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Bhatt D, Washimkar KR, Kumar S, Mugale MN, Pal A, Bawankule DU. Naringin and chloroquine combination mitigates chloroquine-resistant parasite-induced malaria pathogenesis by attenuating the inflammatory response. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 133:155943. [PMID: 39154528 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria, characterised by inflammation and multi-organ complications, needs novel chemotherapeutics due to the rise of drug-resistant malaria parasites, which is a serious health issue. Naringin (NGN), a flavanone glycoside (naringenin 7-O-neohesperidose), has a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities but its effect against malaria, alone and in combination, was not deeply investigated. PURPOSE To assess the pharmacological efficacy of NGN alone and in combination with chloroquine (CQ) against a Plasmodium strain resistant to CQ and to elucidate its potential mode of action. METHODS The anti-inflammatory potential of NGN was assessed in mouse microglial cells stimulated with hemozoin by analyzing inflammatory cytokines production. The anti-plasmodial potential of NGN was subsequently tested alone and in combination with CQ against the K1 strain of Plasmodium using the fixed ratio combination method. Further, we evaluated NGN's antimalarial efficacy against the CQ-resistant Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis N67 strain (P. yoelii), both alone and in combination with CQ, by measuring parasitemia and survival rates. To comprehend the impact of NGN on malaria-induced inflammation in mice, we measured pro-inflammatory cytokines elevated by activated NF-кB signalling. These findings were supported by mRNA and immunohistochemical analyses of malaria-infected mice's liver and brain tissues. RESULTS Our study demonstrated that NGN displayed anti-plasmodial activity, which was further augmented when combined with CQ. At 50 µM, NGN significantly reduced the elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in synthetic hemozoin-stimulated microglial cells. Compared to P. yoelii-infected mice, NGN (12.5 mg kg-1) significantly reduced parasitemia in mice, resulting in a survival period of up to 13 days. Survival improved by up to 20 days when NGN and CQ were given in combination. NGN, as revealed by immunohistochemical examination of brain and liver tissues, interfered with the NF-кB pathway, potentially reducing the elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, IFN-γ, and IL-6). This was supported by the overexpression of inflammation-regulatory genes (TGFβ, Nrf2, HO-1, and iNOS) and the downregulation of inflammation-stimulating genes (NF-κB, NLRP3, and caspase-1). Histopathological analysis demonstrated the potential of NGN to restore liver and brain tissues to normal. The substantial decrease in the expression and production of ICAM-1 protein in the brain tissue implies the beneficial effects of NGN, pointing towards its potential for mitigating brain pathology. CONCLUSION The findings of this study revealed NGN as a promising drug-like candidate for the management of CQ-resistant parasite-induced malaria pathogenesis for adjunctive therapy in combination with standard antimalarial drugs through its modulation of the NF-κB-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Bhatt
- In vivo Testing facility, Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India
| | - Kaveri R Washimkar
- AcSIR, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Department of Toxicology & Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- In vivo Testing facility, Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India
| | - Madhav N Mugale
- AcSIR, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Department of Toxicology & Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anirban Pal
- In vivo Testing facility, Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India; AcSIR, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - Dnyaneshwar U Bawankule
- In vivo Testing facility, Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India; AcSIR, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Olanlokun JO, Owolabi AB, Odedeyi A, Oderinde SO, Bodede O, Steenkamp P, Koorbanally NA, Olorunsogo OO. Mechanism of antimalarial action and mitigation of infection-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction by phyto-constituents of Andrographis paniculata ((Burm f.) Wall. ex Nees) in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 331:118241. [PMID: 38670400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Andrographis paniculata (AP) ((Burm f.) Wall. ex Nees) is a medicinal plant, documented for its folkloric use in the treatment of malaria. AIM This study was designed to determine the potency of extract and fractions of A. paniculata (AP) as a curative, both for susceptible and resistant malaria and to also determine the plant's mechanism of action. This study was also designed to determine whether AP extract and its most potent fraction will mitigate infection-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, and to assess the phytochemical constituents of the most potent fraction. MATERIALS AND METHODS n-Hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate and methanol were used to partition the methanol extract of A. paniculata. Graded doses of these extract and fractions were used to treat mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive strain of P. berghei in a curative model. The most potent fraction was used to treat mice infected with resistant (ANKA strain) P. berghei. Inhibition of hemozoin formation, reversal of mitochondrial dysfunction and antiinflammatory potentials were determined. A combination of ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used for chemical analysis. RESULTS Microscopy revealed that the dichloromethane fraction decreased the parasite burden the most, and inhibition of the hemozoin formation is one of its mechanisms of action. The dichloromethane fraction reversed parasite-induced mitochondrial pore opening in the host, enzyme-dependent ATP hydrolysis and peroxidation of host mitochondrial membrane phospholipids as well as its antiinflammatory potentials. The UPLC-qTOF-MS report and NMR fingerprints of the dichloromethane fraction of A. paniculata yielded fourteen compounds of which sibiricinone C was identified from the plant for the first time. CONCLUSION Fractions of A. paniculata possess antiplasmodial effects with the dichloromethane fraction having the highest potency. The potent effect of this fraction may be attributed to the phytochemicals present because it contains terpenes implicated with antimalarial and antiinflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Oludele Olanlokun
- Laboratories for Biomembrane Research and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Adesola Bunmi Owolabi
- Laboratories for Biomembrane Research and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Aminat Odedeyi
- Laboratories for Biomembrane Research and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Obaloluwa Oderinde
- Laboratories for Biomembrane Research and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olusola Bodede
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Paul Steenkamp
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | | | - Olufunso Olabode Olorunsogo
- Laboratories for Biomembrane Research and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Tsukanov VV, Vasyutin AV, Tonkikh JL. Parasites of the liver: A global problem? World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:3554-3559. [PMID: 39193571 PMCID: PMC11346153 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i30.3554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasitic liver diseases can be caused by trematodes, cestodes, nematodes, and protozoa. This pathology is significant because millions of people in different parts of the world have liver parasites, which can manifest themselves in the development of inflammation, liver cysts, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, pancreatitis and liver cirrhosis that are often threatening their lives. The International Agency for Research on Cancer considers three species of trematodes, Schistosoma haematobium, Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, to be carcinogens. Complex modern examination methods, in some cases including extensive screening of large populations, are required for diagnosing liver parasites. Treatment of parasitic liver diseases is differentiated and can involve a combination of surgical and therapeutic measures. There is no doubt that the clinical and epidemiological scale allows one to regard parasitic liver diseases as a global healthcare problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav V Tsukanov
- Clinical Department of the Digestive System Pathology of Adults and Children, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center” of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Scientific Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Alexander V Vasyutin
- Clinical Department of the Digestive System Pathology of Adults and Children, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center” of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Scientific Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Julia L Tonkikh
- Clinical Department of the Digestive System Pathology of Adults and Children, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center” of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Scientific Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
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Mahanta PJ, Lhouvum K. Plasmodium falciparum proteases as new drug targets with special focus on metalloproteases. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2024; 258:111617. [PMID: 38554736 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2024.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Malaria poses a significant global health threat particularly due to the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection. With the emergence of parasite resistance to existing drugs including the recently discovered artemisinin, ongoing research seeks novel therapeutic avenues within the malaria parasite. Proteases are promising drug targets due to their essential roles in parasite biology, including hemoglobin digestion, merozoite invasion, and egress. While exploring the genomic landscape of Plasmodium falciparum, it has been revealed that there are 92 predicted proteases, with only approximately 14 of them having been characterized. These proteases are further distributed among 26 families grouped into five clans: aspartic proteases, cysteine proteases, metalloproteases, serine proteases, and threonine proteases. Focus on metalloprotease class shows further role in organelle processing for mitochondria and apicoplasts suggesting the potential of metalloproteases as viable drug targets. Holistic understanding of the parasite intricate life cycle and identification of potential drug targets are essential for developing effective therapeutic strategies against malaria and mitigating its devastating global impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimjolly Lhouvum
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
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Chaniad P, Chukaew A, Na-Ek P, Yusakul G, Chuaboon L, Phuwajaroanpong A, Plirat W, Konyanee A, Septama AW, Punsawad C. In vivo antimalarial effect of 1-hydroxy-5,6,7-trimethoxyxanthone isolated from Mammea siamensis T. Anders. flowers: pharmacokinetic and acute toxicity studies. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:129. [PMID: 38521901 PMCID: PMC10960464 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potent antiplasmodial activity of 1-hydroxy-5,6,7-trimethoxyxanthone (HTX), isolated from Mammea siamensis T. Anders. flowers, has previously been demonstrated in vitro. However, its in vivo activity has not been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antimalarial activity and acute toxicity of HTX in a mouse model and to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of HTX following a single intraperitoneal administration. METHODS The in vivo antimalarial activity of HTX was evaluated using a 4-day suppressive test. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain and given HTX daily for 4 days. To detect acute toxicity, mice received a single dose of HTX and were observed for 14 days. Additionally, the biochemical parameters of the liver and kidney functions as well as the histopathology of liver and kidney tissues were examined. HTX pharmacokinetics after intraperitoneal administration was also investigated in a mouse model. Liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was used to quantify plasma HTX and calculate pharmacokinetic parameters with the PKSolver software. RESULTS HTX at 10 mg/kg body weight significantly suppressed parasitemia in malaria-infected mice by 74.26%. Mice treated with 3 mg/kg HTX showed 46.88% suppression, whereas mice treated with 1 mg/kg displayed 34.56% suppression. Additionally, no symptoms of acute toxicity were observed in the HTX-treated groups. There were no significant alterations in the biochemical parameters of the liver and kidney functions and no histological changes in liver or kidney tissues. Following intraperitoneal HTX administration, the pharmacokinetic profile exhibited a maximum concentration (Cmax) of 94.02 ng/mL, time to attain Cmax (Tmax) of 0.5 h, mean resident time of 14.80 h, and elimination half-life of 13.88 h. CONCLUSIONS HTX has in vivo antimalarial properties against P. berghei infection. Acute toxicity studies of HTX did not show behavioral changes or mortality. The median lethal dose was greater than 50 mg/kg body weight. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that HTX has a long elimination half-life; hence, shortening the duration of malaria treatment may be required to minimize toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapaporn Chaniad
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Pathobiology and Tropical Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Arnon Chukaew
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Suratthani Rajabhat University, Surat Tani, 84100, Thailand
| | - Prasit Na-Ek
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Pathobiology and Tropical Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Gorawit Yusakul
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Litavadee Chuaboon
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Arisara Phuwajaroanpong
- Research Center in Pathobiology and Tropical Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Plirat
- Research Center in Pathobiology and Tropical Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Atthaphon Konyanee
- Research Center in Pathobiology and Tropical Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Abdi Wira Septama
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient and Traditional Medicine, Cibinong Science Center, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), West Java, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Chuchard Punsawad
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand.
