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Stepanova M, Nikiforov A, Tennikova T, Korzhikova-Vlakh E. Polypeptide-Based Systems: From Synthesis to Application in Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2641. [PMID: 38004619 PMCID: PMC10674432 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic polypeptides are biocompatible and biodegradable macromolecules whose composition and architecture can vary over a wide range. Their unique ability to form secondary structures, as well as different pathways of modification and biofunctionalization due to the diversity of amino acids, provide variation in the physicochemical and biological properties of polypeptide-containing materials. In this review article, we summarize the advances in the synthesis of polypeptides and their copolymers and the application of these systems for drug delivery in the form of (nano)particles or hydrogels. The issues, such as the diversity of polypeptide-containing (nano)particle types, the methods for their preparation and drug loading, as well as the influence of physicochemical characteristics on stability, degradability, cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, hemolysis, and immunogenicity of polypeptide-containing nanoparticles and their drug formulations, are comprehensively discussed. Finally, recent advances in the development of certain drug nanoformulations for peptides, proteins, gene delivery, cancer therapy, and antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory systems are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Stepanova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Alexey Nikiforov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Tatiana Tennikova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskiy pr. 26, Petergof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgenia Korzhikova-Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (A.N.)
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2
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Xiao Q, Li X, Liu C, Jiang Y, He Y, Zhang W, Azevedo HS, Wu W, Xia Y, He W. Improving cancer immunotherapy via co-delivering checkpoint blockade and thrombospondin-1 downregulator. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3503-3517. [PMID: 37655330 PMCID: PMC10465872 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of checkpoint-blockade antibodies is still restricted in several malignancies due to the modest efficacy, despite considerable success in anti-tumor immunotherapy. The poor response of cancer cells to immune destruction is an essential contributor to the failure of checkpoint therapy. We hypothesized that combining checkpoint therapy with natural-product chemosensitizer could enhance immune response. Herein, a targeted diterpenoid derivative was integrated with the checkpoint blockade (anti-CTLA-4) to improve immunotherapy using thermosensitive liposomes as carriers. In vivo, the liposomes enabled the co-delivery of the two drug payloads into the tumor. Consequently, the regulatory T cell proliferation was restrained, the cytotoxic T cell infiltration was enhanced, and the profound immunotherapeutic effect was achieved. In addition, the immunotherapeutic effect of another clinically used checkpoint antibody, anti-PD-1, also benefited from the diterpenoid derivative. Of note, our mechanism study revealed that the targeted diterpenoid derivative increased the sensitivity of cancer cells to immune attack via THBS1 downregulation and the resultant destruction of THBS1-CD47 interaction. Collectively, co-delivering THBS1 inhibitor and checkpoint blockade is promising to boost cancer immunotherapy. We first time discovered that THBS1 suppression could strengthen checkpoint therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yuxin Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yonglong He
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wanting Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Helena S. Azevedo
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Wei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuanzheng Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei He
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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3
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Gholami L, Mahmoudi A, Kazemi Oskuee R, Malaekeh-Nikouei B. An overview of polyallylamine applications in gene delivery. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:714-724. [PMID: 35880621 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2107014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
A chief objective of gene transportation studies is to manipulate clinically accepted carriers that can be utilized to combat incurable diseases. Despite various strategies, efficiency and application of these vectors have been hindered, owing to different obstacles. Polyallylamine (PAA) is a synthetic water-soluble, weak base cationic polymer with different properties that could be administrated as an ideal candidate for biomedical applications such as gene delivery, drug delivery, or even tissue engineering. However, some intrinsic properties of this polymer limit its application. The two associated problems with the use of PAA in gene delivery are low transfection efficiency (because of low buffering capacity) and cytotoxic effects attributed to intense cationic character. Most of the strategies for structural modification of the PAA structure have focused on introducing hydrophobic groups to the polymeric backbone that target both cytotoxicity and transfection. In this perspective, we concentrate on PAA as a gene delivery vehicle and the existing approaches for modification of this cationic polymer to give insight to researchers for exploitation of PAA as an efficient carrier in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Gholami
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Asma Mahmoudi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Kazemi Oskuee
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bizhan Malaekeh-Nikouei
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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4
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Yang S, Leong J, Wang Y, Sim R, Tan KH, Chua YH, Tan N, Lee ALZ, Tay J, Yang YY. Drug-free neutrally charged polypeptide nanoparticles as anticancer agents. J Control Release 2022; 345:464-474. [PMID: 35331785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cationic synthetic anticancer polymers and peptides have attracted increasing attention for advancing cancer treatment without causing drug resistance development. To circumvent in vivo instability and toxicity caused by cationic charges of the anticancer polymers/peptides, we report, for the first time, a nanoparticulate delivery system self-assembled from a negatively charged pH-sensitive polypeptide poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ʟ-lysine)-graft-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride and a cationic anticancer polypeptide guanidinium-functionalized poly(ʟ-lysine) (PLL-Gua) via electrostatic interaction. The formation of nanoparticles (Gua-NPs) neutralized the positive charges of PLL-Gua. Both PLL-Gua and Gua-NPs killed cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and induced cell death via apoptosis. Confocal microscopic studies demonstrated that PLL-Gua and Gua-NPs readily entered cancer cells, and Gua-NPs were taken up by the cells via endocytosis. Notably, Gua-NPs and PLL-Gua exhibited similar in vitro anticancer efficacy against MCF-7 and resistant MCF-7/ADR. PLL-Gua and Gua-NPs also induced similar morphological changes in MCF-7/ADR cells compared to MCF-7 cells, further indicating their ability to bypass drug resistance mechanisms in the MCF-7/ADR cells. More importantly, Gua-NPs with higher LD50 and enhanced tumor accumulation significantly inhibited tumor growth with negligible side effects in vivo. Our findings shed light on the in vivo delivery of anticancer peptides and opened a new avenue for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengcai Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Jiayu Leong
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yanming Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Rachel Sim
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Ko Hui Tan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yau Hong Chua
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Nathanael Tan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Ashlynn L Z Lee
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Joyce Tay
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119288, Singapore.
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Multifunctional polymeric micellar nanomedicine in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 126:112186. [PMID: 34082985 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric micelles are a prevalent topic of research for the past decade, especially concerning their fitting ability to deliver drug and diagnostic agents. This delivery system offers outstanding advantages, such as biocompatibility, high loading efficiency, water-solubility, and good stability in biological fluids, to name a few. The multifunctional polymeric micellar architect offers the added capability to adapt its surface to meet the looked-for clinical needs. This review cross-talks the recent reports, proof-of-concept studies, patents, and clinical trials that utilize polymeric micellar family architectures concerning cancer targeted delivery of anticancer drugs, gene therapeutics, and diagnostic agents. The manuscript also expounds on the underlying opportunities, allied challenges, and ways to resolve their bench-to-bedside translation for allied clinical applications.
