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Symmonds J, Gaufin T, Xu C, Raehtz KD, Ribeiro RM, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. Making a Monkey out of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Pathogenesis: Immune Cell Depletion Experiments as a Tool to Understand the Immune Correlates of Protection and Pathogenicity in HIV Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:972. [PMID: 38932264 PMCID: PMC11209256 DOI: 10.3390/v16060972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis is critical for designing successful HIV vaccines and cure strategies. However, achieving this goal is complicated by the virus's direct interactions with immune cells, the induction of persistent reservoirs in the immune system cells, and multiple strategies developed by the virus for immune evasion. Meanwhile, HIV and SIV infections induce a pandysfunction of the immune cell populations, making it difficult to untangle the various concurrent mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis. Over the years, one of the most successful approaches for dissecting the immune correlates of protection in HIV/SIV infection has been the in vivo depletion of various immune cell populations and assessment of the impact of these depletions on the outcome of infection in non-human primate models. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the strategies and results of manipulating SIV pathogenesis through in vivo depletions of key immune cells populations. Although each of these methods has its limitations, they have all contributed to our understanding of key pathogenic pathways in HIV/SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen Symmonds
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Thaidra Gaufin
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kevin D. Raehtz
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Al-Talib M, Dimonte S, Humphreys IR. Mucosal T-cell responses to chronic viral infections: Implications for vaccine design. Cell Mol Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41423-024-01140-2. [PMID: 38459243 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces that line the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts are the major interfaces between the immune system and the environment. Their unique immunological landscape is characterized by the necessity of balancing tolerance to commensal microorganisms and other innocuous exposures against protection from pathogenic threats such as viruses. Numerous pathogenic viruses, including herpesviruses and retroviruses, exploit this environment to establish chronic infection. Effector and regulatory T-cell populations, including effector and resident memory T cells, play instrumental roles in mediating the transition from acute to chronic infection, where a degree of viral replication is tolerated to minimize immunopathology. Persistent antigen exposure during chronic viral infection leads to the evolution and divergence of these responses. In this review, we discuss advances in the understanding of mucosal T-cell immunity during chronic viral infections and how features of T-cell responses develop in different chronic viral infections of the mucosa. We consider how insights into T-cell immunity at mucosal surfaces could inform vaccine strategies: not only to protect hosts from chronic viral infections but also to exploit viruses that can persist within mucosal surfaces as vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Talib
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, 5 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1UD, UK
| | - Sandra Dimonte
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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Zhang W, Ruan L. Recent advances in poor HIV immune reconstitution: what will the future look like? Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1236460. [PMID: 37608956 PMCID: PMC10440441 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1236460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy has demonstrated proved effectiveness in suppressing viral replication and significantly recovering CD4+ T cell count in HIV type-1 (HIV-1)-infected patients, contributing to a dramatic reduction in AIDS morbidity and mortality. However, the factors affecting immune reconstitution are extremely complex. Demographic factors, co-infection, baseline CD4 cell level, abnormal immune activation, and cytokine dysregulation may all affect immune reconstitution. According to report, 10-40% of HIV-1-infected patients fail to restore the normalization of CD4+ T cell count and function. They are referred to as immunological non-responders (INRs) who fail to achieve complete immune reconstitution and have a higher mortality rate and higher risk of developing other non-AIDS diseases compared with those who achieve complete immune reconstitution. Heretofore, the mechanisms underlying incomplete immune reconstitution in HIV remain elusive, and INRs are not effectively treated or mitigated. This review discusses the recent progress of mechanisms and factors responsible for incomplete immune reconstitution in AIDS and summarizes the corresponding therapeutic strategies according to different mechanisms to improve the individual therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lianguo Ruan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Swaminathan S, Scorza T, Yero A, Farnos O, Burke Schinkel SC, Angel JB, Jenabian MA. Impact of in vitro HIV infection on human thymic regulatory T cell differentiation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1217801. [PMID: 37547675 PMCID: PMC10400333 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1217801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The differentiation and function of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) is dictated by the master transcription factor FoxP3. During HIV infection, there is an increase in Treg frequencies in the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. This accentuates immune dysfunction and disease progression. Expression of FoxP3 by thymic Tregs (tTregs) is partially controlled by TGF-β. This cytokine also contributes to Treg development in the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. Although TGF-β mediates lymphoid tissue fibrosis and peripheral Treg differentiation in HIV-infected individuals, its role in the induction and maintenance of Tregs within the thymus during HIV infection remains unclear. Methods Thymocytes were isolated from fresh human thymic tissues obtained from pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Infection by both R5- and X4-tropic HIV-1 strains and TGF-β treatment of human thymocytes was performed in an in vitro co-culture model with OP9-DL1 cells expressing Notch ligand delta-like 1 without T cell receptor (TCR) activation. Results Despite high expression of CCR5 and CXCR4 by tTregs, FoxP3 + CD3highCD8- thymocytes were much less prone to in vitro infection with R5- and X4-tropic HIV strains compared to FoxP3-CD3highCD8- thymocytes. As expected, CD3highCD4+ thymocytes, when treated with TGF-β1, upregulated CD127 and this treatment resulted in increased FoxP3 expression and Treg differentiation, but did not affect the rate of HIV infection. FoxP3 expression and Treg frequencies remained unchanged following in vitro HIV infection alone or in combination with TGF-β1. Conclusion FoxP3 expression and tTreg differentiation is not affected by in vitro HIV infection alone or the combination of in vitro HIV infection and TGF-β treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharada Swaminathan
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tatiana Scorza
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexis Yero
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Omar Farnos
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan B. Angel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa Hospital-General Campus, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
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Yim LY, Lam KS, Luk TY, Mo Y, Lu X, Wang J, Cheung KW, Lui GCY, Chan DPC, Wong BCK, Lau TTK, Ngan CB, Zhou D, Wong YC, Tan Z, Liu L, Wu H, Zhang T, Lee SS, Chen Z. Transforming Growth Factor β Signaling Promotes HIV-1 Infection in Activated and Resting Memory CD4 + T Cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0027023. [PMID: 37042759 PMCID: PMC10231204 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00270-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the facilitator of HIV-1 infection and subsequent latency establishment may aid the discovery of potential therapeutic targets. Here, we report the elevation of plasma transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) during acute HIV-1 infection among men who have sex with men (MSM). Using a serum-free in vitro system, we further delineated the role of TGF-β signaling in mediating HIV-1 infection of activated and resting memory CD4+ T cells. TGF-β could upregulate both the frequency and expression of the HIV-1 coreceptor CCR5, thereby augmenting CCR5-tropic viral infection of resting and activated memory CD4+ T cells via Smad3 activation. The production of live HIV-1JR-FL upon infection and reactivation was increased in TGF-β-treated resting memory CD4+ T cells without increasing CD4 expression or inducing T cell activation. The expression of CCR7, a central memory T cell marker that serves as a chemokine receptor to facilitate T cell trafficking into lymphoid organs, was also elevated on TGF-β-treated resting and activated memory CD4+ T cells. Moreover, the expression of CXCR3, a chemokine receptor recently reported to facilitate CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection, was increased on resting and activated memory CD4+ T cells upon TGF-β treatment. These findings were coherent with the observation that ex vivo CCR5 and CXCR3 expression on total resting and resting memory CD4+ T cells in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-naive and cART-treated patients were higher than in healthy individuals. Overall, the study demonstrated that TGF-β upregulation induced by acute HIV-1 infection might promote latency reservoir establishment by increasing infected resting memory CD4+ T cells and lymphoid organ homing of infected central memory CD4+ T cells. Therefore, TGF-β blockade may serve as a potential supplementary regimen for HIV-1 functional cure by reducing viral latency. IMPORTANCE Incomplete eradication of HIV-1 latency reservoirs remains the major hurdle in achieving a complete HIV/AIDS cure. Dissecting the facilitator of latency reservoir establishment may aid the discovery of druggable targets for HIV-1 cure. This study showed that the T cell immunomodulatory cytokine TGF-β was upregulated during the acute phase of infection. Using an in vitro serum-free system, we specifically delineated that TGF-β promoted HIV-1 infection of both resting and activated memory CD4+ T cells via the induction of host CCR5 coreceptor. Moreover, TGF-β-upregulated CCR7 or CXCR3 might promote HIV-1 latent infection by facilitating lymphoid homing or IP-10-mediated viral entry and DNA integration, respectively. Infected resting and central memory CD4+ T cells are important latency reservoirs. Increased infection of these cells mediated by TGF-β will promote latency reservoir establishment during early infection. This study, therefore, highlighted the potential use of TGF-β blockade as a supplementary regimen with cART in acute patients to reduce viral latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok Yan Yim
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ka Shing Lam
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tsz-Yat Luk
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufei Mo
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofan Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinlin Wang
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ka-Wai Cheung
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Grace Chung Yan Lui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Denise Pui Chung Chan
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Postgraduate Education Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bonnie Chun Kwan Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Thomas Tsz-Kan Lau
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chiu Bong Ngan
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongyan Zhou
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yik Chun Wong
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwu Tan
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shui Shan Lee
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Postgraduate Education Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