- Research Center in Pathobiology and Tropical Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand.
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Chaniad P, Phuwajaroanpong A, Plirat W, Konyanee A, Septama AW, Punsawad C. Assessment of antimalarial activity of crude extract of Chan-Ta-Lee-La and Pra-Sa-Chan-Dang formulations and their plant ingredients for new drug candidates of malaria treatment: In vitro and in vivo experiments. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296756. [PMID: 38206944 PMCID: PMC10783769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of antimalarial drug resistance have become a significant problem worldwide. The search for natural products to develop novel antimalarial drugs is challenging. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the antimalarial and toxicological effects of Chan-Ta-Lee-La (CTLL) and Pra-Sa-Chan-Dang (PSCD) formulations and their plant ingredients. The crude extracts of CTLL and PSCD formulations and their plant ingredients were evaluated for in vitro antimalarial activity using Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase enzyme and toxicity to Vero and HepG2 cells using the tetrazolium salt method. An extract from the CTLL and PSCD formulations exhibiting the highest selectivity index value was selected for further investigation using Peter's 4-day suppressive test, curative test, prophylactic test, and acute oral toxicity in mice. The phytochemical constituents were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results showed that ethanolic extracts of CTLL and PSCD formulations possessed high antimalarial activity (half maximal inhibitory concentration = 4.88, and 4.19 g/mL, respectively) with low cytotoxicity. Ethanolic extracts of the CTLL and PSCD formulations demonstrated a significant dose-dependent decrease in parasitemia in mice. The ethanolic CTLL extract showed the greatest suppressive effect after 4 days of suppressive (89.80%) and curative (35.94%) testing at a dose of 600 mg/kg. Moreover, ethanolic PSCD extract showed the highest suppressive effect in the prophylactic test (65.82%) at a dose of 600 mg/kg. There was no acute toxicity in mice treated with ethanolic CTLL and PSCD extracts at 2,000 mg/kg bodyweight. GC-MS analysis revealed that the most abundant compounds in the ethanolic CTLL extract were linderol, isoborneol, eudesmol, linoleic acid, and oleic acid, whereas ethyl 4-methoxycinnamate was the most commonly found compound in the ethanolic PSCD extract, followed by 3-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one, flamenol, oleic acid amide, linoleic acid, and oleic acid. In conclusions, ethanolic CTLL and PSCD extracts exhibited high antimalarial efficacy in vitro. The ethanolic CTLL extract at a dose of 600 mg/kg exhibited the highest antimalarial activity in the 4-day suppressive and curative tests, whereas the ethanolic PSCD extract at a dose of 600 mg/kg showed the highest antimalarial activity in the prophylactic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapaporn Chaniad
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Arisara Phuwajaroanpong
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Plirat
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Atthaphon Konyanee
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Abdi Wira Septama
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient and Traditional Medicine, Cibinong Science Center, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), West Java, Indonesia
| | - Chuchard Punsawad
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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Wongsawat M, Glaharn S, Srisook C, Dechkhajorn W, Chaisri U, Punsawad C, Techarang T, Chotivanich K, Krudsood S, Viriyavejakul P. Immunofluorescence study of cytoskeleton in endothelial cells induced with malaria sera. Malar J 2024; 23:10. [PMID: 38183117 PMCID: PMC10770940 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial cells (ECs) play a major role in malaria pathogenesis, as a point of direct contact of parasitized red blood cells to the blood vessel wall. The study of cytoskeleton structures of ECs, whose main functions are to maintain shape and provide strength to the EC membrane is important in determining the severe sequelae of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The work investigated the cytoskeletal changes (microfilaments-actin, microtubules-tubulin and intermediate filaments-vimentin) in ECs induced by malaria sera (Plasmodium vivax, uncomplicated P. falciparum and complicated P. falciparum), in relation to the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. METHODS Morphology and fluorescence intensity of EC cytoskeleton stimulated with malaria sera were evaluated using immunofluorescence technique. Levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon (IFN)-gamma (γ) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Control experimental groups included ECs incubated with media alone and non-malaria patient sera. Experimental groups consisted of ECs incubated with malaria sera from P. vivax, uncomplicated P. falciparum and complicated P. falciparum. Morphological scores of cytoskeletal alterations and fluorescence intensity were compared across each experiment group, and correlated with TNF and IFN-γ. RESULTS The four morphological changes of cytoskeleton included (1) shrinkage of cytoskeleton and ECs with cortical condensation, (2) appearance of eccentric nuclei, (3) presence of "spiking pattern" of cytoskeleton and EC membrane, and (4) fragmentation and discontinuity of cytoskeleton and ECs. Significant damages were noted in actin filaments compared to tubulin and vimentin filaments in ECs stimulated with sera from complicated P. falciparum malaria. Morphological damages to cytoskeleton was positively correlated with fluorescence intensity and the levels of TNF and IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS ECs stimulated with sera from complicated P. falciparum malaria showed cytoskeletal alterations and increased in fluorescence intensity, which was associated with high levels of TNF and IFN-γ. Cytoskeletal changes of ECs incubated with complicated P. falciparum malaria sera can lead to EC junctional alteration and permeability changes, which is mediated through apoptotic pathway. The findings can serve as a basis to explore measures to strengthen EC cytoskeleton and alleviate severe malaria complications such as pulmonary oedema and cerebral malaria. In addition, immunofluorescence intensity of cytoskeleton could be investigated as potential prognostic indicator for malaria severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathusorn Wongsawat
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Supattra Glaharn
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Charit Srisook
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Wilanee Dechkhajorn
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Urai Chaisri
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Chuchard Punsawad
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Tachpon Techarang
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kesinee Chotivanich
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Srivicha Krudsood
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Parnpen Viriyavejakul
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Wang S, Ge S, Chen Y, Zhou F, Wang J, Chen L, Chen Y, Yu R, Huang L. Acute and subacute hepatotoxicity of genipin in mice and its potential mechanism. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21834. [PMID: 38027867 PMCID: PMC10663932 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gardenia, as a medicinal and edible herb, has the pharmacological activity of protecting the liver and cholagogue, but the hepatotoxicity induced by the chemical component genipin (GP) limits its application. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and subacute hepatotoxicity of genipin in normal mice and mice with α-naphthalene isothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced liver injury. The results of the acute study showed that the LD50 of genipin was 510 mg/kg. Genipin exhibited hepatotoxicity in normal and jaundiced mice at doses of 125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg, which increased with dose. In a 28-day subacute study, the 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg dose groups showed some pharmacodynamic effects at 7 days but exhibited hepatotoxicity that increased with time and improved after drug withdrawal. In addition, based on proteomics, the mechanism of liver injury induced by genipin may be related to the disruption of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase system and cytochrome P450 enzyme activity. In conclusion, this study showed that genipin hepatotoxicity was time- and dose dependent, but it is worth mentioning that hepatotoxicity was reversible. It is hoped that this study will provide a scientific basis for circumventing the adverse effects of genipin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaikang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
| | - Shuchao Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
| | - Yaohui Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 30012, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 30012, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
| | - Liping Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
| | - Yinfang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
| | - Riyue Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
| | - Liping Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
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Phuwajaroanpong A, Chaniad P, Plirat W, Konyanee A, Septama AW, Punsawad C. Phytochemical Analysis, Antimalarial Properties, and Acute Toxicity of Aqueous Extracts of Trisamo and Jatu-Phala-Tiga Recipes. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2023; 2023:6624040. [PMID: 37745261 PMCID: PMC10516693 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6624040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance remains a significant problem that threatens antimalarial drug treatment. Hence, the challenge is to find new effective antimalarial drugs. Based on our previous study, aqueous extracts of trisamo (TSM) and jatu-phala-tiga (JPT) had good in vitro antimalarial activities, and these recipes contain multiple beneficial pharmacological effects that could be useful for malaria therapy. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antimalarial activity and toxicity of the aqueous extracts of TSM and JPT in mouse models. The aqueous extractions were carried out using the decoction method. Compound identification was conducted using LC-QTOF-MS analysis. The antimalarial activities of TSM and JPT at doses 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg were evaluated against Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection using a four-day suppressive test. The toxic effects of oral administration of the extracts at 2 g/kg dose were determined using an acute toxicity test. The chemical constituents of TSM contained 83 compounds, whereas JPT contained 84 compounds. All doses of the extracts exhibited a significant suppression (p < 0.05) of the parasite compared to the negative control in a four-day test. The maximum activities were observed at 600 mg/kg dose with 67.02% suppression for TSM and 79.34% for JPT, followed by 400 mg/kg dose (57.63% for TSM and 64.79% for JPT) and then 200 mg/kg dose (52.35% for TSM and 54.46% for JPT). In addition, there were no significant differences (p < 0.05) in the RBC, MCV, and MCH levels of mice receiving JPT extract compared to the uninfected control. The WBC level of mice receiving 400 and 600 mg/kg of TSM, and 200 and 400 mg/kg of JPT, was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the infected control, and the extracts did not significantly prevent the loss of platelets. For the acute toxicity test, there were no signs of toxicity or deaths in mice, and there were no differences in the histology, weight, or enzyme biochemistry of the liver and kidney between the extract and vehicle groups. However, the platelet count in the extract-treated mice was significantly higher than that in the control group. In conclusion, this study suggests that aqueous extracts of TSM and JPT have potent antimalarial activities and could be promising as new candidates for antimalarial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arisara Phuwajaroanpong
