/heparin complexes (PF4/Hs) that activate platelets via FcγRIIA. CD148 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase that regulates Src kinases and collagen-induced platelet activation. Three polymorphisms affecting CD148 (Q276P, R326Q, and D872E) were studied in HIT patients and 2 control groups, with or without antibodies to PF4/Hs. Heterozygote status for CD148 276P or 326Q alleles was less frequent in HIT patients, suggesting a protective effect of these polymorphisms. Aggregation tests performed with collagen, HIT plasma, and monoclonal antibodies cross-linking FcγRIIA showed consistent hyporesponsiveness of platelets expressing the 276P/326Q alleles. In addition, platelets expressing the 276P/326Q alleles exhibited a greater sensitivity to the Src family kinases inhibitor dasatinib in response to collagen or ALB6 cross-linking FcγRIIA receptors. Moreover, the activatory phosphorylation of Src family kinases was considerably delayed as well as the phosphorylation of Linker for activation of T cells and phospholipase Cγ2, 2 major signaling proteins downstream from FcγRIIA. In conclusion, this study shows that CD148 polymorphisms affect platelet activation and probably exert a protec-tive effect on the risk of HIT in patients with antibodies to PF4/Hs.
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Receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) - roles in signal transduction and human disease. J Cell Commun Signal 2012; 6:125-38. [PMID: 22851429 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-012-0171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a fundamental regulatory mechanism controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, communication, and adhesion. Disruption of this key regulatory mechanism contributes to a variety of human diseases including cancer, diabetes, and auto-immune diseases. Net protein tyrosine phosphorylation is determined by the dynamic balance of the activity of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Mammals express many distinct PTKs and PTPs. Both of these families can be sub-divided into non-receptor and receptor subtypes. Receptor protein tyrosine kinases (RPTKs) comprise a large family of cell surface proteins that initiate intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent signal transduction in response to binding of extracellular ligands, such as growth factors and cytokines. Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) are enzymatic and functional counterparts of RPTKs. RPTPs are a family of integral cell surface proteins that possess intracellular PTP activity, and extracellular domains that have sequence homology to cell adhesion molecules. In comparison to extensively studied RPTKs, much less is known about RPTPs, especially regarding their substrate specificities, regulatory mechanisms, biological functions, and their roles in human diseases. Based on the structure of their extracellular domains, the RPTP family can be grouped into eight sub-families. This article will review one representative member from each RPTP sub-family.
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Labbé DP, Hardy S, Tremblay ML. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in cancer: friends and foes! PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 106:253-306. [PMID: 22340721 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396456-4.00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins serves as an exquisite switch in controlling several key oncogenic signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Since protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) counteract protein kinases by removing phosphate moieties on target proteins, one may intuitively think that PTPs would act as tumor suppressors. Indeed, one of the most described PTPs, namely, the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), is a tumor suppressor. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that PTPs can also function as potent oncoproteins. In this chapter, we provide a broad historical overview of the PTPs, their mechanism of action, and posttranslational modifications. Then, we focus on the dual properties of classical PTPs (receptor and nonreceptor) and dual-specificity phosphatases in cancer and summarize the current knowledge of the signaling pathways regulated by key PTPs in human cancer. In conclusion, we present our perspective on the potential of these PTPs to serve as therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Labbé
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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44
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Paduano F, Dattilo V, Narciso D, Bilotta A, Gaudio E, Menniti M, Agosti V, Palmieri C, Perrotti N, Fusco A, Trapasso F, Iuliano R. Protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRJ is negatively regulated by microRNA-328. FEBS J 2012; 280:401-12. [PMID: 22564856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Expression of PTPRJ, which is a ubiquitous receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase, is significantly reduced in a vast majority of human epithelial cancers and cancer cell lines (i.e. colon, lung, thyroid, mammary and pancreatic tumours). A possible role for microRNAs (miRNAs) in the negative regulation of PTPRJ expression has never been investigated. In this study, we show that overexpression of microRNA-328 (miR-328) decreases PTPRJ expression in HeLa and SKBr3 cells. Further investigations demonstrate that miR-328 acts directly on the 3'UTR of PTPRJ, resulting in reduced mRNA levels. Luciferase assay and site-specific mutagenesis were used to identify a functional miRNA response element in the 3'UTR of PTPRJ. Expression of miR-328 significantly enhances cell proliferation in HeLa and SKBr3 cells, similar to the effects of downregulation of PTPRJ with small interfering RNA. Additionally, in HeLa cells, the proliferative effect of miR-328 was not observed when PTPRJ was silenced with small interfering RNA; conversely, restoration of PTPRJ expression in miR-328-overexpressing cells abolished the proliferative activity of miR-328. In conclusion, we report the identification of miR-328 as an important player in the regulation of PTPRJ expression, and we propose that the interaction of miR-328 with PTPRJ is responsible for miR-328-dependent increase of epithelial cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paduano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Abstract
