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Beynon A, Hendry D, Lund Rasmussen C, Rohl AL, Eynon R, Thomas G, Stearne S, Campbell A, Harris C, Zabatiero J, Straker L. Measurement Method Options to Investigate Digital Screen Technology Use by Children and Adolescents: A Narrative Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:754. [PMID: 39062204 PMCID: PMC11275073 DOI: 10.3390/children11070754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The role and potential impact of digital screen technology in the lives of children is heavily debated. Current evidence is limited by the weakness of measures typically used to characterise screen use, predominantly proxy- or self-reports with known inaccuracy and bias. However, robust and detailed evidence is needed to provide practical trustworthy guidance to families and professionals working with families. The purpose of this paper is to support researchers to select measurement method(s) that will provide robust and detailed evidence. The paper outlines the challenges in measuring contemporary screen use by children, using a child-technology interaction model to organise considerations. A range of different methods used to measure digital screen technology use in children and adolescents (i.e., questionnaires, diaries, electronically prompted sampling, direct observation, fixed room cameras, wearable/portable cameras, audio recorders, screen-device onboard logging, remote digital trace logging and proximity logging) are described along with examples of their use and constructs typically measured as well as a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of each method. A checklist and worked examples are provided to support researchers determining the best methods or combination of methods for a research project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Beynon
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Australia; (A.B.); (D.H.); (C.L.R.); (A.L.R.); (G.T.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (C.H.); (J.Z.)
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Danica Hendry
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Australia; (A.B.); (D.H.); (C.L.R.); (A.L.R.); (G.T.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (C.H.); (J.Z.)
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Charlotte Lund Rasmussen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Australia; (A.B.); (D.H.); (C.L.R.); (A.L.R.); (G.T.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (C.H.); (J.Z.)
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Andrew L. Rohl
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Australia; (A.B.); (D.H.); (C.L.R.); (A.L.R.); (G.T.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (C.H.); (J.Z.)
- Curtin Institute for Data Science and School of Electrical Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Rebecca Eynon
- Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK;
| | - George Thomas
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Australia; (A.B.); (D.H.); (C.L.R.); (A.L.R.); (G.T.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (C.H.); (J.Z.)
- Health and Wellbeing Centre for Research Innovation, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Sarah Stearne
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Australia; (A.B.); (D.H.); (C.L.R.); (A.L.R.); (G.T.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (C.H.); (J.Z.)
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Amity Campbell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Australia; (A.B.); (D.H.); (C.L.R.); (A.L.R.); (G.T.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (C.H.); (J.Z.)
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Courtenay Harris
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Australia; (A.B.); (D.H.); (C.L.R.); (A.L.R.); (G.T.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (C.H.); (J.Z.)
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Juliana Zabatiero
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Australia; (A.B.); (D.H.); (C.L.R.); (A.L.R.); (G.T.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (C.H.); (J.Z.)
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Leon Straker
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Australia; (A.B.); (D.H.); (C.L.R.); (A.L.R.); (G.T.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (C.H.); (J.Z.)
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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Deckert A, Runge-Ranzinger S, Banaschewski T, Horstick O, Elwishahy A, Olarte-Peña M, Faber C, Müller T, Brugnara L, Thom J, Mauz E, Peitz D. Mental health indicators for children and adolescents in OECD countries: a scoping review. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1303133. [PMID: 38414565 PMCID: PMC10898649 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1303133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This scoping review is a further step to build up the Mental Health Surveillance System for Germany. It summarizes and analyzes indicators used or described in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries for public mental health monitoring in children and adolescents aged 0-18 years. Methods We searched PubMed-MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Databases, and Google Scholar from 2000 to September 2022. The search used five general keyword categories: 1) "indicators/monitoring/surveillance" at the population level, 2) "mental/psychological," 3) "health/disorders," 4) "children and adolescents," and 5) 38 OECD countries. The search was complemented with an extensive grey literature search, including OECD public health institutions and an internet search using Google. A predefined set of inclusion and exclusion criteria was applied. Results Over 15,500 articles and documents were screened (scientific search N = 10,539, grey literature search more than 5,000). More than 700 articles and documents have been full-text assessed, with 382 being ultimately included. Out of 7,477 indicators extracted, an initial set of 6,426 indicators met our inclusion criteria for indicators. After consolidating duplicates and similar content, this initial set was categorized into 19 topics, resulting in a final set of 210 different indicators. The analysis highlighted an increasing interest in the topic since 2008, but indicators for the younger age, particularly those aged 0 to 2 years, were less readily available. Conclusion Our research provides a comprehensive understanding of the current state of mental health indicators for children and adolescents, identifying both (1) indicators of public mental health noted in a previous scoping review on adults and (2) new indicators specific to this age group. These findings contribute to the development of effective public health surveillance strategies for children and adolescents and inform future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Deckert
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silvia Runge-Ranzinger
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters Zentralinstituts für Seelische Gesundheit, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Olaf Horstick
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Abdelrahman Elwishahy
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margarita Olarte-Peña
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- evaplan GmbH am Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Faber
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Brugnara
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- evaplan GmbH am Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Thom
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elvira Mauz
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana Peitz
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Qi Y, Yin Y, Wang X, Zou Y, Liu B. Autonomous motivation, social support, and physical activity in school children: moderating effects of school-based rope skipping sports participation. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1295924. [PMID: 38327571 PMCID: PMC10847259 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1295924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Recent studies have shown that physical activity (PA) levels are low among children and adolescents globally. In order to reverse this trend, PA interventions are increasingly favoured. The school setting is the ideal place to address the issues that many children face. The purpose of this study was to (a) The primary focus of this study is to delve into the mediating role played by school-based rope skipping sports participation (SRSP) in the connection between social support and moderate to high-intensity physical activity (MVPA) among school children. (b) Additionally, this research aims to examine the moderating effect of within this pathway. Methods We conducted a survey involving 721 adolescents residing in Changsha City. The participants' ages ranged from 8 to 12 years, with an average age of 9.84 ± 1.535 years. Out of these participants, 406 were boys, and 315 were girls. To assess variables such as social support and autonomous motivation, we employed standardized measurement scales. Subsequently, we analyzed the collected data using various statistical methods, including independent s-amples t-tests, bivariate correlation analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, structural equation modeling (SEM), and the Johnson-Neyman method. Results An independent samples t-test revealed a statistically significant difference in MVPA between genders (p = 0.003 < 0.05), with boys exhibiting a higher level of engagement in MVPA compared to girls, Correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations among several key variables. Specifically, social support demonstrated a noteworthy positive correlation with autonomous motivation (r = 0.331, p < 0.01) as well as school children's engagement in MVPA (r = 0.308, p < 0.01). Moreover, autonomous motivation displayed a significant positive correlation with school children's involvement in MVPA (r = 0.459, p < 0.01). The moderating analysis revealed a significant influence of the interaction between increased participation in and social support on school children's engagement in MVPA. Conclusion Social support and autonomy support have been proven effective in enhancing school children's engagement in MVPA. They exert their influence indirectly by fostering autonomous motivation. Notably, robust social support can significantly benefit MVPA school children with high activity requirements, particularly those regularly engaged in MVPA during the school day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Qi