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Prapaporn Chaniad
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Plirat
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Atthaphon Konyanee
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Abdi Wira Septama
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Bogor 16915, Indonesia
| | - Chuchard Punsawad
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
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10
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Rankawat S, Kundal K, Chakraborty S, Kumar R, Ray S. A comprehensive rhythmicity analysis of host proteins and immune factors involved in malaria pathogenesis to decipher the importance of host circadian clock in malaria. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1210299. [PMID: 37638001 PMCID: PMC10449258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1210299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Circadian rhythms broadly impact human health by regulating our daily physiological and metabolic processes. The circadian clocks substantially regulate our immune responses and susceptibility to infections. Malaria parasites have intrinsic molecular oscillations and coordinate their infection cycle with host rhythms. Considering the cyclical nature of malaria, a clear understanding of the circadian regulations in malaria pathogenesis and host responses is of immense importance. Methods We have thoroughly investigated the transcript level rhythmic patterns in blood proteins altered in falciparum and vivax malaria and malaria-related immune factors in mice, baboons, and humans by analyzing datasets from published literature and comprehensive databases. Using the Metascape and DAVID platforms, we analyzed Gene Ontology terms and physiological pathways associated with the rhythmic malaria-associated host immune factors. Results We observed that almost 50% of the malaria-associated host immune factors are rhythmic in mice and humans. Overlapping rhythmic genes identified in mice, baboons, and humans, exhibited enrichment (Q < 0.05, fold-enrichment > 5) of multiple physiological pathways essential for host immune and defense response, including cytokine production, leukocyte activation, cellular defense, and response, regulation of kinase activity, B-cell receptor signaling pathway, and cellular response to cytokine stimulus. Conclusions Our analysis indicates a robust circadian regulation on multiple interconnected host response pathways and immunological networks in malaria, evident from numerous rhythmic genes involved in those pathways. Host immune rhythms play a vital role in the temporal regulation of host-parasite interactions and defense machinery in malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sandipan Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India
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11
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Freire-Antunes L, Ornellas-Garcia U, Rangel-Ferreira MV, Ribeiro-Almeida ML, de Sousa CHG, Carvalho LJDM, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Ribeiro-Gomes FL. Increased Neutrophil Percentage and Neutrophil-T Cell Ratio Precedes Clinical Onset of Experimental Cerebral Malaria. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11332. [PMID: 37511092 PMCID: PMC10379066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly emerging data suggest that several neutrophil defense mechanisms may play a role in both aggravating and protecting against malaria. These exciting findings suggest that the balance of these cells in the host body may have an impact on the pathogenesis of malaria. To fully understand the role of neutrophils in severe forms of malaria, such as cerebral malaria (CM), it is critical to gain a comprehensive understanding of their behavior and functions. This study investigated the dynamics of neutrophil and T cell responses in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA, murine models of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) and non-cerebral experimental malaria, respectively. The results demonstrated an increase in neutrophil percentage and neutrophil-T cell ratios in the spleen and blood before the development of clinical signs of ECM, which is a phenomenon not observed in the non-susceptible model of cerebral malaria. Furthermore, despite the development of distinct forms of malaria in the two strains of infected animals, parasitemia levels showed equivalent increases throughout the infection period evaluated. These findings suggest that the neutrophil percentage and neutrophil-T cell ratios may be valuable predictive tools for assessing the dynamics and composition of immune responses involved in the determinism of ECM development, thus contributing to the advancing of our understanding of its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Freire-Antunes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz & Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal) of Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) and of Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (SVS), Ministério da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Uyla Ornellas-Garcia
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz & Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal) of Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) and of Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (SVS), Ministério da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius Rangel-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz & Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal) of Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) and of Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (SVS), Ministério da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Mônica Lucas Ribeiro-Almeida
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz & Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal) of Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) and of Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (SVS), Ministério da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Carina Heusner Gonçalves de Sousa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz & Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal) of Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) and of Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (SVS), Ministério da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Leonardo José de Moura Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz & Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal) of Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) and of Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (SVS), Ministério da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz & Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal) of Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) and of Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (SVS), Ministério da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Flávia Lima Ribeiro-Gomes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz & Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal) of Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) and of Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (SVS), Ministério da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil
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12
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Chaniad P, Techarang T, Phuwajaroanpong A, Plirat W, Na-Ek P, Konyanee A, Viriyavejakul P, Septama AW, Punsawad C. Preclinical evaluation of antimalarial activity of CPF-1 formulation as an alternative choice for the treatment of malaria. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:144. [PMID: 37143036 PMCID: PMC10158254 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03973-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kheaw Hom remedy is a traditional Thai medicine used to treat fever. Some plants used in the Kheaw Hom remedy show promising in vitro antimalarial activity. This study prepared novel formulations of plants from the Kheaw Hom remedy and evaluated their antimalarial and toxicological activities. METHODS Seven new formulations were prepared by combining at least three herbs of six selected plants from the Kheaw Hom remedy, namely Mammea siamensis Kosterm., Mesua ferrea L., Dracaena loureiroi Gagnep., Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., Kaempferia galanga L, and Eupatorium stoechadosmum Hance. In vitro antimalarial activities of each formulation's aqueous and ethanolic extracts were evaluated using the parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay. Cytotoxicity in Vero and HepG2 cells was assessed using the MTT assay. An extract with good antimalarial potency and selectivity index (SI) was selected for in vivo antimalarial activity using Peter's 4-day suppressive test and acute oral toxicity test in mice. In addition, bioactive compounds were identified using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. RESULTS Among the seven new formulations, ethanolic extracts of CPF-1 (Formulation 1) showed the highest activity with an IC50 value of 1.32 ± 0.66 µg/ml, followed by ethanolic extracts of Formulation 4 and Formulation 6 with an IC50 value of 1.52 ± 0.28 µg/ml and 2.48 ± 0.34 µg/ml, respectively. The highest SI values were obtained for the ethanolic extract of CPF-1 that was selected to confirm its in vivo antimalarial activity and toxicity. The results demonstrated a significant dose-dependent reduction in parasitemia. Maximum suppressive effect of the extract (72.01%) was observed at the highest dose administered (600 mg/kg). No significant toxicity was observed after the administration of 2000 mg/kg. Using GC-MS analysis, the most abundant compound in the ethanolic extract of CPF-1 was ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (14.32%), followed by 2-propenoic acid, 3-phenyl-, ethyl ester, (E)- (2.50%), and pentadecane (1.85%). CONCLUSION The ethanolic extract of CPF-1 showed promising in vitro and in vivo antimalarial efficacy, with no toxic effects at a dose of 2000 mg/kg, suggesting that the ethanolic extract of CPF-1 may serves as a new herbal formulation for the treatment of malaria. Additional research is required for safety and clinical pharmacology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapaporn Chaniad
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Tachpon Techarang
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Arisara Phuwajaroanpong
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Plirat
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Prasit Na-Ek
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Atthaphon Konyanee
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Parnpen Viriyavejakul
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Abdi Wira Septama
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient and Traditional Medicine, Cibinong Science Center, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), West Java, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Chuchard Punsawad
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand.
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand.