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Kasala D, Hong J, Yun CO. Overcoming the barriers to optimization of adenovirus delivery using biomaterials: Current status and future perspective. J Control Release 2021; 332:285-300. [PMID: 33626335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) is emerging as a promising modality for cancer gene therapy due to its ability to induce high level of therapeutic transgene expression with no risk of insertional mutagenesis, ability to be facilely produced at a high titer, and capacity to induce robust antitumor immune response. Despite these excellent attributes of human serotype 5 Ad, poor systemic administration capability, coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR)-dependent endocytic mechanism limiting potentially targetable cell types, nonspecific shedding to normal organs, and poor viral persistence in tumor tissues are major hindrances toward maximizing the therapeutic benefit of Ad in clinical setting. To address the abovementioned shortcomings, various non-immunogenic nanomaterials have been explored to modify Ad surface via physical or chemical interactions. In this review, we summarize the recent developments of different types of nanomaterials that had been utilized for modification of Ad and how tumor-targeted local and system delivery can be achieved with these nanocomplexes. Finally, we conclude by highlighting the key features of various nanomaterials-coated Ads and their prospects to optimize the delivery of virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayananda Kasala
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - JinWoo Hong
- GeneMedicine Co., Ltd, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; GeneMedicine Co., Ltd, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Wang S, Jagadesan P, Sun H, Hu R, Li Z, Huang Y, Liu L, Wang S, Younus M, Schanze KS. Fluorescence Imaging of Mammalian Cells with Cationic Conjugated Polyelectrolytes. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611-7200 USA
| | - Pradeepkumar Jagadesan
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA San Antonio TX, 78249 USA
| | - Han Sun
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA San Antonio TX, 78249 USA
| | - Rong Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Zhiliang Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611-7200 USA
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611-7200 USA
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Younus
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA San Antonio TX, 78249 USA
| | - Kirk S. Schanze
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611-7200 USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA San Antonio TX, 78249 USA
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Egorova AA, Shtykalova SV, Maretina MA, Selyutin AV, Shved NY, Krylova NV, Ilina AV, Pyankov IA, Freund SA, Selkov SA, Baranov VS, Kiselev AV. Cys-Flanked Cationic Peptides For Cell Delivery of the Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase Gene for Suicide Gene Therapy of Uterine Leiomyoma. Mol Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893320030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Li Z, Ho W, Bai X, Li F, Chen YJ, Zhang XQ, Xu X. Nanoparticle depots for controlled and sustained gene delivery. J Control Release 2020; 322:622-631. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Talkar SS, Patravale VB. Gene Therapy for Prostate Cancer: A Review. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:385-396. [PMID: 32473623 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200531141455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the American Cancer Society, prostate cancer ranks second in terms of mortality and is a front-runner of newly detected cases. Conventional therapies neither eradicated cancer nor increased the life expectancy of patients obviating the need for less toxic as well as efficient therapies to treat cancer. Gene therapy alone, or in combination with conventional therapies, possesses a strong potential to combat cancer. METHODS This review encompasses a brief note on the etiology and conventional therapy of prostate cancer with an emphasis on gene therapy and its suitability for the treatment of prostate cancer. RESULTS A comprehensive range of gene therapy approaches have been successfully explored for prostate cancer treatment in animal models and this has been well translated into early clinical trials. We have also discussed in brief about specific therapeutic genes and suitable vector systems for gene therapy in prostate cancer. CONCLUSION Based on the results of these clinical trials, the application of gene therapy in prostate cancer therapeutics can be satisfactorily established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil S Talkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh, Marg, Matunga - 400 019, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vandana B Patravale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh, Marg, Matunga - 400 019, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Pardridge WM. Blood-Brain Barrier and Delivery of Protein and Gene Therapeutics to Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 11:373. [PMID: 31998120 PMCID: PMC6966240 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and treatment of the brain in aging require the development of new biologic drugs, such as recombinant proteins or gene therapies. Biologics are large molecule therapeutics that do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BBB drug delivery is the limiting factor in the future development of new therapeutics for the brain. The delivery of recombinant protein or gene medicines to the brain is a binary process: either the brain drug developer re-engineers the biologic with BBB drug delivery technology, or goes forward with brain drug development in the absence of a BBB delivery platform. The presence of BBB delivery technology allows for engineering the therapeutic to enable entry into the brain across the BBB from blood. Brain drug development may still take place in the absence of BBB delivery technology, but with a reliance on approaches that have rarely led to FDA approval, e.g., CSF injection, stem cells, small molecules, and others. CSF injection of drug is the most widely practiced approach to brain delivery that bypasses the BBB. However, drug injection into the CSF results in limited drug penetration to the brain parenchyma, owing to the rapid export of CSF from the brain to blood. A CSF injection of a drug is equivalent to a slow intravenous (IV) infusion of the pharmaceutical. Given the profound effect the existence of the BBB has on brain drug development, future drug or gene development for the brain will be accelerated by future advances in BBB delivery technology in parallel with new drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Pardridge
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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12
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Raposo CD, Costa R, Petrova KT, Brito C, Scotti MT, Cardoso MM. Development of Novel Galactosylated PLGA Nanoparticles for Hepatocyte Targeting Using Molecular Modelling. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E94. [PMID: 31947904 PMCID: PMC7023654 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles conjugated with a new galactose-based ligand for the specific recognition by human hepatoma cellular carcinoma cells (Hep G2) were successfully produced. The new targeting compound was selected using molecular docking combined with quantum chemical calculations for modelling and comparing molecular interactions among the H1 subunit of the asialoglycoprotein receptor containing the carbohydrate recognition domain and the ligand. The ligand, bis(1-O-ethyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl)amine, was synthetized, characterized, and subsequently linked to PLGA. Unloaded (PLGA-di-GAL NP) and doxorubicin-loaded (DOX-PLGA-di-GAL NP) nanoparticles were prepared using an emulsion method and characterized. The produced DOX-PLGA-di-GAL NP are spherical in shape with a size of 258 ± 47 nm, a zeta potential of -62.3 mV, and a drug encapsulation efficiency of 83%. The in vitro drug release results obtained show a three-phase release profile. In vitro cell studies confirmed the interaction between Hep G2 cells and PLGA-di-GAL NP. Cell cytotoxicity tests showed that unloaded NP are nontoxic and that DOX-PLGA-di-GAL NP caused a decrease of around 80% in cellular viability. The strategy used in this work to design new targeting compounds represents a promising tool to develop effective hepatocyte targeting drug delivery systems and can be applied to other tissues/organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia D. Raposo
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rita Costa
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Krasimira T. Petrova
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Catarina Brito
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marcus T. Scotti
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba Campus I, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil
| | - M. Margarida Cardoso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Filipczak N, Jaromin A, Piwoni A, Mahmud M, Sarisozen C, Torchilin V, Gubernator J. A Triple Co-Delivery Liposomal Carrier That Enhances Apoptosis via an Intrinsic Pathway in Melanoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121982. [PMID: 31835393 PMCID: PMC6966600 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of existing anti-cancer therapies is based mainly on the stimulation of apoptosis of cancer cells. Most of the existing therapies are somewhat toxic to normal cells. Therefore, the quest for nontoxic, cancer-specific therapies remains. We have demonstrated the ability of liposomes containing anacardic acid, mitoxantrone and ammonium ascorbate to induce the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by the killing of cancer cells in monolayer culture and shown its specificity towards melanoma cells. Liposomes were prepared by a lipid hydration, freeze-and-thaw (FAT) procedure and extrusion through polycarbonate filters, a remote loading method was used for dug encapsulation. Following characterization, hemolytic activity, cytotoxicity and apoptosis inducing effects of loaded nanoparticles were investigated. To identify the anticancer activity mechanism of these liposomes, ROS level and caspase 9 activity were measured by fluorescence and by chemiluminescence respectively. We have demonstrated that the developed liposomal formulations produced a high ROS level, enhanced apoptosis and cell death in melanoma cells, but not in normal cells. The proposed mechanism of the cytotoxic action of these liposomes involved specific generation of free radicals by the iron ions mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Filipczak
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.J.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +48-713-756-318
| | - Anna Jaromin
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.J.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Adriana Piwoni
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.J.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Mohamed Mahmud
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.J.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (J.G.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Misurata, Misurata 2478, Libya
| | - Can Sarisozen
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (C.S.); (V.T.)