- Department of Physical Education and Research, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yao Yin
- Progression School of Upper Secondary, Beijing College of Finance and Commerce, Beijing, China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Zou
- Logistics Department, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Institute of Basic Education, Hefei Technology College, Hefei, China
- Faculty of Physical Education, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Song K, Zhang JL, Zhou N, Fu Y, Zou B, Xu LX, Wang Z, Li X, Zhao Y, Potenza M, Fang X, Zhang JT. Youth Screen Media Activity Patterns and Associations With Behavioral Developmental Measures and Resting-state Brain Functional Connectivity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 62:1051-1063. [PMID: 36963562 PMCID: PMC10509312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Screen media activity (SMA) consumes considerable time in youth's lives, raising concerns about the effects it may have on youth development. Disentangling mixed associations between SMA of youth and developmental measures should move beyond overall screen time and consider types and patterns of SMA. This study aimed to identify reliable and generalizable SMA patterns among youth and examine their associations with behavioral developmental measures and developing brain functional connectivity. METHOD Three waves of Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) data were examined. The Lifespan Human Connectome Project in Development (HCP-D) was interrogated as an independent sample. ABCD participants included 11,876 children at baseline. HCP-D participants included 652 children and adolescents. Youth-reported SMA and behavioral developmental measures (neurocognitive performance, behavioral problems, psychotic-like experiences, impulsivity, and sensitivities to punishment/reward) were assessed with validated instruments. We identified SMA patterns in the ABCD baseline data using K-means clustering and sensitivity analyses. Generalizability and stability of the identified SMA patterns were examined in HCP-D data and ABCD follow-up waves, respectively. Relations between SMA patterns and behavioral and brain (resting-state brain functional connectivity) measures were examined using linear mixed effects modeling with false discovery rate (FDR) correction. RESULTS SMA data from 11,815 children (mean [SD] age = 119.0 [7.5] months; 6,159 [52.1%] boys) were examined; 3,151 (26.7%) demonstrated a video-centric higher-frequency SMA pattern, and 8,664 (73.3%) demonstrated a lower-frequency pattern. SMA patterns were validated in similarly aged HCP-D youth. Compared with the lower-frequency SMA pattern group, the video-centric higher-frequency SMA pattern group showed poorer neurocognitive performance (β = -.12, 95% CI [-0.08, -0.16], FDR-corrected p < .001), more total behavioral problems (β = .13, 95% CI [0.09, 0.18], FDR-corrected p < .001), and more psychotic-like experiences (β = .31, 95% CI [0.27, 0.36], FDR-corrected p < .001). The video-centric higher-frequency SMA pattern group demonstrated higher impulsivity, more sensitivity to punishment/reward, and altered resting-state brain functional connectivity among brain areas implicated previously in cognitive processes. Most of the associations persisted with age in the ABCD data, with more participants (n = 3,378, 30.4%) in the video-centric higher-frequency SMA group at 1-year follow-up. A social communication-centric SMA pattern was observed in HCP-D adolescents. CONCLUSION Video-centric SMA patterns are reliable and generalizable during late childhood. A higher-frequency video entertainment SMA pattern group showed altered resting-state brain functional connectivity and poorer developmental measures that persisted longitudinally. The findings suggest that public health strategies to decrease excessive time spent by children on video entertainment-related SMA are needed. Further studies are needed to examine potential video-centric/social communication-centric SMA bifurcation to understand dynamic changes and trajectories of SMA patterns and related outcomes developmentally. DIVERSITY & INCLUSION STATEMENT We worked to ensure sex and gender balance in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure race, ethnic, and/or other types of diversity in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure that the study questionnaires were prepared in an inclusive way. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group. We actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our author group. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our reference list. The author list of this paper includes contributors from the location and/or community where the research was conducted who participated in the data collection, design, analysis, and/or interpretation of the work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunru Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bowen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Xuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yihong Zhao
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Columbia University School of Nursing, New York
| | - Marc Potenza
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut, the Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, Connecticut, the Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, Connecticut, and the Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Xiaoyi Fang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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Santos RMS, Mendes CG, Sen Bressani GY, de Alcantara Ventura S, de Almeida Nogueira YJ, de Miranda DM, Romano-Silva MA. The associations between screen time and mental health in adolescents: a systematic review. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:127. [PMID: 37081557 PMCID: PMC10117262 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents have extensive use of screens and, they have common complains related to mental health. Here a systematic review was done to understand the association between screen time and adolescent's mental health. METHOD This review was conducted in compliance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses - PRISMA. An update search was performed in January 2023 with the following keywords: "screen time," "adolescent," and "mental health" on PubMed, PsycINFO and Scopus databases. RESULTS 50 articles were included, most have found associations between screen exposure and mental health in adolescents. The most used device by adolescents was the smartphone and the use on weekdays was associated with diminished mental well-being. Social media use was negatively associated with mental well-being and, in girls, associated at higher risk for depression. CONCLUSION Excessive screen time in adolescents seems associated with mental health problems. Given the profusion and disparity of the results, additional studies are needed to clarify elements such as the screen content or the interaction of adolescents with different screen devices. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42022302817.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Maria Silva Santos
- Graduate Program Molecular Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Camila Guimarães Mendes
- Graduate Program Children and Adolescent Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Yanq Sen Bressani
- Graduate Program Children and Adolescent Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Samara de Alcantara Ventura
- Scientific Research Program Molecular Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Li M, Wang W, Zhu B, Tan X. A Latent Class Analysis of Student Eye Care Behavior: Evidence From a Sample of 6–17 Years Old in China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:914592. [PMID: 35784217 PMCID: PMC9240341 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.914592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To understand the latent classes and distribution of an adolescent eye care behavior, and to provide a basis for the formulation of appropriate adolescent vision health management interventions. Methods Information on eye behavior and eye health of primary and secondary school students in Wuhan was collected by multistage stratified cluster sampling. The latent class analysis (LCA) method was used to analyze the students' eye care behavior, and the latent class model (LCM) was built. Results A total of 6,130 students were enrolled in this study, of which 53.56% were males, aged from 6 to 17 years old, with an average age of 10.33 ± 2.60. The latent class results classified the adolescents' eye care behaviors into bad behaviors, moderate behaviors, and healthy behaviors. The model fitting results were as follows: Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was 36,698.216, Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) was 36,906.565, Adjusted Bayesian Information Criterion (aBIC) was 36,808.056, and entropy was 0.838.Compared with the healthy behaviors class, the bad behaviors class was more prevalent in high schools (p = 0.003), non-demonstration schools (p = 0.001), and most of this group had astigmatism (p = 0.002). The moderate behaviors class predominately consisted of females (p = 0.001), 15–17 years old (p = 0.005, 6~8 years old as the reference), from non-demonstration schools (p < 0.001), and most had myopia (p = 0.009). Conclusion There were differences in basic demographic characteristics, visual acuity development level, and family visual environment among different classes. In the management and intervention of an adolescent vision health, we should continue to promote the visual health management of adolescents based on visual monitoring and realize the early intervention and guidance of individuals in bad behaviors class.
