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Moskaliuk VS, Kozhemyakina RV, Khomenko TM, Volcho KP, Salakhutdinov NF, Kulikov AV, Naumenko VS, Kulikova EA. Key Enzymes of the Serotonergic System - Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2 and Monoamine Oxidase A - In the Brain of Rats Selectively Bred for a Reaction toward Humans: Effects of Benzopentathiepin TC-2153. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:1109-1121. [PMID: 38981704 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924060105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
At the Institute of Cytology and Genetics (Novosibirsk, Russia) for over 85 generations, gray rats have been selected for high aggression toward humans (aggressive rats) or its complete absence (tame rats). Aggressive rats are an interesting model for studying fear-induced aggression. Benzopentathiepin TC-2153 exerts an antiaggressive effect on aggressive rats and affects the serotonergic system: an important regulator of aggression. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of TC-2153 on key serotonergic-system enzymes - tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) - in the brain of aggressive and tame rats. Either TC-2153 (10 or 20 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered once intraperitoneally to aggressive and tame male rats. TPH2 and MAOA enzymatic activities and mRNA and protein levels were assessed. The selection for high aggression resulted in upregulation of Tph2 mRNA in the midbrain, of the TPH2 protein in the hippocampus, and of proteins TPH2 and MAOA in the hypothalamus, as compared to tame rats. MAO enzymatic activity was higher in the midbrain and hippocampus of aggressive rats while TPH2 activity did not differ between the strains. The single TC-2153 administration decreased TPH2 and MAO activity in the hypothalamus and midbrain, respectively. The drug affected MAOA protein levels in the hypothalamus: upregulated them in aggressive rats and downregulated them in tame ones. Thus, this study shows profound differences in the expression and activity of key serotonergic system enzymes in the brain of rats selectively bred for either highly aggressive behavior toward humans or its absence, and the effects of benzopentathiepin TC-2153 on these enzymes may point to mechanisms of its antiaggressive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalii S Moskaliuk
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Rimma V Kozhemyakina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Tatyana M Khomenko
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Konstantin P Volcho
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Alexander V Kulikov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Naumenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Elizabeth A Kulikova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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2
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Pagire HS, Pagire SH, Jeong BK, Choi WI, Oh CJ, Lim CW, Kim M, Yoon J, Kim SS, Bae MA, Jeon JH, Song S, Lee HJ, Lee EY, Goughnour PC, Kim D, Lee IK, Loomba R, Kim H, Ahn JH. Discovery of a peripheral 5HT 2A antagonist as a clinical candidate for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:645. [PMID: 38245505 PMCID: PMC10799935 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44874-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) is currently the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH), an advanced form of MASLD, can progress to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Based on recent findings by our team that liver 5HT2A knockout male mice suppressed steatosis and reduced fibrosis-related gene expression, we developed a peripheral 5HT2A antagonist, compound 11c for MASH. It shows good in vitro activity, stability, and in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK) in rats and dogs. Compound 11c also shows good in vivo efficacy in a diet-induced obesity (DIO) male mice model and in a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) male mice model, effectively improving histologic features of MASH and fibrosis. According to the tissue distribution study using [14C]-labeled 11c, the compound was determined to be a peripheral 5HT2A antagonist. Collectively, first-in-class compound 11c shows promise as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of MASLD and MASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haushabhau S Pagire
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- JD Bioscience Inc., TJS Knowledge Industrial Center Suite 801, 208 Beon-gil Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Suvarna H Pagire
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- JD Bioscience Inc., TJS Knowledge Industrial Center Suite 801, 208 Beon-gil Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kwan Jeong
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Il Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Joo Oh
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Won Lim
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyeon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soon Kim
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Korea
| | - Myung Ae Bae
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Korea
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Song
- JD Bioscience Inc., TJS Knowledge Industrial Center Suite 801, 208 Beon-gil Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jong Lee
- JD Bioscience Inc., TJS Knowledge Industrial Center Suite 801, 208 Beon-gil Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Lee
- JD Bioscience Inc., TJS Knowledge Industrial Center Suite 801, 208 Beon-gil Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter C Goughnour
- JD Bioscience Inc., TJS Knowledge Industrial Center Suite 801, 208 Beon-gil Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Dooseop Kim
