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Nielsen IH, Rovsing AB, Janns JH, Thomsen EA, Ruzo A, Bøggild A, Nedergaard F, Møller CT, Boesen T, Degn SE, Shah JV, Mikkelsen JG. Cell-targeted gene modification by delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes in pseudotyped lentivirus-derived nanoparticles. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102318. [PMID: 39329149 PMCID: PMC11426049 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
To fully utilize the potential of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing, time-restricted and targeted delivery is crucial. By modulating the pseudotype of engineered lentivirus-derived nanoparticles (LVNPs), we demonstrate efficient cell-targeted delivery of Cas9/single guide RNA (sgRNA) ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, supporting gene modification in a defined subset of cells in mixed cell populations. LVNPs pseudotyped with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein resulted in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-dependent insertion or deletion (indel) formation in an ACE2+/ACE2- population of cells, whereas Nipah virus glycoprotein pseudotyping resulted in Ephrin-B2/B3-specific gene knockout. Additionally, LVNPs pseudotyped with Edmonston strain measles virus glycoproteins (MV-H/F) delivered Cas9/sgRNA RNPs to CD46+ cells with and without additional expression of SLAM (signaling lymphocytic activation molecule; CD150). However, an engineered SLAM-specific measles virus pseudotype (measles virus-hemagglutinin/fusion [MV-H/F]-SLAM) efficiently targeted LVNPs to SLAM+ cells. Lentiviral vectors (LVs) pseudotyped with MV-H/F-SLAM efficiently transduced >80% of interleukin (IL)-4/IL-21-stimulated primary B cells cultured on CD40 ligand (CD40L)-expressing feeder cells. Notably, LVNPs pseudotyped with MV-H/F and MV-H/F-SLAM reached indel rates of >80% and >60% in stimulated primary B cells, respectively. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the modularity of LVNP-directed delivery of ready-to-function Cas9/sgRNA complexes. Using a panel of different pseudotypes, we provide evidence that LVNPs can be engineered to induce effective indel formation in a subpopulation of cells defined by the expression of surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Helstrup Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anne Bruun Rovsing
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jacob Hørlück Janns
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Emil Aagaard Thomsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Albert Ruzo
- Sana Biotechnology, Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Andreas Bøggild
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Frederikke Nedergaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Boesen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Søren Egedal Degn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Jacob Giehm Mikkelsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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2
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Doye A, Chaintreuil P, Lagresle-Peyrou C, Batistic L, Marion V, Munro P, Loubatier C, Chirara R, Sorel N, Bessot B, Bronnec P, Contenti J, Courjon J, Giordanengo V, Jacquel A, Barbry P, Couralet M, Aladjidi N, Fischer A, Cavazzana M, Mallebranche C, Visvikis O, Kracker S, Moshous D, Verhoeyen E, Boyer L. RAC2 gain-of-function variants causing inborn error of immunity drive NLRP3 inflammasome activation. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231562. [PMID: 39212656 PMCID: PMC11363864 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
A growing number of patients presenting severe combined immunodeficiencies attributed to monoallelic RAC2 variants have been identified. The expression of the RHO GTPase RAC2 is restricted to the hematopoietic lineage. RAC2 variants have been described to cause immunodeficiencies associated with high frequency of infection, leukopenia, and autoinflammatory features. Here, we show that specific RAC2 activating mutations induce the NLRP3 inflammasome activation leading to the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 from macrophages. This activation depends on the activation state of the RAC2 variant and is mediated by the downstream kinase PAK1. Inhibiting the RAC2-PAK1-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway might be considered as a potential treatment for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Doye
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M , Nice, France
| | | | - Chantal Lagresle-Peyrou
- Université Paris Cité , Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163 , Paris, France
- Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM , Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Rayana Chirara
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M , Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice , Nice, France
| | - Nataël Sorel
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163 , Paris, France
- Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM , Paris, France
| | - Boris Bessot
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163 , Paris, France
- Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM , Paris, France
| | - Pauline Bronnec
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111 , Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, École normale supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Julie Contenti
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M , Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice , Nice, France
| | - Johan Courjon
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M , Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice , Nice, France
| | - Valerie Giordanengo
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M , Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice , Nice, France
| | | | - Pascal Barbry
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Marie Couralet
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Nathalie Aladjidi
- Centre de Référence National des Cytopénies Autoimmunes de l'Enfant, Pediatric Hematologic Unit, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Plurithématique INSERM 1401, University Hospital of Bordeaux , Bordeaux, France
| | - Alain Fischer
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163 , Paris, France
- Necker Hospital, Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris, France
- Collège de France , Paris, France
| | - Marina Cavazzana
- Université Paris Cité , Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163 , Paris, France
- Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM , Paris, France
| | - Coralie Mallebranche
- Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, CRCI2NA, SFR ICAT , Angers, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers, Pediatric Immuno-Hemato-Oncology Unit , Angers, France
| | | | - Sven Kracker
- Université Paris Cité , Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163 , Paris, France
| | - Despina Moshous
- Laboratoire Dynamique du Génome et Système Immunitaire, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163 , Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Déficits Immunitaires Héréditaires, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Cité , Paris, France
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M , Nice, France
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111 , Lyon, France
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3
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Krug A, Saidane A, Martinello C, Fusil F, Michels A, Buchholz CJ, Ricci JE, Verhoeyen E. In vivo CAR T cell therapy against angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:262. [PMID: 39272178 PMCID: PMC11401350 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma (AITL), a rare cancer, no specific treatments are available and survival outcome is poor. We previously developed a murine model for AITL that mimics closely human disease and allows to evaluate new treatments. As in human AITL, the murine CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are drivers of the malignancy. Therefore, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy might represent a new therapeutic option. METHODS To prevent fratricide among CAR T cells when delivering an CD4-specific CAR, we used a lentiviral vector (LV) encoding an anti-CD4 CAR, allowing exclusive entry into CD8 T cells. RESULTS These anti-CD4CAR CD8-targeted LVs achieved in murine AITL biopsies high CAR-expression levels in CD8 T cells. Malignant CD4 Tfh cells were eliminated from the mAITL lymphoma, while the CAR + CD8 T cells expanded upon encounter with the CD4 receptor and were shaped into functional cytotoxic cells. Finally, in vivo injection of the CAR + CD8-LVs into our preclinical AITL mouse model carrying lymphomas, significantly prolonged mice survival. Moreover, the in vivo generated functional CAR + CD8 T cells efficiently reduced neoplastic T cell numbers in the mAITL tumors. CONCLUSION This is the first description of in vivo generated CAR T cells for therapy of a T cell lymphoma. The strategy described offers a new therapeutic concept for patients suffering from CD4-driven T cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Krug
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204, Nice, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 06204, Nice, France
| | - Aymen Saidane
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204, Nice, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 06204, Nice, France
| | | | - Floriane Fusil
- CIRI - International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Alexander Michels
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225, Langen, Germany
- Frankfurt-Cancer-Institute (FCI), Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jean-Ehrland Ricci
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204, Nice, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 06204, Nice, France
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204, Nice, France.
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, 06204, Nice, France.
- CIRI - International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France.
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4
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Cooney AL, Loza LM, Najdawi K, Brommel CM, McCray PB, Sinn PL. High ionic strength vector formulations enhance gene transfer to airway epithelia. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:9369-9383. [PMID: 39077931 PMCID: PMC11381324 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
A fundamental challenge for cystic fibrosis (CF) gene therapy is ensuring sufficient transduction of airway epithelia to achieve therapeutic correction. Hypertonic saline (HTS) is frequently administered to people with CF to enhance mucus clearance. HTS transiently disrupts epithelial cell tight junctions, but its ability to improve gene transfer has not been investigated. Here, we asked if increasing the concentration of NaCl enhances the transduction efficiency of three gene therapy vectors: adenovirus, AAV, and lentiviral vectors. Vectors formulated with 3-7% NaCl exhibited markedly increased transduction for all three platforms, leading to anion channel correction in primary cultures of human CF epithelial cells and enhanced gene transfer in mouse and pig airways in vivo. The mechanism of transduction enhancement involved tonicity but not osmolarity or pH. Formulating vectors with a high ionic strength solution is a simple strategy to greatly enhance efficacy and immediately improve preclinical or clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Cooney
- University of Iowa, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- University of Iowa, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Laura Marquez Loza
- University of Iowa, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- University of Iowa, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kenan Najdawi
- University of Iowa, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- University of Iowa, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Christian M Brommel
- University of Iowa, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- University of Iowa, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Paul B McCray
- University of Iowa, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- University of Iowa, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- University of Iowa, Center for Gene Therapy; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Patrick L Sinn
- University of Iowa, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- University of Iowa, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- University of Iowa, Center for Gene Therapy; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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5
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Janns JH, Mikkelsen JG. Gene Editing by Ferrying of CRISPR/Cas Ribonucleoprotein Complexes in Enveloped Virus-Derived Particles. Hum Gene Ther 2024; 35:604-616. [PMID: 39150015 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2024.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The invention of next-generation CRISPR/Cas gene editing tools, like base and prime editing, for correction of gene variants causing disease, has created hope for in vivo use in patients leading to wider clinical translation. To realize this potential, delivery vehicles that can ferry gene editing tool kits safely and effectively into specific cell populations or tissues are in great demand. In this review, we describe the development of enveloped retrovirus-derived particles as carriers of "ready-to-work" ribonucleoprotein complexes consisting of Cas9-derived editor proteins and single guide RNAs. We present arguments for adapting viruses for cell-targeted protein delivery and describe the status after a decade-long development period, which has already shown effective editing in primary cells, including T cells and hematopoietic stem cells, and in tissues targeted in vivo, including mouse retina, liver, and brain. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that engineered virus-derived nanoparticles can accommodate both base and prime editors and seems to fertilize a sprouting hope that such particles can be further developed and produced in large scale for therapeutic applications.
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Pierangeli S, Donnini S, Ciaurro V, Milano F, Cardinali V, Sciabolacci S, Cimino G, Gionfriddo I, Ranieri R, Cipriani S, Padiglioni E, Iacucci Ostini R, Zei T, Pierini A, Martelli MP. The Leukemic Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) 1/2 Mutations Impair Myeloid and Erythroid Cell Differentiation of Primary Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells (HSPCs). Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2675. [PMID: 39123404 PMCID: PMC11312189 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16152675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
How hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) fate decisions are affected by genetic alterations acquired during AML leukemogenesis is poorly understood and mainly explored in animal models. Here, we study isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) gene mutations in the human model of HSPC and discuss the available literature on this topic. IDH1/2 mutations occur in ~20% of AML cases, are recognized among the mutations earliest acquired during leukemogenesis, and are targets of specific inhibitors (ivosidenib and enasidenib, respectively). In order to investigate the direct effects of these mutations on HSPCs, we expressed IDH1-R132H or IDH2-R140Q mutants into human CD34+ healthy donor cells via lentiviral transduction and analyzed the colony-forming unit (CFU) ability. CFU ability was dramatically compromised with a complete trilineage block of differentiation. Strikingly, the block was reversed by specific inhibitors, confirming that it was a specific effect induced by the mutants. In line with this observation, the CD34+ leukemic precursors isolated from a patient with IDH2-mutated AML at baseline and during enasidenib treatment showed progressive and marked improvements in their fitness over time, in terms of CFU ability and propensity to differentiate. They attained clonal trilinear reconstitution of hematopoiesis and complete hematological remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pierangeli
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Center for Hemato-Oncological Research (CREO), University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (S.D.); (F.M.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (I.G.); (R.R.); (S.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Serena Donnini
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Center for Hemato-Oncological Research (CREO), University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (S.D.); (F.M.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (I.G.); (R.R.); (S.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Valerio Ciaurro
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Francesca Milano
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Center for Hemato-Oncological Research (CREO), University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (S.D.); (F.M.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (I.G.); (R.R.); (S.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Valeria Cardinali
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Center for Hemato-Oncological Research (CREO), University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (S.D.); (F.M.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (I.G.); (R.R.); (S.C.); (A.P.)