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Moreno MA, Binger K, Zhao Q, Eickhoff J, Minich M, Uhls YT. Digital Technology and Media Use by Adolescents: Latent Class Analysis. JMIR Pediatr Parent 2022; 5:e35540. [PMID: 35507401 PMCID: PMC9118083 DOI: 10.2196/35540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digital technology and media use is integral to adolescents' lives and has been associated with both positive and negative health consequences. Previous studies have largely focused on understanding technology behaviors and outcomes within adolescent populations, which can promote assumptions about adolescent technology use as homogeneous. Furthermore, many studies on adolescent technology use have focused on risks and negative outcomes. To better understand adolescent digital technology use, we need new approaches that can assess distinct profiles within study populations and take a balanced approach to understanding the risks and benefits of digital technology use. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify profiles of adolescent technology use within a large study population focusing on four evidence-based constructs: technology ownership and use, parental involvement, health outcomes, and well-being indicators. METHODS Adolescent-parent dyads were recruited for a cross-sectional web-based survey using the Qualtrics (Qualtrics International, Inc) platform and panels. Technology use measures included ownership of devices, social media use frequency, and the Adolescents' Digital Technology Interactions and Importance scale. Parent involvement measures included household media rules, technology-related parenting practices, parent social media use frequency, and the parent-child relationship. Health outcome measures included physical activity, sleep, problematic internet use, and mental health assessments. Well-being indicators included mental wellness, communication, and empathy. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify distinct profile groups across the aforementioned 4 critical constructs. RESULTS Among the 3981 adolescent-parent dyads recruited, adolescent participants had a mean age of 15.0 (SD 1.43) years; a total of 46.3% (1842/3981) were female, 67.8% (2701/3981) were White, and 75% (2986/3981) lived in a household with an income above the poverty line. The LCA identified 2 discrete classes. Class 1 was made up of 62.8% (2501/3981) of the participants. Class 1 participants were more likely than Class 2 participants to report family-owned devices, have lower technology importance scores, have household technology rules often centered on content, have positive parent relationships and lower parent social media use, and report better health outcomes and well-being indicators. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this national cross-sectional survey using LCA led to 2 distinct profile groups of adolescent media use and their association with technology use and parent involvement as well as health and well-being outcomes. The two classes included a larger Class 1 (Family-Engaged Adolescents) and a smaller Class 2 (At-Risk Adolescents). The findings of this study can inform interventions to reinforce positive technology use and family support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Moreno
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kole Binger
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jens Eickhoff
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Matt Minich
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Hrafnkelsdottir SM, Brychta RJ, Rognvaldsdottir V, Chen KY, Johannsson E, Guðmundsdottir SL, Arngrimsson SA. Screen Time and Body Image in Icelandic Adolescents: Sex-Specific Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031308. [PMID: 35162330 PMCID: PMC8835238 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies of adolescent body image and screen use are mostly limited to girls, and longitudinal data are scarce. We examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between these variables in mid-adolescent boys and girls. Data was collected when participants were at age 15 and 17, by questionnaire and objective measurements (n = 152 had complete data). Sex-specific linear regression was used to explore cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of self-reported screen use (total use, and time spent in gaming, TV/DVD/internet-based watching and internet use for communication) and body image, adjusting for vigorous physical activity, symptoms of depression, and body composition. Screen time was negatively associated with body image at both time points, although more strongly at age 15, and for girls only. Gaming and TV/DVD/internet watching was more strongly associated with body image than internet use for communication. Girls with above median screen time at both ages had 14% lower body image score at age 17 than girls with below median screen time at both time points. Our results suggest that screen use is likely to play a role in the development of body dissatisfaction among adolescent females. Limiting screen time may, therefore, help to mitigate body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soffia M. Hrafnkelsdottir
- Center of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 105 Reykjavik, Iceland; (V.R.); (E.J.); (S.L.G.); (S.A.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Robert J. Brychta
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (R.J.B.); (K.Y.C.)
| | - Vaka Rognvaldsdottir
- Center of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 105 Reykjavik, Iceland; (V.R.); (E.J.); (S.L.G.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Kong Y. Chen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (R.J.B.); (K.Y.C.)
| | - Erlingur Johannsson
- Center of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 105 Reykjavik, Iceland; (V.R.); (E.J.); (S.L.G.); (S.A.A.)
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5063 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sigridur L. Guðmundsdottir
- Center of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 105 Reykjavik, Iceland; (V.R.); (E.J.); (S.L.G.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Sigurbjorn A. Arngrimsson
- Center of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 105 Reykjavik, Iceland; (V.R.); (E.J.); (S.L.G.); (S.A.A.)