- JD Bioscience Inc., TJS Knowledge Industrial Center Suite 801, 208 Beon-gil Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hail Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Hee Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
- JD Bioscience Inc., TJS Knowledge Industrial Center Suite 801, 208 Beon-gil Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61011, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Ubhayarathna M, Langmead CJ, Diepenhorst NA, Stewart GD. Molecular and structural insights into the 5-HT 2C receptor as a therapeutic target for substance use disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 37679998 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic condition, with maintained abuse of a substance leading to physiological and psychological alterations and often changes in cognitive and social behaviours. Current therapies include psychotherapy coupled with medication; however, high relapse rates reveal the shortcomings of these therapies. The signalling, expression profile, and neurological function of the serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2C receptor) make it a candidate of interest for the treatment of SUD. Recently, psychedelics, which broadly act at 5-HT2 receptors, have indicated potential for the treatment of SUD, implicating the 5-HT2C receptor. The modern psychedelic movement has rekindled interest in the 5-HT2C receptor, resulting in many new studies, especially structural analyses. This review explores the structural, molecular and cellular mechanisms governing 5-HT2C receptor function in the context of SUD. This provides the basis of the preclinical and clinical evidence for their role in SUD and highlights the potential for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maleesha Ubhayarathna
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Natalie A Diepenhorst
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Gregory D Stewart
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
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4
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Chávez J, Alcántara-Alonso V, García-Luna C, Soberanes-Chávez P, Grammatopoulos D, de Gortari P. Hypothalamic TRH mediates anorectic effects of serotonin in rats. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0077-22.2022. [PMID: 35545425 PMCID: PMC9159524 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0077-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the modulatory functions of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), an anorectic behavior in rodents is observed when centrally injected. Hypothalamic PVN neurons receive serotonergic inputs from dorsal raphe nucleus and express serotonin (5HT) receptors such as 5HT1A, 5HT2A/2C, 5HT6, which are involved in 5HT-induced feeding regulation. Rats subjected to dehydration-induced anorexia (DIA) model show increased PVN TRH mRNA expression, associated with their decreased food intake. We analyzed whether 5HT input is implicated in the enhanced PVN TRH transcription that anorectic rats exhibit, given that 5HT increases TRH expression and release when studied in vitro By using mHypoA-2/30 hypothalamic cell cultures, we found that 5HT stimulated TRH mRNA, pCREB and pERK1/2 levels. By inhibiting basal PKA or PKC activities or those induced by 5HT, pCREB or pERK1/2 content did not increase suggesting involvement of both kinases in their phosphorylation. 5HT effect on TRH mRNA was not affected by PKA inhibition, but it diminished in the presence of PKCi suggesting involvement of PKC in 5HT-induced TRH increased transcription. This likely involves 5HT2A/2C and the activation of alternative transduction pathways than those studied here. In agreement with the in vitro data, we found that injecting 5HT2A/2C antagonists into the PVN of DIA rats reversed the increased TRH expression of anorectic animals, as well as their decreased food intake; also, the agonist reduced food intake of hungry restricted animals along with elevated PVN TRH mRNA levels. Our results support that the anorectic effects of serotonin are mediated by PVN TRH in this model.Significance statementInteraction between brain peptides and neurotransmitters' pathways regulates feeding behavior, but when altered it could lead to the development of eating disorders, such as anorexia. An abnormal increased TRH expression in hypothalamic PVN results in dehydration-induced anorectic rats, associated to their low food intake. The role of neurotransmitters in that alteration is unknown, and since serotonin inhibits feeding and has receptors in PVN, we analyzed its participation in increasing TRH expression and reducing feeding in anorectic rats. By antagonizing PVN serotonin receptors in anorectic rats, we identify decreased TRH expression and increased feeding, suggesting that the anorectic effects of serotonin are mediated by PVN TRH. Elucidating brain networks involved in feeding regulation would help to design therapies for eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Chávez
- Molecular Neurophysiology laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico 14370
| | - Viridiana Alcántara-Alonso
- Molecular Neurophysiology laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico 14370
- Translational Medicine, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom CV4 7HL
| | - Cinthia García-Luna
- Molecular Neurophysiology laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico 14370
| | - Paulina Soberanes-Chávez
- Molecular Neurophysiology laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico 14370
| | - Dimitris Grammatopoulos
- Translational Medicine, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom CV4 7HL
- Institute of Precision Diagnostics and Translational Medicine, Division of Pathology, UHCW NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom CV2 2DX
| | - Patricia de Gortari
- Molecular Neurophysiology laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico 14370.
