1
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Mihai A, Lee SY, Shinton S, Parker MI, Contreras AV, Zhang B, Rhodes M, Dunbrack RL, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Ciofani M, Zhuang Y, Wiest DL. E proteins control the development of NKγδT cells through their invariant T cell receptor. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5078. [PMID: 38871720 PMCID: PMC11176164 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) signaling regulates important developmental transitions, partly through induction of the E protein antagonist, Id3. Although normal γδ T cell development depends on Id3, Id3 deficiency produces different phenotypes in distinct γδ T cell subsets. Here, we show that Id3 deficiency impairs development of the Vγ3+ subset, while markedly enhancing development of NKγδT cells expressing the invariant Vγ1Vδ6.3 TCR. These effects result from Id3 regulating both the generation of the Vγ1Vδ6.3 TCR and its capacity to support development. Indeed, the Trav15 segment, which encodes the Vδ6.3 TCR subunit, is directly bound by E proteins that control its expression. Once expressed, the Vγ1Vδ6.3 TCR specifies the innate-like NKγδT cell fate, even in progenitors beyond the normally permissive perinatal window, and this is enhanced by Id3-deficiency. These data indicate that the paradoxical behavior of NKγδT cells in Id3-deficient mice is determined by its stereotypic Vγ1Vδ6.3 TCR complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Mihai
- Immunology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sang-Yun Lee
- Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan Shinton
- Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mitchell I Parker
- Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Baojun Zhang
- Immunology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michele Rhodes
- Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roland L Dunbrack
- Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Maria Ciofani
- Immunology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Immunology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David L Wiest
- Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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Guo X, Li H, Meng X, Zhao Z, Zhang R, Wang L, Li J. CD8 + T-cell number and function are altered by Shkbp1 knockout mediated suppression of tumor growth in mice. Mol Immunol 2023; 160:32-43. [PMID: 37343421 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
CD8 + effector cells are highly skilled in immune surveillance and contribute to adaptive immunity against cancer cells. An increasing number of molecular factors affecting T-cell differentiation may alter T-cell function by increasing or decreasing the capacity of the immune system to kill cancer cells. Here, Sh3kbp1 binding protein 1 (Shkbp1), known as CIN85 binding protein or SETA binding protein, was found to be expressed in immune organs and immune cells. Shkbp1 knockout mice presented abnormal red and white pulp structures in spleen. Shkbp1 knockout increased CD8 + T cell number in spleen and enhanced the function of isolated CD8 + T cells from Shkbp1 knockout mice. The subcutaneous melanoma model in Shkbp1 knockout mice showed that tumor growth was inhibited, and the infiltration of CD8 + T cells in tumor tissue was increased. Furthermore, adenoviral therapy targeting Shkbp1 indicated that knockout of Shkbp1 increased CD8 + T cells and inhibited tumor growth. This study provides new insights into the role of Shkbp1 in CD8 differentiation and functions, suggesting that Shkbp1 may be a new, potential target in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Guo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haobin Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiuqiong Meng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - ZhiBin Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lijing Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jiangchao Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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3
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Giampaolo S, Chiarolla CM, Knöpper K, Vaeth M, Klein M, Muhammad A, Bopp T, Berberich-Siebelt F, Patra AK, Serfling E, Klein-Hessling S. NFATc1 induction by an intronic enhancer restricts NKT γδ cell formation. iScience 2023; 26:106234. [PMID: 36926655 PMCID: PMC10011748 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In thymus, the ablation of T cell receptor (TCR)-activated transcription factor NFATc1 or its inducible isoforms during the double-negative (DN) stages of thymocyte development leads to a marked increase in γδ thymocytes whereas the development of αβ thymocytes remains mostly unaffected. These γδ thymocytes are characterized by the upregulation of the promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger factor (PLZF), the "master regulator" of natural killer T (NKT) cell development, and the acquisition of an NKT γδ cell phenotype with higher cell survival rates. The suppressive function of NFATc1 in NKT γδ cell formation critically depends on the remote enhancer E2, which is essential for the inducible expression of NFATc1 directed by its distal promoter P1. Thus, the enhancer deciphers a strong γδ TCR signal into the expression of inducible NFATc1 isoforms resulting in high levels of NFATc1 protein that are essential to control the numbers of NKT γδ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Giampaolo
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cristina M Chiarolla
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Knöpper
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Vaeth
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, University of Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Azeem Muhammad
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, University of Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Friederike Berberich-Siebelt
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Amiya K Patra
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.,Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, The John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Edgar Serfling
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Klein-Hessling
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Sanchez Sanchez G, Tafesse Y, Papadopoulou M, Vermijlen D. Surfing on the waves of the human γδ T cell ontogenic sea. Immunol Rev 2023; 315:89-107. [PMID: 36625367 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
While γδ T cells are present virtually in all vertebrates, there is a remarkable lack of conservation of the TRG and TRD loci underlying the generation of the γδ T cell receptor (TCR), which is associated with the generation of species-specific γδ T cells. A prominent example is the human phosphoantigen-reactive Vγ9Vδ2 T cell subset that is absent in mice. Murine γδ thymocyte cells were among the first immune cells identified to follow a wave-based layered development during embryonic and early life, and since this initial observation, in-depth insight has been obtained in their thymic ontogeny. By contrast, less is known about the development of human γδ T cells, especially regarding the generation of γδ thymocyte waves. Here, after providing an overview of thymic γδ wave generation in several vertebrate classes, we review the evidence for γδ waves in the human fetal thymus, where single-cell technologies have allowed the breakdown of human γδ thymocytes into functional waves with important TCR associations. Finally, we discuss the possible mechanisms contributing to the generation of waves of γδ thymocytes and their possible significance in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Sanchez Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Yohannes Tafesse
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Maria Papadopoulou
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
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5
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Yu ED, Wang E, Garrigan E, Sutherland A, Khalil N, Kearns K, Pham J, Schulten V, Peters B, Frazier A, Sette A, da Silva Antunes R. Ex vivo assays show human gamma-delta T cells specific for common allergens are Th1-polarized in allergic donors. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100350. [PMID: 36590684 PMCID: PMC9795325 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells contribute to the pathology of many immune-related diseases; however, no ex vivo assays to study their activities are currently available. Here, we established a methodology to characterize human allergen-reactive γδ T cells in peripheral blood using an activation-induced marker assay targeting upregulated 4-1BB and CD69 expression. Broad and reproducible ex vivo allergen-reactive γδ T cell responses were detected in donors sensitized to mouse, cockroach, house dust mite, and timothy grass, but the response did not differ from that in non-allergic participants. The reactivity to 4 different allergen extracts was readily detected in 54.2%-100% of allergic subjects in a donor- and allergen-specific pattern and was abrogated by T cell receptor (TCR) blocking. Analysis of CD40L upregulation and intracellular cytokine staining revealed a T helper type 1 (Th1)-polarized response against mouse and cockroach extract stimulation. These results support the existence of allergen-reactive γδ T cells and their potential use in rebalancing dysregulated Th2 responses in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Dawen Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emily Garrigan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aaron Sutherland
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Natalie Khalil
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kendall Kearns
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John Pham
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Veronique Schulten
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - April Frazier
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ricardo da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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6
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Identification of distinct functional thymic programming of fetal and pediatric human γδ thymocytes via single-cell analysis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5842. [PMID: 36195611 PMCID: PMC9532436 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental thymic waves of innate-like and adaptive-like γδ T cells have been described, but the current understanding of γδ T cell development is mainly limited to mouse models. Here, we combine single cell (sc) RNA gene expression and sc γδ T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing on fetal and pediatric γδ thymocytes in order to understand the ontogeny of human γδ T cells. Mature fetal γδ thymocytes (both the Vγ9Vδ2 and nonVγ9Vδ2 subsets) are committed to either a type 1, a type 3 or a type 2-like effector fate displaying a wave-like pattern depending on gestation age, and are enriched for public CDR3 features upon maturation. Strikingly, these effector modules express different CDR3 sequences and follow distinct developmental trajectories. In contrast, the pediatric thymus generates only a small effector subset that is highly biased towards Vγ9Vδ2 TCR usage and shows a mixed type 1/type 3 effector profile. Thus, our combined dataset of gene expression and detailed TCR information at the single-cell level identifies distinct functional thymic programming of γδ T cell immunity in human. Knowledge about the ontogeny of T cells in the thymus relies heavily on mouse studies because of difficulty to obtain human material. Here the authors perform a single cell analysis of thymocytes from human fetal and paediatric thymic samples to characterise the development of human γδ T cells in the thymus.