| | - Vladimir Torchilin
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (C.S.); (V.T.)
- Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Plastic Surgery I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jerzy Gubernator
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.J.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (J.G.)
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Tuning with Phosphorylcholine Grafts Improves the Physicochemical Properties of PLL/pDNA Nanoparticles at Neutral pH. Macromol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-020-8019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Alinejad-Mofrad E, Malaekeh-Nikouei B, Gholami L, Mousavi SH, Sadeghnia HR, Mohajeri M, Darroudi M, Oskuee RK. Evaluation and comparison of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and apoptotic effects of poly-l-lysine/plasmid DNA micro- and nanoparticles. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 38:983-991. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327119846924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The principal impediment to gene therapy is the development of efficient, nontoxic gene carriers that can handle and deliver foreign genetic materials into various cell types, including healthy and cancerous cells. Poly-l-lysine (PLL) polymers are one of the most favorable gene carriers among nonviral vectors, and PLL had low transfection and safety issues. The purpose of this study was to measure cellular toxicity, DNA damage, and apoptotic effects of PLL nanoparticles. Neuro2A mammalian cells were cultured and exposed to PLL/DNA complexes at different polymer/DNA ratios ( C/ P ratio 2 and 6) for 24 h. To evaluate metabolic activity, genotoxicity, and apoptotic influences of PLL nanoparticle, the following experimental methods were employed, in order: 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), DNA damage (COMET analysis) assay, and sub-G1 peak apoptosis assay. Our data indicate that toxicity is concentration dependent and a high concentration of polymer declined the metabolic activity. In addition, largest complexes ( C/ P 6 in HEPES buffered saline buffer) have slighter negative impact on metabolic activity. In agreement with our cytotoxicity data, apoptotic assay result represented that increase in size of PLL/DNA complexes decrease the number of apoptotic cells. Also, there was a remarkable increase in percent tail DNA of Neuro2A cells treated with higher concentration of PLL and its polyplexes. The present study demonstrated that PLL/DNA complexes caused cytotoxic, apoptotic, and genotoxic effects in a dose-dependent and weight ratio-dependent manner, which also affected the size of polyplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Alinejad-Mofrad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - B Malaekeh-Nikouei
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - L Gholami
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - SH Mousavi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - HR Sadeghnia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Mohajeri
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Darroudi
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - RK Oskuee
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Ji Y, Liu X, Huang M, Jiang J, Liao YP, Liu Q, Chang CH, Liao H, Lu J, Wang X, Spencer MJ, Meng H. Development of self-assembled multi-arm polyrotaxanes nanocarriers for systemic plasmid delivery in vivo. Biomaterials 2019; 192:416-428. [PMID: 30500723 PMCID: PMC6934403 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyrotaxane (PRX) is a promising supramolecular carrier for gene delivery. Classic PRX exhibits a linear structure in which the amine-functionalized α-cyclodextrin (CD) is threaded along the entire polyethylene glycol (PEG) backbone. While promising in vitro, the absence of free PEG moieties after CD threading compromised the in vivo implementation, due to the unfavorable pharmacokinetics (PK) and biodistribution profile. Herein, we developed a multi-arm PRX nanocarrier platform, which has been designed for protective nucleic acid encapsulation, augmented biodistribution and PK, and suitable for intravenous (IV) administration. A key design was to introduce cationic CD rings onto a multi-arm PEG backbone in a spatially selective fashion. The optimal structural design was obtained through iterative rounds of experimentation to determine the appropriate type and density of cationic charge on CD ring, the degree of PEGylation, the size and structure of polymer backbone, etc. This allowed us to effectively deliver large size reporter and therapeutic plasmids in cancer mouse models. Post IV injection, we demonstrated that our multi-arm polymer design significantly enhanced circulatory half-life and PK profile compared to the linear PRX. We continued to use the multi-arm PRX to formulate a therapeutic plasmid encoding an immunomodulatory cytokine, IL-12. When tested in a colon cancer syngeneic mouse model with same background, the IL-12 plasmid was protected by the multi-arm PRX and delivered through the tail vein to the tumor site, leading to a significant tumor inhibition effect. Moreover, our delivery system was devoid of major systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ji
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiangsheng Liu
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Max Huang
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jinhong Jiang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095 CA, USA
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095 CA, USA
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Han Liao
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jianqin Lu
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiang Wang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095 CA, USA
| | - Melissa J Spencer
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Huan Meng
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095 CA, USA.