CD148 is a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase that is expressed in several cell types, including vascular endothelial cells and duct epithelial cells. Growing evidence demonstrates a prominent role for CD148 in negative regulation of growth factor signals, suppressing cell proliferation and transformation. However, its extracellular ligand(s) remain unknown. To identify the ligand(s) of CD148, we introduced HA-tagged CD148 into cultured endothelial cells and then isolated its interacting extracellular protein(s) by biotin surface labeling and subsequent affinity purifications. The binding proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. Here we report that soluble thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) binds to the extracellular part of CD148 with high affinity and specificity, and its binding increases CD148 catalytic activity, leading to dephosphorylation of the substrate proteins. Consistent with these findings, introduction of CD148 conferred TSP1-mediated inhibition of cell growth to cells which lack CD148 and TSP1 inhibition of growth. Further, we demonstrate that TSP1-mediated inhibition of endothelial cell growth is antagonized by soluble CD148 ectodomain as well as by CD148 gene silencing. These findings provide evidence that CD148 functions as a receptor for TSP1 and mediates its inhibition of cell growth.
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Protein tyrosine phosphatases as drug targets: strategies and challenges of inhibitor development. Future Med Chem 2011; 2:1563-76. [PMID: 21426149 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several 'classical' protein tyrosine phosphatases are attractive therapeutic targets, including PTP1B for obesity and Type II diabetes; SHP2 for cancer and Lyp for rheumatoid arthritis. Progress has been made in identifying a broad range of chemically distinct inhibitors; however, developing selective and cell-permeable clinically useful compounds has proved challenging. Here the ongoing challenges and recent significant advances in the field are reviewed. Key novel compounds are highlighted and a perspective on the future of phosphatase inhibitor development is presented.
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Chung JS, Cruz PD, Ariizumi K. Inhibition of T-cell activation by syndecan-4 is mediated by CD148 through protein tyrosine phosphatase activity. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:1794-9. [PMID: 21469128 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Most coinhibitory receptors regulate T-cell responses through an ITIM that recruits protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) to mediate inhibitory function. Because syndecan-4 (SD-4), the coinhibitor for DC-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycan integrin ligand (DC-HIL), lacks such an ITIM, we posited that SD-4 links with a PTP in an ITIM-independent manner. We show that SD-4 associates constitutively with the intracellular protein syntenin but not with the receptor-like PTP CD148 on human CD4(+) T cells. Binding to DC-HIL allowed SD-4 to assemble with CD148 through the help of syntenin as a bridge, and this process upregulated the PTP activity of CD148, which is required for SD-4 to mediate DC-HIL's inhibitory function. Using a mouse model, we found SD-4 to be located away from the immunological synapse formed between T cells and APCs during activation of T cells. These findings indicate that SD-4 is unique among known T-cell coinhibitors, in employing CD148 to inhibit T-cell activation at a site distal from the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Chung
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Dermatology Section (Medical Service), Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Density enhanced phosphatase-1 down-regulates urokinase receptor surface expression in confluent endothelial cells. Blood 2011; 117:4154-61. [PMID: 21304107 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-09-307694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
VEGF(165), the major angiogenic growth factor, is known to activate various steps in proangiogenic endothelial cell behavior, such as endothelial cell migration and invasion, or endothelial cell survival. Thereby, the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system has been shown to play an essential role not only by its proteolytic capacities, but also by induction of intracellular signal transduction. Therefore, expression of its cell surface receptor uPAR is thought to be an essential regulatory mechanism in angiogenesis. We found that uPAR expression on the surface of confluent endothelial cells was down-regulated compared with subconfluent proliferating endothelial cells. Regulation of uPAR expression was most probably affected by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation, a downstream signaling event of the VEGF/VEGF-receptor system. Consistently, the receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase DEP-1 (density enhanced phosphatase-1/CD148), which is abundantly expressed in confluent endothelial cells, inhibited the VEGF-dependent activation of ERK1/2, leading to down-regulation of uPAR expression. Overexpression of active ERK1 rescued the DEP-1 effect on uPAR. That DEP-1 plays a biologic role in angiogenic endothelial cell behavior was demonstrated in endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and capillary-like tube formation assays in vitro.