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13
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Hu X, Zhao J, Zhao J, Yang E, Jia M. Genome-wide liver transcriptomic profiling of a malaria mouse model reveals disturbed immune and metabolic responses. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:40. [PMID: 36717945 PMCID: PMC9885691 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05672-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver is responsible for a range of functions in vertebrates, such as metabolism and immunity. In malaria, the liver plays a crucial role in the interaction between the parasite and host. Although malarial hepatitis is a common clinical complication of severe malaria, other malaria-related liver changes have been overlooked during the blood stage of the parasite life-cycle, in contrast to the many studies that have focused on parasite invasion of and replication in the liver during the hepatic stage of the parasite. METHODS A rodent model of malaria was established using Plasmodium yoelii strain 17XL, a lethal strain of rodent malaria, for liver transcriptomic profiling. RESULTS Differentially expressed messenger RNAs were associated with innate and adaptive immune responses, while differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs were enriched in the regulation of metabolism-related pathways, such as lipid metabolism. The coexpression network showed that host genes were related to cellular transport and tissue remodeling. Hub gene analysis of P. yoelii indicated that ubiquitination genes that were coexpressed with the host were evolutionarily conserved. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis yielded evidence of activated immune responses, aberrant metabolic processes and tissue remodeling changes in the livers of mice with malaria during the blood stage of the parasite, which provided a systematic outline of liver responses during Plasmodium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Hu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Medical Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Jie Zhao
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Junhui Zhao
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Ence Yang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Medical Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Mozhi Jia
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
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14
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Chaniad P, Techarang T, Phuwajaroanpong A, Plirat W, Viriyavejakul P, Septama AW, Punsawad C. Antimalarial efficacy and toxicological assessment of medicinal plant ingredients of Prabchompoothaweep remedy as a candidate for antimalarial drug development. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:12. [PMID: 36653791 PMCID: PMC9847039 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03835-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug resistance exists in almost all antimalarial drugs currently in use, leading to an urgent need to identify new antimalarial drugs. Medicinal plant use is an alternative approach to antimalarial chemotherapy. This study aimed to explore potent medicinal plants from Prabchompoothaweep remedy for antimalarial drug development. METHODS Forty-eight crude extracts from Prabchompoothaweep remedy and its 23 plants ingredients were investigated in vitro for antimalarial properties using Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) enzyme against Plasmodium falciparum K1 strain and toxicity effects were evaluated in Vero cells. The plant with promising antimalarial activity was further investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify phytochemicals. Antimalarial activity in mice was evaluated using a four-day suppressive test against Plasmodium berghei ANKA at dose of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight, and acute toxicity was analyzed. RESULTS Of the 48 crude extracts, 13 (27.08%) showed high antimalarial activity against the K1 strain of P. falciparum (IC50 < 10 μg/ml) and 9 extracts (18.75%) were moderately active (IC50 = 11-50 μg/ml). Additionally, the ethanolic extract of Prabchompoothaweep remedy showed moderate antimalarial activity against the K1 strain of P. falciparum (IC50 = 14.13 μg/ml). Based on in vitro antimalarial and toxicity results, antimalarial activity of the aqueous fruit extract of Terminalia arjuna (IC50 = 4.05 μg/ml and CC50 = 219.6 μg/ml) was further studied in mice. GC-MS analysis of T. arjuna extract identified 22 compounds. The most abundant compounds were pyrogallol, gallic acid, shikimic acid, oleamide, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 1,1-diethoxy-ethane, quinic acid, and furfural. Analysis of the four-day suppressive test indicated that T. arjuna extract at dose of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight significantly suppressed the Plasmodium parasites by 28.33, 45.77, and 67.95%, respectively. In the acute toxicity study, T. arjuna extract was non-toxic at 2000 mg/kg body weight. CONCLUSIONS The aqueous fruit extract of T. arjuna exerts antimalarial activity against Plasmodium parasites found in humans (P. falciparum K1) and mice (P. berghei ANKA). Acute toxicity studies showed that T. arjuna extract did not show any lethality or adverse effects up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapaporn Chaniad
- grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand ,grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160 Thailand
| | - Tachpon Techarang
- grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand ,grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160 Thailand
| | - Arisara Phuwajaroanpong
- grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand ,grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160 Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Plirat
- grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand ,grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160 Thailand
| | - Parnpen Viriyavejakul
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Abdi Wira Septama
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Cibinong, West Java 16915 Indonesia
| | - Chuchard Punsawad
- grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand ,grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160 Thailand
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15
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Chung S, Lee CM, Zhang M. Advances in nanoparticle-based mRNA delivery for liver cancer and liver-associated infectious diseases. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 8:10-28. [PMID: 36260016 PMCID: PMC11144305 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00289b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a vital organ that functions to detoxify the body. Liver cancer and infectious diseases such as influenza and malaria can fatally compromise liver function. mRNA delivery is a relatively new means of therapeutic treatment which enables expression of tumor or pathogenic antigens, and elicits immune responses for therapeutic or prophylactic effect. Novel nanoparticles with unique biological properties serving as mRNA carriers have allowed mRNA-based therapeutics to become more clinically viable and relevant. In this review, we highlight recent progress in development of nanoparticle-based mRNA delivery systems for treatment of various liver diseases. First, we present developments in nanoparticle systems used to deliver mRNAs, with specific focus on enhanced cellular uptake and endosomal escape achieved through the use of these nanoparticles. To provide context for diseases that target the liver, we provide an overview of the function and structure of the liver, as well as the role of the immune system in the liver. Then, mRNA-based therapeutic approaches for addressing HCC are highlighted. We also discuss nanoparticle-based mRNA vaccines for treating hepatotropic infectious diseases. Finally, we present current challenges in the clinical translation of nanoparticle-based mRNA delivery systems and provide outlooks for their utilization in treating liver-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokhwan Chung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
| | - Chan Mi Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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16
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Plirat W, Chaniad P, Phuwajaroanpong A, Septama AW, Punsawad C. Phytochemical, Antimalarial, and Acute Oral Toxicity Properties of Selected Crude Extracts of Prabchompoothaweep Remedy in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7120395. [PMID: 36548650 PMCID: PMC9785619 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7120395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a life-threatening health problem and encounters with the increasing of antimalarial drug resistance. Medicinal plants play a critical role in synthesizing novel and potent antimalarial agents. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents, antiplasmodial activity, and evaluate the toxicity of crude ethanolic extracts of Myristica fragrans, Atractylodes lancea, and Prabchompoothaweep remedy in a mouse model. The phytochemical constituents were characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Antimalarial efficacy against Plasmodium berghei was assessed using 4-day suppressive tests at doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight. Acute toxicity was assessed at a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight of crude extracts. The 4-day suppression test showed that all crude extracts significantly suppressed parasitemia (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. Higher parasitemia suppression was observed both in Prabchompoothaweep remedy at a dose of 600 mg/kg (60.1%), and A. lancea at a dose of 400 mg/kg (60.1%). The acute oral toxicity test indicated that the LD50 values of all extracts were greater than 2000 mg/kg and that these extracts were not toxic in the mouse model. LC-MS analysis revealed several compounds in M. fragrans, A. lancea, and Prabchompoothaweep remedy. For quantitative analysis, 1,2,6,8-tetrahydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone 2-O-b-D-glucoside, chlorogenic acid, and 3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl) ethyl 3-hydroxyoctanoate were found in A. lancea, while (7′x,8′x)-4,7′-epoxy-3,8′-bilign-7-ene-3,5′-dimethoxy-4′,9,9′-triol, edulisin III, and tetra-hydrosappanone A trimethyl ether are found in M. fragrans. 6′-O-Formylmarmin was present in the Prabchompoothaweep remedy, followed by pterostilbene glycinate and amlaic acid. This study showed that the ethanolic extracts of A. lancea and Prabchompoothaweep remedy possess antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei. None of the extracts had toxic effects on liver and kidney function. Therefore, the ethanolic extract of A. lancea rhizome and Prabchompoothaweep remedy could be used as an alternative source of new antimalarial agents. Further studies are needed to determine the active compounds in both extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaiporn Plirat
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Prapaporn Chaniad
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Arisara Phuwajaroanpong
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Abdi Wira Septama
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Bogor 16915, Indonesia
| | - Chuchard Punsawad
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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Bi D, Lin J, Luo X, Lin L, Tang X, Luo X, Lu Y, Huang X. Biochemical characteristics of patients with imported malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1008430. [DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1008430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the clinical and biochemical profiles of patients with imported malaria infection between 1 January 2011 and 30 April 2022 and admitted to the Fourth People’s Hospital of Nanning.MethodsThis cohort study enrolled 170 patients with conformed imported malaria infection. The clinical and biochemical profiles of these participants were analyzed with malaria parasite clearance, and signs and symptoms related to malaria disappearance were defined as the primary outcome. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to evaluate the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for cerebral malaria. The Cox model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs for parasite clearance.ResultsAdenosine deaminase and parasitemia were found to be independent risk factors for severe malaria in patients with imported malaria (OR = 1.0088, 95% CI: 1.0010–1.0167, p = 0.0272 and OR = 2.0700, 95% CI: 1.2584–3.4050, p = 0.0042, respectively). A 0.5–standard deviation (SD) increase of variation for urea (HR = 0.6714, 95% CI: 0.4911–0.9180), a 0.5-SD increase of variation for creatinine (HR = 0.4566, 95% CI: 0.2762–0.7548), a 0.25-SD increase of variation for albumin (HR = 0.4947, 95% CI: 0.3197–0.7653), a 0.25-SD increase of variation for hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HR = 0.6129, 95% CI: 0.3995–0.9402), and a 1.0-SD increase of variation for ferritin (HR = 0.5887, 95% CI: 0.3799–0.9125) were associated with a higher risk for increased parasite clearance duration than a low-level change.ConclusionsAspartate aminotransferase, urea, creatinine, albumin, hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and ferritin are useful biochemical indicators in routine clinical practice to evaluate prognosis for imported malaria.