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Kracht CL, Wilburn JG, Broyles ST, Katzmarzyk PT, Staiano AE. Association of Night-Time Screen-Viewing with Adolescents' Diet, Sleep, Weight Status, and Adiposity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020954. [PMID: 35055781 PMCID: PMC8775933 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Night-time screen-viewing (SV) contributes to inadequate sleep and poor diet, and subsequently excess weight. Adolescents may use many devices at night, which can provide additional night-time SV. Purpose: To identify night-time SV patterns, and describe differences in diet, sleep, weight status, and adiposity between patterns in a cross-sectional and longitudinal manner. Methods: Adolescents (10–16 y) reported devices they viewed at night and completed food recalls. Accelerometry, anthropometrics, and imaging were conducted to measure sleep, weight status, and adiposity, respectively. Latent class analysis was performed to identify night-time SV clusters. Linear regression analysis was used to examine associations between clusters with diet, sleep, weight status, and adiposity. Results: Amongst 273 adolescents (12.5 ± 1.9 y, 54% female, 59% White), four clusters were identified: no SV (36%), primarily cellphone (32%), TV and portable devices (TV+PDs, 17%), and multiple PDs (17%). Most differences in sleep and adiposity were attenuated after adjustment for covariates. The TV+PDs cluster had a higher waist circumference than the no SV cluster in cross-sectional analysis. In longitudinal analysis, the primarily cellphone cluster had less change in waist circumference compared to the no SV cluster. Conclusions: Directing efforts towards reducing night-time SV, especially TV and PDs, may promote healthy development.
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Liu Q, Li X. The Interactions of Media Use, Obesity, and Suboptimal Health Status: A Nationwide Time-Trend Study in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413214. [PMID: 34948822 PMCID: PMC8701945 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and suboptimal health status (SHS) have been global public health concerns in recent decades. A growing number of works have explored the relationships between media use and obesity, as well as SHS. This study aimed to examine the time trend of the associations between media use (including traditional media and new media) and obesity, as well as SHS. The data were derived from three national random samples of the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), which was separately conducted in 2013, 2015, and 2017. In total, 34,468 respondents were included in this study, consisting of 16,624 males and 17,844 females, and the average age was 49.95 years old (SD = 16.72). It found that broadcast use and television use were positively associated with obesity and showed an increasing trend over time. Cellphone use emerged as a risk factor for obesity in 2017 and showed an increasing trend. By contrast, newspaper use, television use, and internet use were negatively associated with SHS, and television use showed a decreasing trend in the association with SHS, while internet and newspaper use showed an increasing trend. In conclusion, media use was positively associated with obesity while negatively associated with SHS. It showed a decreasing trend in the associations between traditional media use and obesity, while revealing an increasing trend in the associations between new media use and obesity, as well as SHS. The practical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Miranda VPN, Coimbra DR, Bastos RR, Miranda Júnior MV, Amorim PRDS. Use of latent class analysis as a method of assessing the physical activity level, sedentary behavior and nutritional habit in the adolescents' lifestyle: A scoping review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256069. [PMID: 34411143 PMCID: PMC8376087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, adolescents' lifestyle is commonly characterized by physical inactivity, sedentary behavior, and inappropriate eating habits in general. A person-oriented approach as Latent Class Analysis (LCA) can offer more insight than a variable-centered approach when investigating lifestyle practices, habits, and behaviors of adolescent population. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to assess which variables are mostly used to represent the physical activity level, sedentary behavior SB) and nutritional habit in the adolescents' lifestyle in studies that used the LCA. DESIGN Scoping review. METHODS The study was a performed in accordance with the proposed criteria for systematic reviews and meta-analyses-Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018108444). The original articles were searched in MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and SPORTdiscus. The Quality Assessment Tool analyzed the risk of bias of the included studies. RESULTS 30 original articles were selected. The physical activity level (28 studies), SB and nutritional habits (18 studies) were the most common variable used to evaluate the adolescent's lifestyle by LCA model. Specifically, physical inactivity and high SB were the manifest variables with higher frequency in the negative latent classes (LCs) in adolescent girls. On the other hand, physical exercises and sports were activities more commonly labeled as positive LCs. CONCLUSIONS The LCA models of the most of selected studies showed that physical inactivity, high SB were the most common in the LCs with negative characteristics of the adolescents' lifestyle. Better understanding the results of analyzes of clusters of multivariate behaviors such as the LCA can help to create more effective strategies that can make the lifestyle of adolescents healthier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Paulo Neves Miranda
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Sports Science and Clinic Hospital (EBSERH), Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danilo Reis Coimbra
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora / Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Rocha Bastos
- Department of Statistics, Geo-Referenced Information Lab (LINGE), Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcio Vidigal Miranda Júnior
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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12
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Oswald TK, Rumbold AR, Kedzior SGE, Moore VM. Psychological impacts of "screen time" and "green time" for children and adolescents: A systematic scoping review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237725. [PMID: 32886665 PMCID: PMC7473739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Technological developments in recent decades have increased young people's engagement with screen-based technologies (screen time), and a reduction in young people's contact with nature (green time) has been observed concurrently. This combination of high screen time and low green time may affect mental health and well-being. The aim of this systematic scoping review was to collate evidence assessing associations between screen time, green time, and psychological outcomes (including mental health, cognitive functioning, and academic achievement) for young children (<5 years), schoolchildren (5-11 years), early adolescents (12-14 years), and older adolescents (15-18 years). Original quantitative studies were identified in four databases (PubMed, PsycInfo, Scopus, Embase), resulting in 186 eligible studies. A third of included studies were undertaken in Europe and almost as many in the United States. The majority of studies were cross-sectional (62%). In general, high levels of screen time appeared to be associated with unfavourable psychological outcomes while green time appeared to be associated with favourable psychological outcomes. The ways screen time and green time were conceptualised and measured were highly heterogeneous, limiting the ability to synthesise the literature. The preponderance of cross-sectional studies with broadly similar findings, despite heterogeneous exposure measures, suggested results were not artefacts. However, additional high-quality longitudinal studies and randomised controlled trials are needed to make a compelling case for causal relationships. Different developmental stages appeared to shape which exposures and outcomes were salient. Young people from low socioeconomic backgrounds may be disproportionately affected by high screen time and low green time. Future research should distinguish between passive and interactive screen activities, and incidental versus purposive exposure to nature. Few studies considered screen time and green time together, and possible reciprocal psychological effects. However, there is preliminary evidence that green time could buffer consequences of high screen time, therefore nature may be an under-utilised public health resource for youth psychological well-being in a high-tech era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassia K. Oswald
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alice R. Rumbold
- Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sophie G. E. Kedzior
- Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Vivienne M. Moore
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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13
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Toh SH, Coenen P, Howie EK, Smith AJ, Mukherjee S, Mackey DA, Straker LM. A prospective longitudinal study of mobile touch screen device use and musculoskeletal symptoms and visual health in adolescents. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 85:103028. [PMID: 32174368 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2019.103028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine prospective associations of mobile touch screen device (i.e. smartphone, tablet) use and patterns of use with musculoskeletal symptoms and visual health among adolescents. A representative sample of 1691 adolescents in Singapore (51% girls; 10-19 years) completed an online questionnaire at baseline and one-year follow-up. After adjusting for potential confounders, prospective associations were found between baseline smartphone use and follow-up neck/shoulder (OR = 1.61(95%CI = 1.06-2.44)) and low back (OR = 1.86(1.10-3.14)) symptoms; tablet use was also associated with neck/shoulder, low back and arms symptoms (OR = 1.33(1.04-1.71)to1.52(1.18-1.95)). No associations were observed between the duration of smartphone/tablet use and symptoms. Baseline patterns of use (bout length, certain types of activities, multitasking) were associated with follow-up musculoskeletal symptoms. Smartphone/tablet use was not related to visual outcomes (visual symptoms, wearing glasses/contact lenses, myopia) at follow-up. These findings suggest that patterns of smartphone/tablet use (though not the duration of use) can pose a prospective risk for musculoskeletal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siao Hui Toh
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Physiotherapy Department, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.