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7
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Chen JL, Barr JY, Zuk JJ, Gorman JV, Colgan JD. Reciprocal SH2-SH3 Domain Contacts between ITK Molecules Limit T Cell Receptor Signaling in Th2-type CD4 + T Cells. Immunol Invest 2022; 51:1612-1629. [PMID: 34844506 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2021.2007262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase ITK is a key component of the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway and is required for cytokine production by CD4+ T cells that have differentiated into Th2 cells. Structural and biochemical studies suggest that contacts between the SH2 and SH3 domains of ITK mediate intermolecular self-association, forming a structure that restrains ITK activity by interfering with interactions between ITK and other components of the TCR signaling pathway. Wild-type (WT) ITK and a panel of ITK mutants containing amino acid substitutions in the SH2 and SH3 domains were tested for self-association and for binding to the adaptor protein SLP76, a key ligand for the ITK SH2 domain. WT and ITK mutants were also expressed in Itk-deficient CD4+ T cells via retroviral-mediated gene delivery to analyze their ability to support TCR signaling and cytokine production by Th2 cells. Specific amino acid substitutions in the ITK SH2 or SH3 domains impaired self-association, with the greatest effects being seen when both intermolecular SH2-SH3 domain contacts were disrupted. Two of the SH2 domain substitutions tested reduced ITK self-association but had no effect on binding to SLP-76. When their function was analyzed in Th2 cells, ITK proteins with diminished self-association activity supported greater IL-4 production and calcium flux in response to TCR stimulation compared to WT ITK. Our findings indicate that intermolecular contacts between ITK molecules can restrain the amplitude of TCR signaling, suggesting ITK is a limiting factor for responses by CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Long Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. And Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Barr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Roy J. And Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jonathan J Zuk
- The Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Roy J. And Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jacob V Gorman
- The Immunology Graduate Program, Roy J. And Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - John D Colgan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. And Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Roy J. And Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,The Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Roy J. And Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,The Immunology Graduate Program, Roy J. And Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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8
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ITK independent development of Th17 responses during hypersensitivity pneumonitis driven lung inflammation. Commun Biol 2022; 5:162. [PMID: 35210549 PMCID: PMC8873479 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells develop in response to T cell receptor signals (TCR) in the presence of specific environments, and produce the inflammatory cytokine IL17A. These cells have been implicated in a number of inflammatory diseases and represent a potential target for ameliorating such diseases. The kinase ITK, a critical regulator of TCR signals, has been shown to be required for the development of Th17 cells. However, we show here that lung inflammation induced by Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula (SR) induced Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (SR-HP) results in a neutrophil independent, and ITK independent Th17 responses, although ITK signals are required for γδ T cell production of IL17A. Transcriptomic analysis of resultant ITK independent Th17 cells suggest that the SR-HP-induced extrinsic inflammatory signals may override intrinsic T cell signals downstream of ITK to rescue Th17 responses in the absence of ITK. These findings suggest that the ability to pharmaceutically target ITK to suppress Th17 responses may be dependent on the type of inflammation.
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9
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Huang C, Li F, Wang J, Tian Z. Innate-like Lymphocytes and Innate Lymphoid Cells in Asthma. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 59:359-370. [PMID: 31776937 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08773-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic pulmonary disease, highly associated with immune disorders. The typical symptoms of asthma include airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), airway remodeling, mucus overproduction, and airflow limitation. The etiology of asthma is multifactorial and affected by genetic and environmental factors. Increasing trends toward dysbiosis, smoking, stress, air pollution, and a western lifestyle may account for the increasing incidence of asthma. Based on the presence or absence of eosinophilic inflammation, asthma is mainly divided into T helper 2 (Th2) and non-Th2 asthma. Th2 asthma is mediated by allergen-specific Th2 cells, and eosinophils activated by Th2 cells via the secretion of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Different from Th2 asthma, non-Th2 asthma shows little eosinophilic inflammation, resists to corticosteroid treatment, and occurs mainly in severe asthmatic patients. Previous studies of asthma primarily focused on the function of Th2 cells, but, with the discovery of non-Th2 asthma and the involvement of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in the pathogenesis of asthma, tissue-resident innate immune cells in the lung have become the focus of attention in asthma research. Currently, innate-like lymphocytes (ILLs) and ILCs as important components of the innate immune system in mucosal tissues are reportedly involved in the pathogenesis of or protection against both Th2 and non-Th2 asthma. These findings of the functions of different subsets of ILLs and ILCs may provide clues for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Fengqi Li
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section (NIMS), Neurology Clinic, University of Zürich, University Hospital Zürich, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China.
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10
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Nörenberg J, Jaksó P, Barakonyi A. Gamma/Delta T Cells in the Course of Healthy Human Pregnancy: Cytotoxic Potential and the Tendency of CD8 Expression Make CD56+ γδT Cells a Unique Lymphocyte Subset. Front Immunol 2021; 11:596489. [PMID: 33603738 PMCID: PMC7884463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.596489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, pregnancy is an immunological paradox. The semi-allogenic fetus must be accepted by the maternal immune system, while defense against pathogens and immune surveillance cannot be compromised. Gamma/delta T cells are believed to play an important role in this immunological puzzle. In this study, we analyzed peripheral blood CD56+ γδT cells from pregnant women (1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester) and non-pregnant women by multicolor flow cytometry. Interestingly, γδT cells represent almost half of CD3+/CD56+ cells. Among γδT cells, the CD56+ population expands in the 2nd and 3rd trimester. CD56+ γδT cells maintained a predominantly CD4–/CD8– or CD8+ phenotype, while CD56– γδT cells were in similar rates CD4–/CD8– or CD4+ during pregnancy. Investigation of the lysosomal degranulation marker CD107a revealed a preserved elevated rate of potentially cytotoxic CD56+ γδT cells in pregnancy, while their cytotoxic strength was reduced. Furthermore, CD56+ γδT cells continuously showed a higher prevalence of PD-1 expression. CD56+ γδT cells’ rate of PD-1 increased in the 1st trimester and decreased hereafter back to normal level. We correlated the cytotoxic potential and the expression of the inhibitory immune checkpoint PD-1 and were able to demonstrate that highly cytotoxic cells within this CD56+ γδT population tend to express PD-1, which might allow the inhibition of these cells after binding its ligand in the placenta. These findings should support the understanding of the complex processes, which ensure the maintenance of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Nörenberg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Pál Jaksó
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Alíz Barakonyi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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11
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Ye CH, Hsu WL, Peng GR, Yu WC, Lin WC, Hu S, Yu SH. Role of the Immune Microenvironment in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211010632. [PMID: 33949207 PMCID: PMC8114753 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211010632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) first emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has since spread rapidly worldwide. As researchers seek to learn more about COVID-19, the disease it causes, this novel virus continues to infect and kill. Despite the socioeconomic impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infections and likelihood of future outbreaks of other pathogenic coronaviruses, options to prevent or treat coronavirus infections remain limited. In current clinical trials, potential coronavirus treatments focusing on killing the virus or on preventing infection using vaccines largely ignore the host immune response. The relatively small body of current research on the virus indicates pathological responses by the immune system as the leading cause for much of the morbidity and mortality caused by COVID-19. In this review, we investigated the host innate and adaptive immune responses against COVID-19, collated information on recent COVID-19 experimental data, and summarized the systemic immune responses to and histopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, we summarized the immune-related biomarkers to define patients with high-risk and worst-case outcomes, and identified the possible usefulness of inflammatory markers as potential immunotherapeutic targets. This review provides an overview of current knowledge on COVID-19 and the symptomatological differences between healthy, convalescent, and severe cohorts, while offering research directions for alternative immunoregulation therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Ye
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lin Hsu
- Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Cancer Center, Hualien, Taiwan
- Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Department of Radiation Oncology, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ru Peng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chieh Yu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - SuiYun Hu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Han Yu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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O’Connell P, Aldhamen YA. Systemic innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 as it relates to other coronaviruses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2980-2991. [PMID: 32878546 PMCID: PMC8641610 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1802974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The deadly pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) represents one of the greatest threats humanity has faced in the last century. Infection with this easily transmissible virus can run the gamut from asymptomatic to fatal, and the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been termed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). What little research that has already been conducted implicates pathological responses by the immune system as the leading culprit responsible for much of the morbidity and mortality caused by COVID-19. In this review we will summarize what is currently known about the systemic immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and potential immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O’Connell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yasser A. Aldhamen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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13
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Lei L, Qian H, Yang X, Zhang X, Zhang D, Dai T, Guo R, Shi L, Cheng Y, Zhang B, Zhou X, Hu J, Guo Y. The phenotypic changes of γδ T cells in COVID-19 patients. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:11603-11606. [PMID: 32864865 PMCID: PMC7576249 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel pneumonia-associated respiratory syndrome named coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), which was caused by SARS-CoV-2,broke out in Wuhan, China, in the end of 2019. Unfortunately, there is no specific antiviral agent or vaccine available to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections. The information regarding the immunological characteristics in COVID-19 patients remains limited. Here, we collected the blood samples from 18 healthy donors (HD) and 38 COVID-19 patients to analyze changes on γδ T cell population. In comparison with HD, the γδ T cell percentage decreased, while the activation marker CD25 expression increased in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Interestingly, the CD4 expression was upregulated in γδ T cells reflecting the occurrence of a specific effector cell population, which may serve as a biomarker for the assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongbo Qian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 8th hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaofang Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xingzhe Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Tongxin Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 8th hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 8th hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanbin Cheng
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinsong Hu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yaling Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 8th hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
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14
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Huang L, Ye K, McGee MC, Nidetz NF, Elmore JP, Limper CB, Southard TL, Russell DG, August A, Huang W. Interleukin-2-Inducible T-Cell Kinase Deficiency Impairs Early Pulmonary Protection Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3103. [PMID: 32038633 PMCID: PMC6993117 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase highly expressed in T-cell lineages and regulates multiple aspects of T-cell development and function, mainly through its function downstream of the T-cell receptor. Itk deficiency can lead to CD4 lymphopenia and Epstein-Bar virus (EBV)-associated lymphoproliferation and recurrent pulmonary infections in humans. However, the role of the ITK signaling pathway in pulmonary responses in active tuberculosis due to Mtb infection is not known. We show here that human lungs with active tuberculosis exhibit altered T-cell receptor/ITK signaling and that Itk deficiency impaired early protection against Mtb in mice, accompanied by defective development of IL-17A-producing γδ T cells in the lungs. These findings have important implications of human genetics associated with susceptibility to Mtb due to altered immune responses and molecular signals modulating host immunity that controls Mtb activity. Enhancing ITK signaling pathways may be an alternative strategy to target Mtb infection, especially in cases with highly virulent strains in which IL-17A plays an essential protective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Kaixiong Ye
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Michael C McGee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Natalie F Nidetz
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Jessica P Elmore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Candice B Limper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Teresa L Southard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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15
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Abstract
Advances in academic and clinical studies during the last several years have resulted in practical outcomes in adoptive immune therapy of cancer. Immune cells can be programmed with molecular modules that increase their therapeutic potency and specificity. It has become obvious that successful immunotherapy must take into account the full complexity of the immune system and, when possible, include the use of multifactor cell reprogramming that allows fast adjustment during the treatment. Today, practically all immune cells can be stably or transiently reprogrammed against cancer. Here, we review works related to T cell reprogramming, as the most developed field in immunotherapy. We discuss factors that determine the specific roles of αβ and γδ T cells in the immune system and the structure and function of T cell receptors in relation to other structures involved in T cell target recognition and immune response. We also discuss the aspects of T cell engineering, specifically the construction of synthetic T cell receptors (synTCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and the use of engineered T cells in integrative multifactor therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Katz
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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16
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Varikuti S, Volpedo G, Saljoughian N, Hamza OM, Halsey G, Ryan NM, Sedmak BE, Seidler GR, Papenfuss TL, Oghumu S, Satoskar AR. The Potent ITK/BTK Inhibitor Ibrutinib Is Effective for the Treatment of Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania donovani. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:599-608. [PMID: 30239895 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New drugs are needed for leishmaniasis because current treatments such as pentavalent antimonials are toxic and require prolonged administration, leading to poor patient compliance. Ibrutinib is an anticancer drug known to modulate T-helper type 1 (Th1)/Th2 responses and has the potential to regulate immunity against infectious disease. Methods In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of oral ibrutinib as a host-targeted treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania donovani using an experimental mouse model. Results We found that oral ibrutinib was significantly more effective than the pentavalent antimonial sodium stibogluconate (70 mg/kg) for the treatment of VL caused by L. donovani. Ibrutinib treatment increased the number of interleukin 4- and interferon γ-producing natural killer T cells in the liver and spleen and enhanced granuloma formation in the liver. Further, ibrutinib treatment reduced the influx of Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes, which mediate susceptibility to L. donovani. Finally, ibrutinib treatment was associated with the increased production of the cytokines interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 4, and interleukin 13 in the liver and spleen, which are associated with protection against L. donovani. Conclusions Our findings show that oral ibrutinib is highly effective for the treatment of VL caused by L. donovani and mediates its antileishmanial activity by promoting host immunity. Therefore, ibrutinib could be a novel host-targeted drug for the treatment of VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Varikuti
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Greta Volpedo
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus.,Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Noushin Saljoughian
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Omar M Hamza
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Gregory Halsey
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Nathan M Ryan
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Bren E Sedmak
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Gabriella R Seidler
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus
| | | | - Steve Oghumu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus.,Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus
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17
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TIM-3 and TIM-1 Could Regulate Decidual γδTCR Bright T Cells during Murine Pregnancy. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:3836942. [PMID: 31236420 PMCID: PMC6545878 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3836942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is an immunological enigma where paternal antigens are present at the fetomaternal interface. What regulates the local immunotolerance, which is necessary to prevent rejection of the conceptus, is still under strong investigation. Gamma/delta T cells are believed to play a role in the local regulation of this immunotolerance towards the semiallogenic fetus. Gamma/delta T cells from the uterus and spleen of pregnant and nonpregnant mice were analyzed by flow cytometry. We confirmed that the rate of γδT cells in the decidua increases during murine pregnancy and half of decidual γδT cells are CD4+. Furthermore, we found a unique association of CD4 or CD8 coreceptor expression with their γδTCR intensity, where in all investigated groups CD4- or CD8-positive γδT cells seemed principally to be γδTCRdim. In addition, compared to peripheral γδT lymphocytes, a greater proportion of decidual γδT cells expressed the cytotoxic marker CD107a and markers of Th1 or Th2 polarization (TIM-3, TIM-1), where decidual γδTCRbright cells were characterized by high TIM-3 and TIM-1 receptor expression. On the other hand, no difference in the expression of CD160, a receptor with dual function affecting cytotoxicity and T cell inhibition, was detected. Within lymphocytes expressing CD107a, TIM-1, or CD160, the rate of γδT cells was significantly higher in the decidua. According to our results, cytotoxic potential of decidual γδTCRbright cells could be regulated by TIM-3 ligation, while the TIM-1 receptor seems to be able to influence the Th1-Th2 balance at the fetomaternal interface. These mechanisms could play a part in the active maternal immunotolerance towards the fetus, allowing an efficient protection against pathogens during healthy murine pregnancy.