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Olaniyi TD. Antiplasmodial evaluation of aqueous extract of Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig leaves in Plasmodium berghei (NK65)-infected mice. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The study was designed to screen aqueous extract of Bilghia sapida leaves for its phytochemical constituents, in vivo antiplasmodial activity and biochemical changes in Plasmodium berghei (NK65)-infected female mice. Phytochemical screening was done using standard methods. In the acute toxicity test, three groups of mice received 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg/Kg/day of the extract respectively, and were observed for signs of toxicity, especially mortality for 24 h. Forty-eight mice were assigned into six groups of eight animals each. The uninfected group A (control) was administered distilled water, while groups B, C, D, E and F were inoculated intraperitoneally with about 107 parasitized erythrocytes and received distilled water, chloroquine (5 mg/Kg/day), 125, 250 and 500 mg/Kg/day of extract, respectively. The antiplasmodial activity was evaluated using Peter’s 4 days suppressive test. Haematological indices, selected biochemical parameters and liver histology were evaluated.
Results
Screening revealed the presence of six phytochemicals in the aqueous extract of B. sapida leaves. Median lethal dose of the extract is > 5,000 mg/Kg/day. The aqueous extract of the leaves significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the level of parasitaemia dose-dependently with chemosuppression of 74.09% at 500 mg/Kg/day. The extract significantly (P < 0.05) prevented P. berghei infection-associated reduction in red blood cell indices. The significant (P < 0.05) P. berghei-induced alterations in liver function indices were improved in extract-treated mice. There were no visible lesions in the livers of animals that received 125 mg/Kg/day of extract.
Conclusion
The aqueous extract of B. sapida leaves has in vivo antiplasmodial activity and justifies its folkloric use in malarial treatment.
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Olatunde AC, Cornwall DH, Roedel M, Lamb TJ. Mouse Models for Unravelling Immunology of Blood Stage Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1525. [PMID: 36146602 PMCID: PMC9501382 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria comprises a spectrum of disease syndromes and the immune system is a major participant in malarial disease. This is particularly true in relation to the immune responses elicited against blood stages of Plasmodium-parasites that are responsible for the pathogenesis of infection. Mouse models of malaria are commonly used to dissect the immune mechanisms underlying disease. While no single mouse model of Plasmodium infection completely recapitulates all the features of malaria in humans, collectively the existing models are invaluable for defining the events that lead to the immunopathogenesis of malaria. Here we review the different mouse models of Plasmodium infection that are available, and highlight some of the main contributions these models have made with regards to identifying immune mechanisms of parasite control and the immunopathogenesis of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tracey J. Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Emma Eccles Jones Medical Research Building, 15 N Medical Drive E, Room 1420A, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Nandi S, Ahmed S, Saxena AK. Exploring the Role of Antioxidants to Combat Oxidative Stress in Malaria Parasites. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:2029-2044. [PMID: 35382719 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220405121643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria, a global challenge, is a parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium species. Approximately 229 million cases of malaria were reported in 2019. Major incidences occur in various continents, including African and Eastern Mediterranean Continents and South-East Asia. INTRODUCTION Despite the overall decline in global incidence from 2010 to 2018, the rate of decline has been almost constant since 2014. The morbidity and mortality have been accelerated due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by oxidative stress generated by the parasite responsible for the destruction of host metabolism and cell nutrients. METHODS The excessive release of free radicals is associated with the infection in the animal or human body by the parasites. This may be related to a reduction in nutrients required for the generation of antioxidants and the destruction of cells by parasite activity. Therefore, an intensive literature search has been carried out to find the natural antioxidants used to neutralize the free radicals generated during malarial infection. RESULTS The natural antioxidants may be useful as an adjuvant treatment along with the antimalarial chemotherapeutics to reduce the death rate and enhance the success rate of malaria treatment. CONCLUSION In this manuscript, an attempt has been made to provide significant insight into the antioxidant activities of herbal extracts against malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisir Nandi
- Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kashipur, 244713, India
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmed
- Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kashipur, 244713, India
| | - Anil Kumar Saxena
- Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kashipur, 244713, India
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Techarang T, Jariyapong P, Punsawad C. Role of sphingosine kinase and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor in the liver pathology of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266055. [PMID: 35333897 PMCID: PMC8956183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased serum sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) has been reported in severe malaria patients, but the expression of receptors and enzymes associated with S1P has not been investigated in the liver of malaria patients. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the expression of sphingosine kinase (SphK) and S1P receptors (S1PRs) in the liver of malaria-infected mice. C57BL/6 male mice were divided into a control group (n = 10) and a Plasmodium berghei (PbA)-infected group (n = 10). Mice in the malaria group were intraperitoneally injected with 1×106 P. berghei ANKA-infected red blood cells, whereas control mice were intraperitoneally injected with normal saline. Liver tissues were collected on Day 13 of the experiment to evaluate histopathological changes by hematoxylin and eosin staining and to investigate SphK and S1PR expression by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. Histological examination of liver tissues from the PbA-infected group revealed sinusoidal dilatation, hemozoin deposition, portal tract inflammation and apoptotic hepatocytes, which were absent in the control group. Immunohistochemical staining showed significant increases in the expression of SphK1 and SphK2 and significant decreases in the expression of S1PR1, S1PR2, and S1PR3 in the endothelium, hepatocytes, and Kupffer cells in liver tissue from the PbA-infected group compared with the control group. Real-time PCR analysis showed the upregulation of SphK1 and the downregulation of S1PR1, S1PR2, and S1PR3 in the liver in the PbA-infected group compared with the control group. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time that SphK1 mRNA expression is upregulated and that S1PR1, S1PR2, and S1PR3 expression is decreased in the liver tissue of PbA-infected mice. Our findings suggest that the decreased levels of S1PR1, S1PR2, and S1PR3 might play an important role in liver injury during malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tachpon Techarang
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Pitchanee Jariyapong
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Chuchard Punsawad
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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Bąska P, Norbury LJ. The Role of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) in the Immune Response against Parasites. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030310. [PMID: 35335634 PMCID: PMC8950322 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system consists of various cells, organs, and processes that interact in a sophisticated manner to defend against pathogens. Upon initial exposure to an invader, nonspecific mechanisms are raised through the activation of macrophages, monocytes, basophils, mast cells, eosinophils, innate lymphoid cells, or natural killer cells. During the course of an infection, more specific responses develop (adaptive immune responses) whose hallmarks include the expansion of B and T cells that specifically recognize foreign antigens. Cell to cell communication takes place through physical interactions as well as through the release of mediators (cytokines, chemokines) that modify cell activity and control and regulate the immune response. One regulator of cell states is the transcription factor Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) which mediates responses to various stimuli and is involved in a variety of processes (cell cycle, development, apoptosis, carcinogenesis, innate and adaptive immune responses). It consists of two protein classes with NF-κB1 (p105/50) and NF-κB2 (p100/52) belonging to class I, and RelA (p65), RelB and c-Rel belonging to class II. The active transcription factor consists of a dimer, usually comprised of both class I and class II proteins conjugated to Inhibitor of κB (IκB). Through various stimuli, IκB is phosphorylated and detached, allowing dimer migration to the nucleus and binding of DNA. NF-κB is crucial in regulating the immune response and maintaining a balance between suppression, effective response, and immunopathologies. Parasites are a diverse group of organisms comprised of three major groups: protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites. Each group induces distinct effector immune mechanisms and is susceptible to different types of immune responses (Th1, Th2, Th17). This review describes the role of NF-κB and its activity during parasite infections and its contribution to inducing protective responses or immunopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bąska
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Luke J. Norbury
- Department of Biosciences and Food Technology, School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia;
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Srisook C, Glaharn S, Punsawad C, Viriyavejakul P. Apoptotic changes and aquaporin-1 expression in the choroid plexus of cerebral malaria patients. Malar J 2022; 21:43. [PMID: 35151337 PMCID: PMC8841049 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral malaria (CM) is associated with sequestration of parasitized red blood cells (PRBCs) in the capillaries. Often, the association of CM with cerebral oedema is related with high mortality rate. Morphological changes of the choroid plexus (CP) and caspase-3 expression in CM have not been reported. In addition, limited knowledge is known regarding the role of aquaporin (AQP)-1 in CM. The present study evaluated changes in the CP, explored apoptotic changes and AQP-1 expression in CP epithelial cells (CPECs) in fatal CM patients. Methods CP from fatal Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients (5 non-CM [NCM], 16 CM) were retrieved and prepared for histopathological evaluation. Caspase-3 and AQP-1 expressions in CPECs were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Results Histologically, apoptotic changes in CPECs were significantly observed in the CM group compared with the NCM and normal control (NC) groups (p < 0.05). These changes included cytoplasmic and nuclear condensation/shrinkage of CPECs and detachment of CPECs from the basement membrane. The apoptotic changes were positively correlated with caspase-3 expression in the nuclei of CPECs. In addition, AQP-1 expression in CPECs was significantly decreased in the CM group compared with the NCM and NC groups (all p < 0.001). A negative correlation (rs = − 0.450, p = 0.024) was documented between caspase-3 expression in the nuclei of CPECs and AQP-1. Conclusions Apoptotic changes and altered AQP-1 expression may contribute to CPEC dysfunction and subsequently reduce cerebrospinal fluid production, affecting the water homeostasis in the brains of patients with CM. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04044-6.