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5
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Wold EA, Garcia EJ, Wild CT, Miszkiel JM, Soto CA, Chen J, Pazdrak K, Fox RG, Anastasio NC, Cunningham KA, Zhou J. Discovery of 4-Phenylpiperidine-2-Carboxamide Analogues as Serotonin 5-HT 2C Receptor-Positive Allosteric Modulators with Enhanced Drug-like Properties. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7529-7544. [PMID: 32567857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT2C receptor (5-HT2CR) allosteric site to potentiate endogenous 5-HT tone may provide novel therapeutics to alleviate the impact of costly, chronic diseases such as obesity and substance use disorders. Expanding upon our recently described 5-HT2CR-positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) based on the 4-alkylpiperidine-2-carboxamide scaffold, we optimized the undecyl moiety at the 4-position with variations of cyclohexyl- or phenyl-containing fragments to reduce rotatable bonds and lipophilicity. Compound 12 (CTW0415) was discovered as a 5-HT2CR PAM with improved pharmacokinetics and reduced off-target interactions relative to our previous series of molecules. The in vivo efficacy of compound 12 to potentiate the effects of a selective 5-HT2CR agonist was established in a drug discrimination assay. Thus, 12 is reported as a 5-HT2CR PAM with characteristics suitable for in vivo pharmacological studies to further probe the biological and behavioral mechanisms of allosteric modulation of a receptor important in several chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Wold
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Chemical Biology Program and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Erik J Garcia
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Christopher T Wild
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Chemical Biology Program and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Joanna M Miszkiel
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Claudia A Soto
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jianping Chen
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Chemical Biology Program and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Konrad Pazdrak
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Robert G Fox
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Noelle C Anastasio
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Chemical Biology Program and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Chemical Biology Program and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Chemical Biology Program and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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6
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Kim M, Hwang I, Pagire HS, Pagire SH, Choi W, Choi WG, Yoon J, Lee WM, Song JS, Yoo EK, Lee SM, Kim MJ, Bae MA, Kim D, Lee H, Lee EY, Jeon JH, Lee IK, Kim H, Ahn JH. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of New Peripheral 5HT2A Antagonists for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4171-4182. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minhee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Inseon Hwang
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Haushabhau S. Pagire
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Suvarna H. Pagire
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsuk Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gun Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyeon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Mi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sook Song
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Yoo
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41010, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Mi Lee
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41010, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-jin Kim
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41010, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ae Bae
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dooseop Kim
- R&D center, JD Bioscience, 123 Cheomdan-dwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejong Lee
- R&D center, JD Bioscience, 123 Cheomdan-dwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Lee
- R&D center, JD Bioscience, 123 Cheomdan-dwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41010, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41010, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Hail Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- R&D center, JD Bioscience, 123 Cheomdan-dwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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7
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Wold EA, Wild CT, Cunningham KA, Zhou J. Targeting the 5-HT2C Receptor in Biological Context and the Current State of 5-HT2C Receptor Ligand Development. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1381-1398. [PMID: 31288724 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190709101449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT2C receptor (5-HT2CR) is recognized as a critical mediator of diseaserelated pathways and behaviors based upon actions in the central nervous system (CNS). Since 5-HT2CR is a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), drug discovery efforts have traditionally pursued the activation of the receptor through synthetic ligands with agonists proposed for the treatment of obesity, substance use disorders and impulse control disorders while antagonists may add value for the treatment of anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. The most significant agonist discovery to date is the FDAapproved anti-obesity medication lorcaserin. In recent years, efforts towards developing other mechanisms to enhance receptor function have resulted in the discovery of Positive Allosteric Modulators (PAMs) for the 5-HT2CR, with several molecule series now reported. The biological significance and context for signaling and function of the 5-HT2CR, and the current status of 5-HT2CR agonists and PAMs are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Wold
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Christopher T Wild
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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8
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Soto CA, Du HC, Fox RG, Yang T, Hooson J, Anastasio NC, Gilbertson SR, Cunningham KA. In Vivo and In Vitro Analyses of Novel Peptidomimetic Disruptors for the Serotonin 5-HT 2C Receptor Interaction With Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:907. [PMID: 31507411 PMCID: PMC6716272 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypofunction of the serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT2C receptor (5-HT2CR) has been implicated in a variety of disorders including substance use disorders. As such, approaches to enhance 5-HT2CR signaling display therapeutic potential. In the present study, we show that disruption of the 5-HT2CR interaction with the protein phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) via peptidomimetics enhances 5-HT2CR-mediating signaling in vitro and potentiates selective 5-HT2CR agonists in behavioral rodent models. Overall, the present study provides further evidence that 5-HT2CR activity can be modulated through an allosteric protein-protein interaction. This work provides the groundwork for the continued exploration of protein-protein interactions that can allosterically modulate this critical receptor and other important G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for new therapeutic development through mechanisms that may display clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Soto
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Huang-Chi Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Robert G Fox
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Taegyun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - James Hooson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Noelle C Anastasio