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Blázquez-Bondia C, Parera M, Català-Moll F, Casadellà M, Elizalde-Torrent A, Aguiló M, Espadaler-Mazo J, Santos JR, Paredes R, Noguera-Julian M. Probiotic effects on immunity and microbiome in HIV-1 discordant patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1066036. [PMID: 36569851 PMCID: PMC9774487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1066036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some HIV-1 infected patients are unable to completely recover normal CD4+ T-cell (CD4+) counts after achieving HIV-1 suppression with combined Antiretroviral Therapy (cART), hence being classified as immuno-discordant. The human microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis and is a potential target towards immune reconstitution. Setting RECOVER (NCT03542786) was a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial designed to evaluate if the novel probiotic i3.1 (AB-Biotics, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain) was able to improve immune reconstitution in HIV-1 infected immuno-discordant patients with stable cART and CD4+ counts <500 cells/mm3. The mixture consisted of two strains of L. plantarum and one of P. acidilactici, given with or without a fiber-based prebiotic. Methods 71 patients were randomized 1:2:2 to Placebo, Probiotic or probiotic + prebiotic (Synbiotic), and were followed over 6 months + 3-month washout period, in which changes on systemic immune status and gut microbiome were evaluated. Primary endpoints were safety and tolerability of the investigational product. Secondary endpoints were changes on CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell (CD8+) counts, inflammation markers and faecal microbiome structure, defined by alpha diversity (Gene Richness), beta diversity (Bray-Curtis) and functional profile. Comparisons across/within groups were performed using standard/paired Wilcoxon test, respectively. Results Adverse event (AE) incidence was similar among groups (53%, 33%, and 55% in the Placebo, Probiotic and Synbiotic groups, respectively, the most common being grade 1 digestive AEs: flatulence, bloating and diarrhoea. Two grade 3 AEs were reported, all in the Synbiotic group: abdominal distension (possibly related) and malignant lung neoplasm (unrelated), and 1 grade 4 AE in the Placebo: hepatocarcinoma (unrelated). Synbiotic exposure was associated with a higher increase in CD4+/CD8+ T-cell (CD4/CD8) ratio at 6 months vs baseline (median=0.76(IQR=0.51) vs 0.72(0. 45), median change= 0.04(IQR=0.19), p = 0.03). At month 9, the Synbiotic group had a significant increase in CD4/CD8 ratio (0.827(0.55) vs 0.825(0.53), median change = 0.04(IQR=0.15), p= 0.02) relative to baseline, and higher CD4+ counts (447 (157) vs. 342(73) counts/ml, p = 0.03), and lower sCD14 values (2.16(0.67) vs 3.18(0.8), p = 0.008) than Placebo. No effect in immune parameters was observed in the Probiotic arm. None of the two interventions modified microbial gene richness (alpha diversity). However, intervention as categorical variable was associated with slight but significant effect on Bray-Curtis distance variance (Adonis R2 = 0.02, p = 0.005). Additionally, at month 6, Synbiotic intervention was associated with lower pathway abundances vs Placebo of Assimilatory Sulphate Reduction (8.79·10-6 (1.25·10-5) vs. 1.61·10-5 (2.77·10-5), p = 0.03) and biosynthesis of methionine (2.3·10-5 (3.17·10-5) vs. 4·10-5 (5.66·10-5), p = 0.03) and cysteine (1.83·10-5 (2.56·10-5) vs. 3.3·10-5 (4.62·10-5), p = 0.03). At month 6, probiotic detection in faeces was associated with significant decreases in C Reactive Protein (CRP) vs baseline (11.1(22) vs. 19.2(66), median change= -2.7 (13.2) ug/ml, p = 0.04) and lower IL-6 values (0.58(1.13) vs. 1.17(1.59) ug/ml, p = 0.02) when compared with samples with no detectable probiotic. No detection of the probiotic was associated with higher CD4/CD8 ratio at month 6 vs baseline (0.718(0.57) vs. 0.58(0.4), median change = 0.4(0.2), p = 0.02). After washout, probiotic non-detection was also associated with a significant increase in CD4+ counts (457(153) vs. 416(142), median change = 45(75), counts/ml, p = 0.005) and CD4/CD8 ratio (0.67(0.5) vs 0.59(0.49), median change = 0.04 (0.18), p = 0.02). Conclusion A synbiotic intervention with L. plantarum and P. acidilactici was safe and led to small increases in CD4/CD8 ratio and minor reductions in sCD14 of uncertain clinical significance. A probiotic with the same composition was also safe but did not achieve any impact on immune parameters or faecal microbiome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - José Ramon Santos
- Infectious Diseases Department and Fundació Lluita contra les Infeccions, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roger Paredes
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain,Infectious Diseases Department and Fundació Lluita contra les Infeccions, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain,Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic – UCC), Vic, Barcelona, Spain,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain,Infectious Disease Networking Biomedical Research Center, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Noguera-Julian
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain,Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic – UCC), Vic, Barcelona, Spain,Infectious Disease Networking Biomedical Research Center, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Marc Noguera-Julian,
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Christian ML, Dapp MJ, Scharffenberger SC, Jones H, Song C, Frenkel LM, Krumm A, Mullins JI, Rawlings DJ. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Insertion of HIV Long Terminal Repeat within BACH2 Promotes Expansion of T Regulatory-like Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1700-1710. [PMID: 35264460 PMCID: PMC8976747 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
One key barrier to curative therapies for HIV is the limited understanding of HIV persistence. HIV provirus integration sites (ISs) within BACH2 are common, and almost all sites mapped to date are located upstream of the start codon in the same transcriptional orientation as the gene. These unique features suggest the possibility of insertional mutagenesis at this location. Using CRISPR/Cas9-based homology-directed repair in primary human CD4+ T cells, we directly modeled the effects of HIV integration within BACH2 Integration of the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) and major splice donor increased BACH2 mRNA and protein levels, altered gene expression, and promoted selective outgrowth of an activated, proliferative, and T regulatory-like cell population. In contrast, introduction of the HIV-LTR alone or an HIV-LTR-major splice donor construct into STAT5B, a second common HIV IS, had no functional impact. Thus, HIV LTR-driven BACH2 expression modulates T cell programming and leads to cellular outgrowth and unique phenotypic changes, findings that support a direct role for IS-dependent HIV-1 persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Dapp
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Hank Jones
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Chaozhong Song
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Lisa M Frenkel
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Anthony Krumm
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - James I Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA;
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA; and
| | - David J Rawlings
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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Ikumi NM, Matjila M. Preterm Birth in Women With HIV: The Role of the Placenta. Front Glob Womens Health 2022; 3:820759. [PMID: 35392117 PMCID: PMC8982913 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2022.820759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal HIV infection is associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (PTB). However, the mechanisms underlying this increased risk in women with HIV remain poorly understood. In this regard, it is well-established that labor is an inflammatory process and premature activation of the pro-inflammatory signals (associated with labor) can result in preterm labor which can subsequently lead to PTB. HIV infection is known to cause severe immune dysregulation within its host characterized by altered immune profiles, chronic inflammation and eventually, the progressive failure of the immune system. The human placenta comprises different immune cell subsets, some of which play an important role during pregnancy including participating in the inflammatory processes that accompany labor. It is therefore plausible that HIV/antiretroviral therapy (ART)-associated immune dysregulation within the placental microenvironment may underlie the increased risk of PTB reported in women with HIV. Here, we review evidence from studies that point toward the placental origin of spontaneous PTB and discuss possible ways maternal HIV infection and/or ART could increase this risk. We focus on key cellular players in the maternal decidua including natural killer cells, CD4+ T cells including CD4+ regulatory T cells, CD8+ T cells as well as macrophages.
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9
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Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
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10
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Schroeter CB, Huntemann N, Bock S, Nelke C, Kremer D, Pfeffer K, Meuth SG, Ruck T. Crosstalk of Microorganisms and Immune Responses in Autoimmune Neuroinflammation: A Focus on Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747143. [PMID: 34691057 PMCID: PMC8529161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the major determinant of peripheral immune tolerance. Many Treg subsets have been described, however thymus-derived and peripherally induced Tregs remain the most important subpopulations. In multiple sclerosis, a prototypical autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system, Treg dysfunction is a pathogenic hallmark. In contrast, induction of Treg proliferation and enhancement of their function are central immune evasion mechanisms of infectious pathogens. In accordance, Treg expansion is compartmentalized to tissues with high viral replication and prolonged in chronic infections. In friend retrovirus infection, Treg expansion is mainly based on excessive interleukin-2 production by infected effector T cells. Moreover, pathogens seem also to enhance Treg functions as shown in human immunodeficiency virus infection, where Tregs express higher levels of effector molecules such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, CD39 and cAMP and show increased suppressive capacity. Thus, insights into the molecular mechanisms by which intracellular pathogens alter Treg functions might aid to find new therapeutic approaches to target central nervous system autoimmunity. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of pathogens for Treg function in the context of autoimmune neuroinflammation. We discuss the mechanistic implications for future therapies and provide an outlook for new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Niklas Huntemann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bock
- Department of Neurology With Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christopher Nelke
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Kremer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Pfeffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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11
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HIV-Related Immune Activation and Inflammation: Current Understanding and Strategies. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:7316456. [PMID: 34631899 PMCID: PMC8494587 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7316456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy effectively controls human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication, a residual chronic immune activation/inflammation persists throughout the disease. This aberrant immune activation and inflammation are considered an accelerator of non-AIDS-related events and one of the driving forces of CD4+ T cell depletion. Unfortunately, HIV-associated immune activation is driven by various factors, while the mechanism of excessive inflammation has not been formally clarified. To date, several clinical interventions or treatment candidates undergoing clinical trials have been proposed to combat this systemic immune activation/inflammation. However, these strategies revealed limited results, or their nonspecific anti-inflammatory properties are similar to previous interventions. Here, we reviewed recent learnings of immune activation and persisting inflammation associated with HIV infection, as well as the current directions to overcome it. Of note, a more profound understanding of the specific mechanisms for aberrant inflammation is still imperative for identifying an effective clinical intervention strategy.