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17
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Yang DH, Kim HJ, Park K, Kim JK, Chun HJ. Preparation of poly-l-lysine-based nanoparticles with pH-sensitive release of curcumin for targeted imaging and therapy of liver cancer in vitro and in vivo. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:950-960. [PMID: 29658319 PMCID: PMC6058614 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1461957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-l-lysine (PLL) nanoparticle (NP) system was prepared for the controlled release of curcumin (CUR) by pH stimuli, and its theranostic efficacy on cancer was compared to that of CUR solution in vitro and in vivo. Deoxycholic acid (DOCA), methoxy polyethylene glycol (MPEG) and cyanine 5.5 (cy5.5) were conjugated to the amine group of PLL through condensation reaction (PLL-DOCA-MPEG-cy5.5), followed by encapsulation of CUR by dialysis method (PLL-DOCA-MPEG-cy5.5/CUR NPs). The composition, morphology and size distribution of PLL-DOCA-MPEG-cy5.5 NPs were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), respectively. In vitro tests exhibited that changes in the charge and size of the NPs at low pH led to the improved cellular uptake of CUR into human hepatoma Hep3B cell line by electrostatically absorptive endocytosis. PEGylation with MPEG was turn out to be very effective to have a prolonged blood circulation time, in turn increased the EPR effect. In addition, the incorporation of Cy5.5 into NPs provided successful biodistribution images in vivo and ex vivo. Our findings suggest that PLL-DOCA-MPEG-cy5.5/CUR NPs may have promising applications in cancer theranosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacokinetics
- Carbocyanines/chemistry
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Contrast Media/administration & dosage
- Contrast Media/chemistry
- Contrast Media/pharmacokinetics
- Curcumin/administration & dosage
- Curcumin/chemistry
- Delayed-Action Preparations
- Deoxycholic Acid/chemistry
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Carriers
- Drug Compounding
- Drug Liberation
- Dynamic Light Scattering
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Liver Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Molecular Imaging/methods
- Nanoparticles
- Particle Size
- Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry
- Polylysine/chemistry
- Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods
- Theranostic Nanomedicine
- Tissue Distribution
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hyeok Yang
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Engineering, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Kim
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Engineering, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongsoon Park
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Jae Chun
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Engineering, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Bagherolhashemi F, Bozorgmehr MR, Momen-Heravi M. Biosensor Properties of DA-DA Dinucleotide in the Presence of DI-L-Lysine and Single Carbon Nanotubes: Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Density Functional Theory Approach. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476618050311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Calcium enhances gene expression when using low molecular weight poly-l-lysine delivery vehicles. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:274-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Gene therapy has emerged as an alternative in the treatment of cancer, particularly in cases of resistance to chemo and radiotherapy. Different approaches to deliver genetic material to tumor tissues have been proposed, including the use of small non-coding RNAs due to their multiple mechanisms of action. However, such promise has shown limits in in vivo application related to RNA's biological instability and stimulation of immunity, urging the development of systems able to overcome those barriers. In this review, we discuss the use of RNA interference in cancer therapy with special attention to the role of siRNA and miRNA and to the challenges of their delivery in vivo. We introduce a promising class of drug delivery system known as micelle-like nanoparticles and explore their synthesis and advantages for gene therapy as well as the recent findings in in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies.
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21
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Kim Y, Uthaman S, Nurunnabi M, Mallick S, Oh KS, Kang SW, Cho S, Kang HC, Lee YK, Huh KM. Synthesis and characterization of bioreducible cationic biarm polymer for efficient gene delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 110:366-374. [PMID: 29305212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized a new cationic AB2 miktoarm block copolymer consisting of one poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) block and two cationic poly (l-lysine) (PLL) blocks, wherein the PLL blocks were conjugated to the PEG blocks with or without a bioreducible linker (disulfide bonds). Bioreducible and non-bioreducible miktoarm block copolymers (mPEG-(ss-PLL)2 and mPEG-PLL2) were prepared for efficient gene delivery as a non-viral gene delivery approach. Both cationic copolymers (bioreducible and nonbioreducible) efficiently formed the nanopolyplexes with plasmid DNA (pDNA) through electrostatic interaction at different weight ratio of polymer and pDNA. Gene condensation ability of the polymers and release of the DNA under reduction condition were measured by gel electrophoresis. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and field-emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM) were used to measure the average hydrodynamic diameter and morphology of the nanoparticles, respectively. The bioreducible nanopolyplexes showed lower cytotoxicity and higher gene expression than the non-reducible nanopolyplexes in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugyeong Kim
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Saji Uthaman
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudipta Mallick
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Sang Oh
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woong Kang
- Next-generation Pharmaceutical Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungpil Cho
- KB Biomed Inc., 50 Daehak-ro, Chungju, Chungbuk 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy & Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, 50 Daehak-ro, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Xin X, Pei X, Yang X, Lv Y, Zhang L, He W, Yin L. Rod-Shaped Active Drug Particles Enable Efficient and Safe Gene Delivery. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1700324. [PMID: 29201626 PMCID: PMC5700648 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Efficient microRNAs (miRNA) delivery into cells is a promising strategy for disease therapy, but is a major challenge because the available conventional nonviral vectors have significant drawbacks. In particular, after these vectors are entrapped in lysosomes, the escape efficiency of genes from lysosomes into the cytosol is less than 2%. Here, a novel approach for lethal-7a (let-7a) replacement therapy using rod-shaped active pure drug nanoparticles (≈130 nm in length, PNPs) with a dramatically high drug-loading of ≈300% as vectors is reported. Importantly, unlike other vectors, the developed PNPs/let-7a complexes (≈178 nm, CNPs) can enter cells and bypass the lysosomal route to localize to the cytosol, achieving efficient intracellular delivery of let-7a and a 50% reduction in expression of the target protein (KRAS). Also, CNPs prolong the t1/2 of blood circulation by ≈threefold and increase tumor accumulation by ≈1.5-2-fold, resulting in significantly improved antitumor efficacies. Additionally, no damage to normal organs is observed following systemic injection of CNPs. In conclusion, rod-shaped active PNPs enable efficient and safe delivery of miRNA with synergistic treatment for disease. This nanoplatform would also offer a viable strategy for the potent delivery of proteins and peptides in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Xin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
| | - Xue Pei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
| | - Yaqi Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
| | - Lifang Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Druggability of BiopharmaceuticsChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
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23
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Difference in the core-shell dynamics of polyethyleneimine and poly( l -lysine) DNA polyplexes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 103:122-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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24
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Ullah I, Muhammad K, Akpanyung M, Nejjari A, Neve AL, Guo J, Feng Y, Shi C. Bioreducible, hydrolytically degradable and targeting polymers for gene delivery. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:3253-3276. [PMID: 32264392 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00275k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, synthetic gene carriers have been intensively developed owing to their promising application in gene therapy and considered as a suitable alternative to viral vectors because of several benefits. But cationic polymers still face some problems like low transfection efficiency, cytotoxicity, and poor cell recognition and internalization. The emerging engineered and smart polymers can respond to some changes in the biological environment like pH change, ionic strength change and redox potential, which is beneficial for cellular uptake. Redox-sensitive disulfide based and hydrolytically degradable cationic polymers serve as gene carriers with excellent transfection efficiency and good biocompatibility owing to degradation in the cytoplasm. Additionally, biodegradable polymeric micelles with cell-targeting function are recently emerging gene carriers, especially for the transfection of endothelial cells. In this review, some strategies for gene carriers based on these bioreducible and hydrolytically degradable polymers will be illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Ullah
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Tianjin 300350, China.