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Scott R Gilbertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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9
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Watson CS, Koong L, Jeng YJ, Vinas R. Xenoestrogen interference with nongenomic signaling actions of physiological estrogens in endocrine cancer cells. Steroids 2019; 142:84-93. [PMID: 30012504 PMCID: PMC6339598 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid nongenomic signaling by estrogens (Es), initiated near the cell membrane, provides new explanations for the potent actions of environmental chemicals that imperfectly mimic physiological Es. These pathways can affect tumor growth, stabilization, or shrinkage via a number of signaling streams such as activation/inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and caspases, generation of second messengers, and phospho-triggering of cyclin instability. Though prostate cancers are better known for their responsiveness to androgen deprivation, ∼17% of late stage tumors regress in response to high dose natural or pharmaceutical Es; however, the mechanisms at the cellular level are not understood. More accurate recent measurements show that estradiol (E2) levels decline in aging men, leading to the hypothesis that maintaining young male levels of E2 may prevent the growth of prostate cancers. Major contributions to reducing prostate cancer cell numbers included low E2 concentrations producing sustained ERK phospho-activation correlated with generation of reactive oxygen species causing cancer cell death, and phospho-activation of cyclin D1 triggering its rapid degradation by interrupting cell cycle progression. These therapeutic actions were stronger in early stage tumor cells (with higher membrane estrogen receptor levels), and E2 was far more effective compared to diethylstilbestrol (the most frequently prescribed E treatment). Xenoestrogens (XEs) exacerbated the growth of prostate cancer cells, and as we know from previous studies in pituitary cancer cells, can interfere with the nongenomic signaling actions of endogenous Es. Therefore, nongenomic actions of physiological levels of E2 may be important deterrents to the growth of prostate cancers, which could be undermined by the actions of XEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Watson
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
| | - Luke Koong
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Yow-Jiun Jeng
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Rene Vinas
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
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10
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Wold EA, Chen J, Cunningham KA, Zhou J. Allosteric Modulation of Class A GPCRs: Targets, Agents, and Emerging Concepts. J Med Chem 2019; 62:88-127. [PMID: 30106578 PMCID: PMC6556150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been tractable drug targets for decades with over one-third of currently marketed drugs targeting GPCRs. Of these, the class A GPCR superfamily is highly represented, and continued drug discovery for this family of receptors may provide novel therapeutics for a vast range of diseases. GPCR allosteric modulation is an innovative targeting approach that broadens the available small molecule toolbox and is proving to be a viable drug discovery strategy, as evidenced by recent FDA approvals and clinical trials. Numerous class A GPCR allosteric modulators have been discovered recently, and emerging trends such as the availability of GPCR crystal structures, diverse functional assays, and structure-based computational approaches are improving optimization and development. This Perspective provides an update on allosterically targeted class A GPCRs and their disease indications and the medicinal chemistry approaches toward novel allosteric modulators and highlights emerging trends and opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Wold
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Kathryn A. Cunningham
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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11
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Felsing DE, Anastasio NC, Miszkiel JM, Gilbertson SR, Allen JA, Cunningham KA. Biophysical validation of serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor interaction. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203137. [PMID: 30157263 PMCID: PMC6114921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) and 5-HT2C receptor (5-HT2CR) in the central nervous system are implicated in a range of normal behaviors (e.g., appetite, sleep) and physiological functions (e.g., endocrine secretion) while dysfunctional 5-HT2AR and/or 5-HT2CR are implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g., addiction, obesity, schizophrenia). Preclinical studies suggest that the 5-HT2AR and 5-HT2CR may act in concert to regulate the neural bases for behavior. Here, we utilize three distinct biophysical and immunocytochemistry-based approaches to identify and study this receptor complex in cultured cells. Employing a split luciferase complementation assay (LCA), we demonstrated that formation of the 5-HT2AR:5-HT2CR complex exists within 50 nm, increases proportionally to the 5-HT2CR:5-HT2AR protein expression ratio, and is specific to the receptor interaction and not due to random complementation of the luciferase fragments. Using a proximity ligation assay (PLA), we found that cells stably expressing both the 5-HT2AR and 5-HT2CR exhibit 5-HT2AR:5-HT2CR heteroreceptor complexes within 40 nm of each other. Lastly, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) analyses indicates the formation of a specific and saturable 5-HT2AR:5-HT2CR interaction, suggesting that the 5-HT2AR and 5-HT2CR form a close interaction within 10 nm of each other in intact live cells. The bioengineered receptors generated for the LCA and the BRET exhibit 5-HT-mediated intracellular calcium signaling as seen for the native receptors. Taken together, this study validates a very close 5-HT2AR:5-HT2CR interaction in cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Felsing
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Noelle C. Anastasio
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joanna M. Miszkiel
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Scott R. Gilbertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - John A. Allen
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kathryn A. Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Wild CT, Miszkiel JM, Wold EA, Soto CA, Ding C, Hartley RM, White MA, Anastasio NC, Cunningham KA, Zhou J. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of 4-Undecylpiperidine-2-carboxamides as Positive Allosteric Modulators of the Serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT 2C Receptor. J Med Chem 2018; 62:288-305. [PMID: 29620897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
An impaired signaling capacity of the serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT2C receptor (5-HT2CR) has been implicated in the neurobehavioral processes that promote relapse vulnerability in cocaine use disorder (CUD). Restoration of the diminished 5-HT2CR signaling through positive allosteric modulation presents a novel therapeutic approach. Several new molecules with the 4-alkylpiperidine-2-carboxamide scaffold were designed, synthesized, and pharmacologically evaluated, leading to the discovery of selective 5-HT2CR positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). Compound 16 (CYD-1-79) potentiated 5-HT-evoked intracellular calcium release in cells stably expressing the human 5-HT2CR but not the 5-HT2AR cells. A topographically distinct allosteric site was identified based on the newly solved 5-HT2CR structure. Compound 16 modulated 5-HT2CR-mediated spontaneous ambulation, partially substituted for the training dose of the 5-HT2CR agonist WAY163909, synergized with a low dose of WAY163909 to substitute fully for the stimulus effects of WAY163909, and attenuated relapse vulnerability as assessed in a rodent self-administration model, indicating its therapeutic promise for CUD.