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12
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Yero A, Shi T, Farnos O, Routy JP, Tremblay C, Durand M, Tsoukas C, Costiniuk CT, Jenabian MA. Dynamics and epigenetic signature of regulatory T-cells following antiretroviral therapy initiation in acute HIV infection. EBioMedicine 2021; 71:103570. [PMID: 34500304 PMCID: PMC8429924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV infection promotes the expansion of immunosuppressive regulatory T-cells (Tregs), contributing to immune dysfunction, tissue fibrosis and disease progression. Early antiretroviral treatment (ART) upon HIV infection improves CD4 count and decreases immune activation. However, Treg dynamics and their epigenetic regulation following early ART initiation remain understudied. METHODS Treg subsets were characterized by flow cytometry in 103 individuals, including untreated HIV-infected participants in acute and chronic phases, ART-treated in early infection, elite controllers (ECs), immunological controllers (ICs), and HIV-uninfected controls. The methylation status of six regulatory regions of the foxp3 gene was assessed using MiSeq technology. FINDINGS Total Treg frequency increased overtime during HIV infection, which was normalized in early ART recipients. Tregs in untreated individuals expressed higher levels of activation and immunosuppressive markers (CD39, and LAP(TGF-β1)), which remained unchanged following early ART. Expression of gut migration markers (CCR9, Integrin-β7) by Tregs was elevated during untreated HIV infection, while they declined with the duration of ART but not upon early ART initiation. Notably, gut-homing Tregs expressing LAP(TGF-β1) and CD39 remained higher despite early treatment. Additionally, the increase in LAP(TGF-β1)+ Tregs overtime were consistent with higher demethylation of conserved non-coding sequence (CNS)-1 in the foxp3 gene. Remarkably, LAP(TGF-β1)-expressing Tregs in ECs were significantly higher than in uninfected subjects, while the markers of Treg activation and gut migration were not different. INTERPRETATION Early ART initiation was unable to control the levels of immunosuppressive Treg subsets and their gut migration potential, which could ultimately contribute to gut tissue fibrosis and HIV disease progression. FUNDING This study was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR, grant MOP 142294) and in part by the AIDS and Infectious Diseases Network of the Réseau SIDA et maladies infectieuses du Fonds de recherche du Québec-Santé (FRQ-S).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Yero
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tao Shi
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Omar Farnos
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Glen Site, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- CHUM Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Christos Tsoukas
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cecilia T Costiniuk
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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13
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Bhaskaran N, Schneider E, Faddoul F, Paes da Silva A, Asaad R, Talla A, Greenspan N, Levine AD, McDonald D, Karn J, Lederman MM, Pandiyan P. Oral immune dysfunction is associated with the expansion of FOXP3 +PD-1 +Amphiregulin + T cells during HIV infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5143. [PMID: 34446704 PMCID: PMC8390677 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25340-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Residual systemic inflammation and mucosal immune dysfunction persist in people living with HIV, despite treatment with combined anti-retroviral therapy, but the underlying immune mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we report that the altered immune landscape of the oral mucosa of HIV-positive patients on therapy involves increased TLR and inflammasome signaling, localized CD4+ T cell hyperactivation, and, counterintuitively, enrichment of FOXP3+ T cells. HIV infection of oral tonsil cultures in vitro causes an increase in FOXP3+ T cells expressing PD-1, IFN-γ, Amphiregulin and IL-10. These cells persist even in the presence of anti-retroviral drugs, and further expand when stimulated by TLR2 ligands and IL-1β. Mechanistically, IL-1β upregulates PD-1 expression via AKT signaling, and PD-1 stabilizes FOXP3 and Amphiregulin through a mechanism involving asparaginyl endopeptidase, resulting in FOXP3+ cells that are incapable of suppressing CD4+ T cells in vitro. The FOXP3+ T cells that are abundant in HIV-positive patients are phenotypically similar to the in vitro cultured, HIV-responsive FOXP3+ T cells, and their presence strongly correlates with CD4+ T cell hyper-activation. This suggests that FOXP3+ T cell dysregulation might play a role in the mucosal immune dysfunction of HIV patients on therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bhaskaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - E Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - F Faddoul
- Advanced Education in General Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A Paes da Silva
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - R Asaad
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center AIDS Clinical Trials Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A Talla
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - N Greenspan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A D Levine
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - D McDonald
- Division of AIDS, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Karn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M M Lederman
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center AIDS Clinical Trials Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - P Pandiyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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14
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Pérez-Santiago J, Marquine MJ, Cookson D, Giraud-Colón R, Heaton RK, Grant I, Ellis RJ, Letendre SL, Peterson SN. Gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with worse emotional states in HIV infection. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:228-238. [PMID: 33651324 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00933-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The biological mechanisms underlying emotional distress in HIV infection are likely to be complex but remain understudied. We investigated whether dysbiotic signatures in the gut microbiome of persons living with HIV (PLWH) are associated with their emotional status. We retrospectively examined the gut microbiome and clinical evaluation of 129 adults (94 PLWH and 35 HIV-) enrolled at UC San Diego's HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program. A subset of participants (32 PLWH vs. 13 HIV-) underwent an emotional assessment using the NIH Toolbox Emotion Battery summarized by three composite scores (negative affect, social satisfaction, and psychological well-being). We then sequenced the 16S rDNA V3-V4 regions from stool and performed taxonomic assignment using CLC Microbial Genomics Module. The gut microbiota profiles were evaluated in relation to participants' emotional assessment. All analyses were done in R statistical software. We found that the relative abundance of aerotolerant bacteria was significantly higher in PLWH (p < 0.01) and was associated with a lifetime major depression diagnosis independently of HIV status (p = 0.05). Moreover, PLWH experienced significantly worse psychological well-being (p = 0.02), less social satisfaction (p = 0.03), and more negative affect (p = 0.02). Higher levels of aerotolerant bacteria were associated with worse psychological well-being (rho = -0.35, p = 0.02), less social satisfaction (r = - 0.42, p < 0.01), and more negative affect (rho = 0.46, p < 0.01). The association of aerotolerant bacteria with social satisfaction and negative affect was independent of HIV status (p < 0.05, for both). The over-representation of aerotolerant bacteria in the gut may reflect worse oxidative stress and barrier defects and may contribute to emotional distress during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Pérez-Santiago
- University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan, PR, USA. .,University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor Grant
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Scott N Peterson
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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15
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Panetti C, Kao KC, Joller N. Dampening antiviral immunity can protect the host. FEBS J 2021; 289:634-646. [PMID: 33570771 PMCID: PMC9292735 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are very common, and in most cases, the virus is well controlled and eliminated by the immune system. Nevertheless, in some cases, damage of the host tissue inflicted by the virus itself or by the elicited immune response may result in severe disease courses. Thus, regulatory mechanisms are necessary to control virus‐induced and immune pathology. This ensures immune responses are elicited in a potent but controlled manner. In this review, we will outline how immune regulation may contribute to this process. We focus on regulatory T cells and co‐inhibitory receptors and outline how these two regulatory immune components allow for and may even promote potent but not pathologic immune responses. By enabling a balanced immune response, regulatory mechanisms can thus contribute to pathogen control as well as tissue and host protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Panetti
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kung-Chi Kao
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Joller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Immune Dysregulation in Myocardial Fibrosis, Steatosis, and Heart Failure: Current Insights from HIV and the General Population. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2021; 18:63-72. [PMID: 33433816 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-020-00536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV is an independent risk factor for heart failure (HF). Cardiac imaging studies in people with HIV (PWH) have identified myocardial pathologies, namely fibrosis and steatosis, that likely contribute to the higher risk of HF. In this review, we survey existing epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic literature to identify potential pathways that may contribute to the burden of myocardial fibrosis and steatosis among PWH. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple cohort studies over the past 20 years have demonstrated a roughly 2-fold higher risk of incident HF in PWH, as well as a disproportionate burden of myocardial fibrosis and steatosis in PWH without HF. Both myocardial fibrosis and steatosis are known contributors to HF in adults without HIV. Pathways involving the NLRP3 inflammasome, TGF-β1, and adipocyte dysfunction are known to play a crucial role in the development of myocardial fibrosis and steatosis. Upregulation of these pathways in HIV due to direct effects of viral proteins, persistent immune dysregulation, gut epithelial breakdown and dysbiosis, and toxicities from antiretroviral therapy may contribute to myocardial dysfunction in HIV. Understanding these pathways may lead to more precise diagnostic and therapeutic targets to curb HF in PWH. During the past three decades, observational and mechanistic studies have provided important insights into risk factors and pathways that may contribute to the increased HF risk in PWH. Future work is needed to characterize these pathways more precisely in mechanistic studies of PWH, with the goal of ultimately deriving valuable targets for prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of HF in PWH.
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17
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Estrada Brull A, Rost F, Oderbolz J, Kirchner FR, Leibundgut-Landmann S, Oxenius A, Joller N. CD85k Contributes to Regulatory T Cell Function in Chronic Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010031. [PMID: 33375121 PMCID: PMC7792974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) prevent excessive immune responses and limit immune pathology upon infections. To fulfill this role in different immune environments elicited by different types of pathogens, Tregs undergo functional specialization into distinct subsets. During acute type 1 immune responses, type 1 Tregs are induced and recruited to the site of ongoing Th1 responses to efficiently control Th1 responses. However, whether a similar specialization process also takes place following chronic infections is still unknown. In this study, we investigated Treg specialization in persistent viral infections using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection as models for chronic and latent infections, respectively. We identify CD85k as a Th1-specific co-inhibitory receptor with sustained expression in persistent viral infections and show that recombinant CD85k inhibits LCMV-specific effector T cells. Furthermore, expression of the CD85k ligand ALCAM is induced on LCMV-specific and exhausted T cells during chronic LCMV infection. Finally, we demonstrate that type 1 Tregs arising during chronic LCMV infection suppress Th1 effector cells in an ALCAM-dependent manner. These results extend the current knowledge of Treg specialization from acute to persistent viral infections and reveal an important functional role of CD85k in Treg-mediated suppression of type 1 immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Herpesviridae Infections/immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections/metabolism
- Herpesviridae Infections/virology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/metabolism
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/virology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/physiology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muromegalovirus/immunology
- Muromegalovirus/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/virology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Estrada Brull
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.B.); (F.R.); (F.R.K.); (S.L.-L.)
| | - Felix Rost
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.B.); (F.R.); (F.R.K.); (S.L.-L.)
| | - Josua Oderbolz
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Microbiology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.O.); (A.O.)
| | - Florian R. Kirchner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.B.); (F.R.); (F.R.K.); (S.L.-L.)
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salomé Leibundgut-Landmann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.B.); (F.R.); (F.R.K.); (S.L.-L.)
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Microbiology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.O.); (A.O.)
| | - Nicole Joller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.B.); (F.R.); (F.R.K.); (S.L.-L.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Nonhuman Primate Testing of the Impact of Different Regulatory T Cell Depletion Strategies on Reactivation and Clearance of Latent Simian Immunodeficiency Virus. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00533-20. [PMID: 32669326 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00533-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) may be key contributors to the HIV/SIV latent reservoir, since they harbor high levels of HIV/SIV; reverse CD4+ T cell immune activation status, increasing the pool of resting CD4+ T cells; and impair CD8+ T cell function, favoring HIV persistence. We tested the hypothesis that Treg depletion is a valid intervention toward an HIV cure by depleted Tregs in 14 rhesus macaque (RM) controllers infected with SIVsab, the virus that naturally infects sabaeus monkeys, through different strategies: administration of an anti-CCR4 immunotoxin, two doses of an anti-CD25 immunotoxin (interleukin-2 with diphtheria toxin [IL-2-DT]), or two combinations of both. All of these treatments resulted in significant depletion of the circulating Tregs (>70%) and their partial depletion in the gut (25%) and lymph nodes (>50%). The fractions of CD4+ T cells expressing Ki -67 increased up to 80% in experiments containing IL-2-DT and only 30% in anti-CCR4-treated RMs, paralleled by increases in the inflammatory cytokines. In the absence of ART, plasma virus rebounded to 103 vRNA copies/ml by day 10 after IL-2-DT administration. A large but transient boost of the SIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses occurred in IL-2-DT-treated RMs. Such increases were minimal in the RMs receiving anti-CCR4-based regimens. Five RMs received IL-2-DT on ART, but treatment was discontinued because of high toxicity and lymphopenia. As such, while all treatments depleted a significant proportion of Tregs, the side effects in the presence of ART prevent their clinical use and call for different Treg depletion approaches. Thus, based on our data, Treg targeting as a strategy for HIV cure cannot be discarded.IMPORTANCE Regulatory T cells (Tregs) can decisively contribute to the establishment and persistence of the HIV reservoir, since they harbor high levels of HIV/SIV, increase the pool of resting CD4+ T cells by reversing their immune activation status, and impair CD8+ T cell function, favoring HIV persistence. We tested multiple Treg depletion strategies and showed that all of them are at least partially successful in depleting Tregs. As such, Treg depletion appears to be a valid intervention toward an HIV cure, reducing the size of the reservoir, reactivating the virus, and boosting cell-mediated immune responses. Yet, when Treg depletion was attempted in ART-suppressed animals, the treatment had to be discontinued due to high toxicity and lymphopenia. Therefore, while Treg targeting as a strategy for HIV cure cannot be discarded, the methodology for Treg depletion has to be revisited.