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18
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Eken A, Cansever M, Somekh I, Mizoguchi Y, Zietara N, Okus FZ, Erdem S, Canatan H, Akyol S, Ozcan A, Karakukcu M, Hollizeck S, Rohlfs M, Unal E, Klein C, Patiroglu T. Genetic Deficiency and Biochemical Inhibition of ITK Affect Human Th17, Treg, and Innate Lymphoid Cells. J Clin Immunol 2019; 39:391-400. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Zhang B, Jiao A, Dai M, Wiest DL, Zhuang Y. Id3 Restricts γδ NKT Cell Expansion by Controlling Egr2 and c-Myc Activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1452-1459. [PMID: 30012846 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
γδ NKT cells are neonatal-derived γδ T lymphocytes that are grouped together with invariant NKT cells based on their shared innate-like developmental program characterized by the transcription factor PLZF (promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger). Previous studies have demonstrated that the population size of γδ NKT cells is tightly controlled by Id3-mediated inhibition of E-protein activity in mice. However, how E proteins promote γδ NKT cell development and expansion remains to be determined. In this study, we report that the transcription factor Egr2, which also activates PLZF expression in invariant NKT cells, is essential for regulating γδ NKT cell expansion. We observed a higher expression of Egr family genes in γδ NKT cells compared with the conventional γδ T cell population. Loss of function of Id3 caused an expansion of γδ NKT cells, which is accompanied by further upregulation of Egr family genes as well as PLZF. Deletion of Egr2 in Id3-deficient γδ NKT cells prevented cell expansion and blocked PLZF upregulation. We further show that this Egr2-mediated γδ NKT cell expansion is dependent on c-Myc. c-Myc knockdown attenuated the proliferation of Id3-deficient γδ NKT cells, whereas c-Myc overexpression enhanced the proliferation of Id3/Egr2-double-deficient γδ NKT cells. Therefore, our data reveal a regulatory circuit involving Egr2-Id3-E2A, which normally restricts the population size of γδ NKT cells by adjusting Egr2 dosage and c-Myc expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710061, China; .,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Anjun Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710061, China
| | - Meifang Dai
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - David L Wiest
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
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20
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ITK and RLK Inhibitor PRN694 Improves Skin Disease in Two Mouse Models of Psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:864-871. [PMID: 29129599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The chronic and highly prevalent skin disorder psoriasis vulgaris is characterized by a hyperproliferative epidermis and aberrant immune activity. Many studies have highlighted the role of differentiated T lymphocytes in psoriasis progression. Several biologics are currently available that target proinflammatory cytokines produced by T lymphocytes, but the need for improved therapies persists. The small molecule PRN694 covalently binds ITK and RLK, two Tec kinases activated downstream of T-lymphocyte activation, both of which are up-regulated in psoriatic skin. These Tec kinases are involved in signaling cascades mediating T-lymphocyte proliferation, differentiation, and migration and proinflammatory cytokine production. In vitro analysis showed that PRN694 effectively inhibited IL-17A production from murine T helper type 17-differentiated T lymphocytes. Additionally, PRN694 effectively reduced the psoriasis-like phenotype severity and reduced epidermal proliferation and thickness in both the Rac1V12 and imiquimod mouse models of psoriasis. PRN694 also inhibited CD3+ T-cell and γδ T-cell infiltration into skin regions. Inhibition of ITK and RLK attenuated psoriasis-associated signaling pathways, indicating that PRN694 is an effective psoriasis therapeutic.
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21
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Huang W, Solouki S, Koylass N, Zheng SG, August A. ITK signalling via the Ras/IRF4 pathway regulates the development and function of Tr1 cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15871. [PMID: 28635957 PMCID: PMC5482062 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells differentiate in response to signals engaging the T cell receptor (TCR), express high levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10, but not Foxp3, and can suppress inflammation and promote immune tolerance. Here we show that ITK, an important modulator of TCR signalling, is required for the TCR-induced development of Tr1 cells in various organs, and in the mucosal system during parasitic and viral infections. ITK kinase activity is required for mouse and human Tr1 cell differentiation. Tr1 cell development and suppressive function of Itk deficient cells can be restored by the expression of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4). Downstream of ITK, Ras activity is responsible for Tr1 cell induction, as expression of constitutively active HRas rescues IRF4 expression and Tr1 cell differentiation in Itk-/- cells. We conclude that TCR/ITK signalling through the Ras/IRF4 pathway is required for functional development of Tr1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Huang
- Center for Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Sabrina Solouki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Nicholas Koylass
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Song-Guo Zheng
- Center for Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- Department of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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22
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Mathews JA, Krishnamoorthy N, Kasahara DI, Cho Y, Wurmbrand AP, Ribeiro L, Smith D, Umetsu D, Levy BD, Shore SA. IL-33 Drives Augmented Responses to Ozone in Obese Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:246-253. [PMID: 27472835 PMCID: PMC5289908 DOI: 10.1289/ehp272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone increases IL-33 in the lungs, and obesity augments the pulmonary effects of acute ozone exposure. OBJECTIVES We assessed the role of IL-33 in the augmented effects of ozone observed in obese mice. METHODS Lean wildtype and obese db/db mice were pretreated with antibodies blocking the IL-33 receptor, ST2, and then exposed to ozone (2 ppm for 3 hr). Airway responsiveness was assessed, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed, and lung cells harvested for flow cytometry 24 hr later. Effects of ozone were also assessed in obese and lean mice deficient in γδ T cells and their wildtype controls. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Ozone caused greater increases in BAL IL-33, neutrophils, and airway responsiveness in obese than lean mice. Anti-ST2 reduced ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in obese mice but had no effect in lean mice. Obesity also augmented ozone-induced increases in BAL CXCL1 and IL-6, and in BAL type 2 cytokines, whereas anti-ST2 treatment reduced these cytokines. In obese mice, ozone increased lung IL-13+ innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2) and IL-13+ γδ T cells. Ozone increased ST2+ γδ T cells, indicating that these cells can be targets of IL-33, and γδ T cell deficiency reduced obesity-related increases in the response to ozone, including increases in type 2 cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that IL-33 contributes to augmented responses to ozone in obese mice. Obesity and ozone also interacted to promote type 2 cytokine production in γδ T cells and ILC2 in the lungs, which may contribute to the observed effects of IL-33. Citation: Mathews JA, Krishnamoorthy N, Kasahara DI, Cho Y, Wurmbrand AP, Ribeiro L, Smith D, Umetsu D, Levy BD, Shore SA. 2017. IL-33 drives augmented responses to ozone in obese mice. Environ Health Perspect 125:246-253; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP272.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A. Mathews
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Address correspondence to J.A. Mathews, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115-6021 USA. Telephone: (617) 432-0989. E-mail:
| | - Nandini Krishnamoorthy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Institutes of Medicine Building, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Itiro Kasahara
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Youngji Cho
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allison Patricia Wurmbrand
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luiza Ribeiro
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dirk Smith
- Department of Inflammation Research, Amgen, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dale Umetsu
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bruce D. Levy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Institutes of Medicine Building, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephanie Ann Shore
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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23
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24
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Born WK, Huang Y, Zeng W, Torres RM, O'Brien RL. A Special Connection between γδ T Cells and Natural Antibodies? Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:455-462. [PMID: 27235134 PMCID: PMC5507014 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural antibodies (NAbs) play an important role in early host defense, autophagy and tissue remodeling, and in immune regulation. They arise spontaneously (without specific immunization), and are already present at birth. NAbs are produced by B1 B cells, MZ B cells and other B cell types. They include all major Ig subclasses but IgM antibodies are prevalent, especially early in development. NAbs may be poly-specific, recognize particular auto-antigens, or detect neo-determinants such as those exposed during apoptosis or generated by oxidation. NAbs do not require cognate T cell help but depend on soluble mediators produced by T cells. Our recent studies suggest that γδ T cells may have a special relationship with NAbs, and play a prominent role in their regulation, in part through the fine-tuning of IL-4 levels. The spontaneously activated state of these cells likely enables their cytokine production and other functions in the absence of external stimulation. Ontogenetically, the earlier arising γδ T cells are better positioned than αβ T cells to shape the developing repertoire of NAbs. Intriguingly, ligand specificities of NAbs and γδ T cell receptors appear to be overlapping, perhaps allowing γδ cognate help for certain NAb specificities. Via NAbs, γδ T cells could exert a regulatory influence on numerous processes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi K Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Str., Denver, CO, 80206, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Yafei Huang