- Hematology Department, ‘Santa Maria della Misericordia’ Perugia Hospital, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (S.S.); (R.I.O.); (T.Z.)
| | - Sofia Sciabolacci
- Hematology Department, ‘Santa Maria della Misericordia’ Perugia Hospital, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (S.S.); (R.I.O.); (T.Z.)
| | - Gaetano Cimino
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Center for Hemato-Oncological Research (CREO), University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (S.D.); (F.M.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (I.G.); (R.R.); (S.C.); (A.P.)
- Hematology Department, ‘Santa Maria della Misericordia’ Perugia Hospital, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (S.S.); (R.I.O.); (T.Z.)
| | - Ilaria Gionfriddo
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Center for Hemato-Oncological Research (CREO), University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (S.D.); (F.M.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (I.G.); (R.R.); (S.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Roberta Ranieri
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Center for Hemato-Oncological Research (CREO), University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (S.D.); (F.M.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (I.G.); (R.R.); (S.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Sabrina Cipriani
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Center for Hemato-Oncological Research (CREO), University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (S.D.); (F.M.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (I.G.); (R.R.); (S.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Eleonora Padiglioni
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Center for Hemato-Oncological Research (CREO), University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (S.D.); (F.M.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (I.G.); (R.R.); (S.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Roberta Iacucci Ostini
- Hematology Department, ‘Santa Maria della Misericordia’ Perugia Hospital, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (S.S.); (R.I.O.); (T.Z.)
| | - Tiziana Zei
- Hematology Department, ‘Santa Maria della Misericordia’ Perugia Hospital, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (S.S.); (R.I.O.); (T.Z.)
| | - Antonio Pierini
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Center for Hemato-Oncological Research (CREO), University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (S.D.); (F.M.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (I.G.); (R.R.); (S.C.); (A.P.)
- Hematology Department, ‘Santa Maria della Misericordia’ Perugia Hospital, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (S.S.); (R.I.O.); (T.Z.)
| | - Maria Paola Martelli
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Center for Hemato-Oncological Research (CREO), University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (S.D.); (F.M.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (I.G.); (R.R.); (S.C.); (A.P.)
- Hematology Department, ‘Santa Maria della Misericordia’ Perugia Hospital, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (S.S.); (R.I.O.); (T.Z.)
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7
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Renner A, Stahringer A, Ruppel KE, Fricke S, Koehl U, Schmiedel D. Development of KoRV-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors for efficient gene transfer into freshly isolated immune cells. Gene Ther 2024; 31:378-390. [PMID: 38684788 PMCID: PMC11257948 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-024-00454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Allogeneic cell therapies, such as those involving macrophages or Natural Killer (NK) cells, are of increasing interest for cancer immunotherapy. However, the current techniques for genetically modifying these cell types using lenti- or gamma-retroviral vectors present challenges, such as required cell pre-activation and inefficiency in transduction, which hinder the assessment of preclinical efficacy and clinical translation. In our study, we describe a novel lentiviral pseudotype based on the Koala Retrovirus (KoRV) envelope protein, which we identified based on homology to existing pseudotypes used in cell therapy. Unlike other pseudotyped viral vectors, this KoRV-based envelope demonstrates remarkable efficiency in transducing freshly isolated primary human NK cells directly from blood, as well as freshly obtained monocytes, which were differentiated to M1 macrophages as well as B cells from multiple donors, achieving up to 80% reporter gene expression within three days post-transduction. Importantly, KoRV-based transduction does not compromise the expression of crucial immune cell receptors, nor does it impair immune cell functionality, including NK cell viability, proliferation, cytotoxicity as well as phagocytosis of differentiated macrophages. Preserving immune cell functionality is pivotal for the success of cell-based therapeutics in treating various malignancies. By achieving high transduction rates of freshly isolated immune cells before expansion, our approach enables a streamlined and cost-effective automated production of off-the-shelf cell therapeutics, requiring fewer viral particles and less manufacturing steps. This breakthrough holds the potential to significantly reduce the time and resources required for producing e.g. NK cell therapeutics, expediting their availability to patients in need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Renner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anika Stahringer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina Eva Ruppel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Fricke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases, CIMD, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases, CIMD, Leipzig, Deutschland
- Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik Schmiedel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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8
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Giommetti A, Papanikolaou E. Advancements in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Therapy: A Journey of Progress for Viral Transduction. Cells 2024; 13:1039. [PMID: 38920667 PMCID: PMC11201829 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transduction has undergone remarkable advancements in recent years, revolutionizing the landscape of gene therapy specifically for inherited hematologic disorders. The evolution of viral vector-based transduction technologies, including retroviral and lentiviral vectors, has significantly enhanced the efficiency and specificity of gene delivery to HSCs. Additionally, the emergence of small molecules acting as transduction enhancers has addressed critical barriers in HSC transduction, unlocking new possibilities for therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, the advent of gene editing technologies, notably CRISPR-Cas9, has empowered precise genome modification in HSCs, paving the way for targeted gene correction. These striking progresses have led to the clinical approval of medicinal products based on engineered HSCs with impressive therapeutic benefits for patients. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the collective progress in HSC transduction via viral vectors for gene therapy with a specific focus on transduction enhancers, highlighting the latest key developments, challenges, and future directions towards personalized and curative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Giommetti
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany;
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eleni Papanikolaou
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany;
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
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9
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Guo S, Lei W, Jin X, Liu H, Wang JQ, Deng W, Qian W. CD70-specific CAR NK cells expressing IL-15 for the treatment of CD19-negative B-cell malignancy. Blood Adv 2024; 8:2635-2645. [PMID: 38564778 PMCID: PMC11157212 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023012202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) natural killer (NK) cells can eliminate tumors not only through the ability of the CAR molecule to recognize antigen-expressed cancer cells but also through NK-cell receptors themselves. This overcomes some of the limitations of CAR T cells, paving the way for CAR NK cells for safer and more effective off-the-shelf cellular therapy. In this study, CD70-specific (a pan-target of lymphoma) fourth-generation CAR with 4-1BB costimulatory domain and interleukin-15 (IL-15) was constructed and transduced into cord blood-derived NK cells by Baboon envelope pseudotyped lentiviral vector. CD70-CAR NK cells displayed superior cytotoxic activity in vitro and in vivo against CD19-negative B-cell lymphoma when compared with nontransduced NK cells and CD19-specific CAR NK cells. Importantly, mice that received 2 doses of CD70-CAR NK cells showed effective eradication of tumors, accompanied by increased concentration of plasma IL-15 and enhanced CAR NK cell proliferation and persistence. Our study suggests that repetitive administration-based CAR NK-cell therapy has clinical advantage compared with a single dose of CAR NK cells for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- Interleukin-15
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Animals
- Humans
- Mice
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- CD27 Ligand
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Guo
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Wen Lei
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Xueli Jin
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - James Q. Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Wenhai Deng
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenbin Qian
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
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10
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Egli L, Kaulfuss M, Mietz J, Picozzi A, Verhoeyen E, Münz C, Chijioke O. CAR T cells outperform CAR NK cells in CAR-mediated effector functions in head-to-head comparison. Exp Hematol Oncol 2024; 13:51. [PMID: 38745250 PMCID: PMC11092129 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-024-00522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CAR NK cells as vehicles for engineered "off-the-shelf" cellular cancer immunotherapy have attracted significant interest. Nonetheless, a comprehensive comparative assessment of the anticancer activity of CAR T cells and CAR NK cells carrying approved benchmark anti-CD19 CAR constructs is missing. Here, we report a direct head-to-head comparison of CD19-directed human T and NK cells. METHODS We generated CAR T and CAR NK cells derived from healthy donor PBMC by retroviral transduction with the same benchmark second-generation anti-CD19 CAR construct, FMC63.28z. We investigated IFN-γ secretion and direct cytotoxicity in vitro against various CD19+ cancer cell lines as well as in autologous versus allogeneic settings. Furthermore, we have assessed anticancer activity of CAR T and CAR NK cells in vivo using a xenograft lymphoma model in an autologous versus allogeneic setting and a leukemia model. RESULTS Our main findings are a drastically reduced capacity for CAR-mediated IFN-γ production and lower CAR-mediated cytotoxicity of CAR NK cells relative to CAR T cells in vitro. Consistent with these in vitro findings, we report superior anticancer activity of autologous CAR T cells compared with allogeneic CAR NK cells in vivo. CONCLUSIONS CAR T cells had significantly higher CAR-mediated effector functions than CAR NK cells in vitro against several cancer cell lines and autologous CAR T cells outperformed allogeneic CAR NK cells both in vitro and in vivo. CAR NK cells will likely benefit from further engineering to enhance anticancer activity to ultimately fulfill the promise of an effective off-the-shelf product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Egli
- Cellular Immunotherapy, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Meike Kaulfuss
- Cellular Immunotherapy, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Mietz
- Cellular Immunotherapy, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arianna Picozzi
- Cellular Immunotherapy, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- International Center for Infectiology, research team Enveloped Viruses, Vectors and Innate Responses, Institut national de la Santé et de la recherche médicale, unité 1111, Unité mixte de recherche 5308, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Obinna Chijioke
- Cellular Immunotherapy, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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11
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Francois AK, Rohani A, Loftus M, Dochnal S, Hrit J, McFarlane S, Whitford A, Lewis A, Krakowiak P, Boutell C, Rothbart SB, Kashatus D, Cliffe AR. Single-genome analysis reveals a heterogeneous association of the herpes simplex virus genome with H3K27me2 and the reader PHF20L1 following infection of human fibroblasts. mBio 2024; 15:e0327823. [PMID: 38411116 PMCID: PMC11005365 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03278-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The fate of herpesvirus genomes following entry into different cell types is thought to regulate the outcome of infection. For the Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), latent infection of neurons is characterized by association with repressive heterochromatin marked with Polycomb silencing-associated lysine 27 methylation on histone H3 (H3K27me). However, whether H3K27 methylation plays a role in repressing lytic gene expression in non-neuronal cells is unclear. To address this gap in knowledge, and with consideration that the fate of the viral genome and outcome of HSV-1 infection could be heterogeneous, we developed an assay to quantify the abundance of histone modifications within single viral genome foci of infected fibroblasts. Using this approach, combined with bulk epigenetic techniques, we were unable to detect any role for H3K27me3 during HSV-1 lytic infection of fibroblasts. By contrast, we could detect the lesser studied H3K27me2 on a subpopulation of viral genomes, which was consistent with a role for H3K27 demethylases in promoting lytic gene expression. In addition, viral genomes co-localized with the H3K27me2 reader protein PHF20L1, and this association was enhanced by inhibition of the H3K27 demethylases UTX and JMJD3. Notably, targeting of H3K27me2 to viral genomes was enhanced following infection with a transcriptionally defective virus in the absence of Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies. Collectively, these studies implicate a role for H3K27me2 in fibroblast-associated HSV genome silencing in a manner dependent on genome sub-nuclear localization and transcriptional activity. IMPORTANCE Investigating the potential mechanisms of gene silencing for DNA viruses in different cell types is important to understand the differential outcomes of infection, particularly for viruses like herpesviruses that can undergo distinct types of infection in different cell types. In addition, investigating chromatin association with viral genomes informs on the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation of DNA processes. However, there is a growing appreciation for heterogeneity in the outcome of infection at the single cell, and even single viral genome, level. Here we describe a novel assay for quantifying viral genome foci with chromatin proteins and show that a portion of genomes are targeted for silencing by H3K27me2 and associate with the reader protein PHF20L1. This study raises important questions regarding the mechanism of H3K27me2-specific targeting to viral genomes, the contribution of epigenetic heterogeneity to herpesvirus infection, and the role of PHF20L1 in regulating the outcome of DNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K. Francois
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ali Rohani