| | - Pieter Coenen
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erin K Howie
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Anne J Smith
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Swarup Mukherjee
- Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - David A Mackey
- Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Leon M Straker
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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14
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Howie EK, Joosten J, Harris CJ, Straker LM. Associations between meeting sleep, physical activity or screen time behaviour guidelines and academic performance in Australian school children. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:520. [PMID: 32303199 PMCID: PMC7165394 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08620-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current guidelines suggest too little sleep, too little physical activity, and too much sedentary time are associated with poor health outcomes. These behaviours may also influence academic performance in school children. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between sleep, physical activity, or sedentary behaviours and academic performance in a school with a well-developed and integrated technology use and well-being program. METHODS This was a cross-sectional survey of students (n = 934, Grades 5-12) in an Australian school with a bring-your-own device (tablet or laptop computer) policy. Students reported sleep, physical activity, and sedentary (screen and non-screen) behaviours. Academic performance was obtained from school records. Linear regressions were used to test the association between behaviours and academic performance outcomes. RESULTS Seventy-four percent of students met sleep guidelines (9 to 11 h for children 5-13 years and 8 to 10 h for 14-17 year olds), 21% met physical activity guidelines (60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity every day), and 15% met screen time guidelines (no more than 2 h recreational screen time per day); only 2% met all three. There were no associations between meeting sleep guidelines and academic performance; however later weekend bedtimes were associated with poorer academic performance (- 3.4 points on the Average Academic Index, 95%CI: - 5.0, - 1.7, p < .001). There were no associations between meeting physical activity guidelines and academic performance. Meeting screen guidelines was associated with higher Average Academic Index (5.8, 95%CI: 3.6, 8.0, p < .001), Maths 7.9, 95%CI: 4.1, 11.6, p < .001) and English scores (3.8, 95%CI: 1.8, 5.8, p < .001) and higher time in sedentary behaviours was associated with poorer academic performance, including total sedentary behaviours in hrs/day (5.8 points on Average Academic Index, 95%CI: 3.6, 8.0, p < .001. Meeting at least two of the three behaviour guidelines was associated with better academic performance. CONCLUSIONS Sleep and sedentary behaviours were linked to academic performance. School communities should emphasize comprehensive wellness strategies to address multiple behaviours to maximize student health and academic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. Howie
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayeteville, AR USA
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Courtenay J. Harris
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Leon M. Straker
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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15
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Zink J, Belcher BR, Imm K, Leventhal AM. The relationship between screen-based sedentary behaviors and symptoms of depression and anxiety in youth: a systematic review of moderating variables. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:472. [PMID: 32272906 PMCID: PMC7147040 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To elucidate the populations and conditions where screen-based sedentary behaviors (SB) and internalizing symptoms are coupled, this review synthesized the evidence for factors that may moderate the associations between screen-based SB, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms among youth. Methods Two independent researchers conducted a systematic literature search of the Medline, psycINFO, and Scopus electronic databases in late 2018 for observational studies assessing moderators of the association between screen-based SB and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Studies among children and adolescents were eligible if moderation was assessed by statistical test (interaction) or stratification; and a narrative synthesis of eligible studies was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Results Seventy empirical studies (46 cross-sectional, 19 longitudinal, and 5 both) of 13 different moderating variables of screen-based SB-internalizing symptom associations met the eligibility criteria. Of these, 40 studies were of depressive symptoms, 2 were of anxiety symptoms, and 28 studies assessed symptoms of both. The most consistent evidence of moderation was for screen-type, such that TV viewing was not as strongly associated with internalizing symptoms compared to other forms of screen-based SB. There was also inconsistent evidence for physical activity buffering screen-based SB-internalizing symptom associations and for female sex amplifying screen-based SB-internalizing symptom associations. In general, the body of evidence for anxiety symptoms was more limited than that for depressive symptoms, and were therefore more inconsistent. Conclusions Screen-type, physical activity, and sex may influence the magnitude of screen-based SB-internalizing symptom coupling; highlighting potential sources of heterogeneity of screen-based SB-internalizing symptom associations. Additional studies aimed at understanding potential mechanistic explanations for the above moderators are needed prior to the development of tailored intervention strategies designed to decouple screen-based SB and internalizing symptoms among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Zink
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, 2001 North Soto Street, Third Floor, California, Los Angeles, 90032, USA
| | - Britni R Belcher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, 2001 North Soto Street, Third Floor, California, Los Angeles, 90032, USA.