- Joint Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Technology Transfer, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanjiang Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rebecca L O'Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Str., Denver, CO, 80206, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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25
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Danzer C, Koller A, Baier J, Arnold H, Giessler C, Opoka R, Schmidt S, Willers M, Mihai S, Parsch H, Wirtz S, Daniel C, Reinhold A, Engelmann S, Kliche S, Bogdan C, Hoebe K, Mattner J. A mutation within the SH2 domain of slp-76 regulates the tissue distribution and cytokine production of iNKT cells in mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2121-36. [PMID: 27349342 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
TCR ligation is critical for the selection, activation, and integrin expression of T lymphocytes. Here, we explored the role of the TCR adaptor protein slp-76 on iNKT-cell biology. Compared to B6 controls, slp-76(ace/ace) mice carrying a missense mutation (Thr428Ile) within the SH2-domain of slp-76 showed an increase in iNKT cells in the thymus and lymph nodes, but a decrease in iNKT cells in spleens and livers, along with reduced ADAP expression and cytokine response. A comparable reduction in iNKT cells was observed in the livers and spleens of ADAP-deficient mice. Like ADAP(-/-) iNKT cells, slp-76(ace/ace) iNKT cells were characterized by enhanced CD11b expression, correlating with an impaired induction of the TCR immediate-early gene Nur77 and a decreased adhesion to ICAM-1. Furthermore, CD11b-intrinsic effects inhibited cytokine release, concanavalin A-mediated inflammation, and iNKT-cell accumulation in the liver. Unlike B6 and ADAP(-/-) mice, the expression of the transcription factors Id3 and PLZF was reduced, whereas NP-1-expression was enhanced in slp-76(ace/ace) mice. Blockade of NP-1 decreased the recovery of iNKT cells from peripheral lymph nodes, identifying NP-1 as an iNKT-cell-specific adhesion factor. Thus, slp-76 contributes to the regulation of the tissue distribution, PLZF, and cytokine expression of iNKT cells via ADAP-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Danzer
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Koller
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Baier
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Arnold
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Giessler
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Opoka
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie Schmidt
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maike Willers
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sidonia Mihai
- Zentrallabor, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans Parsch
- Zentrallabor, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Nephropathologische Abteilung, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annegret Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Swen Engelmann
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kliche
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kasper Hoebe
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jochen Mattner
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany. .,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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26
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Kverneland AH, Streitz M, Geissler E, Hutchinson J, Vogt K, Boës D, Niemann N, Pedersen AE, Schlickeiser S, Sawitzki B. Age and gender leucocytes variances and references values generated using the standardized ONE-Study protocol. Cytometry A 2016; 89:543-64. [PMID: 27144459 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is now accepted as an ideal technology to reveal changes in immune cell composition and function. However, it is also an error-prone and variable technology, which makes it difficult to reproduce findings across laboratories. We have recently developed a strategy to standardize whole blood flow cytometry. The performance of our protocols was challenged here by profiling samples from healthy volunteers to reveal age- and gender-dependent differences and to establish a standardized reference cohort for use in clinical trials. Whole blood samples from two different cohorts were analyzed (first cohort: n = 52, second cohort: n = 46, both 20-84 years with equal gender distribution). The second cohort was run as a validation cohort by a different operator. The "ONE Study" panels were applied to analyze expression of >30 different surface markers to enumerate proportional and absolute numbers of >50 leucocyte subsets. Indeed, analysis of the first cohort revealed significant age-dependent changes in subsets e.g. increased activated and differentiated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell subsets, acquisition of a memory phenotype for Tregs as well as decreased MDC2 and Marginal Zone B cells. Males and females showed different dynamics in age-dependent T cell activation and differentiation, indicating faster immunosenescence in males. Importantly, although both cohorts consisted of a small sample size, our standardized approach enabled validation of age-dependent changes with the second cohort. Thus, we have proven the utility of our strategy and generated reproducible reference ranges accounting for age- and gender-dependent differences, which are crucial for a better patient monitoring and individualized therapy. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders H Kverneland
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Mathias Streitz
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Katrin Vogt
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - David Boës
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadja Niemann
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Anders Elm Pedersen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | | | - Birgit Sawitzki
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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27
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Huang Y, Getahun A, Heiser RA, Detanico TO, Aviszus K, Kirchenbaum GA, Casper TL, Huang C, Aydintug MK, Carding SR, Ikuta K, Huang H, Wysocki LJ, Cambier JC, O'Brien RL, Born WK. γδ T Cells Shape Preimmune Peripheral B Cell Populations. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:217-31. [PMID: 26582947 PMCID: PMC4684964 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that selective ablation of certain γδ T cell subsets, rather than removal of all γδ T cells, strongly affects serum Ab levels in nonimmunized mice. This type of manipulation also changed T cells, including residual γδ T cells, revealing some interdependence of γδ T cell populations. For example, in mice lacking Vγ4(+) and Vγ6(+) γδ T cells (B6.TCR-Vγ4(-/-)/6(-/-)), we observed expanded Vγ1(+) cells, which changed in composition and activation and produced more IL-4 upon stimulation in vitro, increased IL-4 production by αβ T cells as well as spontaneous germinal center formation in the spleen, and elevated serum Ig and autoantibodies. We therefore examined B cell populations in this and other γδ-deficient mouse strains. Whereas immature bone marrow B cells remained largely unchanged, peripheral B cells underwent several changes. Specifically, transitional and mature B cells in the spleen of B6.TCR-Vγ4(-/-)/6(-/-) mice and other peripheral B cell populations were diminished, most of all splenic marginal zone (MZ) B cells. However, relative frequencies and absolute numbers of Ab-producing cells, as well as serum levels of Abs, IL-4, and BAFF, were increased. Cell transfers confirmed that these changes are directly dependent on the altered γδ T cells in this strain and on their enhanced potential of producing IL-4. Further evidence suggests the possibility of direct interactions between γδ T cells and B cells in the splenic MZ. Taken together, these data demonstrate the capability of γδ T cells of modulating size and productivity of preimmune peripheral B cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Huang
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Joint Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Technology Transfer, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Ryan A Heiser
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Thiago O Detanico
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Katja Aviszus
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Greg A Kirchenbaum
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Tamara L Casper
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Chunjian Huang
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - M Kemal Aydintug
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Simon R Carding
- Institute of Food Research and Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Laboratory of Biological Protection, Department of Biological Responses, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Lawrence J Wysocki
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Rebecca L O'Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Willi K Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045;
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28
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies play a crucial role in host defense against parasite infections. However, inappropriate IgE responses are also involved in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. The generation of IgE antibodies is a tightly controlled process regulated by multiple transcription factors, cytokines, and immune cells including γδ T cells. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that γδ T cells play a critical role in regulating IgE responses; however, both IgE-enhancing and IgE-suppressive effects are suggested for these cells in different experimental systems. In this review, we examine the available evidence and discuss the role of γδ T cells in IgE regulation both in the context of antigen-induced immune responses and in the state of partial immunodeficiency.