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Matt Loftus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sara Dochnal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Joel Hrit
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, USA
| | - Steven McFarlane
- MRC - University of Glasgow, Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Whitford
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Anna Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Patryk Krakowiak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Chris Boutell
- MRC - University of Glasgow, Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - David Kashatus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Anna R. Cliffe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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12
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Tsuchida CA, Wasko KM, Hamilton JR, Doudna JA. Targeted nonviral delivery of genome editors in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2307796121. [PMID: 38437567 PMCID: PMC10945750 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307796121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-type-specific in vivo delivery of genome editing molecules is the next breakthrough that will drive biological discovery and transform the field of cell and gene therapy. Here, we discuss recent advances in the delivery of CRISPR-Cas genome editors either as preassembled ribonucleoproteins or encoded in mRNA. Both strategies avoid pitfalls of viral vector-mediated delivery and offer advantages including transient editor lifetime and potentially streamlined manufacturing capability that are already proving valuable for clinical use. We review current applications and future opportunities of these emerging delivery approaches that could make genome editing more efficacious and accessible in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor A. Tsuchida
- University of California, Berkeley—University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Kevin M. Wasko
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Jennifer R. Hamilton
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Jennifer A. Doudna
- University of California, Berkeley—University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California,San Francisco, CA94158
- HHMI, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
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13
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Cooney AL, Loza LM, Najdawi K, Brommel CM, McCray PB, Sinn PL. High ionic strength vector formulations enhance gene transfer to airway epithelia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.22.576687. [PMID: 38328187 PMCID: PMC10849541 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.22.576687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
A fundamental challenge for cystic fibrosis (CF) gene therapy is ensuring sufficient transduction of airway epithelia to achieve therapeutic correction. Hypertonic saline (HTS) is frequently administered to people with CF to enhance mucus clearance. HTS transiently disrupts epithelial cell tight junctions, but its ability to improve gene transfer has not been investigated. Here we asked if increasing the concentration of NaCl enhances the transduction efficiency of three gene therapy vectors: adenovirus, AAV, and lentiviral vectors. Vectors formulated with 3-7% NaCl exhibited markedly increased transduction for all three platforms, leading to anion channel correction in primary cultures of human CF epithelial cells and enhanced gene transfer in mouse and pig airways in vivo. The mechanism of transduction enhancement involved tonicity but not osmolarity or pH. Formulating vectors with a high ionic strength solution is a simple strategy to greatly enhance efficacy and immediately improve preclinical or clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Cooney
- University of Iowa, Department of Pediatrics; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- University of Iowa, Center for Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Laura Marquez Loza
- University of Iowa, Department of Pediatrics; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- University of Iowa, Center for Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kenan Najdawi
- University of Iowa, Department of Pediatrics; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- University of Iowa, Center for Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Christian M. Brommel
- University of Iowa, Department of Pediatrics; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- University of Iowa, Center for Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Paul B. McCray
- University of Iowa, Department of Pediatrics; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- University of Iowa, Center for Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- University of Iowa, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Patrick L. Sinn
- University of Iowa, Department of Pediatrics; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- University of Iowa, Center for Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy; Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- University of Iowa, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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14
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Francois AK, Rohani A, Loftus M, Dochnal S, Hrit J, McFarlane S, Whitford A, Lewis A, Krakowiak P, Boutell C, Rothbart SB, Kashatus D, Cliffe AR. Single-genome analysis reveals heterogeneous association of the Herpes Simplex Virus genome with H3K27me2 and the reader PHF20L1 following infection of human fibroblasts. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.03.569766. [PMID: 38076966 PMCID: PMC10705572 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.03.569766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The fate of herpesvirus genomes following entry into different cell types is thought to regulate the outcome of infection. For the Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), latent infection of neurons is characterized by association with repressive heterochromatin marked with Polycomb silencing-associated lysine 27 methylation on histone H3 (H3K27me). However, whether H3K27 methylation plays a role in repressing lytic gene expression in non-neuronal cells is unclear. To address this gap in knowledge, and with consideration that the fate of the viral genome and outcome of HSV-1 infection could be heterogeneous, we developed an assay to quantify the abundance of histone modifications within single viral genome foci of infected fibroblasts. Using this approach, combined with bulk epigenetic techniques, we were unable to detect any role for H3K27me3 during HSV-1 lytic infection of fibroblasts. In contrast, we could detect the lesser studied H3K27me2 on a subpopulation of viral genomes, which was consistent with a role for H3K27 demethylases in promoting lytic gene expression. This was consistent with a role for H3K27 demethylases in promoting lytic gene expression. In addition, viral genomes co-localized with the H3K27me2 reader protein PHF20L1, and this association was enhanced by inhibition of the H3K27 demethylases UTX and JMJD3. Notably, targeting of H3K27me2 to viral genomes was enhanced following infection with a transcriptionally defective virus in the absence of Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies. Collectively, these studies implicate a role for H3K27me2 in fibroblast-associated HSV genome silencing in a manner dependent on genome sub-nuclear localization and transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Francois
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Ali Rohani
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Matt Loftus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Sara Dochnal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Joel Hrit
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503
| | - Steven McFarlane
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Abigail Whitford
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Anna Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Patryk Krakowiak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Chris Boutell
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Scott B. Rothbart
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503
| | - David Kashatus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Anna R Cliffe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
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15
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Ciulean IS, Fischer J, Quaiser A, Bach C, Abken H, Tretbar US, Fricke S, Koehl U, Schmiedel D, Grunwald T. CD44v6 specific CAR-NK cells for targeted immunotherapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1290488. [PMID: 38022580 PMCID: PMC10667728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1290488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a major challenge for current therapies. CAR-T cells have shown promising results in blood cancers, however, their effectiveness against solid tumors remains a hurdle. Recently, CD44v6-directed CAR-T cells demonstrated efficacy in controlling tumor growth in multiple myeloma and solid tumors such as HNSCC, lung and ovarian adenocarcinomas. Apart from CAR-T cells, CAR-NK cells offer a safe and allogenic alternative to autologous CAR-T cell therapy. In this paper, we investigated the capacity of CAR-NK cells redirected against CD44v6 to execute cytotoxicity against HNSCC. Anti-CD44v6 CAR-NK cells were generated from healthy donor peripheral blood-derived NK cells using gamma retroviral vectors (gRVs). The NK cell transduction was optimized by exploring virus envelope proteins derived from the baboon endogenous virus envelope (BaEV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV, termed RD114-TR) and gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV), respectively. BaEV pseudotyped gRVs induced the highest transduction rate compared to RD114-TR and GaLV envelopes as measured by EGFP and surface CAR expression of transduced NK cells. CAR-NK cells showed a two- to threefold increase in killing efficacy against various HNSCC cell lines compared to unmodified, cytokine-expanded primary NK cells. Anti-CD44v6 CAR-NK cells were effective in eliminating tumor cell lines with high and low CD44v6 expression levels. Overall, the improved cytotoxicity of CAR-NK cells holds promise for a therapeutic option for the treatment of HNSCC. However, further preclinical trials are necessary to test in vivo efficacy and safety, as well to optimize the treatment regimen of anti-CD44v6 CAR-NK cells against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Sonya Ciulean
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joe Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Quaiser
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Bach
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hinrich Abken
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Division of Genetic Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Uta Sandy Tretbar
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Fricke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik Schmiedel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Grunwald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Rauch-Wirth L, Renner A, Kaygisiz K, Weil T, Zimmermann L, Rodriguez-Alfonso AA, Schütz D, Wiese S, Ständker L, Weil T, Schmiedel D, Münch J. Optimized peptide nanofibrils as efficient transduction enhancers for in vitro and ex vivo gene transfer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1270243. [PMID: 38022685 PMCID: PMC10666768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1270243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is a groundbreaking immunotherapy for cancer. However, the intricate and costly manufacturing process remains a hurdle. Improving the transduction rate is a potential avenue to cut down costs and boost therapeutic efficiency. Peptide nanofibrils (PNFs) serve as one such class of transduction enhancers. PNFs bind to negatively charged virions, facilitating their active engagement by cellular protrusions, which enhances virion attachment to cells, leading to increased cellular entry and gene transfer rates. While first-generation PNFs had issues with aggregate formation and potential immunogenicity, our study utilized in silico screening to identify short, endogenous, and non-immunogenic peptides capable of enhancing transduction. This led to the discovery of an 8-mer peptide, RM-8, which forms PNFs that effectively boost T cell transduction rates by various retroviral vectors. A subsequent structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis refined RM-8, resulting in the D4 derivative. D4 peptide is stable and assembles into smaller PNFs, avoiding large aggregate formation, and demonstrates superior transduction rates in primary T and NK cells. In essence, D4 PNFs present an economical and straightforward nanotechnological tool, ideal for refining ex vivo gene transfer in CAR-T cell production and potentially other advanced therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Rauch-Wirth
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Renner
- Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kübra Kaygisiz
- Department Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tatjana Weil
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Armando A. Rodriguez-Alfonso
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Core Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Desiree Schütz
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wiese
- Core Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludger Ständker
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Department Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dominik Schmiedel
- Department for Cell and Gene Therapy Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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17
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Murugesan R, Karuppusamy KV, Marepally S, Thangavel S. Current approaches and potential challenges in the delivery of gene editing cargos into hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Front Genome Ed 2023; 5:1148693. [PMID: 37780116 PMCID: PMC10540692 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1148693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancements in gene delivery and editing have expanded the applications of autologous hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) for the treatment of monogenic and acquired diseases. The gene editing toolbox is growing, and the ability to achieve gene editing with mRNA or protein delivered intracellularly by vehicles, such as electroporation and nanoparticles, has highlighted the potential of gene editing in HSPCs. Ongoing phase I/II clinical trials with gene-edited HSPCs for β-hemoglobinopathies provide hope for treating monogenic diseases. The development of safe and efficient gene editing reagents and their delivery into hard-to-transfect HSPCs have been critical drivers in the rapid translation of HSPC gene editing into clinical studies. This review article summarizes the available payloads and delivery vehicles for gene editing HSPCs and their potential impact on therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Murugesan
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), A Unit of InStem Bengaluru, Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Karthik V. Karuppusamy
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), A Unit of InStem Bengaluru, Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Srujan Marepally
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), A Unit of InStem Bengaluru, Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saravanabhavan Thangavel
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), A Unit of InStem Bengaluru, Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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18