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Sercundes MK, Ortolan LS, da Silva Julio V, Bella LM, de Castro Quirino T, Debone D, Carneiro-Ramos MS, Christoffolete MA, Martins JO, D'Império Lima MR, Alvarez JM, Amarante-Mendes GP, Gonçalves LA, Marinho CRF, Epiphanio S. Blockade of caspase cascade overcomes malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome in mice. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:144. [PMID: 35145061 PMCID: PMC8831525 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04582-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is an enormous burden on global health that caused 409,000 deaths in 2019. Severe malaria can manifest in the lungs, an illness known as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Not much is known about the development of malaria-associated ARDS (MA-ARDS), especially regarding cell death in the lungs. We had previously established a murine model that mimics various human ARDS aspects, such as pulmonary edema, hemorrhages, pleural effusion, and hypoxemia, using DBA/2 mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Here, we explored the mechanisms and the involvement of apoptosis in this syndrome. We found that apoptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of MA-ARDS, primarily as facilitators of the alveolar-capillary barrier breakdown. The protection of pulmonary endothelium by inhibiting caspase activation could be a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent the pathogenicity of MA-ARDS. Therefore, intervention in the programmed death cell mechanism could help patients not to develop severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Sercundes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana S Ortolan
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Global Infectious Disease, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Viviane da Silva Julio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo M Bella
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thatyane de Castro Quirino
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Debone
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Joilson O Martins
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José M Alvarez
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo P Amarante-Mendes
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT-iii), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lígia Antunes Gonçalves
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio R F Marinho
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Epiphanio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Molecular mechanisms of hematological and biochemical alterations in malaria: A review. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2021; 247:111446. [PMID: 34953384 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a dangerous disease that contributes to millions of hospital visits and hundreds of thousands of deaths, especially in children residing in sub-Saharan Africa. Although several interventions such as vector control, case detection, and treatment are already in place, there is no substantive reduction in the disease burden. Several studies in the past have reported the emergence of resistant strains of malaria parasites (MPs) and mosquitoes, and poor adherence and inaccessibility to effective antimalarial drugs as the major factors for this persistent menace of malaria infections. Moreover, victory against MP infections for many years has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of the complex nature of malaria pathogenesis. Very recent studies have identified different complex interactions and hematological alterations induced by malaria parasites. However, no studies have hybridized these alterations for a better understanding of Malaria pathogenesis. Hence, this review thoroughly discusses the molecular mechanisms of all reported hematological and biochemical alterations induced by MPs infections. Specifically, the mechanisms in which MP-infection induces anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, dyslipidemia, hypoglycemia, oxidative stress, and liver and kidney malfunctions were presented. The study also discussed how MPs evade the host's immune response and suggested strategies to limit evasion of the host's immune response to combat malaria and its complications.
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Ndayisaba G, Yeka A, Asante KP, Grobusch MP, Karita E, Mugerwa H, Asiimwe S, Oduro A, Fofana B, Doumbia S, Jain JP, Barsainya S, Kullak-Ublick GA, Su G, Schmitt EK, Csermak K, Gandhi P, Hughes D. Hepatic safety and tolerability of cipargamin (KAE609), in adult patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a randomized, phase II, controlled, dose-escalation trial in sub-Saharan Africa. Malar J 2021; 20:478. [PMID: 34930267 PMCID: PMC8686384 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-04009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel anti-malarial cipargamin (KAE609) has potent, rapid activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Transient asymptomatic liver function test elevations were previously observed in cipargamin-treated subjects in two trials: one in malaria patients in Asia and one in volunteers with experimentally induced malaria. In this study, the hepatic safety of cipargamin given as single doses of 10 to 150 mg and 10 to 50 mg once daily for 3 days was assessed. Efficacy results, frequency of treatment-emerging mutations in the atp4 gene and pharmacokinetics have been published elsewhere. Further, the R561H mutation in the k13 gene, which confers artemisinin-resistance, was associated with delayed parasite clearance following treatment with artemether-lumefantrine in Rwanda in this study. This was also the first study with cipargamin to be conducted in patients in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS This was a Phase II, multicentre, randomized, open-label, dose-escalation trial in adults with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in five sub-Saharan countries, using artemether-lumefantrine as control. The primary endpoint was ≥ 2 Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Grade increase from baseline in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate transaminase (AST) during the 4-week trial. RESULTS Overall, 2/135 patients treated with cipargamin had ≥ 2 CTCAE Grade increases from baseline in ALT or AST compared to 2/51 artemether-lumefantrine patients, with no significant difference between any cipargamin treatment group and the control group. Cipargamin exposure was comparable to or higher than those in previous studies. Hepatic adverse events and general safety and tolerability were similar for all cipargamin doses and artemether-lumefantrine. Cipargamin was well tolerated with no safety concerns. CONCLUSIONS This active-controlled, dose escalation study was a detailed assessment of the hepatic safety of cipargamin, across a wide range of doses, in patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Comparison with previous cipargamin trials requires caution as no clear conclusion can be drawn as to whether hepatic safety and potential immunity to malaria would differ with ethnicity, patient age and or geography. Previous concerns regarding hepatic safety may have been confounded by factors including malaria itself, whether natural or experimental infection, and should not limit the further development of cipargamin. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT03334747 (7 Nov 2017), other study ID CKAE609A2202.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adoke Yeka
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Masafu, Uganda
| | - Kwaku Poku Asante
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo North Municipality, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Centre de Recherches Médicales en Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Stephen Asiimwe
- Kabwohe Clinical Research Centre and Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | | | | | - Jay Prakash Jain
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | | | - Gerd A Kullak-Ublick
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- University Hospital Zürich and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Guoqin Su
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | | | - Katalin Csermak
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Preetam Gandhi
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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Wu Y, Huang S, Xiao S, He J, Lu F. Impact of Galectin-Receptor Interactions on Liver Pathology During the Erythrocytic Stage of Plasmodium berghei Malaria. Front Immunol 2021; 12:758052. [PMID: 34899708 PMCID: PMC8652201 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatopathy is frequently observed in patients with severe malaria but its pathogenesis remains unclear. Galectins are evolutionarily conserved glycan-binding proteins with pleiotropic roles in innate and adaptive immune responses, and exhibit pivotal roles during Plasmodium spp. infection. Here, we analyzed the impact of blockage of galectin-receptor interactions by treatment with alpha (α)-lactose on liver immunopathology during the erythrocytic stage of malaria in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbANKA). Our results found that compared with PbANKA-infected mice (malarial mice), blockage of galectin-receptor interactions led to decreased host survival rate and increased peripheral blood parasitemia; exacerbated liver pathology, increased numbers of CD68+ macrophages and apoptotic cells, and increased parasite burden in the livers on days 5 and 7 post infection (p.i.) as well as increased mRNA expression levels of galectin-9 (Gal-9) and its receptor, the T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain protein 3 (Tim-3), interferon (IFN)α, IFNγ, and the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 in the livers or spleens of PbANKA-infected mice on day 7 p.i. Observed by transmission electron microscopy, the peritoneal macrophages isolated from malarial mice with α-lactose treatment had more pseudopodia than those from malarial mice. Measured by using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay, the mRNA expression levels of Gal-9, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, and TREM-1 were increased in the peritoneal macrophages isolated from malarial mice with α-lactose treatment in comparison of those from malarial mice. Furthermore, significant positive correlations existed between the mRNA levels of Gal-9 and Tim-3/IFNγ/TREM-1 in both the livers and the peritoneal macrophages, and between Gal-9 and Tim-3/TREM-1 in the spleens of malarial mice; significant positive correlations existed between the mRNA levels of Gal-9 and IFNγ in the livers and between Gal-9 and IFNα in the peritoneal macrophages from malarial mice treated with α-lactose. Our data suggest a potential role of galectin-receptor interactions in limiting liver inflammatory response and parasite proliferation by down-regulating the expressions of IFNα, IFNγ, and TREM-1 during PbANKA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiguang Huang
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyu Xiao
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Public Experimental Teaching Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangli Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Techarang T, Jariyapong P, Viriyavejakul P, Punsawad C. High mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1) and its receptors in the pathogenesis of malaria-associated acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome in a mouse model. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08589. [PMID: 34977410 PMCID: PMC8683738 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA-binding protein high mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1) mediates proinflammatory cytokines that contribute to acute lung injury (ALI). Although ALI is a frequent complication of malaria infection, the contribution of HMGB-1 and its receptors to the pathogenesis of malaria-associated ALI/acute respiratory distress syndrome (MA-ALI/ARDS) has not been investigated in a mouse model. Here, the malaria-infected mice were divided into two groups according to lung injury score: the ALI/ARDS and non-ALI/ARDS groups. The expression of HMGB-1 and its receptors (RAGE, TLR-2 and TLR-4) in lung tissues was investigated by using immunohistochemical staining and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Additionally, HMGB-1 and proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1 and IL-6) levels in plasma and lung tissues were quantified by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Cellular expression of both HMGB-1 and its receptors (RAGE, TLR-2 and TLR-4) was significantly increased in the lung tissues of the ALI/ARDS group compared with those in the non-ALI/ARDS and control groups. The levels of HMGB-1, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1 and IL-6 were significantly increased in both plasma and lung tissues of the ALI/ARDS group compared with those in the non-ALI/ARDS and control groups, which were similar to the results obtained by real-time PCR. Increased mRNA expression of RAGE, TLR-2 and TLR-4 was found in the lung tissues of the ALI/ARDS group. Furthermore, the plasma HMGB-1 level was positively correlated with TLR-4 mRNA expression in the ALI/ARDS group. HMGB-1 levels were significantly increased in plasma and lung tissues of MA-ALI/ARDS mice and were related to the upregulated expression of HMGB-1 and proinflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that HMGB-1 is an important mediator of MA-ALI/ARDS pathogenesis and may represent a target for therapeutic malaria interventions with ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tachpon Techarang
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Pitchanee Jariyapong
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Parnpen Viriyavejakul
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chuchard Punsawad
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
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Differential Effect of Antioxidants Glutathione and Vitamin C on the Hepatic Injuries Induced by Plasmodium berghei ANKA Infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9694508. [PMID: 34527745 PMCID: PMC8437662 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9694508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium and represents one of the main public health problems in the world. Among alterations associated with the disease, we highlight the hepatic impairment resulting from the generation of oxidative stress. Studies demonstrate that liver injuries caused by Plasmodium infection are associated with unbalance of the antioxidant system in hepatocytes, although little is known about the role of antioxidant molecules such as glutathione and vitamin C in the evolution of the disease and in the liver injury. To evaluate disease complications, murine models emerge as a valuable tool due to their similarities between the infectious species for human and mice. Herein, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of antioxidants glutathione and vitamin C on the evolution of murine malaria and in the liver damage caused by Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection. Mice were inoculated with parasitized erythrocytes and treated with glutathione and vitamin C, separately, both at 8 mg/kg during 7 consecutive days. Our data showed that during Plasmodium infection, treatment with glutathione promoted significant decrease in the survival of infected mice, accelerating the disease severity. However, treatment with vitamin C promoted an improvement in the clinical outcomes and prolonged the survival curve of infected animals. We also showed that glutathione promoted increase in the parasitemia rate of Plasmodium-infected animals, although treatment with vitamin C has induced significant decrease in parasitemia rates. Furthermore, histological analysis and enzyme biochemical measurement showed that treatment with glutathione exacerbates liver damage while treatment with vitamin C mitigates the hepatic injury induced by the infection. In summary, the current study provided evidences that antioxidant molecules could differently modulate the outcome of malaria disease; while glutathione aggravated the disease outcome and liver injury, the treatment with vitamin C protects the liver from damage and the evolution of the condition.