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19
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Harper J, Gordon S, Chan CN, Wang H, Lindemuth E, Galardi C, Falcinelli SD, Raines SLM, Read JL, Nguyen K, McGary CS, Nekorchuk M, Busman-Sahay K, Schawalder J, King C, Pino M, Micci L, Cervasi B, Jean S, Sanderson A, Johns B, Koblansky AA, Amrine-Madsen H, Lifson J, Margolis DM, Silvestri G, Bar KJ, Favre D, Estes JD, Paiardini M. CTLA-4 and PD-1 dual blockade induces SIV reactivation without control of rebound after antiretroviral therapy interruption. Nat Med 2020; 26:519-528. [PMID: 32284611 PMCID: PMC7790171 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoir is composed of resting memory CD4+ T cells, which often express the immune checkpoint receptors programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), which limit T cell activation via synergistic mechanisms. Using simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected, long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated rhesus macaques, we demonstrate that PD-1, CTLA-4 and dual CTLA-4/PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade using monoclonal antibodies is well tolerated, with evidence of bioactivity in blood and lymph nodes. Dual blockade was remarkably more effective than PD-1 blockade alone in enhancing T cell cycling and differentiation, expanding effector-memory T cells and inducing robust viral reactivation in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In lymph nodes, dual CTLA-4/PD-1 blockade, but not PD-1 alone, decreased the total and intact SIV-DNA in CD4+ T cells, and SIV-DNA and SIV-RNA in B cell follicles, a major site of viral persistence during ART. None of the tested interventions enhanced SIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses during ART or viral control after ART interruption. Thus, despite CTLA-4/PD-1 blockade inducing robust latency reversal and reducing total levels of integrated virus, the degree of reservoir clearance was still insufficient to achieve viral control. These results suggest that immune checkpoint blockade regimens targeting PD-1 and/or CTLA-4, if performed in people living with HIV with sustained aviremia, are unlikely to induce HIV remission in the absence of additional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shari Gordon
- HIV Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chi Ngai Chan
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily Lindemuth
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cristin Galardi
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- HIV Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Shane D Falcinelli
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samuel L M Raines
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jenna L Read
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kevin Nguyen
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Colleen S McGary
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - James Schawalder
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- HIV Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Colin King
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria Pino
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luca Micci
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Barbara Cervasi
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sherrie Jean
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Brian Johns
- HIV Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A Alicia Koblansky
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- HIV Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Heather Amrine-Madsen
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- HIV Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David M Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Favre
- HIV Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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20
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Caetano DG, de Paula HHS, Bello G, Hoagland B, Villela LM, Grinsztejn B, Veloso VG, Morgado MG, Guimarães ML, Côrtes FH. HIV-1 elite controllers present a high frequency of activated regulatory T and Th17 cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228745. [PMID: 32023301 PMCID: PMC7001932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is characterized by generalized deregulation of the immune system, resulting in increased chronic immune activation. However, some individuals called HIV controllers (HICs) present spontaneous control of viral replication and have a more preserved immune system. Among HICs, discordant results have been observed regarding immune activation and the frequency of different T cell subsets, including Treg and Th17 cells. We evaluated T cell immune activation, differentiation and regulatory profiles in two groups of HICs—elite controllers (ECs) and viremic controllers (VCs)—and compared them to those of cART-treated individuals (cART) and HIV-1-negative (HIV-neg) individuals. ECs demonstrated similar levels of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in comparison to HIV-neg, while cART and VCs showed elevated T cell activation. CD4+ T cell subset analyses showed differences only for transitional memory T cell frequency between the EC and HIV-neg groups. However, VC individuals showed higher frequencies of terminally differentiated, naïve, and stem cell memory T cells and lower frequencies of transitional memory and central memory T cells compared to the HIV-neg group. Among CD8+ T cell subsets, ECs presented higher frequencies of stem cell memory T cells, while VCs presented higher frequencies of terminally differentiated T cells compared to the HIV-neg group. HICs showed lower frequencies of total Treg cells compared to the HIV-neg and cART groups. ECs also presented higher frequencies of activated and a lower frequency of resting Treg cells than the HIV-neg and cART groups. Furthermore, we observed a high frequency of Th17 cells in ECs and high Th17/Treg ratios in both HIC groups. Our data showed that ECs had low levels of activated T cells and a high frequency of activated Treg and Th17 cells, which could restrict chronic immune activation and be indicative of a preserved mucosal response in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo G. Caetano
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hury H. S. de Paula
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Brenda Hoagland
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas—INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Larissa M. Villela
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas—INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas—INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valdilea G. Veloso
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas—INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariza G. Morgado
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monick L. Guimarães
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda H. Côrtes
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
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21
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Abou Hassan F, Bou Hamdan M, Melhem NM. The Role of Natural Killer Cells and Regulatory T Cells While Aging with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:1123-1135. [PMID: 31510754 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has increased the quality of life of people living with HIV (PLHIV). Consequently, the number of PLHIV >50 years is increasing worldwide. Patients on cART are known to remain in a proinflammatory state. The latter is linked to the development of non-AIDS-related chronic conditions. Although the number of aging PLHIV is increasing, the effect of HIV infection on the process of aging is not fully understood. Understanding the complexity of aging with HIV by investigating the effect of the latter on different components of the innate and adaptive immune systems is important to reduce the impact of these comorbid conditions and improve the quality of life of PLHIV. The role of killer immunoglobulin receptors (KIRs), expressed on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells, and their human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ligands in the clearance, susceptibility to or disease progression following HIV infection is well established. However, data on the effect of KIR-HLA interaction in aging HIV-infected population and the development of non-AIDS-related comorbid conditions are lacking. Moreover, conflicting data exist on the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) during HIV infection. The purpose of this review is to advance the current knowledge on the role of NK cells and Tregs while aging with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farouk Abou Hassan
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Division of Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mirna Bou Hamdan
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Division of Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nada M. Melhem
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Division of Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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22
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Tovar Salazar A, McKhann A, Chen H, Bosch RJ, Weinberg A. Immune Correlates of Herpes Zoster in People Living with HIV on Effective Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:890-895. [PMID: 31179712 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes zoster (HZ) has high morbidity in people living with HIV (PLHIV). We investigated immunological factors that correlated with the development of HZ in PLHIV with controlled HIV replication on antiretroviral therapy (ART). PLHIV who developed HZ on ART (cases), with undetectable plasma HIV RNA, and CD4 counts ≥200 cells/μL were matched 1:1 to controls by CD4 count, age, gender, race, and duration of ART. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)-specific T cells and circulating regulatory T cells (Treg) were measured by flow cytometry before and after HZ. Differences between cases and controls were assessed by paired t-tests and longitudinal changes by Wilcoxon signed rank test. HZ cases (N = 31) had higher CD4+FOXP3+CD25+% Treg before HZ compared with 31 controls. After VZV ex vivo restimulation, cases had lower T cell responses, including CD8+perforin+% cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), CD4+IL10+%, and CD4+TGFβ+% compared with controls. Overall, Treg negatively correlated with VZV-specific Th1 responses. Moreover, Treg decreased over time on ART in HZ cases, VZV-CTLs were stable and did not increase even after HZ. Increased circulating Treg and decreased VZV-specific T cell immune responses were associated with the risk of HZ in PLHIV. The kinetics of Treg over time, but not of VZV-CTLs, paralleled the natural history of HZ, whose incidence decreases over time on effective ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Tovar Salazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Center University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ashley McKhann
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Huichao Chen
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ronald J. Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adriana Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Center University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pathology, Anschutz Medical Center University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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23
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Differential Dynamics of Regulatory T-Cell and Th17 Cell Balance in Mesenteric Lymph Nodes and Blood following Early Antiretroviral Initiation during Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00371-19. [PMID: 31315987 PMCID: PMC6744245 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00371-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tregs contribute to SIV/HIV disease progression by inhibition of antiviral specific responses and effector T-cell proliferation. Tregs also cause tissue fibrosis via transforming growth factor β1 production and collagen deposition, which are associated with microbial translocation and generalized immune activation. Early ARV initiation upon viral exposure is recommended globally and results in improved immune function recovery and reduced viral persistence. Here, using an acute SIV infection model of rhesus macaques, we demonstrated for the first time that despite clear improvements in mucosal CD4 T cells, in contrast to blood, Treg frequencies in MLNs remained elevated following early ARV initiation. The particular Th17/Treg balance observed in MLNs can contribute, in part, to the maintenance of mucosal fibrosis during suppressive ARV treatment. Our results provide a better understanding of gut mucosal immune dynamics following early ARV initiation. These findings suggest that Treg-based treatments could serve as a novel immunotherapeutic approach to decrease gut mucosal damage during SIV/HIV infections. Increased frequencies of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) are associated with gut lymphoid tissue fibrosis and dysfunction which, in turn, contribute to disease progression in chronic simian immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus (SIV/HIV) infection. Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), which drain the large and small intestine, are critical sites for the induction and maintenance of gut mucosal immunity. However, the dynamics of Tregs in MLNs are not well understood due to the lack of accessibility to these tissues in HIV-infected individuals. Here, the dynamics of Tregs in blood and MLNs were assessed in SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) following early antiretroviral drug (ARV) initiation. Early ARV initiation reduced T-cell immune activation, as assessed by HLA-DR/CD39 expression, and prevented the depletion of memory CCR6+ Th17 cells in both blood and MLNs. Untreated animals showed higher frequencies of Tregs, CD39+ Tregs, thymic Tregs, and new memory CD4 populations sharing similarity with Tregs as CTLA4+ PD1– and CTLA4+ PD1– FoxP3+ T cells. Despite early ARV treatment, the frequencies of these Treg subsets remained unchanged within the MLNs and, in contrast to blood normalization, the Th17/Treg ratio remained distorted in MLNs. Furthermore, our results highlighted that the expressions of IDO-1, TGFβ1 and collagen-1 mRNA remained unchanged in MLN of ARV-treated RMs. ARV interruption did not affect T-cell immune activation and Th17/Treg ratios in MLN. Altogether, our data demonstrated that early ARV initiation within the first few days of SIV infection is unable to reduce the frequencies and homing of various subsets of Tregs within the MLNs which, in turn, may result in tissue fibrosis, impairment in MLN function, and HIV persistence. IMPORTANCE Tregs contribute to SIV/HIV disease progression by inhibition of antiviral specific responses and effector T-cell proliferation. Tregs also cause tissue fibrosis via transforming growth factor β1 production and collagen deposition, which are associated with microbial translocation and generalized immune activation. Early ARV initiation upon viral exposure is recommended globally and results in improved immune function recovery and reduced viral persistence. Here, using an acute SIV infection model of rhesus macaques, we demonstrated for the first time that despite clear improvements in mucosal CD4 T cells, in contrast to blood, Treg frequencies in MLNs remained elevated following early ARV initiation. The particular Th17/Treg balance observed in MLNs can contribute, in part, to the maintenance of mucosal fibrosis during suppressive ARV treatment. Our results provide a better understanding of gut mucosal immune dynamics following early ARV initiation. These findings suggest that Treg-based treatments could serve as a novel immunotherapeutic approach to decrease gut mucosal damage during SIV/HIV infections.