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13
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Soto CA, Shashack MJ, Fox RG, Bubar MJ, Rice KC, Watson CS, Cunningham KA, Gilbertson SR, Anastasio NC. Novel Bivalent 5-HT 2A Receptor Antagonists Exhibit High Affinity and Potency in Vitro and Efficacy in Vivo. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:514-521. [PMID: 29111677 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) plays an important role in various neuropsychiatric disorders, including substance use disorder and schizophrenia. Homodimerization of this receptor has been suggested, but tools that allow direct assessment of the relevance of the 5-HT2AR:5-HT2AR homodimer in these disorders are necessary. We chemically modified the selective 5-HT2AR antagonist M100907 to synthesize a series of homobivalent ligands connected by ethylene glycol linkers of varying lengths that may be useful tools for probing 5-HT2AR:5-HT2AR homodimer function. We tested these molecules for 5-HT2AR antagonist activity in a cell line stably expressing the functional 5-HT2AR and quantified a downstream signaling target, activation (phosphorylation) of extracellular regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), in comparison to in vivo efficacy of altering spontaneous or cocaine-evoked locomotor activity in rats. All of the synthetic compounds inhibited 5-HT-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in the cellular signaling assay; the potency of the bivalent ligands varied as a function of linker length, with the intermediate linker lengths being the most potent. The Ki values for the binding of bivalent ligands to 5-HT2AR were only slightly lower than the values for the parent (+)-M100907 compound, but significant selectivity for 5-HT2AR over 5-HT2BR or 5-HT2CR binding was retained. In addition, the 11-atom-linked bivalent 5-HT2AR antagonist (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) demonstrated efficacy on par with that of (+)-M100907 in inhibiting cocaine-evoked hyperactivity. As we develop further strategies for ligand-evoked receptor assembly and analyses of diverse signaling and functional roles, these novel homobivalent 5-HT2AR antagonist ligands will serve as useful in vitro and in vivo probes of 5-HT2AR structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kenner C. Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | | | | | - Scott R. Gilbertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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14
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Gilbertson SR, Chen YC, Soto CA, Yang Y, Rice KC, Cunningham KA, Anastasio NC. Synthesis and activity of functionalizable derivatives of the serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT 2A receptor (5-HT 2AR) antagonist M100907. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1381-1385. [PMID: 29555153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The approach of tethering together two known receptor ligands, to be used as molecular probes for the study of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) systems, has proven to be a valuable approach. Selective ligands that possess functionality that can be used to link to other ligands, are useful in the development of novel antagonists and agonists. Such molecules can also be attached to reporter molecules, such as fluorophores, for the study of GPCR dimerization and its role in signaling. The highly selective serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) antagonist M100907 (volinanserin) is of clinical interest in the treatment of neurological and mental health disorders. Here, we synthesized the most active (+)-M100907 enantiomer as well as a series of derivatives that possessed either an alkyne or an azide. The triazole resulting from the dipolar cycloaddition of these groups did not interfere with the ability of the bivalent ligand to act as an antagonist. Thus, we have synthesized a number of compounds which will prove useful in elucidating the role of the 5-HT2AR in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Gilbertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Center for Addiction Research, United States.