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25
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26
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Han Y, Duan Q, Li Y, Li Y, Tian J. Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles as Protein Delivery System. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Han
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Technology; Changchun University of Science and Technology; Changchun 130022 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Changchun University of Science and Technology; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Qian Duan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Changchun University of Science and Technology; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Yanwei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Changchun University of Science and Technology; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Yanhui Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Changchun University of Science and Technology; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Jian Tian
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Technology; Changchun University of Science and Technology; Changchun 130022 China
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27
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Margarida Cardoso M, Peça IN, Raposo CD, Petrova KT, Teresa Barros M, Gardner R, Bicho A. Doxorubicin-loaded galactose-conjugated poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles as hepatocyte-targeting drug carrier. J Microencapsul 2016; 33:315-22. [DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2016.1185474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Alhakamy NA, Ishiguro S, Uppalapati D, Berkland CJ, Tamura M. AT2R Gene Delivered by Condensed Polylysine Complexes Attenuates Lewis Lung Carcinoma after Intravenous Injection or Intratracheal Spray. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:209-18. [PMID: 26637367 PMCID: PMC4707093 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Transfection efficiency and toxicity concerns remain a challenge for gene therapy. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) have been broadly investigated to improve the transfection of genetic material (e.g., pDNA and siRNA). Here, a synthetic CPP (polylysine, K9 peptide) was complexed with angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) plasmid DNA (pAT2R) and complexes were condensed using calcium chloride. The resulting complexes were small (∼150 nm) and showed high levels of gene expression in vitro and in vivo. This simple nonviral formulation approach showed negligible cytotoxicity in four different human cell lines (cervix, breast, kidney, and lung cell lines) and one mouse cell line (a lung cancer cell line). In addition, this K9-pDNA-Ca(2+) complex demonstrated cancer-targeted gene delivery when administered via intravenous injection or intratracheal spray. The transfection efficiency was evaluated in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cell lines cultured in vitro and in orthotopic cancer grafts in syngeneic mice. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that the complex effectively delivered pAT2R to the cancer cells, where it was expressed mainly in cancer cells along with bronchial epithelial cells. A single administration of these complexes markedly attenuated lung cancer growth, offering preclinical proof-of-concept for a novel nonviral gene delivery method exhibiting effective lung tumor gene therapy via either intravenous or intratracheal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Susumu Ishiguro
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Deepthi Uppalapati
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.
| | - Masaaki Tamura
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.
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29
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Sun Z, Zhou D. PLL/PAE/DNA ternary complexes with enhanced endosomal escape ability for efficient and safe gene transfection. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02639g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High gene transfection efficiency is achieved by a simple yet versatile PAE oligomer incorporation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibing Sun
- Guangzhou Vocational College of Technology & Business
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Dezhong Zhou
- Charles Institute of Dermatology
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
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30
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Bishop CJ, Kozielski KL, Green JJ. Exploring the role of polymer structure on intracellular nucleic acid delivery via polymeric nanoparticles. J Control Release 2015; 219:488-499. [PMID: 26433125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular nucleic acid delivery has the potential to treat many genetically-based diseases, however, gene delivery safety and efficacy remains a challenging obstacle. One promising approach is the use of polymers to form polymeric nanoparticles with nucleic acids that have led to exciting advances in non-viral gene delivery. Understanding the successes and failures of gene delivery polymers and structures is the key to engineering optimal polymers for gene delivery in the future. This article discusses the polymer structural features that enable effective intracellular delivery of DNA and RNA, including protection of nucleic acid cargo, cellular uptake, endosomal escape, vector unpacking, and delivery to the intracellular site of activity. The chemical properties that aid in each step of intracellular nucleic acid delivery are described and specific structures of note are highlighted. Understanding the chemical design parameters of polymeric nucleic acid delivery nanoparticles is important to achieving the goal of safe and effective non-viral genetic nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey J Bishop
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kristen L Kozielski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jordan J Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Departments of Neurosurgery, Oncology, and Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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31
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Wang X, Tai Z, Tian J, Zhang W, Yao C, Zhang L, Gao Y, Zhu Q, Gao J, Gao S. Reducible chimeric polypeptide consisting of octa-D-arginine and tetra-L-histidine peptides as an efficient gene delivery vector. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:4669-90. [PMID: 26229469 PMCID: PMC4516254 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s83507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic oligopeptide as a nonviral gene delivery vector has aroused much research interest recently, but its further application is limited by its low transfection efficiency. In the present study, we have created a high-efficiency gene vector by using octa-d-arginine and tetra-l-histidine to form a disulfide cross-linked chimeric polypeptide and used this vector to deliver the therapeutic gene tumor-necrosis-factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to see whether the gene could be transferred and could exert antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. The result showed that the newly designed vector was able to condense DNA into nanosized polyplexes effectively, thus facilitating its transmembrane transport, promoting its endosomal escape, and finally enabling degradation within the cell. Our study has demonstrated that this chimeric polypeptide is an effective gene carrier in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmaceutics, ChengDu Military General Hospital, ChengDu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongguang Tai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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32
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Efficient expression of stabilized mRNA PEG-peptide polyplexes in liver. Gene Ther 2015; 22:993-9. [PMID: 26125604 PMCID: PMC4670273 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The expression efficiency in liver following hydrodynamic delivery of in vitro transcribed mRNA was improved 2000-fold using a codon-optimized mRNA luciferase construct with flanking 3' and 5' human β-globin untranslated regions (UTR mRNA) over an un-optimized mRNA without β-globin UTRs. Nanoparticle UTR mRNA polyplexes were formed using a novel polyacridine PEG-peptide, resulting in an additional 15-fold increase in expression efficiency in the liver. The combined increase in expression for UTR mRNA PEG-peptide polyplexes was 3500-fold over mRNA lacking UTRs and PEG-peptide. The expression efficiency of UTR mRNA polyplex was 10-fold greater than the expression from an equivalent 1 µg dose of pGL3. Maximal expression was maintained from 4 to 24 hours. Serum incubation established the unique ability of the polyacridine PEG-peptide to protect UTR mRNA polyplexes from RNase metabolism by binding to double stranded regions. UTR mRNA PEG-peptide polyplexes are efficient non-viral vectors that circumvent the need for nuclear uptake, representing an advancement toward the development of a targeted gene delivery system to transfect liver hepatocytes.