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24
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Mylvaganam G, Yanez AG, Maus M, Walker BD. Toward T Cell-Mediated Control or Elimination of HIV Reservoirs: Lessons From Cancer Immunology. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2109. [PMID: 31552045 PMCID: PMC6746828 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As the AIDS epidemic unfolded, the appearance of opportunistic infections in at-risk persons provided clues to the underlying problem: a dramatic defect in cell-mediated immunity associated with infection and depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Moreover, the emergence of HIV-associated malignancies in these same individuals was a clear indication of the significant role effective cellular immunity plays in combating cancers. As research in the HIV field progressed, advances included the first demonstration of the role of PD-1 in human T cell exhaustion, and the development of gene-modified T cell therapies, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. In the intervening years, the oncology field has capitalized on these advances, effectively mobilizing the cellular immune response to achieve immune-mediated remission or cure of previously intractable cancers. Although similar therapeutic advances have not yet been achieved in the HIV field, spontaneous CD8+ T cell mediated remission or functional cure of HIV infection does occur in very small subset of individuals in the absence of anti-retroviral therapy (ART). This has many similarities to the CD8+ T cell mediated functional control or elimination of cancers, and indicates that immunotherapy for HIV is a rational goal. In HIV infection, one major barrier to successful immunotherapy is the small, persistent population of infected CD4+ T cells, the viral reservoir, which evades pharmacological and immune-mediated clearance, and is largely maintained in secondary lymphoid tissues at sites where CD8+ T cells have limited access and/or function. The reservoir-enriched lymphoid microenvironment bears a striking resemblance to the tumor microenvironment of many solid tumors–namely high levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, expression of co-inhibitory receptors, and physical exclusion of immune effector cells. Here, we review the parallels between CD8+ T cell-mediated immune control of HIV and cancer, and how advances in cancer immunotherapy may provide insights to direct the development of effective HIV cure strategies. Specifically, understanding the impact of the tissue microenvironment on T cell function and development of CAR T cells and therapeutic vaccines deserve robust attention on the path toward a CD8+ T cell mediated cure of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Mylvaganam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Adrienne G Yanez
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Marcela Maus
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States.,MGH Cancer Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
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25
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Perdomo-Celis F, Taborda NA, Rugeles MT. CD8 + T-Cell Response to HIV Infection in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1896. [PMID: 31447862 PMCID: PMC6697065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has decreased the deaths associated with the immune deficiency acquired syndrome (AIDS), non-AIDS conditions have emerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients under suppressive cART. Since these conditions are associated with a persistent inflammatory and immune activation state, major efforts are currently made to improve the immune reconstitution. CD8+ T-cells are critical in the natural and cART-induced control of viral replication; however, CD8+ T-cells are highly affected by the persistent immune activation and exhaustion state driven by the increased antigenic and inflammatory burden during HIV infection, inducing phenotypic and functional alterations, and hampering their antiviral response. Several CD8+ T-cell subsets, such as interleukin-17-producing and follicular CXCR5+ CD8+ T-cells, could play a particular role during HIV infection by promoting the gut barrier integrity, and exerting viral control in lymphoid follicles, respectively. Here, we discuss the role of CD8+ T-cells and some of their subpopulations during HIV infection in the context of cART-induced viral suppression, focusing on current challenges and alternatives for reaching complete reconstitution of CD8+ T-cells antiviral function. We also address the potential usefulness of CD8+ T-cell features to identify patients who will reach immune reconstitution or have a higher risk for developing non-AIDS conditions. Finally, we examine the therapeutic potential of CD8+ T-cells for HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Natalia A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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26
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Tingstedt JL, Hove-Skovsgaard M, Gaardbo J, Ullum H, Nielsen SD, Gelpi M. The impact of concurrent HIV and type II diabetes on immune maturation, immune regulation and immune activation. APMIS 2019; 127:529-537. [PMID: 31017317 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic immune activation and inflammation are constant findings in people living with HIV (PLWH) and contribute to the risk of non-AIDS-related morbidities, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is also characterized by immune activation and inflammation. We aimed to investigate the impact of concurrent HIV infection and T2D on T-cell subsets. The study included PLWH with T2D (HIV+T2D+, N = 25) and without T2D (HIV+T2D-, N = 25) and HIV-negative controls with T2D (HIV-T2D+, N = 22) and without T2D (HIV-T2D-, N = 28). All PLWH in the study were receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. We examined T-cell homeostasis by determining T-cell subsets (immune maturation, immune regulation and immune activation) using flow cytometry. HIV+T2D- had lower proportion of Tc17 cells and higher proportion of apoptotic cells than HIV-T2D-. When comparing HIV+T2D+ and HIV+T2D- a lower proportion of CD4+ recent thymic emigrants (RTE) was found (p = 0.028). Furthermore, HIV+T2D+ had a higher proportion of non-suppressive CD4+ Tregs compared to HIV+T2D- (p = 0.010). In conclusion, even in the setting of treated HIV infection, distinct immunological alterations are found. In PLWH with concomitant T2D, most alterations in T-cell subsets were related to HIV and only few differences were found between PLWH with and without diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Linnea Tingstedt
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malene Hove-Skovsgaard
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Gaardbo
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Dam Nielsen
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marco Gelpi
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Xiao J, Zhang L, Dong Y, Liu X, Peng L, Yang Y, Wang Y. PD-1 Upregulation Is Associated with Exhaustion of Regulatory T Cells and Reflects Immune Activation in HIV-1-Infected Individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:444-452. [PMID: 30618263 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that PD-1expressed by regulatory T cells (Tregs) would be functional and their expression levels may associate with activation status of CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells and the disease progression of HIV-1-infected patients. To prove it, we dynamically examined PD-1 expression levels by Tregs in peripheral blood of HIV-1-infected individuals not receiving antiretroviral therapy. Eighty-one HIV-1-infected individuals not undergoing antiretroviral therapy and 22 HIV-1-seronegative donors were enrolled in our study. Tregs were defined as CD4+CD25+CD127lo/- by flow cytometry. Expression of PD-1 and the activation markers CD38, HLA-DR, and Ki67 by Tregs and CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells was also determined by flow cytometry. TGF-β and IL-10 were measured to evaluate the suppressive function of Tregs. In all Tregs, the proportion of PD-1+ Tregs observed in HIV-1-infected persons was significantly greater than that seen in HIV-1-seronegative donors, and correlated with the activation of Tregs and CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells. This increased proportion of Tregs was also statistically associated with the disease progression. Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway with anti-PD-L1 mAb profoundly increased the level of intracellular TGF-β and IL-10 in CD4+CD25+CD127lo/- Tregs. Our data not only support that PD-1 plays a critical role to predict the activation status of cellular immunity and disease progression during HIV-1 infection but also indicate that blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway represents a novel therapeutic approach to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiao
- Department of Immunology, GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
- GuangXi Medical Transformational Key Laboratory of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine and High Incidence of Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
- Department of AIDS/STD, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Department of Immunology, GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
- GuangXi Medical Transformational Key Laboratory of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine and High Incidence of Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
| | - Yuan Dong
- Department of AIDS/STD, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Liu
- Department of Immunology, GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
- GuangXi Medical Transformational Key Laboratory of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine and High Incidence of Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
| | - Lishan Peng
- Department of Immunology, GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
- GuangXi Medical Transformational Key Laboratory of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine and High Incidence of Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Immunology, GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
- GuangXi Medical Transformational Key Laboratory of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine and High Incidence of Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of AIDS/STD, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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28
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Pandiyan P, Bhaskaran N, Zou M, Schneider E, Jayaraman S, Huehn J. Microbiome Dependent Regulation of T regs and Th17 Cells in Mucosa. Front Immunol 2019; 10:426. [PMID: 30906299 PMCID: PMC6419713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals co-exist with resident microbial ecosystem that is composed of an incredible number and diversity of bacteria, viruses and fungi. Owing to direct contact between resident microbes and mucosal surfaces, both parties are in continuous and complex interactions resulting in important functional consequences. These interactions govern immune homeostasis, host response to infection, vaccination and cancer, as well as predisposition to metabolic, inflammatory and neurological disorders. Here, we discuss recent studies on direct and indirect effects of resident microbiota on regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Th17 cells at the cellular and molecular level. We review mechanisms by which commensal microbes influence mucosa in the context of bioactive molecules derived from resident bacteria, immune senescence, chronic inflammation and cancer. Lastly, we discuss potential therapeutic applications of microbiota alterations and microbial derivatives, for improving resilience of mucosal immunity and combating immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Pandiyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Natarajan Bhaskaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mangge Zou
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sangeetha Jayaraman
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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29
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Impact of HIV-ART on the restoration of Th17 and Treg cells in blood and female genital mucosa. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1978. [PMID: 30760809 PMCID: PMC6374372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment (ART) on the proportion and functions of Th17 and Treg cells in peripheral blood and female genital tract (FGT) respectively. To this aim, samples from 41 HIV-neg, 33 HIV+ ART-naïve and 32 HIV+ ART+ subjects were obtained. In peripheral blood, altered Th17 and Th17/Treg proportions were normalized in HIV+ ART+, but certain abnormal Treg and activated T-cell proportions were still observed. In FGT, abnormal patterns of secretion for Th17-related cytokines were observed in cervical mononuclear cells (CMCs) from HIV+ women, even in those from HIV+ ART+, compared to the HIV-neg group. Moreover, these altered patterns of secretion were associated with diminished levels of CXCL5 and CXCL1 chemokines and with an immunoregulatory skew in the CCL17/CCL20 ratio in ectocervix samples of these women. Finally, ART did not restore proportions of Th17-precursor cells with gut-homing potential in PBMCs, and positive correlations between these cells and the levels of IL-17F and IL-21 production by CMCs may suggest that a better homing of these cells to the intestine could also imply a better restoration of these cells in the female genital tract. These results indicate that antiretroviral treatment did not restore Th17-related immune functions completely at the female mucosal level.