| | - Ying-Chu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Yaxing Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Research, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Noelle C Anastasio
- Center for Addiction Research, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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15
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Chen YC, Hartley RM, Anastasio NC, Cunningham KA, Gilbertson SR. Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of Tool Compounds Based on WAY163909, a 5-HT 2C Receptor Agonist. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1004-1010. [PMID: 28414422 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of probe molecules that can be used to investigate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pharmacology, trafficking, and relationship with other GPCRs is an important and growing area of research. Here, we report the synthesis of analogues of the known selective serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT2C receptor (5-HT2CR) agonist WAY163909 which were designed to allow for the attachment of a second ligand, signaling or reporter molecules, as well as immobilization agents to the parent molecule with the maintenance of agonist activity. This goal was accomplished by the synthesis of novel molecules in which sites a-d were modified and resulting compounds were analyzed pharmacologically in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | | | | | | | - Scott R. Gilbertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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16
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Grossini E, Gramaglia C, Farruggio S, Camillo L, Mary D, Vacca G, Zeppegno P. Asenapine modulates nitric oxide release and calcium movements in cardiomyoblasts. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2016; 7:6-14. [PMID: 27127388 PMCID: PMC4831496 DOI: 10.4103/0976-500x.179358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of asenapine on nitric oxide (NO) release and Ca(2+) transients in H9C2 cell line, which were either subjected to peroxidation or not. MATERIALS AND METHODS H9C2 were treated with asenapine alone or in presence of intracellular kinase blockers, serotoninergic and dopaminergic antagonists, and voltage Ca(2+) channels inhibitors. Experiments were also performed in H9C2 treated with hydrogen peroxide. NO release and intracellular Ca(2+) were measured through specific probes. RESULTS In H9C2, asenapine differently modulated NO release and Ca(2+) movements depending on peroxidative condition. The Ca(2+) pool mobilized by asenapine mainly originated from the extracellular space and was slightly affected by thapsigargin. Moreover, the effects of asenapine were reduced or prevented by kinases blockers, dopaminergic and serotoninergic receptors inhibitors, and voltage Ca(2+) channels blockers. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of our findings, we can conclude that asenapine by interacting with its specific receptors, exerts dual effects on NO release and Ca(2+) homeostasis in H9C2; this would be of particular clinical relevance when considering their role in cardiac function modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Grossini
- Department of Translational Medicine, Laboratory of Physiology and Experimental Surgery, University of Eastern Piedmont "A. Avogadro", Via Solaroli 17, I-28100, Novara, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore Della Carità, Corso Mazzini 36, Novara, Italy
| | - Carla Gramaglia
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore Della Carità, Corso Mazzini 36, Novara, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, Psichiatric Unit, University of Eastern Piedmont "A. Avogadro", Via Solaroli 17, I-28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Serena Farruggio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Laboratory of Physiology and Experimental Surgery, University of Eastern Piedmont "A. Avogadro", Via Solaroli 17, I-28100, Novara, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore Della Carità, Corso Mazzini 36, Novara, Italy
| | - Lara Camillo
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore Della Carità, Corso Mazzini 36, Novara, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, Psichiatric Unit, University of Eastern Piedmont "A. Avogadro", Via Solaroli 17, I-28100, Novara, Italy
| | - David Mary
- Department of Translational Medicine, Laboratory of Physiology and Experimental Surgery, University of Eastern Piedmont "A. Avogadro", Via Solaroli 17, I-28100, Novara, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore Della Carità, Corso Mazzini 36, Novara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vacca
- Department of Translational Medicine, Laboratory of Physiology and Experimental Surgery, University of Eastern Piedmont "A. Avogadro", Via Solaroli 17, I-28100, Novara, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore Della Carità, Corso Mazzini 36, Novara, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zeppegno
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore Della Carità, Corso Mazzini 36, Novara, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, Psichiatric Unit, University of Eastern Piedmont "A. Avogadro", Via Solaroli 17, I-28100, Novara, Italy
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17
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Nocjar C, Alex KD, Sonneborn A, Abbas AI, Roth BL, Pehek EA. Serotonin-2C and -2a receptor co-expression on cells in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 2015; 297:22-37. [PMID: 25818050 PMCID: PMC4595040 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neural function within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) regulates normal cognition, attention and impulse control, implicating neuroregulatory abnormalities within this region in mental dysfunction related to schizophrenia, depression and drug abuse. Both serotonin-2A (5-HT2A) and -2C (5-HT2C) receptors are known to be important in neuropsychiatric drug action and are distributed throughout the mPFC. However, their interactive role in serotonergic cortical regulation is poorly understood. While the main signal transduction mechanism for both receptors is stimulation of phosphoinositide production, they can have opposite effects downstream. 5-HT2A versus 5-HT2C receptor activation oppositely regulates behavior and can oppositely affect neurochemical release within the mPFC. These distinct receptor effects could be caused by their differential cellular distribution within the cortex and/or other areas. It is known that both receptors are located on GABAergic and pyramidal cells within the mPFC, but it is not clear whether they are expressed on the same or different cells. The present work employed immunofluorescence with confocal microscopy to examine this in layers V-VI of the prelimbic mPFC. The majority of GABA cells in the deep prelimbic mPFC expressed 5-HT2C receptor immunoreactivity. Furthermore, most cells expressing 5-HT2C receptor immunoreactivity notably co-expressed 5-HT2A receptors. However, 27% of 5-HT2C receptor immunoreactive cells were not GABAergic, indicating that a population of prelimbic pyramidal projection cells could express the 5-HT2C receptor. Indeed, some cells with 5-HT2C and 5-HT2A receptor co-labeling had a pyramidal shape and were expressed in the typical layered fashion of pyramidal cells. This indirectly demonstrates that 5-HT2C and 5-HT2A receptors may be commonly co-expressed on GABAergic cells within the deep layers of the prelimbic mPFC and perhaps co-localized on a small population of local pyramidal projection cells. Thus a complex interplay of cortical 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor mechanisms exists, which if altered, could modulate efferent brain systems implicated in mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nocjar
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - K D Alex
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - A Sonneborn
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - A I Abbas
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - B L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, 4072 Genetic Medicine Building, Campus Box 7365, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA.