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Page A, Delles M, Nègre D, Costa C, Fusil F, Cosset FL. Engineering B cells with customized therapeutic responses using a synthetic circuit. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 33:1-14. [PMID: 37359346 PMCID: PMC10285500 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of genetic engineering has brought a new dimension for synthetic immunology. Immune cells are perfect candidates because of their ability to patrol the body, interact with many cell types, proliferate upon activation, and differentiate in memory cells. This study aimed at implementing a new synthetic circuit in B cells, allowing the expression of therapeutic molecules in a temporally and spatially restricted manner that is induced by the presence of specific antigens. This should enhance endogenous B cell functions in terms of recognition and effector properties. We developed a synthetic circuit encoding a sensor (a membrane-anchored B cell receptor targeting a model antigen), a transducer (a minimal promoter induced by the activated sensor), and effector molecules. We isolated a 734-bp-long fragment of the NR4A1 promoter, specifically activated by the sensor signaling cascade in a fully reversible manner. We demonstrate full antigen-specific circuit activation as its recognition by the sensor induced the activation of the NR4A1 promoter and the expression of the effector. Overall, such novel synthetic circuits offer huge possibilities for the treatment of many pathologies, as they are completely programmable; thus, the signal-specific sensors and effector molecules can be adapted to each disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Page
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Marie Delles
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Didier Nègre
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Costa
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Floriane Fusil
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - François-Loïc Cosset
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
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19
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Tiroille V, Krug A, Bokobza E, Kahi M, Bulcaen M, Ensinck MM, Geurts MH, Hendriks D, Vermeulen F, Larbret F, Gutierrez-Guerrero A, Chen Y, Van Zundert I, Rocha S, Rios AC, Medaer L, Gijsbers R, Mangeot PE, Clevers H, Carlon MS, Bost F, Verhoeyen E. Nanoblades allow high-level genome editing in murine and human organoids. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 33:57-74. [PMID: 37435135 PMCID: PMC10331042 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Genome engineering has become more accessible thanks to the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing system. However, using this technology in synthetic organs called "organoids" is still very inefficient. This is due to the delivery methods for the CRISPR-Cas9 machinery, which include electroporation of CRISPR-Cas9 DNA, mRNA, or ribonucleoproteins containing the Cas9-gRNA complex. However, these procedures are quite toxic for the organoids. Here, we describe the use of the "nanoblade (NB)" technology, which outperformed by far gene-editing levels achieved to date for murine- and human tissue-derived organoids. We reached up to 75% of reporter gene knockout in organoids after treatment with NBs. Indeed, high-level NB-mediated knockout for the androgen receptor encoding gene and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene was achieved with single gRNA or dual gRNA containing NBs in murine prostate and colon organoids. Likewise, NBs achieved 20%-50% gene editing in human organoids. Most importantly, in contrast to other gene-editing methods, this was obtained without toxicity for the organoids. Only 4 weeks are required to obtain stable gene knockout in organoids and NBs simplify and allow rapid genome editing in organoids with little to no side effects including unwanted insertion/deletions in off-target sites thanks to transient Cas9/RNP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Tiroille
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France
- Equipe labélisée Ligue National Contre le Cancer, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrien Krug
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Emma Bokobza
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France
- Equipe labélisée Ligue National Contre le Cancer, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michel Kahi
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France
- Equipe labélisée Ligue National Contre le Cancer, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mattijs Bulcaen
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marjolein M. Ensinck
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten H. Geurts
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Delilah Hendriks
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Alejandra Gutierrez-Guerrero
- CIRI – International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Yu Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Indra Van Zundert
- Synthetic Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Susana Rocha
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Anne C. Rios
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Louise Medaer
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Gijsbers
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E. Mangeot
- CIRI – International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne S. Carlon
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Bost
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France
- Equipe labélisée Ligue National Contre le Cancer, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France
- CIRI – International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
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20
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Whitley JA, Cai H. Engineering extracellular vesicles to deliver CRISPR ribonucleoprotein for gene editing. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12343. [PMID: 37723839 PMCID: PMC10507228 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) is a gene editing tool with tremendous therapeutic potential. Recently, ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex-based CRISPR systems have gained momentum due to their reduction of off-target editing. This has coincided with the emergence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a therapeutic delivery vehicle due to its low immunogenicity and high capacity for manipulation. EVs are cell-derived membranous nanoparticles which mediate the intercellular transfer of molecular components. Current technologies achieve CRISPR RNP encapsulation into EVs through EVs biogenesis, thereby avoiding unnecessary physical, chemical or biological manipulations to the vesicles directly. Herein, we identify sixteen EVs-based CRISPR RNP encapsulation strategies, each with distinct genetic features to encapsulate CRISPR RNP. According to the molecular mechanism facilitating the encapsulation process, there are six strategies of encapsulating Cas9 RNP into virus-like particles based on genetic fusion, seven into EVs based on protein tethering, and three based on sgRNA-coupled encapsulation. Additionally, the incorporation of a targeting moiety to the EVs membrane surface through EVs biogenesis confers tropism and increases delivery efficiency to specific cell types. The targeting moieties include viral envelope proteins, recombinant proteins containing a ligand peptide, single-chain fragment variable (scFv) antibodies, and integrins. However, current strategies still have a number of limitations which prevent their use in clinical trials. Among those, the incorporation of viral proteins for encapsulation of Cas9 RNP have raised issues of biocompatibility due to host immune response. Future studies should focus on genetically engineering the EVs without viral proteins, enhancing EVs delivery specificity, and promoting EVs-based homology directed repair. Nevertheless, the integration of CRISPR RNP encapsulation and tropism technologies will provide strategies for the EVs-based delivery of CRISPR RNP in gene therapy and disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Andrew Whitley
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Houjian Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
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21
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Strebinger D, Frangieh CJ, Friedrich MJ, Faure G, Macrae RK, Zhang F. Cell type-specific delivery by modular envelope design. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5141. [PMID: 37612276 PMCID: PMC10447438 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40788-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The delivery of genetic cargo remains one of the largest obstacles to the successful translation of experimental therapies, in large part due to the absence of targetable delivery vectors. Enveloped delivery modalities use viral envelope proteins, which determine tropism and induce membrane fusion. Here we develop DIRECTED (Delivery to Intended REcipient Cells Through Envelope Design), a modular platform that consists of separate fusion and targeting components. To achieve high modularity and programmable cell type specificity, we develop multiple strategies to recruit or immobilize antibodies on the viral envelope, including a chimeric antibody binding protein and a SNAP-tag enabling the use of antibodies or other proteins as targeting molecules. Moreover, we show that fusogens from multiple viral families are compatible with DIRECTED and that DIRECTED components can target multiple delivery chassis (e.g., lentivirus and MMLV gag) to specific cell types, including primary human T cells in PBMCs and whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Strebinger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chris J Frangieh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mirco J Friedrich
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Guilhem Faure
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Rhiannon K Macrae
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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22
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Noguchi K, Ikawa Y, Takenaka M, Sakai Y, Fujiki T, Kuroda R, Chappell M, Ghiaccio V, Rivella S, Wada T. Protocol for a high titer of BaEV-Rless pseudotyped lentiviral vector: Focus on syncytium formation and detachment. J Virol Methods 2023; 314:114689. [PMID: 36739979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) gene therapy for DNA repair disorders, such as Fanconi anemia and Bloom syndrome, is challenging because of the induction of HSCs apoptosis by cytokine stimulation. Although the Baboon envelope pseudotyped lentiviral vector (BaEV-Rless-LV) has been reported as a non-stimulatory gene transfer tool, the virus titer of BaEV-Rless-LV is too low for use in clinical applications. Transfected 293 T cells with helper plasmids, including the BaEV-Rless plasmid, showed morphological changes, such as syncytium formation and detachment. To establish a novel protocol for producing a high titer of BaEV-Rless-LV, we optimized three aspects of a basic virus production protocol by focusing on modifying culture conditions and the use of reagents: the virus titer increased 3-fold when the amount of BaEV-Rless plasmid was increased 1.2-fold; the highest titer was obtained when the viral supernatant was harvested at 48-h post-transfection, despite complete syncytium formation and detachment of the 293 T cells; and the use of poly-L-lysine-coated culture plates to enhance the adhesion and proliferation of 293 T cells and prevent detachment doubled the titer. Collectively, our novel protocol resulted in a 10-fold titer increase compared to the basic protocol and may be useful in clinical applications for treating DNA repair disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Noguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan.
| | - Mika Takenaka
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Yuta Sakai
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Fujiki
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Rie Kuroda
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Maxwell Chappell
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, United States
| | - Valentina Ghiaccio
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, United States
| | - Stefano Rivella
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, United States
| | - Taizo Wada
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
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23
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Peek JL, Wilson MH. Cell and gene therapy for kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023:10.1038/s41581-023-00702-3. [PMID: 36973494 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00702-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Kidney disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the globe. Current interventions for kidney disease include dialysis and renal transplantation, which have limited efficacy or availability and are often associated with complications such as cardiovascular disease and immunosuppression. There is therefore a pressing need for novel therapies for kidney disease. Notably, as many as 30% of kidney disease cases are caused by monogenic disease and are thus potentially amenable to genetic medicine, such as cell and gene therapy. Systemic disease that affects the kidney, such as diabetes and hypertension, might also be targetable by cell and gene therapy. However, although there are now several approved gene and cell therapies for inherited diseases that affect other organs, none targets the kidney. Promising recent advances in cell and gene therapy have been made, including in the kidney research field, suggesting that this form of therapy might represent a potential solution for kidney disease in the future. In this Review, we describe the potential for cell and gene therapy in treating kidney disease, focusing on recent genetic studies, key advances and emerging technologies, and we describe several crucial considerations for renal genetic and cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Peek
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew H Wilson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Services, Nashville, TN, USA.
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24
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Unali G, Crivicich G, Pagani I, Abou‐Alezz M, Folchini F, Valeri E, Matafora V, Reisz JA, Giordano AMS, Cuccovillo I, Butta GM, Donnici L, D'Alessandro A, De Francesco R, Manganaro L, Cittaro D, Merelli I, Petrillo C, Bachi A, Vicenzi E, Kajaste‐Rudnitski A. Interferon‐inducible phospholipids govern
IFITM3
‐dependent endosomal antiviral immunity. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112234. [PMID: 36970857 PMCID: PMC10183820 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITM) are implicated in several biological processes, including antiviral defense, but their modes of action remain debated. Here, taking advantage of pseudotyped viral entry assays and replicating viruses, we uncover the requirement of host co-factors for endosomal antiviral inhibition through high-throughput proteomics and lipidomics in cellular models of IFITM restriction. Unlike plasma membrane (PM)-localized IFITM restriction that targets infectious SARS-CoV2 and other PM-fusing viral envelopes, inhibition of endosomal viral entry depends on lysines within the conserved IFITM intracellular loop. These residues recruit Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) that we show here to be required for endosomal IFITM activity. We identify PIP3 as an interferon-inducible phospholipid that acts as a rheostat for endosomal antiviral immunity. PIP3 levels correlated with the potency of endosomal IFITM restriction and exogenous PIP3 enhanced inhibition of endocytic viruses, including the recent SARS-CoV2 Omicron variant. Together, our results identify PIP3 as a critical regulator of endosomal IFITM restriction linking it to the Pi3K/Akt/mTORC pathway and elucidate cell-compartment-specific antiviral mechanisms with potential relevance for the development of broadly acting antiviral strategies.