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30
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Veazey RS. Intestinal CD4 Depletion in HIV / SIV Infection. CURRENT IMMUNOLOGY REVIEWS 2019; 15:76-91. [PMID: 31431807 PMCID: PMC6701936 DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180605083448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Among the most significant findings in the pathogenesis of HIV infection was the discovery that almost total depletion of intestinal CD4+ T cells occurs rapidly after SIV or HIV infection, regardless of the route of exposure, and long before CD4+ T cell losses occur in blood or lymph nodes. Since these seminal discoveries, we have learned much about mucosal and systemic CD4+ T cells, and found several key differences between the circulating and intestinal CD4+ T cell subsets, both in phenotype, relative proportions, and functional capabilities. Further, specific subsets of CD4+ T cells are selectively targeted and eliminated first, especially cells critically important for initiating primary immune responses, and for maintenance of mucosal integrity (Th1, Th17, and Th22 cells). This simultaneously results in loss of innate immune responses, and loss of mucosal integrity, resulting in mucosal, and systemic immune activation that drives proliferation and activation of new target cells throughout the course of infection. The propensity for the SIV/HIV to infect and efficiently replicate in specific cells also permits viral persistence, as the mucosal and systemic activation that ensues continues to damage mucosal barriers, resulting in continued influx of target cells to maintain viral replication. Finally, infection and elimination of recently activated and proliferating CD4+ T cells, and infection and dysregulation of Tfh and other key CD4+ T cell results in hyperactive, yet non-protective immune responses that support active viral replication and evolution, and thus persistence in host tissue reservoirs, all of which continue to challenge our efforts to design effective vaccine or cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S. Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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31
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Dellière S, Guery R, Candon S, Rammaert B, Aguilar C, Lanternier F, Chatenoud L, Lortholary O. Understanding Pathogenesis and Care Challenges of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in Fungal Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:E139. [PMID: 30562960 PMCID: PMC6308948 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune deficiency of diverse etiology, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), antineoplastic agents, immunosuppressive agents used in solid organ recipients, immunomodulatory therapy, and other biologics, all promote invasive fungal infections. Subsequent voluntary or unintended immune recovery may induce an exaggerated inflammatory response defining immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), which causes significant mortality and morbidity. Fungal-associated IRIS raises several diagnostic and management issues. Mostly studied with Cryptococcus, it has also been described with other major fungi implicated in human invasive fungal infections, such as Pneumocystis, Aspergillus, Candida, and Histoplasma. Furthermore, the understanding of IRIS pathogenesis remains in its infancy. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the clinical characteristics of IRIS depending on fungal species and existing strategies to predict, prevent, and treat IRIS in this patient population, and tries to propose a common immunological background to fungal IRIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dellière
- Medical School, Paris-Descartes University, APHP, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Infectious Disease Center Necker-Pasteur, IHU Imagine, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Romain Guery
- Medical School, Paris-Descartes University, APHP, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Infectious Disease Center Necker-Pasteur, IHU Imagine, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Sophie Candon
- Medical School, Paris-Descartes University, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253APHP, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Clinical Immunology, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Blandine Rammaert
- Medical School, Poitiers University, Poitiers, France; Poitiers University Hospital, Infectious Disease Unit, Poitiers, France; INSERM U1070, 86022 Poitiers, France.
| | - Claire Aguilar
- Medical School, Paris-Descartes University, APHP, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Infectious Disease Center Necker-Pasteur, IHU Imagine, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Fanny Lanternier
- Medical School, Paris-Descartes University, APHP, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Infectious Disease Center Necker-Pasteur, IHU Imagine, 75015 Paris, France.
- Pasteur Institute, Molecular Mycology Unit, National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Disease and Antifungals, CNRS UMR 2000, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Lucienne Chatenoud
- Medical School, Paris-Descartes University, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253APHP, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Clinical Immunology, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- Medical School, Paris-Descartes University, APHP, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Infectious Disease Center Necker-Pasteur, IHU Imagine, 75015 Paris, France.
- Pasteur Institute, Molecular Mycology Unit, National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Disease and Antifungals, CNRS UMR 2000, 75015 Paris, France.
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32
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Poultsidi A, Dimopoulos Y, He TF, Chavakis T, Saloustros E, Lee PP, Petrovas C. Lymph Node Cellular Dynamics in Cancer and HIV: What Can We Learn for the Follicular CD4 (Tfh) Cells? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2233. [PMID: 30319664 PMCID: PMC6170630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are central in the generation of adaptive immune responses. Follicular helper CD4 T (Tfh) cells, a highly differentiated CD4 population, provide critical help for the development of antigen-specific B cell responses within the germinal center. Throughout the past decade, numerous studies have revealed the important role of Tfh cells in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) pathogenesis as well as in the development of neutralizing antibodies post-infection and post-vaccination. It has also been established that tumors influence various immune cell subsets not only in their proximity, but also in draining lymph nodes. The role of local or tumor associated lymph node Tfh cells in disease progression is emerging. Comparative studies of Tfh cells in chronic infections and cancer could therefore provide novel information with regards to their differentiation plasticity and to the mechanisms regulating their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antigoni Poultsidi
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Yiannis Dimopoulos
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ting-Fang He
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Emmanouil Saloustros
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Peter P Lee
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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33
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Abstract
Humans have a close phylogenetic relationship with nonhuman primates (NHPs) and share many physiological parallels, such as highly similar immune systems, with them. Importantly, NHPs can be infected with many human or related simian viruses. In many cases, viruses replicate in the same cell types as in humans, and infections are often associated with the same pathologies. In addition, many reagents that are used to study the human immune response cross-react with NHP molecules. As such, NHPs are often used as models to study viral vaccine efficacy and antiviral therapeutic safety and efficacy and to understand aspects of viral pathogenesis. With several emerging viral infections becoming epidemic, NHPs are proving to be a very beneficial benchmark for investigating human viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Scott W Wong
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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34
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Nag M, De Paris K, E Fogle J. Epigenetic Modulation of CD8⁺ T Cell Function in Lentivirus Infections: A Review. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050227. [PMID: 29710792 PMCID: PMC5977220 DOI: 10.3390/v10050227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are critical for controlling viremia during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. These cells produce cytolytic factors and antiviral cytokines that eliminate virally- infected cells. During the chronic phase of HIV infection, CD8+ T cells progressively lose their proliferative capacity and antiviral functions. These dysfunctional cells are unable to clear the productively infected and reactivated cells, representing a roadblock in HIV cure. Therefore, mechanisms to understand CD8+ T cell dysfunction and strategies to boost CD8+ T cell function need to be investigated. Using the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) model for lentiviral persistence, we have demonstrated that CD8+ T cells exhibit epigenetic changes such as DNA demethylation during the course of infection as compared to uninfected cats. We have also demonstrated that lentivirus-activated CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells induce forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) expression in virus-specific CD8+ T cell targets, which binds the interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ promoters in these CD8+ T cells. Finally, we have reported that epigenetic modulation reduces Foxp3 binding to these promoter regions. This review compares and contrasts our current understanding of CD8+ T cell epigenetics and mechanisms of lymphocyte suppression during the course of lentiviral infection for two animal models, FIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukta Nag
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Jonathan E Fogle
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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35
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Kleinman AJ, Sivanandham R, Pandrea I, Chougnet CA, Apetrei C. Regulatory T Cells As Potential Targets for HIV Cure Research. Front Immunol 2018; 9:734. [PMID: 29706961 PMCID: PMC5908895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T regulatory cells (Tregs) are a key component of the immune system, which maintain a delicate balance between overactive responses and immunosuppression. As such, Treg deficiencies are linked to autoimmune disorders and alter the immune control of pathogens. In HIV infection, Tregs play major roles, both beneficial and detrimental. They regulate the immune system such that inflammation and spread of virus through activated T cells is suppressed. However, suppression of immune activation also limits viral clearance and promotes reservoir formation. Tregs can be directly targeted by HIV, thereby harboring a fraction of the viral reservoir. The vital role of Tregs in the pathogenesis and control of HIV makes them a subject of interest for manipulation in the search of an HIV cure. Here, we discuss the origin and generation, homeostasis, and functions of Tregs, particularly their roles and effects in HIV infection. We also present various Treg manipulation strategies, including Treg depletion techniques and interventions that alter Treg function, which may be used in different cure strategies, to simultaneously boost HIV-specific immune responses and induce reactivation of the latent virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Kleinman
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ranjit Sivanandham
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Claire A Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati University, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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36
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Moore TC, Messer RJ, Hasenkrug KJ. Regulatory T cells suppress virus-specific antibody responses to Friend retrovirus infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195402. [PMID: 29614127 PMCID: PMC5882174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent vaccine studies with experimental antigens have shown that regulatory T cells (Tregs) constrain the magnitude of B cell responses. This homeostatic Treg-mediated suppression is thought to reduce the potential of germinal center (GC) responses to generate autoreactive antibodies. However, essentially opposite results were observed in live influenza infections where Tregs promoted B cell and antibody responses. Thus, it remains unclear whether Tregs dampen or enhance B cell responses, especially during live viral infections. Here, we use mice infected with Friend retrovirus (FV), which induces a robust expansion of Tregs. Depletion of Tregs led to elevated activation, proliferation, and class switching of B cells. In addition, Treg depletion enhanced the production of virus-specific and virus-neutralizing antibodies and reduced FV viremia. Thus, in contrast to influenza infection, Tregs either directly or indirectly suppress B cells during mouse retroviral infection indicating that the ultimate effect of Tregs on B cell responses is specific to the particular infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C. Moore
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Ronald J. Messer
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Kim J. Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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37
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Rahman MA, McKinnon KM, Karpova TS, Ball DA, Venzon DJ, Fan W, Kang G, Li Q, Robert-Guroff M. Associations of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-Specific Follicular CD8 + T Cells with Other Follicular T Cells Suggest Complex Contributions to SIV Viremia Control. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2714-2726. [PMID: 29507105 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Follicular CD8+ T (fCD8) cells reside within B cell follicles and are thought to be immune-privileged sites of HIV/SIV infection. We have observed comparable levels of fCD8 cells between chronically SIV-infected rhesus macaques with low viral loads (LVL) and high viral loads (HVL), raising the question concerning their contribution to viremia control. In this study, we sought to clarify the role of SIV-specific fCD8 cells in lymph nodes during the course of SIV infection in rhesus macaques. We observed that fCD8 cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, and T follicular regulatory cells (Tfreg) were all elevated in chronic SIV infection. fCD8 cells of LVL animals tended to express more Gag-specific granzyme B and exhibited significantly greater killing than did HVL animals, and their cell frequencies were negatively correlated with viremia, suggesting a role in viremia control. Env- and Gag-specific IL-21+ Tfh of LVL but not HVL macaques negatively correlated with viral load, suggesting better provision of T cell help to fCD8 cells. Tfreg positively correlated with fCD8 cells in LVL animals and negatively correlated with viremia, suggesting a potential benefit of Tfreg via suppression of chronic inflammation. In contrast, in HVL macaques, Tfreg and fCD8 cell frequencies tended to be negatively correlated, and a positive correlation was seen between Tfreg number and viremia, suggesting possible dysfunction and suppression of an effective fCD8 cell immune response. Our data suggest that control of virus-infected cells in B cell follicles not only depends on fCD8 cell cytotoxicity but also on complex fCD8 cell associations with Tfh cells and Tfreg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Katherine M McKinnon
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tatiana S Karpova