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Hall A, Wu LP, Parhamifar L, Moghimi SM. Differential Modulation of Cellular Bioenergetics by Poly(l-lysine)s of Different Molecular Weights. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:2119-26. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldur Hall
- Nanomedicine
Laboratory, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology,
Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Lin-Ping Wu
- Nanomedicine
Laboratory, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology,
Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ladan Parhamifar
- Nanomedicine
Laboratory, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology,
Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Seyed Moein Moghimi
- Nanomedicine
Laboratory, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology,
Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- NanoScience
Centre, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Raviv L, Jaron-Mendelson M, David A. Mannosylated Polyion Complexes for In Vivo Gene Delivery into CD11c+ Dendritic Cells. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:453-62. [DOI: 10.1021/mp5005492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lior Raviv
- Department
of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of
Health Sciences, §The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty
of Health Sciences, and ‡Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Michal Jaron-Mendelson
- Department
of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of
Health Sciences, §The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty
of Health Sciences, and ‡Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Ayelet David
- Department
of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of
Health Sciences, §The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty
of Health Sciences, and ‡Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
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36
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Navarro G, Pan J, Torchilin VP. Micelle-like nanoparticles as carriers for DNA and siRNA. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:301-13. [PMID: 25557580 DOI: 10.1021/mp5007213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy represents a potential efficient approach of disease prevention and therapy. However, due to their poor in vivo stability, gene molecules need to be associated with delivery systems to overcome extracellular and intracellular barriers and allow access to the site of action. Cationic polymeric nanoparticles are popular carriers for small interfering RNA (siRNA) and DNA-based therapeutics for which efficient and safe delivery are important factors that need to be optimized. Micelle-like nanoparticles (MNP) (half micelles, half polymeric nanoparticles) can overcome some of the disadvantages of such cationic carriers by unifying in one single carrier the best of both delivery systems. In this review, we will discuss how the unique properties of MNP including self-assembly, condensation and protection of nucleic acids, improved cell association and gene transfection, and low toxicity may contribute to the successful application of siRNA- and DNA-based therapeutics into the clinic. Recent developments of MNP involving the addition of stimulus-sensitive functions to respond specifically to pathological or externally applied "triggers" (e.g., temperature, pH or enzymatic catalysis, light, or magnetic fields) will be discussed. Finally, we will overview the use of MNP as two-in-one carriers for the simultaneous delivery of different agents (small molecules, imaging agents) and nucleic acid combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Navarro
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Chitkara D, Mittal A, Mahato RI. miRNAs in pancreatic cancer: therapeutic potential, delivery challenges and strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 81:34-52. [PMID: 25252098 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a severe pancreatic malignancy and is predicted to victimize 1.5% of men and women during their lifetime (Cancer statistics: SEER stat fact sheet, National Cancer Institute, 2014). miRNAs have emerged as a promising prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic tool to fight against pancreatic cancer. miRNAs could modulate gene expression by imperfect base-pairing with target mRNA and hence provide means to fine-tune multiple genes simultaneously and alter various signaling pathways associated with the disease. This exceptional miRNA feature has provided a paradigm shift from the conventional one drug one target concept to one drug multiple target theory. However, in vivo miRNA delivery is not fully realized due to challenges posed by this special class of therapeutic molecules, which involves thorough understanding of the biogenesis and physicochemical properties of miRNA and delivery carriers along with the pathophysiology of the PDAC. This review highlights the delivery strategies of miRNA modulators (mimic/inhibitor) in cancer with special emphasis on PDAC since successful delivery of miRNA in vivo constitutes the major challenge in clinical translation of this promising class of therapeutics.
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Zhou J, Li Y, Dong H, Yuan H, Ren T, Li Y. Effect of monomer sequence of poly(histidine/lysine) catiomers on gene packing capacity and delivery efficiency. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13785j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This work presents a novel method to synthesize reducible polycations with specific monomer sequence, and provides new insight on how a monomer sequence of the polymeric catiomer will affect its gene packing capacity and delivery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashan Zhou
- School of Materials and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Yan Li
- Shanghai East Hospital
- The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai 200120
- China
| | - Haiqing Dong
- Shanghai East Hospital
- The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai 200120
- China
| | - Hua Yuan
- School of Materials and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Tianbin Ren
- School of Materials and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Yongyong Li
- Shanghai East Hospital
- The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai 200120
- China
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39
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Cai X, Li Y, Yue D, Yi Q, Li S, Shi D, Gu Z. Reversible PEGylation and Schiff-base linked imidazole modification of polylysine for high-performance gene delivery. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:1507-1517. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01724b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the designed polylysine based catiomer the reversible PEGylation was introduced forin vivocirculation and to augment the cellular internalization, while the Schiff-base linked imidazole to accelerate the endosomal escape and facilitate intracellular DNA unpacking and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Cai
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
- The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science
| | - Yongyong Li
- The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Dong Yue
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Qiangying Yi
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Shuo Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
- School of Chemical Engineering
| | - Donglu Shi
- The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Zhongwu Gu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
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40
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Cai X, Zhu H, Dong H, Li Y, Su J, Shi D. Suppression of VEGF by reversible-PEGylated histidylated polylysine in cancer therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1818-27. [PMID: 24805287 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A reversible-PEGylated polylysine is designed and developed for efficient delivery of siRNA. In this unique structure, the ε-amino groups of disulfide linked poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and polylysine (mPEG-SS-PLL) are partially replaced by histidine groups, in order to develop the histidylated reversible-PEGylated polylysine (mPEG-SS-PLH), for enhanced endosome escape ability. The transfection efficacy of mPEG-SS-PLH is found to closely correlate with histidine substitution. Its maximum transfection efficiencies are determined, respectively, to be 75%, 42%, and 24%, against 293T, MCF-7, and PC-3 cells. These data indicate that the transfection efficiencies can equal or even outweigh PEI-25k in the corresponding cells (80%, 38.5%, and 20%). The in vivo circulation and biodistribution of the polyplexes are monitored by fluorescent imaging. The in vivo gene transfection is carried out by intravenous injection of pEGFP to BALB/c mice using the xenograft models. The in vivo experimental results show effective inhibition of tumor growth by mPEG-SS-PLH/siRNA-VEGF, indicating its high potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Cai
- Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science; Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University; Shanghai 200120 China
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine; Department of Prosthodontics; School of Stomatology; Tongji University; Shanghai 200072 China