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29
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Kannan A, Lee Y, Qi Q, Huang W, Jeong AR, Ohnigian S, August A. Allele-sensitive mutant, Itkas, reveals that Itk kinase activity is required for Th1, Th2, Th17, and iNKT-cell cytokine production. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2276-85. [PMID: 25989458 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Itk(-/-) mice exhibit defects in the activation, development, and function of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and iNKT cells. These and other defects in these mice make it difficult to uncouple the developmental versus functional requirement of Itk signaling. Here, we report an allele-sensitive mutant of Itk (Itkas) whose catalytic activity can be selectively inhibited by analogs of the PP1 kinase inhibitor. We show that Itkas behaves like WT Itk in the absence of the inhibitor and can rescue the development of Itk(-/-) T cells in mice. Using mice carrying Itkas, we show using its inhibitor that Itk activity is required not only for Th2, Th17, and iNKT-cell cytokine production, but also surprisingly, for Th1 cytokine production. This work has important implications for understanding the role of Itk signaling in the development versus function of iNKT cells, Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kannan
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - YongChan Lee
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Qian Qi
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Weishan Huang
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ah-Reum Jeong
- Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Ohnigian
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Avery August
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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30
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Abstract
Here we demonstrate that interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (Itk) signaling in cluster of differentiation 4-positive (CD4(+)) T cells promotes experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). We show that Itk(-/-) mice exhibit reduced disease severity, and transfer of Itk(-/-) CD4(+) T cells into T cell-deficient recipients results in lower disease severity. We observed a significant reduction of CD4(+) T cells in the CNS of Itk(-/-) mice or recipients of Itk(-/-) CD4(+) T cells during EAE, which is consistent with attenuated disease. Itk(-/-) CD4(+) T cells exhibit defective response to myelin antigen stimulation attributable to displacement of filamentous actin from the CD4(+) coreceptor. This results in inadequate transmigration of Itk(-/-) CD4(+) T cells into the CNS and across brain endothelial barriers in vitro. Finally, Itk(-/-) CD4(+) T cells show significant reduction in production of T-helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 cytokines and exhibit skewed T effector/T regulatory cell ratios. These results indicate that signaling by Itk promotes autoimmunity and CNS inflammation, suggesting that it may be a viable target for treatment of MS.
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31
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Huang W, August A. The signaling symphony: T cell receptor tunes cytokine-mediated T cell differentiation. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:477-85. [PMID: 25525115 PMCID: PMC4338847 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1ri0614-293r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell development, differentiation, and maintenance are orchestrated by 2 key signaling axes: the antigen-specific TCR and cytokine-mediated signals. The TCR signals the recognition of self- and foreign antigens to control T cell homeostasis for immune tolerance and immunity, which is regulated by a variety of cytokines to determine T cell subset homeostasis and differentiation. TCR signaling can synergize with or antagonize cytokine-mediated signaling to fine tune T cell fate; however, the latter is less investigated. Murine models with attenuated TCR signaling strength have revealed that TCR signaling can function as regulatory feedback machinery for T cell homeostasis and differentiation in differential cytokine milieus, such as IL-2-mediated Treg development; IL-7-mediated, naïve CD8(+) T cell homeostasis; and IL-4-induced innate memory CD8(+) T cell development. In this review, we discuss the symphonic cross-talk between TCR and cytokine-mediated responses that differentially control T cell behavior, with a focus on the negative tuning by TCR activation on the cytokine effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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32
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Abstract
Memory T cells are usually considered to be a feature of a successful immune response against a foreign antigen, and such cells can mediate potent immunity. However, in mice, alternative pathways have been described, through which naïve T cells can acquire the characteristics and functions of memory T cells without encountering specific foreign antigen or the typical signals required for conventional T cell differentiation. Such cells reflect a response to the internal rather the external environment, and hence such cells are called innate memory T cells. In this review, we describe how innate memory subsets were identified, the signals that induce their generation and their functional properties and potential role in the normal immune response. The existence of innate memory T cells in mice raises questions about whether parallel populations exist in humans, and we discuss the evidence for such populations during human T cell development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Jameson
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
| | - You Jeong Lee
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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33
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The tyrosine kinase Itk suppresses CD8+ memory T cell development in response to bacterial infection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7688. [PMID: 25567129 PMCID: PMC4286740 DOI: 10.1038/srep07688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine efficacy depends on strong long-term development of immune memory and the formation of memory CD8+ T cells is critical for recall responses to infection. Upon antigen recognition by naïve T cells, the strength of the TcR signal influences the subsequent effector and memory cells differentiation. Here, we have examined the role of Itk, a tyrosine kinase critical for TcR signaling, in CD8+ effector and memory T cell differentiation during Listeria monocytogenes infection. We found that the reduced TcR signal strength in Itk deficient naïve CD8+ T cells enhances the generation of memory T cells during infection. This is accompanied by increased early Eomesodermin, IL-7Rα expression and memory precursor effector cells. Furthermore, Itk is required for optimal cytokine production in responding primary effector cells, but not secondary memory responses. Our data suggests that Itk-mediated signals control the expression of Eomesodermin and IL-7Rα, thus regulating the development of memory CD8+ T cells, but not subsequent response of memory cells.
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34
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Abstract
γδ T cells can influence specific antibody responses. Here, we report that mice deficient in individual γδ T-cell subsets have altered levels of serum antibodies, including all major subclasses, sometimes regardless of the presence of αβ T cells. One strain with a partial γδ deficiency that increases IgE antibodies also displayed increases in IL-4-producing T cells (both residual γδ T cells and αβ T cells) and in systemic IL-4 levels. Its B cells expressed IL-4-regulated inhibitory receptors (CD5, CD22, and CD32) at diminished levels, whereas IL-4-inducible IL-4 receptor α and MHCII were increased. They also showed signs of activation and spontaneously formed germinal centers. These mice displayed IgE-dependent features found in hyper-IgE syndrome and developed antichromatin, antinuclear, and anticytoplasmic autoantibodies. In contrast, mice deficient in all γδ T cells had nearly unchanged Ig levels and did not develop autoantibodies. Removing IL-4 abrogated the increases in IgE, antichromatin antibodies, and autoantibodies in the partially γδ-deficient mice. Our data suggest that γδ T cells, controlled by their own cross-talk, affect IL-4 production, B-cell activation, and B-cell tolerance.
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35
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Deakin A, Duddy G, Wilson S, Harrison S, Latcham J, Fulleylove M, Fung S, Smith J, Pedrick M, McKevitt T, Felton L, Morley J, Quint D, Fattah D, Hayes B, Gough J, Solari R. Characterisation of a K390R ITK kinase dead transgenic mouse--implications for ITK as a therapeutic target. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107490. [PMID: 25250764 PMCID: PMC4174519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 inducible tyrosine kinase (ITK) is expressed in T cells and plays a critical role in signalling through the T cell receptor. Evidence, mainly from knockout mice, has suggested that ITK plays a particularly important function in Th2 cells and this has prompted significant efforts to discover ITK inhibitors for the treatment of allergic disease. However, ITK is known to have functions outside of its kinase domain and in general kinase knockouts are often not good models for the behaviour of small molecule inhibitors. Consequently we have developed a transgenic mouse where the wild type Itk allele has been replaced by a kinase dead Itk allele containing an inactivating K390R point mutation (Itk-KD mice). We have characterised the immune phenotype of these naive mice and their responses to airway inflammation. Unlike Itk knockout (Itk−/−) mice, T-cells from Itk-KD mice can polymerise actin in response to CD3 activation. The lymph nodes from Itk-KD mice showed more prominent germinal centres than wild type mice and serum antibody levels were significantly abnormal. Unlike the Itk−/−, γδ T cells in the spleens of the Itk-KD mice had an impaired ability to secrete Th2 cytokines in response to anti-CD3 stimulation whilst the expression of ICOS was not significantly different to wild type. However ICOS expression is markedly increased on αβCD3+ cells from the spleens of naïve Itk-KD compared to WT mice. The Itk-KD mice were largely protected from inflammatory symptoms in an Ovalbumin model of airway inflammation. Consequently, our studies have revealed many similarities but some differences between Itk−/−and Itk-KD transgenic mice. The abnormal antibody response and enhanced ICOS expression on CD3+ cells has implications for the consideration of ITK as a therapeutic target.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/immunology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein/immunology
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Pneumonia/drug therapy
- Pneumonia/genetics
- Pneumonia/immunology
- Point Mutation