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Tran TC, Kimura K, Nagano M, Yamashita T, Ohneda K, Sugimori H, Sato F, Sakakibara Y, Hamada H, Yoshikawa H, Hoang SN, Ohneda O. Identification of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells involved in re-endothelialization. J Cell Physiol 2010; 226:224-35. [PMID: 20658518 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human placenta is an attractive source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) for regenerative medicine. The cell surface markers expressed on MSC have been proposed as useful tools for the isolation of MSC from other cell populations. However, the correlation between the expression of MSC markers and the ability to support tissue regeneration in vivo has not been well examined. Here, we established several MSC lines from human placenta and examined the expression of their cell surface markers and their ability to differentiate toward mesenchymal cell lineages. We found that the expression of CD349/frizzled-9, a receptor for Wnt ligands, was positive in placenta-derived MSC. So, we isolated CD349-negative and -positive fractions from an MSC line and examined how successfully cell engraftment repaired fractured bone and recovered blood flow in ischemic regions using mouse models. CD349-negative and -positive cells displayed a similar expression pattern of cell surface markers and facilitated the repair of fractured bone in transplantation experiments in mice. Interestingly, CD349-negative, but not CD349-positive cells, showed significant effects on recovering blood flow following vascular occlusion. We found that induction of PDGFβ and bFGF mRNAs by hypoxia was greater in CD349-negative cells than in CD349-positive cells while the expression of VEGF was not significantly different in CD349-negative and CD349-positive cells. These findings suggest the possibility that CD349 could be utilized as a specialized marker for MSC isolation for re-endothelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Cam Tran
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Japan
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50
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Mattila E, Marttila H, Sahlberg N, Kohonen P, Tähtinen S, Halonen P, Perälä M, Ivaska J. Inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase signalling by small molecule agonist of T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:7. [PMID: 20055993 PMCID: PMC2820462 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP/TC45) is a ubiquitously expressed intra-cellular non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase involved in the negative regulation of several cancer relevant cellular signalling pathways. We have previously shown that interaction between the α-cytoplasmic tail of α1β1 integrin and TCPTP activates TCPTP by disrupting an inhibitory intra-molecular bond in TCPTP. Thus, inhibition of the regulatory interaction in TCPTP is a desirable strategy for TCPTP activation and attenuation of oncogenic RTK signalling. However, this is challenging with low molecular weight compounds. Methods We developed a high-throughput compatible assay to analyse activity of recombinant TCPTP in vitro. Using this assay we have screened 64280 small molecules to identify novel agonists for TCPTP. Dose-dependent response to TCPTP agonist was performed using the in vitro assay. Inhibition effects and specificity of TCPTP agonists were evaluated using TCPTP expressing and null mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate attenuation of PDGFRβ and EGFR phosphorylation. Inhibition of VEGF signalling was analysed with VEGF-induced endothelial cell sprouting assays. Results From the screen we identified six TCPTP agonists. Two compounds competed with α1-cytoplasmic domain for binding to TCPTP, suggesting that they activate TCPTP similar to α1-cyt by disrupting the intra-molecular bond in TCPTP. Importantly, one of the compounds (spermidine) displayed specificity towards TCPTP in cells, since TCPTP -/- cells were 43-fold more resistant to the compound than TCPTP expressing cells. This compound attenuates PDGFRβ and VEGFR2 signalling in cells in a TCPTP-dependent manner and functions as a negative regulator of EGFR phosphorylation in cancer cells. Conclusions In this study we showed that small molecules mimicking TCPTP-α1 interaction can be used as TCPTP agonists. These data provide the first proof-of-concept description of the use of high-throughput screening to identify small molecule PTP activators that could function as RTK antagonists in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Mattila
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Medical Biotechnology, Itainen Pitkakatu 4B, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
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