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25
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Pastor S, Wicinski J, Charafe-Jauffret E, Verhoeyen E, Guittard G, Ginestier C. Production of CRISPRi-engineered primary human mammary epithelial cells with baboon envelope pseudotyped lentiviral vectors. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102055. [PMID: 36853718 PMCID: PMC9871349 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary human mammary epithelial cells (pHMECs) are known to be remarkably difficult to engineer genetically. Here, we present a protocol for efficient transduction of pHMECs using a baboon retroviral envelope glycoprotein for pseudotyping of lentiviral vectors (BaEV-LVs). We describe the preparation of the BaEV-LVs, the isolation of pHMECs from breast samples, and the subsequent transduction of pHMECs. We also detail the use of CRISPRi technology to efficiently silence gene expression in pHMECs, which can then be used for functional assays. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Richart et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Pastor
- CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, Immunity and Cancer Team, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Wicinski
- CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Lab, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Charafe-Jauffret
- CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Lab, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer, Marseille, France
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- C3M, Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, 06204 Nice, France; CIRI - International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Geoffrey Guittard
- CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, Immunity and Cancer Team, Marseille, France.
| | - Christophe Ginestier
- CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Lab, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer, Marseille, France.
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26
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Mazurov D, Ramadan L, Kruglova N. Packaging and Uncoating of CRISPR/Cas Ribonucleoproteins for Efficient Gene Editing with Viral and Non-Viral Extracellular Nanoparticles. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030690. [PMID: 36992399 PMCID: PMC10056905 DOI: 10.3390/v15030690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid progress in gene editing based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) has revolutionized functional genomic studies and genetic disease correction. While numerous gene editing applications have been easily adapted by experimental science, the clinical utility of CRISPR/Cas remains very limited due to difficulty in delivery to primary cells and possible off-target effects. The use of CRISPR in the form of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex substantially reduces the time of DNA exposure to the effector nuclease and minimizes its off-target activity. The traditional electroporation and lipofection methods lack the cell-type specificity of RNP delivery, can be toxic for cells, and are less efficient when compared to nanoparticle transporters. This review focuses on CRISPR/Cas RNP packaging and delivery using retro/lentiviral particles and exosomes. First, we briefly describe the natural stages of viral and exosomal particle formation, release and entry into the target cells. This helps us understand the mechanisms of CRISPR/Cas RNP packaging and uncoating utilized by the current delivery systems, which we discuss afterward. Much attention is given to the exosomes released during viral particle production that can be passively loaded with RNPs as well as the mechanisms necessary for particle fusion, RNP release, and transportation inside the target cells. Collectively, together with specific packaging mechanisms, all these factors can substantially influence the editing efficiency of the system. Finally, we discuss ways to improve CRISPR/Cas RNP delivery using extracellular nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Mazurov
- Cell and Gene Technology Group, Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: or
| | - Lama Ramadan
- Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Kruglova
- Cell and Gene Technology Group, Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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Bhoopalan SV, Yen JS, Levine RM, Sharma A. Editing human hematopoietic stem cells: advances and challenges. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:261-269. [PMID: 36123234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells is being developed for the treatment of several inherited disorders of the hematopoietic system. The adaptation of CRISPR-Cas9-based technologies to make precise changes to the genome, and developments in altering the specificity and efficiency, and improving the delivery of nucleases to target cells have led to several breakthroughs. Many clinical trials are ongoing, and several pre-clinical models have been reported that would allow these genetic therapies to one day offer a potential cure to patients with diseases where limited options currently exist. However, there remain several challenges with respect to establishing safety, expanding accessibility and improving the manufacturing processes of these therapeutic products. This review focuses on some of the recent advances in the field of genome editing of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and illustrates the ongoing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Velan Bhoopalan
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan S Yen
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rachel M Levine
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Akshay Sharma
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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28
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Host Cell Restriction Factors Blocking Efficient Vector Transduction: Challenges in Lentiviral and Adeno-Associated Vector Based Gene Therapies. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050732. [PMID: 36899868 PMCID: PMC10001033 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy relies on the delivery of genetic material to the patient's cells in order to provide a therapeutic treatment. Two of the currently most used and efficient delivery systems are the lentiviral (LV) and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. Gene therapy vectors must successfully attach, enter uncoated, and escape host restriction factors (RFs), before reaching the nucleus and effectively deliver the therapeutic genetic instructions to the cell. Some of these RFs are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells, while others are cell-specific, and others still are expressed only upon induction by danger signals as type I interferons. Cell restriction factors have evolved to protect the organism against infectious diseases and tissue damage. These restriction factors can be intrinsic, directly acting on the vector, or related with the innate immune response system, acting indirectly through the induction of interferons, but both are intertwined. The innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens and, as such cells derived from myeloid progenitors (but not only), are well equipped with RFs to detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In addition, some non-professional cells, such as epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, play major roles in pathogen recognition. Unsurprisingly, foreign DNA and RNA molecules are among the most detected PAMPs. Here, we review and discuss identified RFs that block LV and AAV vector transduction, hindering their therapeutic efficacy.
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29
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Colas C, Volodina O, Béland K, Pham TNQ, Li Y, Dallaire F, Soulard C, Lemieux W, Colamartino ABL, Tremblay-Laganière C, Dicaire R, Guimond J, Vobecky S, Poirier N, Patey N, Cohen ÉA, Haddad E. Generation of functional human T cell development in NOD/SCID/IL2rγ null humanized mice without using fetal tissue: Application as a model of HIV infection and persistence. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:597-612. [PMID: 36736326 PMCID: PMC9969074 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanization of mice with functional T cells currently relies on co-implantation of hematopoietic stem cells from fetal liver and autologous fetal thymic tissue (so-called BLT mouse model). Here, we show that NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull mice humanized with cord blood- derived CD34+ cells and implanted with allogeneic pediatric thymic tissues excised during cardiac surgeries (CCST) represent an alternative to BLT mice. CCST mice displayed a strong immune reconstitution, with functional T cells originating from CD34+ progenitor cells. They were equally susceptible to mucosal or intraperitoneal HIV infection and had significantly higher HIV-specific T cell responses. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) robustly suppressed viremia and reduced the frequencies of cells carrying integrated HIV DNA. As in BLT mice, we observed a complete viral rebound following ART interruption, suggesting the presence of HIV reservoirs. In conclusion, CCST mice represent a practical alternative to BLT mice, broadening the use of humanized mice for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Colas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Olga Volodina
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Kathie Béland
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Tram N Q Pham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Yuanyi Li
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Frédéric Dallaire
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Clara Soulard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - William Lemieux
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Aurélien B L Colamartino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Camille Tremblay-Laganière
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Renée Dicaire
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | | | - Suzanne Vobecky
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Nancy Poirier
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Natasha Patey
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pathology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Éric A Cohen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
| | - Elie Haddad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.
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30
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Efficient Redirection of NK Cells by Genetic Modification with Chemokine Receptors CCR4 and CCR2B. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043129. [PMID: 36834542 PMCID: PMC9967507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of lymphocytes that offer great potential for cancer immunotherapy due to their natural anti-tumor activity and the possibility to safely transplant cells from healthy donors to patients in a clinical setting. However, the efficacy of cell-based immunotherapies using both T and NK cells is often limited by a poor infiltration of immune cells into solid tumors. Importantly, regulatory immune cell subsets are frequently recruited to tumor sites. In this study, we overexpressed two chemokine receptors, CCR4 and CCR2B, that are naturally found on T regulatory cells and tumor-resident monocytes, respectively, on NK cells. Using the NK cell line NK-92 as well as primary NK cells from peripheral blood, we show that genetically engineered NK cells can be efficiently redirected using chemokine receptors from different immune cell lineages and migrate towards chemokines such as CCL22 or CCL2, without impairing the natural effector functions. This approach has the potential to enhance the therapeutic effect of immunotherapies in solid tumors by directing genetically engineered donor NK cells to tumor sites. As a future therapeutic option, the natural anti-tumor activity of NK cells at the tumor sites can be increased by co-expression of chemokine receptors with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) or T cell receptors (TCR) on NK cells can be performed in the future.
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31
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Drakopoulou E, Georgomanoli M, Lederer CW, Panetsos F, Kleanthous M, Voskaridou E, Valakos D, Papanikolaou E, Anagnou NP. The Optimized γ-Globin Lentiviral Vector GGHI-mB-3D Leads to Nearly Therapeutic HbF Levels In Vitro in CD34 + Cells from Sickle Cell Disease Patients. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122716. [PMID: 36560719 PMCID: PMC9783242 DOI: 10.3390/v14122716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that both the original γ-globin lentiviral vector (LV) GGHI and the optimized GGHI-mB-3D LV, carrying the novel regulatory elements of the 3D HPFH-1 enhancer and the 3' β-globin UTR, can significantly increase HbF production in thalassemic CD34+ cells and ameliorate the disease phenotype in vitro. In the present study, we investigated whether the GGHI-mB-3D vector can also exhibit an equally therapeutic effect, following the transduction of sickle cell disease (SCD) CD34+ cells at MOI 100, leading to HbF increase coupled with HbS decrease, and thus, to phenotype improvement in vitro. We show that GGHI-mB-3D LV can lead to high and potentially therapeutic HbF levels, reaching a mean 2-fold increase to a mean value of VCN/cell of 1.0 and a mean transduction efficiency of 55%. Furthermore, this increase was accompanied by a significant 1.6-fold HbS decrease, a beneficial therapeutic feature for SCD. In summary, our data demonstrate the efficacy of the optimized γ-globin lentiviral vector to improve the SCD phenotype in vitro, and highlights its potential use in future clinical SCD trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekati Drakopoulou
- Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 11527 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Georgomanoli
- Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 11527 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Carsten W. Lederer
- The Molecular Genetics Thalassemia Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2371 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Marina Kleanthous
- The Molecular Genetics Thalassemia Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2371 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ersi Voskaridou
- Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Disease Centre, Laiko General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Valakos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Papanikolaou
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Nicholas P. Anagnou
- Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 11527 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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32
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In Vivo Hematopoietic Stem Cell Genome Editing: Perspectives and Limitations. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122222. [PMID: 36553489 PMCID: PMC9778055 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The tremendous evolution of genome-editing tools in the last two decades has provided innovative and effective approaches for gene therapy of congenital and acquired diseases. Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator- like effector nucleases (TALENs) and CRISPR-Cas9 have been already applied by ex vivo hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy in genetic diseases (i.e., Hemoglobinopathies, Fanconi anemia and hereditary Immunodeficiencies) as well as infectious diseases (i.e., HIV), and the recent development of CRISPR-Cas9-based systems using base and prime editors as well as epigenome editors has provided safer tools for gene therapy. The ex vivo approach for gene addition or editing of HSCs, however, is complex, invasive, technically challenging, costly and not free of toxicity. In vivo gene addition or editing promise to transform gene therapy from a highly sophisticated strategy to a "user-friendly' approach to eventually become a broadly available, highly accessible and potentially affordable treatment modality. In the present review article, based on the lessons gained by more than 3 decades of ex vivo HSC gene therapy, we discuss the concept, the tools, the progress made and the challenges to clinical translation of in vivo HSC gene editing.