- Center for Cancer Research Core Fluorescence Imaging Facility, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David A Ball
- Center for Cancer Research Core Fluorescence Imaging Facility, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David J Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Wenjin Fan
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Guobin Kang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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38
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Abstract
Tight regulation of immune responses is not only critical for preventing autoimmune diseases but also for preventing immunopathological damage during infections in which overactive immune responses may be more harmful for the host than the pathogen itself. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in this regulation, which was discovered using the Friend retrovirus (FV) mouse model. Subsequent FV studies revealed basic biological information about Tregs, including their suppressive activity on effector cells as well as the molecular mechanisms of virus-induced Treg expansion. Treg suppression not only limits immunopathology but also prevents complete elimination of pathogens contributing to chronic infections. Therefore, Tregs play a complex role in the pathogenesis of persistent retroviral infections. New therapeutic concepts to reactivate effector T-cell responses in chronic viral infections by manipulating Tregs also came from work with the FV model. This knowledge initiated many studies to characterize the role of Tregs in HIV pathogenesis in humans, where a complex picture is emerging. On one hand, Tregs suppress HIV-specific effector T-cell responses and are themselves targets of infection, but on the other hand, Tregs suppress HIV-induced immune hyperactivation and thus slow the infection of conventional CD4+ T cells and limit immunopathology. In this review, the basic findings from the FV mouse model are put into perspective with clinical and basic research from HIV studies. In addition, the few Treg studies performed in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) monkey model will also be discussed. The review provides a comprehensive picture of the diverse role of Tregs in different retroviral infections and possible therapeutic approaches to treat retroviral chronicity and pathogenesis by manipulating Treg responses. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a very complex role in retroviral infections, and the balance of beneficial versus detrimental effects from Tregs can change between the acute and chronic phase of infection. Therefore, the development of therapeutics to treat chronic retroviral infections via modulation of Tregs requires detailed information regarding both the positive and negative contributions of Tregs in a particular phase of a specific infection. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that initiate and control Treg responses in retroviral infections as well as the target cells that are functionally manipulated by Tregs. Basic findings from the Friend retrovirus mouse model that initiated this area of research are put into perspective with clinical and basic research from HIV studies. The targeted manipulation of Treg responses holds a bright future for enhancing immune responses to infections, vaccine responses, and for cure or functional cure of chronic retroviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim J. Hasenkrug
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Claire A. Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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39
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Pastor L, Urrea V, Carrillo J, Parker E, Fuente-Soro L, Jairoce C, Mandomando I, Naniche D, Blanco J. Dynamics of CD4 and CD8 T-Cell Subsets and Inflammatory Biomarkers during Early and Chronic HIV Infection in Mozambican Adults. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1925. [PMID: 29354131 PMCID: PMC5760549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During primary HIV infection (PHI), there is a striking cascade response of inflammatory cytokines and many cells of the immune system show altered frequencies and signs of extensive activation. These changes have been shown to have a relevant role in predicting disease progression; however, the challenges of identifying PHI have resulted in a lack of critical information about the dynamics of early pathogenic events. We studied soluble inflammatory biomarkers and changes in T-cell subsets in individuals at PHI (n = 40), chronic HIV infection (CHI, n = 56), and HIV-uninfected (n = 58) recruited at the Manhiça District Hospital in Mozambique. Plasma levels of 49 biomarkers were determined by Luminex and ELISA. T-cell immunophenotyping was performed by multicolor flow cytometry. Plasma HIV viremia, CD4, and CD8 T cell counts underwent rapid stabilization after PHI. However, several immunological parameters, including Th1-Th17 CD4 T cells and activation or exhaustion of CD8 T cells continued decreasing until more than 9 months postinfection. Importantly, no sign of immunosenescence was observed over the first year of HIV infection. Levels of IP-10, MCP-1, BAFF, sCD14, tumor necrosis factor receptor-2, and TRAIL were significantly overexpressed at the first month of infection and underwent a prompt decrease in the subsequent months while, MIG and CD27 levels began to increase 1 month after infection and remained overexpressed for almost 1 year postinfection. Early levels of soluble biomarkers were significantly associated with subsequently exhausted CD4 T-cells or with CD8 T-cell activation. Despite rapid immune control of virus replication, the stabilization of the T-cell subsets occurs months after viremia and CD4 count plateau, suggesting persistent immune dysfunction and highlighting the potential benefit of early treatment initiation that could limit immunological damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Pastor
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Victor Urrea
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erica Parker
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Laura Fuente-Soro
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Chenjerai Jairoce
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Inacio Mandomando
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Denise Naniche
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Julià Blanco
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, Spain
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40
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Li G, Nunoya JI, Cheng L, Reszka-Blanco N, Tsao LC, Jeffrey J, Su L. Regulatory T Cells Contribute to HIV-1 Reservoir Persistence in CD4+ T Cells Through Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-Dependent Mechanisms in Humanized Mice In Vivo. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:1579-1591. [PMID: 29045701 PMCID: PMC5853220 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress T-cell immune activation and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication, but the role of Tregs in HIV-1 reservoir persistence is poorly defined. Methods Tregs were depleted by denileukin diftitox in humanized mice with chronic HIV-1 infection. Viral replication in lineage cells was determined by p24 expression. Levels of HIV-1 RNA and DNA in human cells, as well as replication-competent-virus-producing cells, were measured to quantified viral replication and reservoirs. Results Treg depletion resulted in a blip of HIV-1 replication in T cells but not in myeloid cells. The major activated reservoir cells were memory CD4+ T cells in vivo. Interestingly, the transient activation of viral replication led to HIV-1 reservoir reduction after viremia resuppression, as indicated by the quantity of HIV-1 DNA and replication-competent-virus-producing cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Tregs use cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A pathway to inhibit HIV-1 activation and replication in resting conventional T cells in vitro. Conclusion Tregs suppress HIV-1 replication in T cells and contribute to HIV-1 reservoir persistence. cAMP produced in Tregs is involved in their suppression of viral gene activation and expression. Treg depletion combined with combination antiretroviral therapy provides a novel strategy for HIV-1 cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill
| | - Jun-ichi Nunoya
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill
| | - Liang Cheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill
| | | | - Li-Chung Tsao
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill
| | - Jerry Jeffrey
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Lishan Su
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill
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41
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Theron AJ, Anderson R, Rossouw TM, Steel HC. The Role of Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 in the Progression of HIV/AIDS and Development of Non-AIDS-Defining Fibrotic Disorders. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1461. [PMID: 29163528 PMCID: PMC5673850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Even after attainment of sustained viral suppression following implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy, HIV-infected persons continue to experience persistent, low-grade, systemic inflammation. Among other mechanisms, this appears to result from ongoing microbial translocation from a damaged gastrointestinal tract. This HIV-related chronic inflammatory response is paralleled by counteracting, but only partially effective, biological anti-inflammatory processes. Paradoxically, however, this anti-inflammatory response not only exacerbates immunosuppression but also predisposes for development of non-AIDS-related, non-communicable disorders. With respect to the pathogenesis of both sustained immunosuppression and the increased frequency of non-AIDS-related disorders, the anti-inflammatory/profibrotic cytokine, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), which remains persistently elevated in both untreated and virally suppressed HIV-infected persons, may provide a common link. In this context, the current review is focused on two different, albeit related, harmful activities of TGF-β1 in HIV infection. First, on the spectrum of anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive activities of TGF-β1 and the involvement of this cytokine, derived predominantly from T regulatory cells, in driving disease progression in HIV-infected persons via both non-fibrotic and profibrotic mechanisms. Second, the possible involvement of sustained elevations in circulating and tissue TGF-β1 in the pathogenesis of non-AIDS-defining cardiovascular, hepatic, pulmonary and renal disorders, together with a brief comment on potential TGF-β1-targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette J. Theron
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ronald Anderson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Theresa M. Rossouw
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Helen C. Steel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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42
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Khan S, Telwatte S, Trapecar M, Yukl S, Sanjabi S. Differentiating Immune Cell Targets in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue for HIV Cure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:S40-S58. [PMID: 28882067 PMCID: PMC5685216 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The single greatest challenge to an HIV cure is the persistence of latently infected cells containing inducible, replication-competent proviral genomes, which constitute only a small fraction of total or infected cells in the body. Although resting CD4+ T cells in the blood are a well-known source of viral rebound, more than 90% of the body's lymphocytes reside elsewhere. Many are in gut tissue, where HIV DNA levels per million CD4+ T cells are considerably higher than in the blood. Despite the significant contribution of gut tissue to viral replication and persistence, little is known about the cell types that support persistence of HIV in the gut; importantly, T cells in the gut have phenotypic, functional, and survival properties that are distinct from T cells in other tissues. The mechanisms by which latency is established and maintained will likely depend on the location and cytokine milieu surrounding the latently infected cells in each compartment. Therefore, successful HIV cure strategies require identification and characterization of the exact cell types that support viral persistence, particularly in the gut. In this review, we describe the seeding of the latent HIV reservoir in the gut mucosa; highlight the evidence for compartmentalization and depletion of T cells; summarize the immunologic consequences of HIV infection within the gut milieu; propose how the damaged gut environment may promote the latent HIV reservoir; and explore several immune cell targets in the gut and their place on the path toward HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzada Khan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
| | - Sushama Telwatte
- San Francisco VA Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
| | - Martin Trapecar
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
| | - Steven Yukl
- San Francisco VA Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
| | - Shomyseh Sanjabi
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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43
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Borrow P, Moody MA. Immunologic characteristics of HIV-infected individuals who make broadly neutralizing antibodies. Immunol Rev 2017; 275:62-78. [PMID: 28133804 PMCID: PMC5299500 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) capable of inhibiting infection with diverse variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) is a key, as‐yet‐unachieved goal of prophylactic HIV‐1 vaccine strategies. However, some HIV‐infected individuals develop bnAbs after approximately 2‐4 years of infection, enabling analysis of features of these antibodies and the immunological environment that enables their induction. Distinct subsets of CD4+ T cells play opposing roles in the regulation of humoral responses: T follicular helper (Tfh) cells support germinal center formation and provide help for affinity maturation and the development of memory B cells and plasma cells, while regulatory CD4+ (Treg) cells including T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells inhibit the germinal center reaction to limit autoantibody production. BnAbs exhibit high somatic mutation frequencies, long third heavy‐chain complementarity determining regions, and/or autoreactivity, suggesting that bnAb generation is likely to be highly dependent on the activity of CD4+ Tfh cells, and may be constrained by host tolerance controls. This review discusses what is known about the immunological environment during HIV‐1 infection, in particular alterations in CD4+ Tfh, Treg, and Tfr populations and autoantibody generation, and how this is related to bnAb development, and considers the implications for HIV‐1 vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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44
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Modeling aging in HIV infection in nonhuman primates to address an emerging challenge of the post-ART era. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 25:66-75. [PMID: 28803049 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically improved both quality and length of life for subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), delaying or preventing progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, the virus induces aging-related changes to the immune system which confound treatment. Additionally, the normal physiologic events that occur during aging lead to deficiencies in immunity which not only exacerbate HIV pathogenesis but also trigger a variety of comorbidities. Here, the synergistic linkage between aging and HIV infection is examined in regard to the immunological and pathological mechanisms that drive both senescence and disease progression. The use of NHPs to investigate potential therapeutic strategies to control the deleterious consequences of aging with HIV infection is also reviewed.