| | - Kellie Imm
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, 2001 North Soto Street, Third Floor, California, Los Angeles, 90032, USA
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, 2001 North Soto Street, Third Floor, California, Los Angeles, 90032, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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16
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Toh SH, Coenen P, Howie EK, Mukherjee S, Mackey DA, Straker LM. Mobile touch screen device use and associations with musculoskeletal symptoms and visual health in a nationally representative sample of Singaporean adolescents. ERGONOMICS 2019; 62:778-793. [PMID: 30575442 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2018.1562107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to describe contemporary technology use, especially smartphones and tablets (mobile touch screen devices), and examine associations with musculoskeletal symptoms and visual health among adolescents in Singapore. A representative sample of 1884 adolescents (50.4% girls) from grades primary 5 to post-secondary (10-18 years old), recruited from 13 schools, completed an online questionnaire in class. Total technology use was high, with smartphone duration being highest (mean = 264 [SD = 243] min/day). Patterns of use, including multitasking and bout length, were influenced by gender, school level, type of device and activities. Musculoskeletal discomfort and visual symptoms were commonly reported. After adjusting for potential confounders, more hours/day of smartphone use was associated with increased risk of neck/shoulders, upper back, arms and wrist/hand discomfort (OR = 1.04[95%CI = 1.01-1.07] to 1.07[1.03-1.10]) and visual symptoms (OR = 1.05[1.02-1.08]), but was associated with decreased odds of myopia (OR = 0.97[0.94-0.99]). No significant associations were found for tablet use. Practitioner Summary: 1884 adolescents in Singapore completed an in-depth questionnaire regarding their use of technology. The smartphone was the device with the highest usage, and greater smartphone use was associated with increased odds of musculoskeletal and visual symptoms. High use of smartphones has physical health implications for adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siao Hui Toh
- a School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
- b Physiotherapy Department , KK Women's and Children's Hospital , Singapore
| | - Pieter Coenen
- a School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
- c Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Erin K Howie
- a School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
- d Department of Health Human Performance and Recreation , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas, USA
| | - Swarup Mukherjee
- e Physical Education and Sports Science , National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - David A Mackey
- f Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Science , University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - Leon M Straker
- a School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
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17
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Stanczykiewicz B, Banik A, Knoll N, Keller J, Hohl DH, Rosińczuk J, Luszczynska A. Sedentary behaviors and anxiety among children, adolescents and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:459. [PMID: 31039760 PMCID: PMC6492316 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the number of studies examining the relationships between sedentary behaviors (SB) and anxiety is growing, an overarching evidence, taking into account children, adolescents, and adults as well as different types of SB and different categories of anxiety outcomes, is still missing. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at obtaining a comprehensive overview of existing evidence. Methods A search in the following databases: PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Academic Search Complete, ERIC, HealthSource: Nursing/Academic Edition and MEDLINE, resulted in k = 31 original studies included in the systematic review (total N = 99,192) and k = 17 (total N = 27,443) included in the meta-analysis. Main inclusion criteria referred to testing the SB--anxiety relationship, the quality score (above the threshold of 65%), and the language of publications (English). The study was following the PRISMA statement and was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42017068517). Results Both the systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that overall average effects were small: higher levels of symptoms of anxiety were associated with higher levels of SB (weighted r = .093, 95% CI [.055, .130], p < .001). Moderator analyses indicated that trends for stronger effects were observed among adults, compared to children/adolescents (p = .085). Conclusions Further longitudinal studies are necessary to elucidate the predictive direction of the anxiety—SB relationship and to clarify whether the effects depend on the type of anxiety indicators. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-6715-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartlomiej Stanczykiewicz
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Bartla 5 Street, 51-618, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Banik
- Wroclaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ostrowskiego 30b Street, 53-238, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Nina Knoll
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Keller
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana Hilda Hohl
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joanna Rosińczuk
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Bartla 5 Street, 51-618, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Luszczynska
- Wroclaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ostrowskiego 30b Street, 53-238, Wroclaw, Poland. .,Trauma, Health, & Hazards Center, University of Colorado, 1420 Austin Bluffs Pkwy, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA.
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18
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Aishworiya R, Kiing JS, Chan YH, Tung SS, Law E. Screen time exposure and sleep among children with developmental disabilities. J Paediatr Child Health 2018; 54:889-894. [PMID: 29672990 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM Children with developmental disabilities are at risk of excessive screen time and are more vulnerable to sleep problems. The aim of this study was to determine the extent of screen time use in children with developmental disabilities and its relationship with sleep duration. METHODS Consecutive children aged 6-15 years diagnosed with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth or Fifth Edition (DSM-IV or DSM-5) developmental disabilities were recruited for this study from December 2014 to April 2015. Of those recruited, 87.0% of families gave consent and provided questionnaire information on demographics and child's screen time use and completed the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire. RESULTS Parents of 102 children in a tertiary-care developmental clinic completed the study. The mean age of children was 10 years, 1 month (standard deviation (SD), 22.7 months). The mean daily total screen time exposure was 2 h, 52.7 min (172.7 min, SD 120.8 min), with a median of 150.0 min. The mean amount of sleep per weekday was 8 h, 23.3 min (SD 64.6 min). Linear regression showed that, for every additional 9.17 min of screen time per day, sleep was reduced by 1 min (β = -0.11, P = 0.04). Older age (β = -0.64, P = 0.02) and living with a single parent (β = -69.29, P = 0.003) were also associated with less sleep. CONCLUSIONS Among children with developmental disabilities, greater daily screen time is associated with lower sleep duration. Older children and those from single-parent families are at risk of lower sleep duration. Clinicians should routinely ask about screen time exposure and sleep habits in order to provide appropriate anticipatory guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Aishworiya
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jennifer Sh Kiing
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yiong Huak Chan
- Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Serena Sw Tung
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Evelyn Law
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
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19