| | - E A Pehek
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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18
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Martin CBP, Martin VS, Trigo JM, Chevarin C, Maldonado R, Fink LH, Cunningham KA, Hamon M, Lanfumey L, Mongeau R. 5-HT2C receptor desensitization moderates anxiety in 5-HTT deficient mice: from behavioral to cellular evidence. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu056. [PMID: 25522398 PMCID: PMC4360241 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Desensitization and blockade of 5-HT2C receptors (5-HT2CR) have long been thought to be central in the therapeutic action of antidepressant drugs. However, besides behavioral pharmacology studies, there is little in vivo data documenting antidepressant-induced 5-HT2CR desensitization in specific brain areas. METHODS Mice lacking the 5-HT reuptake carrier (5-HTT(-/-)) were used to model the consequences of chronic 5-HT reuptake inhibition with antidepressant drugs. The effect of this mutation on 5-HT2CR was evaluated at the behavioral (social interaction, novelty-suppressed feeding, and 5-HT2CR-induced hypolocomotion tests), the neurochemical, and the cellular (RT-qPCR, mRNA editing, and c-fos-induced expression) levels. RESULTS Although 5-HTT(-/-) mice had an anxiogenic profile in the novelty-suppressed feeding test, they displayed less 5-HT2CR-mediated anxiety in response to the agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine in the social interaction test. In addition, 5-HT2CR-mediated inhibition of a stress-induced increase in 5-HT turnover, measured in various brain areas, was markedly reduced in 5-HTT(-/-) mutants. These indices of tolerance to 5-HT2CR stimulation were associated neither with altered levels of 5-HT2CR protein and mRNA nor with changes in pre-mRNA editing in the frontal cortex. However, basal c-fos mRNA production in cells expressing 5-HT2CR was higher in 5-HTT(-/-) mutants, suggesting an altered basal activity of these cells following sustained 5-HT reuptake carrier inactivation. Furthermore, the increased c-fos mRNA expression in 5-HT2CR-like immune-positive cortical cells observed in wild-type mice treated acutely with the 5-HT2CR agonist RO-60,0175 was absent in 5-HTT(-/-) mutants. CONCLUSIONS Such blunted responsiveness of the 5-HT2CR system, observed at the cell signaling level, probably contributes to the moderation of the anxiety phenotype in 5-HTT(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Raymond Mongeau
- Paris Descartes, Univ Paris 05, Paris, France (Drs CBP Martin, VS Martin, Chevarin, Hamon, Lanfumey, and Mongeau); UPMC, Univ Paris 06, Paris, France (Drs CBP Martin, VS Martin, Chevarin, Hamon, Lanfumey, and Mongeau); INSERM UMR S894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France (Drs CBP Martin, VS Martin, Chevarin, Hamon, Lanfumey, and Mongeau); Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain (Drs Trigo and Maldonado); Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (Drs Fink and Cunningham).
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19
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Watson CS, Jeng YJ, Bulayeva NN, Finnerty CC, Koong LY, Zivadinovic D, Alyea RA, Midoro-Horiuti T, Goldblum RM, Anastasio NC, Cunningham KA, Seitz PK, Smith TD. Multi-well plate immunoassays for measuring signaling protein activations/deactivations and membrane vs. intracellular receptor levels. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1204:123-133. [PMID: 25182766 PMCID: PMC9159966 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1346-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We developed fixed-cell multi-well plate immunoassays that increase the throughput and ease of quantification for questions formerly assessed by immunoblot scanning. The assays make use of the now abundant antibodies designed to recognize receptor subtypes and posttranslationally modified signaling proteins. By optimizing permeabilization and fixation conditions, mainly based on specific cell types, the assay can be adapted to the study of many different antigens of importance to hormonal and neurotransmitter signaling scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 0645 312 Basic Science Building, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA,
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20
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Franklin JM, Carrasco GA. G-protein receptor kinase 5 regulates the cannabinoid receptor 2-induced up-regulation of serotonin 2A receptors. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15712-24. [PMID: 23592773 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.454843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that cannabinoid agonists can up-regulate and enhance the activity of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors in the prefrontal cortex (PFCx). Increased expression and activity of cortical 5-HT2A receptors has been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and schizophrenia. Here we report that repeated CP55940 exposure selectively up-regulates GRK5 proteins in rat PFCx and in a neuronal cell culture model. We sought to examine the mechanism underlying the regulation of GRK5 and to identify the role of GRK5 in the cannabinoid agonist-induced up-regulation and enhanced activity of 5-HT2A receptors. Interestingly, we found that cannabinoid agonist-induced up-regulation of GRK5 involves CB2 receptors, β-arrestin 2, and ERK1/2 signaling because treatment with CB2 