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45
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Hey-Nguyen WJ, Xu Y, Pearson CF, Bailey M, Suzuki K, Tantau R, Obeid S, Milner B, Field A, Carr A, Bloch M, Cooper DA, Kelleher AD, Zaunders JJ, Koelsch KK. Quantification of Residual Germinal Center Activity and HIV-1 DNA and RNA Levels Using Fine Needle Biopsies of Lymph Nodes During Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:648-657. [PMID: 28287825 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 reservoirs are most often studied in peripheral blood (PB), but not all lymphocytes recirculate, particularly T follicular helper (Tfh) CD4+ T cells, as well as germinal center (GC) B cells, in lymph nodes (LNs). Ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsies (FNBs) from inguinal LNs and PB samples were obtained from 10 healthy controls (HCs) and 21 HIV-1-infected subjects [11 antiretroviral therapy (ART) naive and 10 on ART]. Tfh cells and GC B cells were enumerated by flow cytometry. HIV-1 DNA and cell-associated (CA) RNA levels in LNs and PB were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. FNBs were obtained without adverse events. Tfh cells and GC B cells were highly elevated in ART-naive subjects, with a median GC B cell count >300-fold higher than HCs, but also remained higher in 4 out of the 10 subjects on ART. GC B cell counts and Tfh cell counts were highly correlated with each other, and also with activated T cells in LNs but not in blood. Levels of HIV-1 DNA and CA RNA viral burden in highly purified CD4+ T cells from FNBs were significantly elevated compared with those in CD4+ T cells from PB in the ART-naive group, but only trended toward an increase in the ART patients. FNBs enabled minimally invasive access to, and parallel measurement of residual activated T and B cells and viral burden within LNs in HIV-1-infected patients. These FNBs revealed significant GC activity that was not apparent from corresponding PB samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yin Xu
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Kazuo Suzuki
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Robyn Tantau
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Solange Obeid
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Brad Milner
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Andrew Field
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Andrew Carr
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Mark Bloch
- Holdsworth House Medical Practice, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - David A. Cooper
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Anthony D. Kelleher
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - John J. Zaunders
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Kersten K. Koelsch
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
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46
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Stephen-Victor E, Bosschem I, Haesebrouck F, Bayry J. The Yin and Yang of regulatory T cells in infectious diseases and avenues to target them. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Stephen-Victor
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Paris France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique; Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris France
| | - Iris Bosschem
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Paris France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique; Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
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47
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Ruffin N, Hani L, Seddiki N. From dendritic cells to B cells dysfunctions during HIV-1 infection: T follicular helper cells at the crossroads. Immunology 2017; 151:137-145. [PMID: 28231392 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are essential for B-cell differentiation and the subsequent antibody responses. Their numbers and functions are altered during human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) infections. In lymphoid tissues, Tfh cells are present in germinal centre, where they are the main source of replicative HIV-1 and represent a major reservoir. Paradoxically, Tfh cell numbers are increased in chronically infected individuals. Understanding the fate of Tfh cells in the course of HIV-1 infection is essential for the design of efficient strategies toward a protective HIV vaccine or a cure. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent advance in our understanding of Tfh cell dynamics during HIV/SIV infection. In particular, to explore the possible causes of their expansion in lymphoid tissues by discussing the impact of HIV-1 infection on dendritic cells, to identify the molecular players rendering Tfh cells highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection, and to consider the contribution of regulatory follicular T cells in shaping Tfh cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ruffin
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Lylia Hani
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Faculté de médecine, INSERM U955, Université Paris Est, Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Faculté de médecine, INSERM U955, Université Paris Est, Créteil Cedex, France
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48
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He T, Brocca-Cofano E, Policicchio BB, Sivanandham R, Gautam R, Raehtz KD, Xu C, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. Cutting Edge: T Regulatory Cell Depletion Reactivates Latent Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) in Controller Macaques While Boosting SIV-Specific T Lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4535-4539. [PMID: 27837106 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
T regulatory cells (Tregs) are critical in shaping the latent HIV/SIV reservoir, as they are preferentially infected, reverse CD4+ T cell activation status, and suppress CTL responses. To reactivate latent virus and boost cell-mediated immune responses, we performed in vivo Treg depletion with Ontak (denileukin diftitox) in two SIVsab-infected controller macaques. Ontak induced significant (>75%) Treg depletion and major CD4+ T cell activation, and only minimally depleted CD8+ T cells. The overall ability of Tregs to control immune responses was significantly impaired despite their incomplete depletion, resulting in both reactivation of latent virus (virus rebound to 103 viral RNA copies/ml plasma in the absence of antiretroviral therapy) and a significant boost of SIV-specific CD8+ T cell frequency, with rapid clearance of reactivated virus. As none of the latency-reversing agents in development have such dual activity, our strategy holds great promise for cure research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu He
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Egidio Brocca-Cofano
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Benjamin B Policicchio
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Ranjit Sivanandham
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Rajeev Gautam
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Viral Pathogenesis and Vaccine Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20814; and
| | - Kevin D Raehtz
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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49
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Nikolova M, Wiedemann A, Muhtarova M, Achkova D, Lacabaratz C, Lévy Y. Subset- and Antigen-Specific Effects of Treg on CD8+ T Cell Responses in Chronic HIV Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005995. [PMID: 27829019 PMCID: PMC5102588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We, and others, have reported that in the HIV-negative settings, regulatory CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ T cells (Treg) exert differential effects on CD8 subsets, and maintain the memory / effector CD8+ T cells balance, at least in part through the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Here we investigated Treg-mediated effects on CD8 responses in chronic HIV infection. As compared to Treg from HIV negative controls (Treg/HIV-), we show that Treg from HIV infected patients (Treg/HIV+) did not significantly inhibit polyclonal autologous CD8+ T cell function indicating either a defect in the suppressive capacity of Treg/HIV+ or a lack of sensitivity of effector T cells in HIV infection. Results showed that Treg/HIV+ inhibited significantly the IFN-γ expression of autologous CD8+ T cells stimulated with recall CMV/EBV/Flu (CEF) antigens, but did not inhibit HIV-Gag-specific CD8+ T cells. In cross-over cultures, we show that Treg/HIV- inhibited significantly the differentiation of either CEF- or Gag-specific CD8+ T cells from HIV infected patients. The expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 was higher on Gag-specific CD8+ T cells as compared to CEF-specific CD8+ T cells, and the expression of these markers did not change significantly after Treg depletion or co-culture with Treg/HIV-, unlike on CEF-specific CD8+ T cells. In summary, we show a defect of Treg/HIV+ in modulating both the differentiation and the expression of PD-1/PD-L1 molecules on HIV-specific CD8 T cells. Our results strongly suggest that this particular defect of Treg might contribute to the exhaustion of HIV-specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nikolova
- INSERM, U955, Créteil, France
- Immunology Department, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Aurélie Wiedemann
- INSERM, U955, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Maria Muhtarova
- Immunology Department, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniela Achkova
- Immunology Department, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Christine Lacabaratz
- INSERM, U955, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Yves Lévy
- INSERM, U955, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Immunologie clinique, Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
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50
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CD25+ FoxP3+ Memory CD4 T Cells Are Frequent Targets of HIV Infection In Vivo. J Virol 2016; 90:8954-67. [PMID: 27384654 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00612-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Interleukin 2 (IL-2) signaling through the IL-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) facilitates HIV replication in vitro and facilitates homeostatic proliferation of CD25(+) FoxP3(+) CD4(+) T cells. CD25(+) FoxP3(+) CD4(+) T cells may therefore constitute a suitable subset for HIV infection and plasma virion production. CD25(+) FoxP3(+) CD4(+) T cell frequencies, absolute numbers, and the expression of CCR5 and cell cycle marker Ki67 were studied in peripheral blood from HIV(+) and HIV(-) study volunteers. Different memory CD4(+) T cell subsets were then sorted for quantification of cell-associated HIV DNA and phylogenetic analyses of the highly variable EnvV1V3 region in comparison to plasma-derived virus sequences. In HIV(+) subjects, 51% (median) of CD25(+) FoxP3(+) CD4(+) T cells expressed the HIV coreceptor CCR5. Very high frequencies of Ki67(+) cells were detected in CD25(+) FoxP3(+) memory CD4(+) T cells (median, 27.6%) in comparison to CD25(-) FoxP3(-) memory CD4(+) T cells (median, 4.1%; P < 0.0001). HIV DNA content was 15-fold higher in CD25(+) FoxP3(+) memory CD4(+) T cells than in CD25(-) FoxP3(-) T cells (P = 0.003). EnvV1V3 sequences derived from CD25(+) FoxP3(+) memory CD4(+) T cells did not preferentially cluster with plasma-derived sequences. Quasi-identical cell-plasma sequence pairs were rare, and their proportion decreased with the estimated HIV infection duration. These data suggest that specific cellular characteristics of CD25(+) FoxP3(+) memory CD4(+) T cells might facilitate efficient HIV infection in vivo and passage of HIV DNA to cell progeny in the absence of active viral replication. The contribution of this cell population to plasma virion production remains unclear. IMPORTANCE Despite recent advances in the understanding of AIDS virus pathogenesis, which cell subsets support HIV infection and replication in vivo is incompletely understood. In vitro, the IL-2 signaling pathway and IL-2-dependent cell cycle induction are essential for HIV infection of stimulated T cells. CD25(+) FoxP3(+) memory CD4 T cells, often referred to as regulatory CD4 T cells, depend on IL-2 signaling for homeostatic proliferation in vivo Our results show that CD25(+) FoxP3(+) memory CD4(+) T cells often express the HIV coreceptor CCR5, are significantly more proliferative, and contain more HIV DNA than CD25(-) FoxP3(-) memory CD4 T cell subsets. The specific cellular characteristics of CD25(+) FoxP3(+) memory CD4(+) T cells probably facilitate efficient HIV infection in vivo and passage of HIV DNA to cell progeny in the absence of active viral replication. However, the contribution of this cell subset to plasma viremia remains unclear.
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