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Deakin
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Duddy
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Wilson
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Harrison
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Judi Latcham
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Mick Fulleylove
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia Fung
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Smith
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Pedrick
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Tom McKevitt
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh Felton
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Morley
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Quint
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Dilniya Fattah
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Hayes
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Jade Gough
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Solari
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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36
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Huang W, Jeong AR, Kannan AK, Huang L, August A. IL-2-inducible T cell kinase tunes T regulatory cell development and is required for suppressive function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2267-72. [PMID: 25063868 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) is a key signaling mediator downstream of TCR, mediating T cell positive selection, as well as innate T cell and CD4(+) Th2/Th17 differentiation. In this article, we show that ITK also negatively tunes IL-2-induced expansion of conventional Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs). In vivo, Treg abundance is inversely correlated with ITK expression, and inducible Treg development is inversely dependent on ITK kinase activity. While Treg development normally requires both hematopoietic and thymic MHC class 2 (MHC2) expression, the absence of ITK allows Treg development with MHC2 expression in either compartment, with preference for selection by thymic MHC2, suggesting a gatekeeper role for ITK in ensuring that only Tregs selected by both thymic and hematopoietic MHC2 survive selection. Although ITK suppresses Treg development and is not required for maintenance of neuropilin-1-positive natural Tregs in the periphery, it is indispensable for Treg functional suppression of naive CD4(+) T cell-induced colitis in Rag(-/-) recipients. ITK thus regulates the development and function of Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Ah-Reum Jeong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089; and
| | - Arun K Kannan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
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Dalessandri T, Strid J. Beneficial autoimmunity at body surfaces - immune surveillance and rapid type 2 immunity regulate tissue homeostasis and cancer. Front Immunol 2014; 5:347. [PMID: 25101088 PMCID: PMC4105846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells (ECs) line body surface tissues and provide a physicochemical barrier to the external environment. Frequent microbial and non-microbial challenges such as those imposed by mechanical disruption, injury or exposure to noxious environmental substances including chemicals, carcinogens, ultraviolet-irradiation, or toxins cause activation of ECs with release of cytokines and chemokines as well as alterations in the expression of cell-surface ligands. Such display of epithelial stress is rapidly sensed by tissue-resident immunocytes, which can directly interact with self-moieties on ECs and initiate both local and systemic immune responses. ECs are thus key drivers of immune surveillance at body surface tissues. However, ECs have a propensity to drive type 2 immunity (rather than type 1) upon non-invasive challenge or stress – a type of immunity whose regulation and function still remain enigmatic. Here, we review the induction and possible role of type 2 immunity in epithelial tissues and propose that rapid immune surveillance and type 2 immunity are key regulators of tissue homeostasis and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Dalessandri
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Jessica Strid
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London , UK
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Yu X, Luo X, Xie H, Chen D, Li L, Wu F, Wu C, Peng A, Huang J. Characteristics of γδ T cells in Schistosoma japonicum-infected mouse mesenteric lymph nodes. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:3393-401. [PMID: 24994455 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells are mainly present in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, which play an important role in mucosal immunity. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were infected by Schistosoma japonicum and lymphocytes were isolated from the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) to identify changes in the phenotype and function of γδ T cells using flow cytometry. Our results indicated that the absolute number of γδ T cells from the MLNs of infected mice was significantly higher compared with normal mice (P < 0.05). In addition, the infected γδ T cells expressed a high level of the activated molecule CD69 (P < 0.01) and demonstrated an increasing population of CD4(+) γδ T cells (P < 0.05). MLN γδ T cells secrete interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-9, and IL-17 in response to propylene glycol monomethyl acetate (PMA) plus ionomycin simulation, and the levels of IL-4, IL-9, and IL-17 increased significantly after S. japonicum infection (P < 0.05). Taken together, these findings indicated that S. japonicum infection could induce γδ T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation in the MLN. Moreover, our results indicated that the expression of NKG2D (CD314) was not increased in γδ T cells after infection, suggesting that other mechanisms are involved in activating γδ T cells. Furthermore, higher expression of programmed death-1 (CD279) but not IL-10 was detected in the γδ T cells isolated from infected mice (P < 0.05), suggesting that the function of γδ T cells is inhibited gradually over the course of S. japonicum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxue Yu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, 510182, Guangzhou, China,
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Prince AL, Kraus Z, Carty SA, Ng C, Yin CC, Jordan MS, Schwartzberg PL, Berg LJ. Development of innate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in Itk-deficient mice is regulated by distinct pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:688-99. [PMID: 24943215 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
T cell development in the thymus produces multiple lineages of cells, including innate T cells such as γδ TCR(+) cells, invariant NKT cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, and H2-M3-specific cells. Although innate cells are generally a minor subset of thymocytes, in several strains of mice harboring mutations in T cell signaling proteins or transcriptional regulators, conventional CD8(+) T cells develop as innate cells with characteristics of memory T cells. Thus, in Itk-deficient mice, mature CD4(-)CD8(+) (CD8 single-positive [SP]) thymocytes express high levels of the transcription factor eomesodermin (Eomes) and are dependent on IL-4 being produced in the thymic environment by a poorly characterized subset of CD4(+) thymocytes expressing the transcriptional regulator promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger. In this study, we show that a sizeable proportion of mature CD4(+)CD8(-) (CD4SP) thymocytes in itk(-/-) mice also develop as innate Eomes-expressing T cells. These cells are dependent on MHC class II and IL-4 signaling for their development, indicating that they are conventional CD4(+) T cells that have been converted to an innate phenotype. Surprisingly, neither CD4SP nor CD8SP innate Eomes(+) thymocytes in itk(-/-) or SLP-76(Y145F) mice are dependent on γδ T cells for their development. Instead, we find that the predominant population of Eomes(+) innate itk(-/-) CD4SP thymocytes is largely absent in mice lacking CD1d-specific invariant NKT cells, with no effect on innate itk(-/-) CD8SP thymocytes. In contrast, both subsets of innate Eomes(+)itk(-/-) T cells require the presence of a novel promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger-expressing, SLAM family receptor adapter protein-dependent thymocyte population that is essential for the conversion of conventional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells into innate T cells with a memory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Prince
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Zachary Kraus
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Shannon A Carty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Caleb Ng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Catherine C Yin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Martha S Jordan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655;
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Huang W, Huang F, Kannan AK, Hu J, August A. ITK tunes IL-4-induced development of innate memory CD8+ T cells in a γδ T and invariant NKT cell-independent manner. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:55-63. [PMID: 24620029 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1ab0913-484rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
True memory CD8(+) T cells develop post antigenic exposure and can provide life-long immune protection. More recently, other types of memory CD8(+) T cells have been described, such as the memory-like CD8(+) T cells (IMP; CD44(hi)CD122(+)) that arise spontaneously in Itk(-/-) mice, which are suggested to develop as a result of IL-4 secreted by NKT-like γδ T or PLZF(+) NKT cells found in Itk(-/-) mice. However, we report here that whereas IMP CD8(+) T cell development in Itk(-/-) mice is dependent on IL-4/STAT6 signaling, it is not dependent on any γδ T or iNKT cells. Our experiments suggest that the IMP develops as a result of tuning of the CD8(+) T cell response to exogenous IL-4 and TCR triggering by ITK and challenge the current model of IMP CD8(+) T cell development as a result of NKT-like γδ T or iNKT cells. These findings suggest that some naive CD8(+) T cells may be preprogrammed by weak homeostatic TCR signals in the presence of IL-4 to become memory phenotype cells with the ability to elaborate effector function rapidly. The role of ITK in this process suggests a mechanism by which IMP CD8(+) T cells can be generated rapidly in response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arun Kumar Kannan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jianfang Hu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Sullivan SA, Zhu M, Bao S, Lewis CA, Ou-Yang CW, Zhang W. The role of LAT-PLCγ1 interaction in γδ T cell development and homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2865-74. [PMID: 24523509 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