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33
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Wolff JH, Mikkelsen JG. Delivering genes with human immunodeficiency virus-derived vehicles: still state-of-the-art after 25 years. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:79. [PMID: 36209077 PMCID: PMC9548131 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are naturally endowed with the capacity to transfer genetic material between cells. Following early skepticism, engineered viruses have been used to transfer genetic information into thousands of patients, and genetic therapies are currently attracting large investments. Despite challenges and severe adverse effects along the way, optimized technologies and improved manufacturing processes are driving gene therapy toward clinical translation. Fueled by the outbreak of AIDS in the 1980s and the accompanying focus on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), lentiviral vectors derived from HIV have grown to become one of the most successful and widely used vector technologies. In 2022, this vector technology has been around for more than 25 years. Here, we celebrate the anniversary by portraying the vector system and its intriguing properties. We dive into the technology itself and recapitulate the use of lentiviral vectors for ex vivo gene transfer to hematopoietic stem cells and for production of CAR T-cells. Furthermore, we describe the adaptation of lentiviral vectors for in vivo gene delivery and cover the important contribution of lentiviral vectors to basic molecular research including their role as carriers of CRISPR genome editing technologies. Last, we dwell on the emerging capacity of lentiviral particles to package and transfer foreign proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Holst Wolff
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jacob Giehm Mikkelsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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34
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Soldierer M, Bister A, Haist C, Thivakaran A, Cengiz SC, Sendker S, Bartels N, Thomitzek A, Smorra D, Hejazi M, Uhrberg M, Scheckenbach K, Monzel C, Wiek C, Reinhardt D, Niktoreh N, Hanenberg H. Genetic Engineering and Enrichment of Human NK Cells for CAR-Enhanced Immunotherapy of Hematological Malignancies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:847008. [PMID: 35464442 PMCID: PMC9022481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.847008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The great clinical success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has unlocked new levels of immunotherapy for hematological malignancies. Genetically modifying natural killer (NK) cells as alternative CAR immune effector cells is also highly promising, as NK cells can be transplanted across HLA barriers without causing graft-versus-host disease. Therefore, off-the-shelf usage of CAR NK cell products might allow to widely expand the clinical indications and to limit the costs of treatment per patient. However, in contrast to T cells, manufacturing suitable CAR NK cell products is challenging, as standard techniques for genetically engineering NK cells are still being defined. In this study, we have established optimal lentiviral transduction of primary human NK cells by systematically testing different internal promoters for lentiviral CAR vectors and comparing lentiviral pseudotypes and viral entry enhancers. We have additionally modified CAR constructs recognizing standard target antigens for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapy—CD19, CD33, and CD123—to harbor a CD34-derived hinge region that allows efficient detection of transduced NK cells in vitro and in vivo and also facilitates CD34 microbead-assisted selection of CAR NK cell products to >95% purity for potential clinical usage. Importantly, as most leukemic blasts are a priori immunogenic for activated primary human NK cells, we developed an in vitro system that blocks the activating receptors NKG2D, DNAM-1, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, and NKp80 on these cells and therefore allows systematic testing of the specific killing of CAR NK cells against ALL and AML cell lines and primary AML blasts. Finally, we evaluated in an ALL xenotransplantation model in NOD/SCID-gamma (NSG) mice whether human CD19 CAR NK cells directed against the CD19+ blasts are relying on soluble or membrane-bound IL15 production for NK cell persistence and also in vivo leukemia control. Hence, our study provides important insights into the generation of pure and highly active allogeneic CAR NK cells, thereby advancing adoptive cellular immunotherapy with CAR NK cells for human malignancies further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Soldierer
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Arthur Bister
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Corinna Haist
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aniththa Thivakaran
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sevgi Can Cengiz
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Sendker
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nina Bartels
- Department of Experimental Medical Physics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Antonia Thomitzek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Denise Smorra
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Maryam Hejazi
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Uhrberg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kathrin Scheckenbach
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Cornelia Monzel
- Department of Experimental Medical Physics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhardt
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Naghmeh Niktoreh
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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35
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Hejazi M, Zhang C, Bennstein SB, Balz V, Reusing SB, Quadflieg M, Hoerster K, Heinrichs S, Hanenberg H, Oberbeck S, Nitsche M, Cramer S, Pfeifer R, Oberoi P, Rühl H, Oldenburg J, Brossart P, Horn PA, Babor F, Wels WS, Fischer JC, Möker N, Uhrberg M. CD33 Delineates Two Functionally Distinct NK Cell Populations Divergent in Cytokine Production and Antibody-Mediated Cellular Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2022; 12:798087. [PMID: 35058934 PMCID: PMC8764454 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.798087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation and expansion of functionally competent NK cells in vitro is of great interest for their application in immunotherapy of cancer. Since CD33 constitutes a promising target for immunotherapy of myeloid malignancies, NK cells expressing a CD33-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) were generated. Unexpectedly, we noted that CD33-CAR NK cells could not be efficiently expanded in vitro due to a fratricide-like process in which CD33-CAR NK cells killed other CD33-CAR NK cells that had upregulated CD33 in culture. This upregulation was dependent on the stimulation protocol and encompassed up to 50% of NK cells including CD56dim NK cells that do generally not express CD33 in vivo. RNAseq analysis revealed that upregulation of CD33+ NK cells was accompanied by a unique transcriptional signature combining features of canonical CD56bright (CD117high, CD16low) and CD56dim NK cells (high expression of granzyme B and perforin). CD33+ NK cells exhibited significantly higher mobilization of cytotoxic granula and comparable levels of cytotoxicity against different leukemic target cells compared to the CD33- subset. Moreover, CD33+ NK cells showed superior production of IFNγ and TNFα, whereas CD33- NK cells exerted increased antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In summary, the study delineates a novel functional divergence between NK cell subsets upon in vitro stimulation that is marked by CD33 expression. By choosing suitable stimulation protocols, it is possible to preferentially generate CD33+ NK cells combining efficient target cell killing and cytokine production, or alternatively CD33- NK cells, which produce less cytokines but are more efficient in antibody-dependent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hejazi
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Sabrina B Bennstein
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vera Balz
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sarah B Reusing
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Keven Hoerster
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Heinrichs
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Oberbeck
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcus Nitsche
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Sophie Cramer
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Rita Pfeifer
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Pranav Oberoi
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Heiko Rühl
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Brossart
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter A Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Babor
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Winfried S Wels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Johannes C Fischer
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nina Möker
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Markus Uhrberg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Importance of T, NK, CAR T and CAR NK Cell Metabolic Fitness for Effective Anti-Cancer Therapy: A Continuous Learning Process Allowing the Optimization of T, NK and CAR-Based Anti-Cancer Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010183. [PMID: 35008348 PMCID: PMC8782435 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer treatments are evolving at a very rapid pace. Some of the most novel anti-cancer medicines under development rely on the modification of immune cells in order to transform them into potent tumor-killing cells. However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) is competing for nutrients with these harnessed immune cells and therefore paralyzes their metabolic effective and active anti-cancer activities. Here we describe strategies to overcome these hurdles imposed on immune cell activity, which lead to therapeutic approaches to enhance metabolic fitness of the patient’s immune system with the objective to improve their anti-cancer capacity. Abstract Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T and CAR NK cell therapies opened new avenues for cancer treatment. Although original successes of CAR T and CAR NK cells for the treatment of hematological malignancies were extraordinary, several obstacles have since been revealed, in particular their use for the treatment of solid cancers. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is competing for nutrients with T and NK cells and their CAR-expressing counterparts, paralyzing their metabolic effective and active states. Consequently, this can lead to alterations in their anti-tumoral capacity and persistence in vivo. High glucose uptake and the depletion of key amino acids by the TME can deprive T and NK cells of energy and building blocks, which turns them into a state of anergy, where they are unable to exert cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. This is especially true in the context of an immune-suppressive TME. In order to re-invigorate the T, NK, CAR T and CAR NK cell-mediated antitumor response, the field is now attempting to understand how metabolic pathways might change T and NK responses and functions, as well as those from their CAR-expressing partners. This revealed ways to metabolically rewire these cells by using metabolic enhancers or optimizing pre-infusion in vitro cultures of these cells. Importantly, next-generation CAR T and CAR NK products might include in the future the necessary metabolic requirements by improving their design, manufacturing process and other parameters. This will allow the overcoming of current limitations due to their interaction with the suppressive TME. In a clinical setting, this might improve their anti-cancer effector activity in synergy with immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss how the tumor cells and TME interfere with T and NK cell metabolic requirements. This may potentially lead to therapeutic approaches that enhance the metabolic fitness of CAR T and CAR NK cells, with the objective to improve their anti-cancer capacity.
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Efficient adoptive transfer of autologous modified B cells: a new humanized platform mouse model for testing B cells reprogramming therapies. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:1771-1775. [PMID: 34748076 PMCID: PMC9188505 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report a novel experimental setup to perform adoptive transfer of gene-edited B cells using humanized immune system mice by infusing autologous HIS mouse-derived human B cells “educated” in a murine context and thus rendered tolerant to the host. The present approach presents two advantages over the conventional humanized PBMC mouse models: (i) it circumvents the risk of xenogeneic graft-versus-host reaction and (ii) it mimics more closely human immune responses, thus favoring clinical translation. We show that the frequencies and numbers of transduced B cells in recipient’s spleens one week post-transfer are within the range of the size of the pre-immune B cell population specific for a given protein antigen in the mouse. They are also compatible with the B cell numbers required to elicit a sizeable immune response upon immunization. Altogether, our findings pave the way for future studies aiming at assessing therapeutic interventions involving B cell reprogramming for instance by an antibody transgene in a “humanized” hematopoietic setting.