| | - Haiqing Dong
- Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science; Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University; Shanghai 200120 China
| | - Yongyong Li
- Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science; Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University; Shanghai 200120 China
| | - Jiansheng Su
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine; Department of Prosthodontics; School of Stomatology; Tongji University; Shanghai 200072 China
| | - Donglu Shi
- Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science; Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University; Shanghai 200120 China
- Materials Science and Engineering Program; Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering; College of Engineering and Applied Science; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati OH 10 45221 USA
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41
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Novo L, Rizzo LY, Golombek SK, Dakwar GR, Lou B, Remaut K, Mastrobattista E, van Nostrum CF, Jahnen-Dechent W, Kiessling F, Braeckmans K, Lammers T, Hennink WE. Decationized polyplexes as stable and safe carrier systems for improved biodistribution in systemic gene therapy. J Control Release 2014; 195:162-175. [PMID: 25204289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Many polycation-based gene delivery vectors show high transfection in vitro, but their cationic nature generally leads to significant toxicity and poor in vivo performance which significantly hampers their clinical applicability. Unlike conventional polycation-based systems, decationized polyplexes are based on hydrophilic and neutral polymers. They are obtained by a 3-step process: charge-driven condensation followed by disulfide crosslinking stabilization and finally polyplex decationization. They consist of a disulfide-crosslinked poly(hydroxypropyl methacrylamide) (pHPMA) core stably entrapping plasmid DNA (pDNA), surrounded by a shell of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). In the present paper the applicability of decationized polyplexes for systemic administration was evaluated. Cy5-labeled decationized polyplexes were evaluated for stability in plasma by fluorescence single particle tracking (fSPT), which technique showed stable size distribution for 48 h unlike its cationic counterpart. Upon the incubation of the polymers used for the formation of polyplexes with HUVEC cells, MTT assay showed excellent cytocompatibility of the neutral polymers. The safety was further demonstrated by a remarkable low teratogenicity and mortality activity of the polymers in a zebrafish assay, in great contrast with their cationic counterpart. Near infrared (NIR) dye-labeled polyplexes were evaluated for biodistribution and tumor accumulation by noninvasive optical imaging when administered systemically in tumor bearing mice. Decationized polyplexes exhibited an increased circulation time and higher tumor accumulation, when compared to their cationic precursors. Histology of tumors sections showed that decationized polyplexes induced reporter transgene expression in vivo. In conclusion, decationized polyplexes are a platform for safer polymeric vectors with improved biodistribution properties when systemically administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Novo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Larissa Y Rizzo
- Nanomedicines and Theranostics, Department for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanne K Golombek
- Nanomedicines and Theranostics, Department for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - George R Dakwar
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bo Lou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien Remaut
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelus F van Nostrum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm Jahnen-Dechent
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Nanomedicines and Theranostics, Department for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Nanomedicines and Theranostics, Department for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Department of Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Poly(l-lysine) was recently discovered to inhibit prion propagation. To develop poly(l-lysine) as a potential therapeutic for prion diseases, the understanding of in vivo poly(l-lysine) behavior is pivotal. Therefore, to determine the poly(l-lysine) distribution in mouse spleen and brain, the primary and ultimate target organs for prions, we performed non-invasive longitudinal in vivo imaging and time course on live mice and ex vivo imaging on mouse organs to confirmed poly(l-lysine) was distributed, including the brain and spleen. By studying the in vivo and ex vivo fluorescence images, characteristic patterns of poly(l-lysine) accumulation and elimination depending on different administration routes were also found. Although only a portion of the administered poly(l-lysine) appears to target the brain and spleen, the specific poly(l-lysine) level in these organs was higher than that previously reported. Furthermore, the poly(l-lysine) retention in the brain and spleen was greater than that found in other organs. These results provide valuable information about poly(l-lysine) behavior in vivo, which will be an aid in designing optimal regimens for potential application of poly(l-lysine) in anti-prion therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Mi Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chongsuk Ryou
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Gene therapy is a widespread and promising treatment of many diseases resulting from genetic disorders, infections and cancer. The feasibility of the gene therapy is mainly depends on the development of appropriate method and suitable vectors. For an efficient gene delivery, it is very important to use a carrier that is easy to produce, stable, non-oncogenic and non-immunogenic. Currently most of the vectors actually suffer from many problems. Therefore, the ideal gene therapy delivery system should be developed that can be easily used for highly efficient delivery and able to maintain long-term gene expression, and can be applicable to basic research as well as clinical settings. This article provides a brief over view on the concept and aim of gene delivery, the different gene delivery systems and use of different materials as a carrier in the area of gene therapy.
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Rahikkala A, Junnila S, Vartiainen V, Ruokolainen J, Ikkala O, Kauppinen E, Raula J. Polypeptide-based aerosol nanoparticles: self-assembly and control of conformation by solvent and thermal annealing. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:2607-15. [PMID: 24848300 DOI: 10.1021/bm500704e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanoconfined self-assemblies within aerosol nanoparticles and control of the secondary structures are shown here upon ionically complexing poly(L-lysine) (PLL) with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) surfactant and using solvents chloroform, 1-propanol, or dimethylformamide. Different solvent volatilities and drying temperatures allowed tuning the kinetics of morphology formation. The supramolecular self-assembly and morphology were studied using cryo-TEM and SEM, and the secondary structures, using FT-IR. Highly volatile chloroform led to the major fraction of α-helical conformation of PLL(DBSA), whereas less volatile solvents or higher drying temperatures led to the increasing fraction of β-sheets. Added drugs budesonide and ketoprofen prevented β-sheet formation and studied PLL(DBSA)-drug nanoparticles were in the α-helical conformation. Preliminary studies showed that ketoprofen released with a slower rate than budesonide which was hypothesized to result from different localization of drugs within the PLL(DBSA) nanoparticles. These results instruct to prepare polypeptide aerosol nanoparticles with internal self-assembled structures and to control the secondary structures by aerosol solvent annealing, which we foresee to be useful, e.g., toward controlling the release of poorly soluble drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Rahikkala
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science , P.O. Box 15100, FIN-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