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Kaur R, Gorki V, Katare OP, Dhingra N, Chauhan M, Kaur R, Nirmalan N, Singh B. Improved biopharmaceutical attributes of lumefantrine using choline mimicking drug delivery system: preclinical investigation on NK-65 P.berghei murine model. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1533-1552. [PMID: 34176411 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1946512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lumefantrine (LMF) is first-line antimalarial drug, possesses activity against almost all human malarial parasites, but the in vivo activity of this molecule gets thwarted due to its low and inconsistent oral bioavailability (i.e. 4-12%) owing to poor biopharmaceutical attributes. METHODS Lumefantrine phospholipid complex (LMF-PC) was prepared by rota-evaporation method following job's plot technique for the selection of apt stoichiometric ratios. Docking studies were carried out to determine the possible interaction(s) of LMF with phosphatidylcholine analogue. Comparative in vitro physiochemical, solid-state characterization, MTT assay, dose-response on P. falciparum, in vivo efficacy studies including pharmacokinetic and chemosuppression on NK-65 P. berghei infected mice were carried out. RESULTS Aqueous solubility was distinctly improved (i.e. 345 times) with phospholipid complex of LMF. Cytotoxicity studies on Hela and fibroblast cell lines demonstrated safety of LMF-PC with selectivity indices of 4395 and 5139, respectively. IC50 value was reduced almost 2.5 folds. Significant enhancement in Cmax (3.3-folds) and AUC (2.7-folds) of rat plasma levels indicated notable pharmacokinetic superiority of LMF-PC over LMF suspension. Differential leukocytic count and cytokine assay delineated plausible immunoregulatory role of LMF-PC with nearly 98% chemosuppression and over 30 days of post-survival. CONCLUSION Superior antimalarial efficacy and survival time with full recovery of infected mice revealed through histopathological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ripandeep Kaur
- UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.,School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK.,UGC-Centre of Excellence in Nano Applications (Biomedical Sciences), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Varun Gorki
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - O P Katare
- UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neelima Dhingra
- UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Monika Chauhan
- UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ranjot Kaur
- UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Niroshini Nirmalan
- School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.,UGC-Centre of Excellence in Nano Applications (Biomedical Sciences), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Boeckmans J, Rombaut M, Demuyser T, Declerck B, Piérard D, Rogiers V, De Kock J, Waumans L, Magerman K, Cartuyvels R, Rummens JL, Rodrigues RM, Vanhaecke T. Infections at the nexus of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2235-2253. [PMID: 34027561 PMCID: PMC8141380 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a chronic liver disease that affects about a quarter of the world population. MAFLD encompasses different disease stadia ranging from isolated liver steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although MAFLD is considered as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome, multiple concomitant disease-potentiating factors can accelerate disease progression. Among these risk factors are diet, lifestyle, genetic traits, intake of steatogenic drugs, male gender and particular infections. Although infections often outweigh the development of fatty liver disease, pre-existing MAFLD could be triggered to progress towards more severe disease stadia. These combined disease cases might be underreported because of the high prevalence of both MAFLD and infectious diseases that can promote or exacerbate fatty liver disease development. In this review, we portray the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which the most relevant viral, bacterial and parasitic infections influence the progression of fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis. We focus in particular on how infectious diseases, including coronavirus disease-19, hepatitis C, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, peptic ulcer and periodontitis, exacerbate MAFLD. We specifically underscore the synergistic effects of these infections with other MAFLD-promoting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Boeckmans
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
- Clinical Laboratory, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium.
| | - Matthias Rombaut
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Demuyser
- Department of Microbiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Baptist Declerck
- Department of Microbiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Denis Piérard
- Department of Microbiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joery De Kock
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Waumans
- Clinical Laboratory, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Koen Magerman
- Clinical Laboratory, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Reinoud Cartuyvels
- Clinical Laboratory, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Rummens
- Clinical Laboratory, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Robim M Rodrigues
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
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Antimalarial Effect of the Total Glycosides of the Medicinal Plant, Ranunculus japonicus. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050532. [PMID: 33925018 PMCID: PMC8145635 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In traditional Chinese medicine, Ranunculus japonicus has been used to treat various diseases, including malaria, and the young stem of R. japonicus is consumed as a food in the Republic of Korea. However, experimental evidence of the antimalarial effect of R. japonicus has not been evaluated. Therefore, the antimalarial activity of the extract of the young stem of R. japonicus was evaluated in vitro using both chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) strains; in vivo activity was evaluated in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice via oral administration followed by a four-day suppressive test focused on biochemical and hematological parameters. Exposure to extracts of R. japonicus resulted in significant inhibition of both chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and resistant (Dd2) strains of P. falciparum, with IC50 values of 6.29 ± 2.78 and 5.36 ± 4.93 μg/mL, respectively. Administration of R. japonicus also resulted in potent antimalarial activity against P. berghei in infected mice with no associated toxicity; treatment also resulted in improved hepatic, renal, and hematologic parameters. These results demonstrate the antimalarial effects of R. japonicus both in vitro and in vivo with no apparent toxicity.