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38
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Gutierrez-Guerrero A, Abrey Recalde MJ, Mangeot PE, Costa C, Bernadin O, Périan S, Fusil F, Froment G, Martinez-Turtos A, Krug A, Martin F, Benabdellah K, Ricci EP, Giovannozzi S, Gijsbers R, Ayuso E, Cosset FL, Verhoeyen E. Baboon Envelope Pseudotyped "Nanoblades" Carrying Cas9/gRNA Complexes Allow Efficient Genome Editing in Human T, B, and CD34 + Cells and Knock-in of AAV6-Encoded Donor DNA in CD34 + Cells. Front Genome Ed 2021; 3:604371. [PMID: 34713246 PMCID: PMC8525375 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2021.604371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmable nucleases have enabled rapid and accessible genome engineering in eukaryotic cells and living organisms. However, their delivery into human blood cells can be challenging. Here, we have utilized "nanoblades," a new technology that delivers a genomic cleaving agent into cells. These are modified murine leukemia virus (MLV) or HIV-derived virus-like particle (VLP), in which the viral structural protein Gag has been fused to Cas9. These VLPs are thus loaded with Cas9 protein complexed with the guide RNAs. Highly efficient gene editing was obtained in cell lines, IPS and primary mouse and human cells. Here, we showed that nanoblades were remarkably efficient for entry into human T, B, and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) thanks to their surface co-pseudotyping with baboon retroviral and VSV-G envelope glycoproteins. A brief incubation of human T and B cells with nanoblades incorporating two gRNAs resulted in 40 and 15% edited deletion in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) gene locus, respectively. CD34+ cells (HSPCs) treated with the same nanoblades allowed 30-40% exon 1 drop-out in the WAS gene locus. Importantly, no toxicity was detected upon nanoblade-mediated gene editing of these blood cells. Finally, we also treated HSPCs with nanoblades in combination with a donor-encoding rAAV6 vector resulting in up to 40% of stable expression cassette knock-in into the WAS gene locus. Summarizing, this new technology is simple to implement, shows high flexibility for different targets including primary immune cells of human and murine origin, is relatively inexpensive and therefore gives important prospects for basic and clinical translation in the area of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Gutierrez-Guerrero
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Maria Jimena Abrey Recalde
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratory of Lentiviral Vectors and Gene Therapy, University Institute of Italian Hospital, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Philippe E Mangeot
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Costa
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ornellie Bernadin
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Séverine Périan
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Floriane Fusil
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gisèle Froment
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Adrien Krug
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, Nice, France
| | - Francisco Martin
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Genomic Medicine Department, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - Karim Benabdellah
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Genomic Medicine Department, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - Emiliano P Ricci
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell (LBMC), Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon), Université Claude Bernard, Inserm, U1210, CNRS, UMR5239, Lyon, France
| | - Simone Giovannozzi
- Laboratory for Viral Vector Technology & Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Gijsbers
- Laboratory for Viral Vector Technology & Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eduard Ayuso
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - François-Loïc Cosset
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, Nice, France
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39
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Page A, Hubert J, Fusil F, Cosset FL. Exploiting B Cell Transfer for Cancer Therapy: Engineered B Cells to Eradicate Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9991. [PMID: 34576154 PMCID: PMC8468294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, cancers still represent a significant health burden, accounting for around 10 million deaths per year, due to ageing populations and inefficient treatments for some refractory cancers. Immunotherapy strategies that modulate the patient's immune system have emerged as good treatment options. Among them, the adoptive transfer of B cells selected ex vivo showed promising results, with a reduction in tumor growth in several cancer mouse models, often associated with antitumoral immune responses. Aside from the benefits of their intrinsic properties, including antigen presentation, antibody secretion, homing and long-term persistence, B cells can be modified prior to reinfusion to increase their therapeutic role. For instance, B cells have been modified mainly to boost their immuno-stimulatory activation potential by forcing the expression of costimulatory ligands using defined culture conditions or gene insertion. Moreover, tumor-specific antigen presentation by infused B cells has been increased by ex vivo antigen loading (peptides, RNA, DNA, virus) or by the sorting/ engineering of B cells with a B cell receptor specific to tumor antigens. Editing of the BCR also rewires B cell specificity toward tumor antigens, and may trigger, upon antigen recognition, the secretion of antitumor antibodies by differentiated plasma cells that can then be recognized by other immune components or cells involved in tumor clearance by antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity or complement-dependent cytotoxicity for example. With the expansion of gene editing methodologies, new strategies to reprogram immune cells with whole synthetic circuits are being explored: modified B cells can sense disease-specific biomarkers and, in response, trigger the expression of therapeutic molecules, such as molecules that counteract the tumoral immunosuppressive microenvironment. Such strategies remain in their infancy for implementation in B cells, but are likely to expand in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - François-Loïc Cosset
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, F-69007 Lyon, France; (A.P.); (J.H.); (F.F.)
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40
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Amendola M, Bedel A, Buj-Bello A, Carrara M, Concordet JP, Frati G, Gilot D, Giovannangeli C, Gutierrez-Guerrero A, Laurent M, Miccio A, Moreau-Gaudry F, Sourd C, Valton J, Verhoeyen E. Recent Progress in Genome Editing for Gene Therapy Applications: The French Perspective. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:1059-1075. [PMID: 34494480 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in genome editing tools, especially novel developments in the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated to Cas9 nucleases (CRISPR/Cas9)-derived editing machinery, have revolutionized not only basic science but, importantly, also the gene therapy field. Their flexibility and ability to introduce precise modifications in the genome to disrupt or correct genes or insert expression cassettes in safe harbors in the genome underline their potential applications as a medicine of the future to cure many genetic diseases. In this review, we give an overview of the recent progress made by French researchers in the field of therapeutic genome editing, while putting their work in the general context of advances made in the field. We focus on recent hematopoietic stem cell gene editing strategies for blood diseases affecting the red blood cells or blood coagulation as well as lysosomal storage diseases. We report on a genome editing-based therapy for muscular dystrophy and the potency of T cell gene editing to increase anticancer activity of chimeric antigen receptor T cells to combat cancer. We will also discuss technical obstacles and side effects such as unwanted editing activity that need to be surmounted on the way toward a clinical implementation of genome editing. We propose here improvements developed today, including by French researchers to overcome the editing-related genotoxicity and improve editing precision by the use of novel recombinant nuclease-based systems such as nickases, base editors, and prime editors. Finally, a solution is proposed to resolve the cellular toxicity induced by the systems employed for gene editing machinery delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Amendola
- Genethon, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, Evry, France
| | - Aurélie Bedel
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France.,Biochemistry Laboratory, University Hospital Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ana Buj-Bello
- Genethon, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, Evry, France
| | - Mathieu Carrara
- Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Inserm U1154, CNRS UMR 7196, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Concordet
- Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Inserm U1154, CNRS UMR 7196, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Regulation During Development, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - David Gilot
- Inserm U1242, Université de Rennes, Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Carine Giovannangeli
- Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Inserm U1154, CNRS UMR 7196, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Alejandra Gutierrez-Guerrero
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marine Laurent
- Genethon, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, Evry, France
| | - Annarita Miccio
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Regulation During Development, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - François Moreau-Gaudry
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France.,Biochemistry Laboratory, University Hospital Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Célia Sourd
- Genethon, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, Evry, France
| | | | - Els Verhoeyen
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, Nice, France
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41
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Efficient Pseudotyping of Different Retroviral Vectors Using a Novel, Codon-Optimized Gene for Chimeric GALV Envelope. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081471. [PMID: 34452336 PMCID: PMC8402753 DOI: 10.3390/v13081471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus envelope protein (GALV-Env) mediates efficient transduction of human cells, particularly primary B and T lymphocytes, and is therefore of great interest in gene therapy. Using internal domains from murine leukemia viruses (MLV), chimeric GALV-Env proteins such as GALV-C4070A were derived, which allow pseudotyping of lentiviral vectors. In order to improve expression efficiency and vector titers, we developed a codon-optimized (co) variant of GALV-C4070A (coGALV-Env). We found that coGALV-Env mediated efficient pseudotyping not only of γ-retroviral and lentiviral vectors, but also α-retroviral vectors. The obtained titers on HEK293T cells were equal to those with the classical GALV-Env, whereas the required plasmid amounts for transient vector production were significantly lower, namely, 20 ng coGALV-Env plasmid per 106 293T producer cells. Importantly, coGALV-Env-pseudotyped γ- and α-retroviral, as well as lentiviral vectors, mediated efficient transduction of primary human T cells. We propose that the novel chimeric coGALV-Env gene will be very useful for the efficient production of high-titer vector preparations, e.g., to equip human T cells with novel specificities using transgenic TCRs or CARs. The considerably lower amount of plasmid needed might also result in a significant cost advantage for good manufacturing practice (GMP) vector production based on transient transfection.
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42
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Nissim-Eliraz E, Nir E, Marsiano N, Yagel S, Shpigel NY. NF-kappa-B activation unveils the presence of inflammatory hotspots in human gut xenografts. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243010. [PMID: 33939711 PMCID: PMC8092666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The single-epithelial cell layer of the gut mucosa serves as an essential barrier between the host and luminal microflora and plays a major role in innate immunity against invading pathogens. Nuclear factor kB (NF-κB), a central component of the cellular signaling machinery, regulates immune response and inflammation. NF-κB proteins are activated by signaling pathways downstream to microbial recognition receptors and cytokines receptors. Highly regulated NF-κB activity in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) is essential for normal gut homeostasis; dysregulated activity has been linked to a number of disease states, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn's Disease (CD). Our aim was to visualize and quantify spatial and temporal dynamics of NF-κB activity in steady state and inflamed human gut. Lentivirus technology was used to transduce the IEC of human gut xenografts in SCID mice with a NF-κB luminescence reporter system. NF-κB signaling was visualized and quantified using low resolution, intravital imaging of the whole body and high resolution, immunofluorescence microscopic imaging of the tissues. We show that NF-κB is activated in select subset of IEC with low "leaky" NF-κB activity. These unique inflammatory epithelial cells are clustered in the gut into discrete hotspots of NF-κB activity that are visible in steady state and selectively activated by systemic LPS and human TNFα or luminal bacteria. The presence of inflammatory hotspots in the normal and inflamed gut might explain the patchy mucosal lesions characterizing CD and thus could have important implications for diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Nissim-Eliraz
- Department of Basic Sciences, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eilam Nir
- Department of Basic Sciences, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noga Marsiano
- Department of Basic Sciences, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Simcha Yagel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nahum Y. Shpigel
- Department of Basic Sciences, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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43
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Weulersse M, Asrir A, Pichler AC, Lemaitre L, Braun M, Carrié N, Joubert MV, Le Moine M, Do Souto L, Gaud G, Das I, Brauns E, Scarlata CM, Morandi E, Sundarrajan A, Cuisinier M, Buisson L, Maheo S, Kassem S, Agesta A, Pérès M, Verhoeyen E, Martinez A, Mazieres J, Dupré L, Gossye T, Pancaldi V, Guillerey C, Ayyoub M, Dejean AS, Saoudi A, Goriely S, Avet-Loiseau H, Bald T, Smyth MJ, Martinet L. Eomes-Dependent Loss of the Co-activating Receptor CD226 Restrains CD8 + T Cell Anti-tumor Functions and Limits the Efficacy of Cancer Immunotherapy. Immunity 2021; 53:824-839.e10. [PMID: 33053331 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) are exposed to various signals that ultimately determine functional outcomes. Here, we examined the role of the co-activating receptor CD226 (DNAM-1) in CD8+ T cell function. The absence of CD226 expression identified a subset of dysfunctional CD8+ T cells present in peripheral blood of healthy individuals. These cells exhibited reduced LFA-1 activation, altered TCR signaling, and a distinct transcriptomic program upon stimulation. CD226neg CD8+ T cells accumulated in human and mouse tumors of diverse origin through an antigen-specific mechanism involving the transcriptional regulator Eomesodermin (Eomes). Despite similar expression of co-inhibitory receptors, CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte failed to respond to anti-PD-1 in the absence of CD226. Immune checkpoint blockade efficacy was hampered in Cd226-/- mice. Anti-CD137 (4-1BB) agonists also stimulated Eomes-dependent CD226 loss that limited the anti-tumor efficacy of this treatment. Thus, CD226 loss restrains CD8+ T cell function and limits the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Weulersse
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Assia Asrir
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Andrea C Pichler
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Lea Lemaitre
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Matthias Braun
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nadège Carrié
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Véronique Joubert
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer, CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Le Moine
- UCR-I (ULB Centre for Research in Immunology), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Gosselies, 6041 Belgium
| | - Laura Do Souto
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer, CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Gaud
- Centre de physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Indrajit Das
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elisa Brauns
- UCR-I (ULB Centre for Research in Immunology), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Gosselies, 6041 Belgium
| | - Clara M Scarlata
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer, CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Elena Morandi
- Centre de physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Marine Cuisinier
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer, CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Laure Buisson
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer, CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Sabrina Maheo
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer, CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Sahar Kassem
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Arantxa Agesta
- Centre de physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Michaël Pérès
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer, CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, Nice, France; Centre international de recherche en infectiologie (CIRI), Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Alejandra Martinez
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer, CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Mazieres
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer, CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Loïc Dupré
- Centre de physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, UPS, Toulouse, France; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gossye
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Vera Pancaldi
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Camille Guillerey
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maha Ayyoub
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer, CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Anne S Dejean
- Centre de physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Abdelhadi Saoudi
- Centre de physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Stanislas Goriely
- UCR-I (ULB Centre for Research in Immunology), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Gosselies, 6041 Belgium
| | - Hervé Avet-Loiseau
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer, CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Tobias Bald
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ludovic Martinet
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer, CHU Toulouse, France.