shRNA lentiviral particles, β-arrestin 2 shRNA lentiviral particles, or ERK1/2 inhibitor prevented the cannabinoid agonist-induced up-regulation of GRK5. Most importantly, we found that GRK5 shRNA lentiviral particle treatment prevented the cannabinoid agonist-induced up-regulation and enhanced 5-HT2A receptor-mediated calcium release. Repeated cannabinoid exposure was also associated with enhanced phosphorylation of CB2 receptors and increased interaction between β-arrestin 2 and ERK1/2. These latter phenomena were also significantly inhibited by GRK5 shRNA lentiviral treatment. Our results suggest that sustained activation of CB2 receptors, which up-regulates 5-HT2A receptor signaling, enhances GRK5 expression; the phosphorylation of CB2 receptors; and the β-arrestin 2/ERK interactions. These data could provide a rationale for some of the adverse effects associated with repeated cannabinoid agonist exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade M Franklin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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Peptide inhibitors disrupt the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor interaction with phosphatase and tensin homolog to allosterically modulate cellular signaling and behavior. J Neurosci 2013; 33:1615-30. [PMID: 23345234 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2656-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) signaling through the 5-HT(2C) receptor (5-HT(2C)R) is essential in normal physiology, whereas aberrant 5-HT(2C)R function is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple neural disorders. The 5-HT(2C)R interacts with specific protein partners, but the impact of such interactions on 5-HT(2C)R function is poorly understood. Here, we report convergent cellular and behavioral data that the interaction between the 5-HT(2C)R and protein phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) serves as a regulatory mechanism to control 5-HT(2C)R-mediated biology but not that of the closely homologous 5-HT(2A)R. A peptide derived from the third intracellular loop of the human 5-HT(2C)R [3L4F (third loop, fourth fragment)] disrupted the association, allosterically augmented 5-HT(2C)R-mediated signaling in live cells, and acted as a positive allosteric modulator in rats in vivo. We identified the critical residues within an 8 aa fragment of the 3L4F peptide that maintained efficacy (within the picomolar range) in live cells similar to that of the 3L4F peptide. Last, molecular modeling identified key structural features and potential interaction sites of the active 3L4F peptides against PTEN. These compelling data demonstrate the specificity and importance of this protein assembly in cellular events and behaviors mediated by 5-HT(2C)R signaling and provide a chemical guidepost to the future development of drug-like peptide or small-molecule inhibitors as neuroprobes to study 5-HT(2C)R allostery and therapeutics for 5-HT(2C)R-mediated disorders.
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Cunningham KA, Anastasio NC, Fox RG, Stutz SJ, Bubar MJ, Swinford SE, Watson CS, Gilbertson SR, Rice KC, Rosenzweig-Lipson S, Moeller FG. Synergism between a serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) antagonist and 5-HT2CR agonist suggests new pharmacotherapeutics for cocaine addiction. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:110-21. [PMID: 23336050 DOI: 10.1021/cn300072u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapse to cocaine dependence, even after extended abstinence, involves a number of liability factors including impulsivity (predisposition toward rapid, unplanned reactions to stimuli without regard to negative consequences) and cue reactivity (sensitivity to cues associated with cocaine-taking which can promote cocaine-seeking). These factors have been mechanistically linked to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) signaling through the 5-HT(2A) receptor (5-HT(2A)R) and 5-HT(2C)R; either a selective 5-HT(2A)R antagonist or a 5-HT(2C)R agonist suppresses impulsivity and cocaine-seeking in preclinical models. We conducted proof-of-concept analyses to evaluate whether a combination of 5-HT(2A)R antagonist plus 5-HT(2C)R agonist would have synergistic effects over these liability factors for relapse as measured in a 1-choice serial reaction time task and cocaine self-administration/reinstatement assay. Combined administration of a dose of the selective 5-HT(2A)R antagonist M100907 plus the 5-HT(2C)R agonist WAY163909, each ineffective alone, synergistically suppressed cocaine-induced hyperactivity, inherent and cocaine-evoked impulsive action, as well as cue- and cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. The identification of synergism between a 5-HT(2A)R antagonist plus a 5-HT(2C)R agonist to attenuate these factors important in relapse indicates the promise of a bifunctional ligand as an anti-addiction pharmacotherapeutic, setting the stage to develop new ligands with improved efficacy, potency, selectivity, and in vivo profiles over the individual molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Scott R. Gilbertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, , United States
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, , United States
| | | | - F. Gerard Moeller
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research
on Addictions, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston,
Houston, Texas, , United States
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