LAT is a transmembrane adaptor protein that is vital for integrating TCR-mediated signals to modulate T cell development, activation, and proliferation. Upon T cell activation, LAT is phosphorylated and associates with Grb2, Gads, and PLCγ1 through its four distal tyrosine residues. Mutation of one of these tyrosines, Y136, abolishes LAT binding to PLCγ1. This results in impaired TCR-mediated calcium mobilization and Erk activation. CD4 αβ T cells in LATY136F knock-in mice undergo uncontrolled expansion, resulting in a severe autoimmune syndrome. In this study, we investigated the importance of the LAT-PLCγ1 interaction in γδ T cells by crossing LATY136F mice with TCRβ(-/-) mice. Our data showed that the LATY136F mutation had no major effect on homeostasis of epithelial γδ T cells, which could be found in the skin and small intestine. Interestingly, a population of CD4(+) γδ T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes underwent continuous expansion and produced elevated amounts of IL-4, resulting in an autoimmune syndrome similar to that caused by αβ T cells in LATY136F mice. Development of these hyperproliferative γδ T cells was not dependent on MHC class II expression or CD4, and their proliferation could be suppressed, in part, by regulatory T cells. Our data indicated that a unique subset of CD4 γδ T cells can hyperproliferate in LATY136F mice and suggested that LAT-PLCγ1 signaling may function differently in various subsets of γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Sullivan
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Enrichment of the rare CD4⁺ γδ T-cell subset in patients with atypical CD3δ deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 133:1205-8. [PMID: 24290291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hu S, Xiong N. Programmed downregulation of CCR6 is important for establishment of epidermal γδT cells by regulating their thymic egress and epidermal location. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3267-75. [PMID: 23420888 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The skin as the outmost epithelial tissue is under frequent physical, chemical, and biological assaults. To counter the assaults and maintain the local tissue homeostasis, the skin is stationed with various innate or innate-like lymphocytes such as γδT cells. Increasing evidence suggests that an intrathymically programmed process is involved in coordinated expression of multiple homing molecules on specific γδT cell subsets to direct their localization in different regions of the skin for the protective functions. However, detailed molecular events underlying the programmed skin distribution of specific γδT cell subsets are not fully understood. We report in this study that the temporally and spatially regulated downregulation of chemokine receptor CCR6 on fetal thymic Vγ3(+) epidermal γδT precursors is involved in their thymic egress and proper localization in the epidermis. Failure of downregulation of CCR6 in the mature Vγ3(+) epidermal γδT precursor cells due to the constitutive expression of transgenic CCR6 resulted in their abnormal accumulation in the fetal thymus and reduced numbers of the epidermal γδT cells. In addition, the transgenic expression of CCR6 on the Vγ3(+) γδT cells also improperly increased their distribution in dermis of the skin. Those findings advanced our understanding of the molecular basis regulating the tissue specific distribution of various innate-like γδT cell lymphocytes in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Hu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Gleimer M, von Boehmer H, Kreslavsky T. PLZF Controls the Expression of a Limited Number of Genes Essential for NKT Cell Function. Front Immunol 2012; 3:374. [PMID: 23267359 PMCID: PMC3528072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NKT) T cells exhibit tissue distribution, surface phenotype, and functional responses that are strikingly different from those of conventional T cells. The transcription factor PLZF is responsible for most of these properties, as its ectopic expression in conventional T cells is sufficient to confer to them an NKT-like phenotype. The molecular program downstream of PLZF, however, is largely unexplored. Here we report that PLZF regulates the expression of a surprisingly small set of genes, many with known immune functions. This includes several established components of the NKT cell developmental program. Expression of the transcriptional regulators Id2, previously shown to be required for iNKT cell survival in the liver and c-Maf, which shapes the NKT cytokine profile, was compromised in PLZF-deficient cells. Ectopic expression of c-Maf complemented the cells' defect in producing IL-4 and IL-10. PLZF also induced a program of cell surface receptors which shape the NKT cell's response to external stimuli, including the costimulatory receptor ICOS and the cytokine receptors IL12rb1 and IL18r1. As an ensemble, the known functions of the molecules whose expression is affected by PLZF explain many defects observed in PLZF(-/-) NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gleimer
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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Regulation of RasGRP1 function in T cell development and activation by its unique tail domain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38796. [PMID: 22719950 PMCID: PMC3373593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras-guanyl nucleotide exchange factor RasGRP1 plays a critical role in T cell receptor-mediated Erk activation. Previous studies have emphasized the importance of RasGRP1 in the positive selection of thymocytes, activation of T cells, and control of autoimmunity. RasGRP1 consists of a number of well-characterized domains, which it shares with its other family members; however, RasGRP1 also contains an ∼200 residue-long tail domain, the function of which is unknown. To elucidate the physiological role of this domain, we generated knock-in mice expressing RasGRP1 without the tail domain. Further analysis of these knock-in mice showed that thymocytes lacking the tail domain of RasGRP1 underwent aberrant thymic selection and, following TCR stimulation, were unable to activate Erk. Furthermore, the deletion of the tail domain led to enhanced CD4+ T cell expansion in aged mice, as well as the production of autoantibodies. Mechanistically, the tail-deleted form of RasGRP1 was not able to traffic to the cell membrane following stimulation, indicating a potential reason for its inability to activate Erk. While the DAG-binding C1 domain of RasGRP1 has long been recognized as an important factor mediating Erk activation, we have revealed the physiological relevance of the tail domain in RasGRP1 function and control of Erk signaling.
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46
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Pereira P, Boucontet L. Innate NKTγδ and NKTαβ cells exert similar functions and compete for a thymic niche. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1272-81. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Pereira
- Institut Pasteur; Unité Limphopoïese, INSERM U668; Paris France
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47
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Andreu-Ballester JC, García-Ballesteros C, Benet-Campos C, Amigó V, Almela-Quilis A, Mayans J, Ballester F. Values for αβ and γδ T-lymphocytes and CD4+, CD8+, and CD56+ subsets in healthy adult subjects: assessment by age and gender. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2012; 82:238-44. [PMID: 22539222 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal reference values in healthy subjects for T-lymphocytes for both types of receptors, αβ and γδ, and their subsets are yet to be defined. The aim of this study was to measure peripheral blood αβ and γδ total T-lymphocytes and their subsets in a population of healthy subjects, in order to obtain valid reference values for studies in human pathology. METHODS We studied a total of 157 healthy subjects, 78 men and 79 women, establishing their levels of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD56+, αβCD3+, αβCD3+CD4+, αβCD3+CD8+, αβCD3+CD56+, γδCD3+, γδCD3+CD4-CD8-, γδCD3+CD8+, and γδCD3+CD56+ T-cells by flow cytometry. The T-cell subsets were compared for different age and gender groups. RESULTS A significant decrease in CD3+, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD4+ αβ, and CD3+ γδ T-cells was observed in elderly subjects. CD3+, CD3+ αβ, and CD3+CD4+ αβ T-cells increased in women, while CD3+CD56+ αβ T-cells increased in men. CONCLUSIONS.: These reference values could be useful in further research studies for assessing changes that occur in the different αβ and γδ T subsets in human pathology.
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Boucheron N, Ellmeier W. The Role of Tec Family Kinases in the Regulation of T-helper-cell Differentiation. Int Rev Immunol 2012; 31:133-54. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.664798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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49
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T cell receptor signalling in γδ cell development: strength isn't everything. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:567-73. [PMID: 22056207 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
γδ cells have been conserved across ∼450 million years of evolution, from which they share the distinction, alongside αβ T cells and B cells, of forming antigen receptors by somatic gene recombination. However, much about these cells remains unclear. Indeed, although γδ cells display 'innate-like' characteristics exemplified by rapid tissue-localised responses to stress-associated stimuli, their huge capacity for T cell receptor (TCR)γδ diversity also suggests 'adaptive-like' potential. Clarity requires a better understanding of TCRγδ itself, not only through identification of TCR ligands, but also by correlating thymic TCRγδ signalling with commitment to γδ effector fates. Here, we propose that thymic TCRγδ-ligand engagement versus ligand-independent signalling differentially imprints innate-like versus adaptive-like characteristics on developing γδ cells, which fundamentally dictate their peripheral effector properties.
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50
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Qi Q, Kannan AK, August A. Structure and function of Tec family kinase Itk. Biomol Concepts 2011; 2:223-32. [PMID: 25962031 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2011.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Itk is a member of the Tec family of kinases that is expressed predominantly in T cells. Itk regulates the T cell receptor signaling pathway to modulate T cell development and T helper cell differentiation, particularly Th2 differentiation. Itk is also important for the development and function of iNKT cells. In this review we discuss current progress on our understanding of the structure, activation and signaling pathway of Itk, in addition to inhibitors that have been developed, which target this kinase. We also place in context the function of Itk, available inhibitors and potential use in treating disease.
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