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Alhakamy NA, Curiel DT, Berkland CJ. The era of gene therapy: From preclinical development to clinical application. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1602-1619. [PMID: 33781953 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Three decades of promise have culminated in the development of gene therapies that can be applied to a broad range of human diseases. After a brief history, we provide an overview of gene therapy types and delivery methods, gene editing technologies, regulatory affairs, clinical trials, approved products, ongoing challenges, and future goals. Information on clinical trials of candidates and on approved products for gene therapy developed between 1988 and 2020 is systematically collated. To obtain this global information, we scanned and reviewed more than 46,000 records of clinical trials from 17 clinical trial database providers. The medical benefits of transformative gene therapies are gradually being accepted by payors, and a significant increase in the number of gene therapy clinical trials and approved gene therapy products has resulted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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Perry C, Rayat ACME. Lentiviral Vector Bioprocessing. Viruses 2021; 13:268. [PMID: 33572347 PMCID: PMC7916122 DOI: 10.3390/v13020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are potent tools for the delivery of genes of interest into mammalian cells and are now commonly utilised within the growing field of cell and gene therapy for the treatment of monogenic diseases and adoptive therapies such as chimeric antigen T-cell (CAR-T) therapy. This is a comprehensive review of the individual bioprocess operations employed in LV production. We highlight the role of envelope proteins in vector design as well as their impact on the bioprocessing of lentiviral vectors. An overview of the current state of these operations provides opportunities for bioprocess discovery and improvement with emphasis on the considerations for optimal and scalable processing of LV during development and clinical production. Upstream culture for LV generation is described with comparisons on the different transfection methods and various bioreactors for suspension and adherent producer cell cultivation. The purification of LV is examined, evaluating different sequences of downstream process operations for both small- and large-scale production requirements. For scalable operations, a key focus is the development in chromatographic purification in addition to an in-depth examination of the application of tangential flow filtration. A summary of vector quantification and characterisation assays is also presented. Finally, the assessment of the whole bioprocess for LV production is discussed to benefit from the broader understanding of potential interactions of the different process options. This review is aimed to assist in the achievement of high quality, high concentration lentiviral vectors from robust and scalable processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Perry
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Andrea C. M. E. Rayat
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
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Hoerster K, Uhrberg M, Wiek C, Horn PA, Hanenberg H, Heinrichs S. HLA Class I Knockout Converts Allogeneic Primary NK Cells Into Suitable Effectors for "Off-the-Shelf" Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 11:586168. [PMID: 33584651 PMCID: PMC7878547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunotherapy using chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) so far has almost exclusively used autologous peripheral blood-derived T cells as immune effector cells. However, harvesting sufficient numbers of T cells is often challenging in heavily pre-treated patients with malignancies and perturbed hematopoiesis and perturbed hematopoiesis. Also, such a CAR product will always be specific for the individual patient. In contrast, NK cell infusions can be performed in non-HLA-matched settings due to the absence of alloreactivity of these innate immune cells. Still, the infused NK cells are subject to recognition and rejection by the patient's immune system, thereby limiting their life-span in vivo and undermining the possibility for multiple infusions. Here, we designed genome editing and advanced lentiviral transduction protocols to render primary human NK cells unsusceptible/resistant to an allogeneic response by the recipient's CD8+ T cells. After knocking-out surface expression of HLA class I molecules by targeting the B2M gene via CRISPR/Cas9, we also co-expressed a single-chain HLA-E molecule, thereby preventing NK cell fratricide of B2M-knockout (KO) cells via "missing self"-induced lysis. Importantly, these genetically engineered NK cells were functionally indistinguishable from their unmodified counterparts with regard to their phenotype and their natural cytotoxicity towards different AML cell lines. In co-culture assays, B2M-KO NK cells neither induced immune responses of allogeneic T cells nor re-activated allogeneic T cells which had been expanded/primed using irradiated PBMNCs of the respective NK cell donor. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of genome editing in primary allogeneic NK cells to diminish their recognition and killing by mismatched T cells and is an important prerequisite for using non-HLA-matched primary human NK cells as readily available, "off-the-shelf" immune effectors for a variety of immunotherapy indications in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keven Hoerster
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Uhrberg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head/Neck Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter A. Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Essen, Germany
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head/Neck Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children’s Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Heinrichs
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Essen, Germany
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Cannon P, Asokan A, Czechowicz A, Hammond P, Kohn DB, Lieber A, Malik P, Marks P, Porteus M, Verhoeyen E, Weissman D, Weissman I, Kiem HP. Safe and Effective In Vivo Targeting and Gene Editing in Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Strategies for Accelerating Development. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:31-42. [PMID: 33427035 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
On May 11, 2020, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (Gates Foundation) held an exploratory expert scientific roundtable to inform an NIH-Gates Foundation collaboration on the development of scalable, sustainable, and accessible HIV and sickle cell disease (SCD) therapies based on in vivo gene editing of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). A particular emphasis was on how such therapies could be developed for low-resource settings in sub-Saharan Africa. Paula Cannon, PhD, of the University of Southern California and Hans-Peter Kiem, MD, PhD, of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center served as roundtable cochairs. Welcoming remarks were provided by the leadership of NIH, NHLBI, and BMGF, who cited the importance of assessing the state of the science and charting a path toward finding safe, effective, and durable gene-based therapies for HIV and SCD. These remarks were followed by three sessions in which participants heard presentations on and discussed the therapeutic potential of modified HSCs, leveraging HSC biology and differentiation, and in vivo HSC targeting approaches. This roundtable serves as the beginning of an ongoing discussion among NIH, the Gates Foundation, research and patient communities, and the public at large. As this collaboration progresses, these communities will be engaged as we collectively navigate the complex scientific and ethical issues surrounding in vivo HSC targeting and editing. Summarized excerpts from each of the presentations are given hereunder, reflecting the individual views and perspectives of each presenter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Cannon
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Paula Hammond
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Donald B Kohn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andre Lieber
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Punam Malik
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter Marks
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Els Verhoeyen
- CIRI, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Irving Weissman
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine; Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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48
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Mantesso S, Geerts D, Spanholtz J, Kučerová L. Genetic Engineering of Natural Killer Cells for Enhanced Antitumor Function. Front Immunol 2020; 11:607131. [PMID: 33391277 PMCID: PMC7772419 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are unique immune cells capable of efficient killing of infected and transformed cells. Indeed, NK cell-based therapies induced response against hematological malignancies in the absence of adverse toxicity in clinical trials. Nevertheless, adoptive NK cell therapies are reported to have exhibited poor outcome against many solid tumors. This can be mainly attributed to limited infiltration of NK cells into solid tumors, downregulation of target antigens on the tumor cells, or suppression by the chemokines and secreted factors present within the tumor microenvironment. Several methods for genetic engineering of NK cells were established and consistently improved over the last decade, leading to the generation of novel NK cell products with enhanced anti-tumor activity and improved tumor homing. New generations of engineered NK cells are developed to better target refractory tumors and/or to overcome inhibitory tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes recent improvements in approaches to NK cell genetic engineering and strategies implemented to enhance NK cell effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mantesso
- Research and Development, Glycostem Therapeutics, Oss, Netherlands
| | - Dirk Geerts
- Research and Development, Glycostem Therapeutics, Oss, Netherlands
| | - Jan Spanholtz
- Research and Development, Glycostem Therapeutics, Oss, Netherlands
| | - Lucia Kučerová
- Research and Development, Glycostem Therapeutics, Oss, Netherlands
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49
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Page A, Fusil F, Cosset FL. Toward Tightly Tuned Gene Expression Following Lentiviral Vector Transduction. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121427. [PMID: 33322556 PMCID: PMC7764518 DOI: 10.3390/v12121427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are versatile tools for gene delivery purposes. While in the earlier versions of retroviral vectors, transgene expression was controlled by the long terminal repeats (LTRs), the latter generations of vectors, including those derived from lentiviruses, incorporate internal constitutive or regulated promoters in order to regulate transgene expression. This allows to temporally and/or quantitatively control transgene expression, which is required for many applications such as for clinical applications, when transgene expression is required in specific tissues and at a specific timing. Here we review the main systems that have been developed for transgene regulated expression following lentiviral gene transfer. First, the induction of gene expression can be triggered either by external or by internal cues. Indeed, these regulated vector systems may harbor promoters inducible by exogenous stimuli, such as small molecules (e.g., antibiotics) or temperature variations, offering the possibility to tune rapidly transgene expression in case of adverse events. Second, expression can be indirectly adjusted by playing on inserted sequence copies, for instance by gene excision. Finally, synthetic networks can be developed to sense specific endogenous signals and trigger defined responses after information processing. Regulatable lentiviral vectors (LV)-mediated transgene expression systems have been widely used in basic research to uncover gene functions or to temporally reprogram cells. Clinical applications are also under development to induce therapeutic molecule secretion or to implement safety switches. Such regulatable approaches are currently focusing much attention and will benefit from the development of other technologies in order to launch autonomously controlled systems.
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50
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Naeimi Kararoudi M, Tullius BP, Chakravarti N, Pomeroy EJ, Moriarity BS, Beland K, Colamartino ABL, Haddad E, Chu Y, Cairo MS, Lee DA. Genetic and epigenetic modification of human primary NK cells for enhanced antitumor activity. Semin Hematol 2020; 57:201-212. [PMID: 33256913 PMCID: PMC7809645 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy using genetically modified immune cells such as those expressing chimeric antigen receptors has shown dramatic outcomes in patients with refractory and relapsed malignancies. Natural killer (NK) cells as a member of the innate immune system, possessing both anticancer (cytotoxic) and proinflammatory (cytokine) responses to cancers and rare off-target toxicities have great potential for a wide range of cancer therapeutic settings. Therefore, improving NK cell antitumor activity through genetic modification is of high interest in the field of cancer immunotherapy. However, gene manipulation in primary NK cells has been challenging because of broad resistance to many genetic modification methods that work well in T cells. Here we review recent successful approaches for genetic and epigenetic modification of NK cells including epigenetic remodeling, transposons, mRNA-mediated gene delivery, lentiviruses, and CRISPR gene targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meisam Naeimi Kararoudi
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute of Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Brian P Tullius
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute of Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Nitin Chakravarti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emily J Pomeroy
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Kathie Beland
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Elie Haddad
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yaya Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Dean A Lee
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute of Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
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