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Castillo-Rodríguez RA, Arango-Rodríguez ML, Escobedo L, Hernandez-Baltazar D, Gompel A, Forgez P, Martínez-Fong D. Suicide HSVtk gene delivery by neurotensin-polyplex nanoparticles via the bloodstream and GCV Treatment specifically inhibit the growth of human MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer tumors xenografted in athymic mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97151. [PMID: 24824754 PMCID: PMC4019532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231 has the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) phenotype, which is an aggressive subtype with no specific treatment. MDA-MB-231 cells express neurotensin receptor type 1 (NTSR1), which makes these cells an attractive target of therapeutic genes that are delivered by the neurotensin (NTS)-polyplex nanocarrier via the bloodstream. We addressed the relevance of this strategy for TNBC treatment using NTS-polyplex nanoparticles harboring the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk) suicide gene and its complementary prodrug ganciclovir (GCV). The reporter gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used as a control. NTS-polyplex successfully transfected both genes in cultured MDA-MB-231 cells. The transfection was demonstrated pharmacologically to be dependent on activation of NTSR1. The expression of HSVtk gene decreased cell viability by 49% (P<0.0001) and induced apoptosis in cultured MDA-MB-231 cells after complementary GCV treatment. In the MDA-MB-231 xenograft model, NTS-polyplex nanoparticles carrying either the HSVtk gene or GFP gene were injected into the tumors or via the bloodstream. Both routes of administration allowed the NTS-polyplex nanoparticles to reach and transfect tumorous cells. HSVtk expression and GCV led to apoptosis, as shown by the presence of cleaved caspase-3 and Apostain immunoreactivity, and significantly inhibited the tumor growth (55-60%) (P<0.001). At the end of the experiment, the weight of tumors transfected with the HSVtk gene was 55% less than that of control tumors (P<0.05). The intravenous transfection did not induce apoptosis in peripheral organs. Our results offer a promising gene therapy for TNBC using the NTS-polyplex nanocarrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A. Castillo-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), México, D.F., México
| | - Martha L. Arango-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Ciencias, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lourdes Escobedo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), México, D.F., México
| | - Daniel Hernandez-Baltazar
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), México, D.F., México
| | - Anne Gompel
- Unité de Gynécologie, Université Paris Descartes, AP-HP, Port Royal Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Forgez
- Department of Cellular Homeostasis and Cancer, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM UMR-S 1007, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Martínez-Fong
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), México, D.F., México
- Programa de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), México, D.F., México
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Sharma R, Nisakar D, Shivpuri S, Ganguli M. Contrasting effects of cysteine modification on the transfection efficiency of amphipathic peptides. Biomaterials 2014; 35:6563-75. [PMID: 24816284 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of DNA to cells remains a key challenge towards development of gene therapy. A better understanding of the properties involved in stability and transfection efficiency of the vector could critically contribute to the improvement of delivery vehicles. In the present work we have chosen two peptides differing only in amphipathicity and explored how presence of cysteine affects DNA uptake and transfection efficiency. We report an unusual observation that addition of cysteine selectively increases transfection efficiency of secondary amphipathic peptide (Mgpe-9) and causes a drop in the primary amphipathic peptide (Mgpe-10). Our results point the effect of cysteine is dictated by the importance of physicochemical properties of the carrier peptide. We also report a DNA delivery agent Mgpe-9 exhibiting high transfection efficiency in multiple cell lines (including hard-to-transfect cell lines) with minimal cytotoxicity which can be further explored for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajpal Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 020, India
| | - Daniel Nisakar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 020, India
| | - Shivangi Shivpuri
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 020, India
| | - Munia Ganguli
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 020, India.
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Novo L, Mastrobattista E, van Nostrum CF, Hennink WE. Targeted Decationized Polyplexes for Cell Specific Gene Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:802-12. [DOI: 10.1021/bc500074a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luís Novo
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584
CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584
CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelus F. van Nostrum
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584
CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584
CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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48
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Luo K, He B, Wu Y, Shen Y, Gu Z. Functional and biodegradable dendritic macromolecules with controlled architectures as nontoxic and efficient nanoscale gene vectors. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:818-30. [PMID: 24389086 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has provided great potential to revolutionize the treatment of many diseases. This therapy is strongly relied on whether a delivery vector efficiently and safely directs the therapeutic genes into the target tissue/cells. Nonviral gene delivery vectors have been emerging as a realistic alternative to the use of viral analogs with the potential of a clinically relevant output. Dendritic polymers were employed as nonviral vectors due to their branched and layered architectures, globular shape and multivalent groups on their surface, showing promise in gene delivery. In the present review, we try to bring out the recent trend of studies on functional and biodegradable dendritic polymers as nontoxic and efficient gene delivery vectors. By regulating dendritic polymer design and preparation, together with recent progress in the design of biodegradable polymers, it is possible to precisely manipulate their architectures, molecular weight and chemical composition, resulting in predictable tuning of their biocompatibility as well as gene transfection activities. The multifunctional and biodegradable dendritic polymers possessing the desirable characteristics are expected to overcome extra- and intracellular obstacles, and as efficient and nontoxic gene delivery vectors to move into the clinical arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Bin He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Center for Bionanoengineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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49
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Cationic Polymers for the Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleotides. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_44-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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50
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Hernandez ME, Rembao JD, Hernandez-Baltazar D, Castillo-Rodriguez RA, Tellez-Lopez VM, Flores-Martinez YM, Orozco-Barrios CE, Rubio HA, Sánchez-García A, Ayala-Davila J, Arango-Rodriguez ML, Pavón L, Mejia-Castillo T, Forgez P, Martinez-Fong D. Safety of the intravenous administration of neurotensin-polyplex nanoparticles in BALB/c mice. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 10:745-54. [PMID: 24333586 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Neurotensin (NTS)-polyplex is a gene nanocarrier that has potential nanomedicine-based applications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and cancers of cells expressing NTS receptor type 1. We assessed the acute inflammatory response to NTS-polyplex carrying a reporter gene in BALB/c mice. The intravenous injection of NTS-polyplex caused the specific expression of the reporter gene in gastrointestinal cells. Six hours after an intravenous injection of propidium iodide labeled-NTS-polyplex, fluorescent spots were located in the cells of the organs with a mononuclear phagocyte system, suggesting NTS-polyplex clearance. In contrast to lipopolysaccharide and carbon tetrachloride, NTS-polyplex did not increase the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, bilirubin, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase. NTS-polyplex increased the levels of serum amyloid A and alkaline phosphatase, but these levels normalized after 24 h. Compared to carrageenan, the local injection of NTS-polyplex did not produce inflammation. Our results support the safety of NTS-polyplex. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR This study focuses on the safety of neurotensin (NTS)-polyplex, a gene nanocarrier that has potential in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and cancers of cells expressing NTS receptor type 1. NTS polyplex demonstrates a better safety profile compared with carrageenan, lipopolysaccharide, and carbon tetrachloride in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Victor M Tellez-Lopez
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, CINVESTAV-I.P.N., Mexico DF, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Jose Ayala-Davila
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, CINVESTAV-I.P.N., Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Martha L Arango-Rodriguez
- Instituto de Ciencias, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lenin Pavón
- Department of Psychoimmunology, INPRF, Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Teresa Mejia-Castillo
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, CINVESTAV-I.P.N., Mexico DF, Mexico
| | | | - Daniel Martinez-Fong
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, CINVESTAV-I.P.N., Mexico DF, Mexico; PhD Program in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; CINVESTAV-I.P.N., Mexico DF, Mexico.
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