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Zink J, Belcher BR, Dzubur E, Ke W, O'Connor S, Huh J, Lopez N, Maher JP, Dunton GF. Association Between Self-Reported and Objective Activity Levels by Demographic Factors: Ecological Momentary Assessment Study in Children. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018; 6:e150. [PMID: 29954723 PMCID: PMC6043732 DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.9592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To address the limitations of the retrospective self-reports of activity, such as its susceptibility to recall bias, researchers have shifted toward collecting real-time activity data on mobile devices via ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Although EMA is becoming increasingly common, it is not known how EMA self-reports of physical activity and sedentary behaviors relate to the objective measures of activity or whether there are factors that may influence the strength of association between these two measures. Understanding the relationship between EMA and accelerometry can optimize future instrument selection in studies assessing activity and health outcomes. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the associations between EMA-reported sports or exercise using the accelerometer-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and EMA-reported TV, videos, or video games with the accelerometer-measured sedentary time (ST) in children during matched 2-h windows and test potential moderators. Methods Children (N=192; mean age 9.6 years; 94/192, 49.0% male; 104/192, 54.2% Hispanic; and 73/192, 38.0% overweight or obese) wore an accelerometer and completed up to 7 EMA prompts per day for 8 days during nonschool time, reporting on past 2-h sports or exercise and TV, videos, or video games. Multilevel models were used to assess the relationship between the accelerometer-measured ST and EMA-reported TV, videos, or video games. Given the zero-inflated distribution of MVPA, 2-part models were used assess the relationship between the accelerometer-measured MVPA and EMA-reported sports or exercise. Results EMA-reported TV, videos, or video games were associated with a greater accelerometer-measured ST (beta=7.3, 95% CI 5.5 to 9.0, P<.001). This relationship was stronger in boys (beta=9.9, 95% CI 7.2 to 12.6, P<.001) than that in girls (beta=4.9, 95% CI 2.6 to 7.2, P≤.001). EMA-reported sports or exercise was associated with a greater accelerometer-measured MVPA (zero portion P<.001; positive portion P<.001). This relationship was stronger on weekends, in older children, and in non-Hispanic children (zero portion all P values<.001; positive portion all P values<.001). Conclusions EMA reports highly relate to accelerometer measures. However, the differences in the strength of association depending on various demographic characteristics suggest that future research should use both EMA and accelerometers to measure activity to collect complementary activity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Zink
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Britni R Belcher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Eldin Dzubur
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Center for Outcomes Research, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Wangjing Ke
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sydney O'Connor
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jimi Huh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nanette Lopez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jaclyn P Maher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Genevieve F Dunton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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20
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Shensa A, Sidani JE, Dew MA, Escobar-Viera CG, Primack BA. Social Media Use and Depression and Anxiety Symptoms: A Cluster Analysis. Am J Health Behav 2018; 42:116-128. [PMID: 29458520 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.42.2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Individuals use social media with varying quantity, emotional, and behavioral at- tachment that may have differential associations with mental health outcomes. In this study, we sought to identify distinct patterns of social media use (SMU) and to assess associations between those patterns and depression and anxiety symptoms. METHODS In October 2014, a nationally-representative sample of 1730 US adults ages 19 to 32 completed an online survey. Cluster analysis was used to identify patterns of SMU. Depression and anxiety were measured using respective 4-item Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scales. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess associations between clus- ter membership and depression and anxiety. RESULTS Cluster analysis yielded a 5-cluster solu- tion. Participants were characterized as "Wired," "Connected," "Diffuse Dabblers," "Concentrated Dabblers," and "Unplugged." Membership in 2 clusters - "Wired" and "Connected" - increased the odds of elevated depression and anxiety symptoms (AOR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.5-4.7; AOR = 3.7, 95% CI = 2.1-6.5, respectively, and AOR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.3-3.2; AOR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.3-3.1, respectively). CONCLUSIONS SMU pattern characterization of a large population suggests 2 pat- terns are associated with risk for depression and anxiety. Developing educational interventions that address use patterns rather than single aspects of SMU (eg, quantity) would likely be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Shensa
- Center for Research on Media, Technology, and Health, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jaime E Sidani
- Center for Research on Media, Technology, and Health, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mary Amanda Dew
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - César G. Escobar-Viera
- Center for Research on Media, Technology, and Health, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Brian A. Primack
- Center for Research on Media, Technology, and Health, University Honors College, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh
School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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21
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Dubey M, Nongkynrih B, Gupta SK, Kalaivani M, Goswami AK, Salve HR. Screen-based media use and screen time assessment among adolescents residing in an Urban Resettlement Colony in New Delhi, India. J Family Med Prim Care 2018; 7:1236-1242. [PMID: 30613503 PMCID: PMC6293917 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_190_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Media forms an important part of the lives of adolescents in as much as the shows they watch on television, playing video games, as well as visiting the various websites. There is a growing concern of the influence of media on every aspect of health of children and adolescents. About 95% of the population in India has availability of television. India has limited studies which have explored the use of screen-based media (SBM) and its effect on child health. This study was conducted to assess the pattern of SBM use. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in an Urban Resettlement Colony, New Delhi. The study included 550 adolescents of age group from 10 to 19 years of age selected through simple random sampling from a list of adolescents residing in the area. A semi-structured interview schedule was used. Results: About 98% of the adolescents used SBM. Television formed the maximum used media (96.5%). The mean (standard deviation) of the screen time was found to be 3.8 (2.77) h/day. Out of the total screen time, time contributed by television is 2.8 h/day followed by other SBM. About 68% of adolescents reported having screen time more than the recommended (>2 h). Significant association was observed between screen time and watching television while eating [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 0.35 (0.22, 0.55)]. Conclusion: High proportion of adolescents use SBM for more than the recommended screen time. We should have a recommendation for maximum screen time separately for developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahasweta Dubey
- Department of Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Baridalyne Nongkynrih
- Department of Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Gupta
- Department of Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mani Kalaivani
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Kumar Goswami
- Department of Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Harshal Ramesh Salve
- Department of Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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22
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Soch A, Bradburn S, Sominsky L, De Luca SN, Murgatroyd C, Spencer SJ. Effects of exercise on adolescent and adult hypothalamic and hippocampal neuroinflammation. Hippocampus 2016; 26:1435-1446. [PMID: 27438996 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of significant brain plasticity that can be affected by environmental factors, including the degree of physical activity. Here we hypothesized that adolescent rats would be more sensitive to the beneficial metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects of voluntary exercise than adult rats, whose more mature brains have less capacity for plasticity. We tested this by giving adolescent and adult Wistar rats four weeks' voluntary access to running wheels. At the end of this period we assessed metabolic effects, including weight and circulating leptin and ghrelin, as well as performance in a novel object recognition test of memory and central changes in neuronal proliferation, survival, synaptic density, and inflammatory markers in hippocampus. We found exercise reduced fat mass and circulating leptin levels in both adults and adolescents but suppressed total weight gain and lean mass in adults only. Exercise stimulated neuronal proliferation in the suprapyramidal blade of the dentate gyrus in both adults and adolescents without altering the number of mature neurons during this time frame. Exercise also increased dentate microglial numbers in adolescents alone and microglial numbers in this region were inversely correlated with performance in the novel object recognition test. Together these data suggest that adolescent hippocampal microglia are more sensitive to the effects of exercise than those of adults, but this leads to no apparent improvement in recognition memory. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alita Soch
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Steven Bradburn
- Centre for Healthcare Science Research, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Luba Sominsky
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Simone N De Luca
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Christopher Murgatroyd
- Centre for Healthcare Science Research, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
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23
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Taverno Ross SE, Dowda M, Dishman RK, Pate RR. Classes of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in 5th Grade Children. Am J Health Behav 2016; 40:352-61. [PMID: 27103414 PMCID: PMC5074340 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.40.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We identified classes of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors (SB) in 5th grade children, associated factors, and trajectories of change into 7th grade. METHODS This study included N = 495 children (221 boys, 274 girls) who participated in the Transitions and Activity Changes in Kids (TRACK) Study. PA was assessed objectively as well as by self-report. Children, parents, and school administrators completed surveys to assess related factors. Latent class analysis, growth modeling, and adjusted multinomial logistic regression procedures were used to classify children based on self-reported PA and SB and examine associated factors. RESULTS Three classes of behavior were identified: Class 1: Low PA/Low SB; Class 2: Moderate PA/ High SB; and Class 3: High PA/High SB (boys) or Class 3: High PA (girls). Class 3 children had higher levels of self-efficacy (boys), and enjoyment, parental support, and physical activity equipment at home (girls). Class 2 boys and Class 3 girls did not experience decline in PA (accelerometer) over time. CONCLUSIONS Self-efficacy (boys) and home environment (girls) may play a role in shaping patterns of PA in children. Findings may help to inform future interventions to encourage children to meet national PA guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marsha Dowda
- Biostatistician, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Ustinavičienė R, Škėmienė L, Lukšienė D, Radišauskas R, Kalinienė G, Vasilavičius P. Problematic computer game use as expression of Internet addiction and its association with self-rated health in the Lithuanian adolescent population. Medicina (B Aires) 2016; 52:199-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medici.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Smith LJ, Gradisar M, King DL. Parental influences on adolescent video game play: a study of accessibility, rules, limit setting, monitoring, and cybersafety. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2015; 18:273-9. [PMID: 25965861 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2014.0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents' video gaming is increasing at a rapid rate. Yet, little is known about what factors contribute toward more hours of gaming per week, as well as what factors may limit or protect adolescents from excessive gaming. The aim of the present study was to examine associations between adolescents' accessibility to video gaming devices, the locations played (i.e., bedroom, shared rooms), parental regulation of technology use, and the amount of hours spent video gaming during the week (weekdays vs. weekends). Adolescents (N=422; age 16.3±2.0 years, 41% male) completed an online questionnaire battery, including demographics, video gaming behaviors (e.g., hours played weekdays/weekends, time of day played, devices owned, locations played, etc.), and a questionnaire measuring aspects of parents' regulation of game playing (e.g., rules, limit setting, co-gaming). Accessibility to the adolescents' own devices, but not shared devices or device portability, was predictive of hours gaming on weekdays and weekends. Location (i.e., bedroom) was associated with increased gaming across the week. Parents discussing cybersafety was predictive of lower hours of gaming (weekdays and weekends). However, limit setting, monitoring, and co-gaming showed no significant effects. Adolescents' access to their own gaming equipped devices, as well as gaming in their bedrooms, were linked to increased hours of gaming. The findings suggest that in order to curb the increase in hours gaming, parents are advised to delay the ownership of adolescents' devices, encourage use in shared rooms, and discuss aspects of cybersafety with their teenage children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Smith
- 1 School of Psychology, Flinders University , Adelaide, Australia
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26
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Huang WY, Wong SH. Time use clusters in children and their associations with sociodemographic factors. J Public Health (Oxf) 2015; 38:e106-13. [DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdv088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Houghton S, Hunter SC, Rosenberg M, Wood L, Zadow C, Martin K, Shilton T. Virtually impossible: limiting Australian children and adolescents daily screen based media use. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:5. [PMID: 25613954 PMCID: PMC4324783 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-15-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paediatric recommendations to limit children's and adolescents' screen based media use (SBMU) to less than two hours per day appear to have gone unheeded. Given the associated adverse physical and mental health outcomes of SBMU it is understandable that concern is growing worldwide. However, because the majority of studies measuring SBMU have focused on TV viewing, computer use, video game playing, or a combination of these the true extent of total SBMU (including non-sedentary hand held devices) and time spent on specific screen activities remains relatively unknown. This study assesses the amount of time Australian children and adolescents spend on all types of screens and specific screen activities. METHODS We administered an online instrument specifically developed to gather data on all types of SBMU and SBMU activities to 2,620 (1373 males and 1247 females) 8 to 16 year olds from 25 Australian government and non-government primary and secondary schools. RESULTS We found that 45% of 8 year olds to 80% of 16 year olds exceeded the recommended < 2 hours per day for SBMU. A series of hierarchical linear models demonstrated different relationships between the degree to which total SBMU and SBMU on specific activities (TV viewing, Gaming, Social Networking, and Web Use) exceeded the < 2 hours recommendation in relation to sex and age. CONCLUSIONS Current paediatric recommendations pertaining to SBMU may no longer be tenable because screen based media are central in the everyday lives of children and adolescents. In any reappraisal of SBMU exposure times, researchers, educators and health professionals need to take cognizance of the extent to which SBMU differs across specific screen activity, sex, and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Houghton
- />Graduate School of Education, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, 6009 WA Australia
| | - Simon C Hunter
- />School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Michael Rosenberg
- />Health Promotion Evaluation Unit, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Australia
| | - Lisa Wood
- />School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Australia
| | - Corinne Zadow
- />Graduate School of Education, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, 6009 WA Australia
| | - Karen Martin
- />School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Australia
| | - Trevor Shilton
- />National Heart Foundation, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Australia
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