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Olanlokun JO, Bodede O, Prinsloo G, Olorunsogo OO. Comparative antimalarial, toxicity and mito-protective effects of Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A. DC. and Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels on Plasmodium berghei infection in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113585. [PMID: 33189839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A. DC. and Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels are traditionally used in Africa for the treatment of malaria. However, scientific evidence to substantiate this folkloric claim and their effects on liver mitochondria during malaria treatment have not been reported. AIM OF THE STUDY This study investigated the efficacy of D. mespiliformis and M. whitei against chloroquine-sensitive and resistant strains of malarial parasites in mice. It also investigated the toxicity and protection against cellular organelles like mitochondria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Swiss mice were infected with a chloroquine resistant (ANKA) strain of Plasmodium berghei and were treated via oral gavage with methanol extracts of D. mespiliformis and M. whitei reconstituted in diluted dimethylsulfoxide as vehicle (DMSO, 5% v/v) for five consecutive days. Percentage parasite load and clearance were assessed by microscopy. The infected control was treated with the vehicle. Hematological indices were assessed using standard procedures. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined using assay kits. Hepatic mitochondria were isolated via centrifugation, and their permeability transition (mPT), ATPase (mATPase) activity and lipid peroxidation (mLPO) were determined spectroscopically. Liver tissue histology was carried out by standard laboratory procedures. Phytochemical analysis of both extracts were performed using LC-MS to identify the most prominent compounds from each of the extracts. RESULTS After treatment on day 5, D. mespiliformis and M. whitei at 400 mg/kg decreased mean values for: percentage parasitemia (5.0 ± 1.0, 2.0 ± 0.2), increased Packed Cell Volume (PCV) (36.0 ± 1.4, 36.0 ± 0.0%) and platelets (2.0 ± 1.4, 2.0 ± 2.8 × 105mm3) relative to the untreated control (20.0 ± 5.2; 30.0 ± 0.0%; 1.4 ± 1.4 × 105 mm3, respectively). At the same dose, D. mespiliformis and M. whitei decreased ALT (8.0 ± 3.8, 24.2 ± 4.0U/L), AST (6.2 ± 0.8, 8.0 ± 0.9U/L) and ALP (56.0 ± 0.7, 51.0 ± 1.0U/L) activities compared to the infected control (77.0 ± 10.9U/L, 14.0 ± 0.7U/L and 76.0 ± 6.0U/L, respectively). Both D. mespiliformis and M. whitei reversed mPT opening, decreased mATPase enhancement and mLPO, relative to the control. Histopathology of the liver showed extensive hemorrhagic lesions and severe disseminated congestion in the infected control while both D. mespiliformis and M. whitei were well tolerated at the highest dose. The LC-MS analysis of D. mespiliformis showed the presence of betulinic acid, tocopherol and kaempferol with antimalarial and antioxidant properties while the M. whitei sample contained coumarin and chlorogenic acid that have antimalarial and hepato-protective properties. CONCLUSIONS D.mespiliformis and M. whitei show antimalarial effects against resistant Plasmodium berghei infection, enhanced cell viability, mito-protection and are not toxic in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Oludele Olanlokun
- Laboratories for Biomembrane Research and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Olusola Bodede
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Prinsloo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - Olufunso Olabode Olorunsogo
- Laboratories for Biomembrane Research and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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De-Oliveira ACAX, Paumgartten FJR. Malaria-induced Alterations of Drug Kinetics and Metabolism in Rodents and Humans. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 22:127-138. [PMID: 33397251 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221999210101232057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections and inflammation lead to a downregulation of drug metabolism and kinetics in experimental animals. These changes in the expression and activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes may affect the effectiveness and safety of pharmacotherapy of infections and inflammatory conditions. OBJECTIVE In this review, we addressed the available evidence on the effects of malaria on drug metabolism activity and kinetics in rodents and humans. RESULTS An extensive literature review indicated that infection by Plasmodium spp consistently decreased the activity of hepatic Cytochrome P450s and phase-2 enzymes as well as the clearance of a variety of drugs in mice (lethal and non-lethal) and rat models of malaria. Malaria-induced CYP2A5 activity in the mouse liver was an exception. Except for paracetamol, pharmacokinetic trials in patients during acute malaria and in convalescence corroborated rodent findings. Trials showed that, in acute malaria, clearance of quinine, primaquine, caffeine, metoprolol, omeprazole, and antipyrine is slower and that AUCs are greater than in convalescent individuals. CONCLUSION Notwithstanding the differences between rodent models and human malaria, studies in P. falciparum and P. vivax patients confirmed rodent data showing that CYP-mediated clearance of antimalarials and other drugs is depressed during the symptomatic disease when rises in levels of acute-phase proteins and inflammatory cytokines occur. Evidence suggests that inflammatory cytokines and the interplay between malaria-activated NF-kB-signaling and cell pathways controlling phase 1/2 enzyme genes transcription mediate drug metabolism changes. The malaria-induced decrease in drug clearance may exacerbate drug-drug interactions, and the occurrence of adverse drug events, particularly when patients are treated with narrow-margin-of-safety medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C A X De-Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francisco J R Paumgartten
- Department of Biological Sciences, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Tetrorchidium didymostemon leaf extract reduces Plasmodium berghei induced oxidative stress and hepatic injury in Swiss albino mice. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-021-00548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mei X, Ye Z, Chang Y, Huang S, Song J, Lu F. Trichinella spiralis co-infection exacerbates Plasmodium berghei malaria-induced hepatopathy. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:440. [PMID: 32883347 PMCID: PMC7469358 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although Plasmodium parasites and intestinal helminths share common endemic areas, the mechanisms of these co-infections on the host immune response remain not fully understood. Liver involvement in severe Plasmodium falciparum infections is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. However, the effect of pre-existing Trichinella spiralis infection on the immune response and liver immune-pathogenesis in P. berghei ANKA (PbANKA)-infected mice needs to be elucidated. Methods Outbred Kunming mice were infected with T. spiralis and 9 days later were challenged with P. berghei ANKA (PbANKA), and the investigation occurred at 13 days after co-infection. Results Compared with PbANKA-mono-infected mice, T. spiralis + PbANKA-co-infected mice had similar survival rate but lower PbANKA parasitaemia; however, there were more severe hepatosplenomegaly, increased liver and spleen indexes, and increased liver pathology observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining; higher expression levels of galectin (Gal)-1, Gal-3, CD68+ macrophages, and elastase-positive neutrophils measured by immunohistochemical staining; upregulated mRNA expression levels of Gal-1, Gal-3, cytokines (interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and interleukin (IL)-6), and M1 macrophage polarization marker (inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)) in the liver, and increased expression levels of Gal-1, IFNγ, IL-6, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil protein X, and M1 (IL-1β and iNOS) and M2 (Ym1) macrophage polarization markers in the spleen of co-infected mice detected by using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In vitro study showed that compared with PbANKA-mono-infected mice, there were significantly increased expression levels of Gal-1, Gal-3, IL-6, IL-1β, and iNOS in the peritoneal macrophage isolated from co-infected mice detected by using qRT-PCR. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between Gal-3 and IL-1β in the peritoneal macrophages isolated from PbANKA-mono-infected mice, between Gal-3 and IFNγ in the spleen of co-infected mice, and between Gal-1 and Ym1 in the peritoneal macrophages isolated from co-infected mice. Conclusions Our data indicate that pre-existing infection of T. spiralis may suppress P. berghei parasitaemia and aggravate malaria-induced liver pathology through stimulating Gal-1 and Gal-3 expression, activating macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils, and promoting mediator release and cytokine production.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Mei
- Artemisinin Research Center and Institute of Science and Technology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanhong Ye
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Chang
- Artemisinin Research Center and Institute of Science and Technology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiguang Huang
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jianping Song
- Artemisinin Research Center and Institute of Science and Technology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Fangli Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Sun Y, Cheng Y. STING or Sting: cGAS-STING-Mediated Immune Response to Protozoan Parasites. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:773-784. [PMID: 32736985 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the DNA-sensing pathway plays a crucial role in innate immunity against multiple diseases, especially infectious diseases. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), as a DNA sensor, and stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING), as an adaptor protein, are the central components that link DNA sensing to immunologic functions - including, but not limited to, the type I IFN response. Recently, a series of studies have revealed that genomic DNA from protozoan parasites triggers the cGAS-STING pathway, and these studies identified the positive and negative regulators that modulate the signaling in parasite infection. Here, we summarize current understanding of the critical functions and potential applications of the cGAS-STING axis in parasitic diseases, specifically those caused by malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Sun
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Golenser J, Salaymeh N, Higazi AA, Alyan M, Daif M, Dzikowski R, Domb AJ. Treatment of Experimental Cerebral Malaria by Slow Release of Artemisone From Injectable Pasty Formulation. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:846. [PMID: 32595499 PMCID: PMC7303303 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum causes numerous cases of morbidity with about 400,000 deaths yearly owing, mainly, to inflammation leading to cerebral malaria (CM). CM conventionally is treated by repetitive administration of anti-plasmodial drugs and supportive non-specific drugs, for about a week. A mouse model of CM caused by Plasmodium berghei ANKA, in which brain and systemic clinical pathologies occur followed by sudden death within about a week, was used to study the effect of artemisone, a relatively new artemisinin, within an injectable pasty polymer formulated for its controlled release. The parasites were exposed to the drug over several days at a non-toxic concentrations for the mice but high enough to affect the parasites. Artemisone was also tested in cultures of bacteria, cancer cells and P. falciparum to evaluate the specificity and suitability of these cells for examining the release of artemisone from its carrier. Cultures of P. falciparum were the most suitable. Artemisone released from subcutaneous injected poly(sebacic acid-ricinoleic acid) (PSARA) pasty polymer, reduced parasitemias in infected mice, prolonged survival and prevented death in most of the infected mice. Successful prophylactic treatment before infection proved that there was a slow release of the drug for about a week, which contrasts with the three hour half-life that occurs after injection of just the drug. Treatment with artemisone within the polymer, even at a late stage of the disease, helped to prevent or, at least, delay accompanying severe symptoms. In some cases, treatment prevented death of CM and the mice died later of anemia. Postponing the severe clinical symptoms is also beneficial in cases of human malaria, giving more time for an appropriate diagnosis and treatment before severe symptoms appear. The method presented here may also be useful for combination therapy of anti-plasmodial and immunomodulatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Golenser
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University (HU), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nadeen Salaymeh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University (HU), Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Mohammed Alyan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University (HU), Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Drug Research, HU, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mahran Daif
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Drug Research, HU, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ron Dzikowski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University (HU), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abraham J. Domb
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Drug Research, HU, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
As the world gets closer to eliminating malaria, the scientific community worldwide has begun to realize the importance of malaria transmission-blocking interventions. The onus of breaking the life cycle of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum predominantly rests upon transmission-blocking drugs because of emerging resistance to commonly used schizonticides and insecticides. This third part of our review series on malaria transmission-blocking entails transmission-blocking potential of preclinical transmission-blocking antimalarials and other non-malaria drugs/experimental compounds that are not in clinical or preclinical development for malaria but possess transmission-blocking potential. Collective analysis of the structure and the activity of these experimental compounds might pave the way toward generation of novel prototypes of next-generation transmission-blocking drugs.
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40
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Chughlay MF, Akakpo S, Odedra A, Csermak-Renner K, Djeriou E, Winnips C, Leboulleux D, Gaur AH, Shanks GD, McCarthy J, Chalon S. Liver Enzyme Elevations in Plasmodium falciparum Volunteer Infection Studies: Findings and Recommendations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:378-393. [PMID: 32314694 PMCID: PMC7356411 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria volunteer infection studies (VISs) accelerate new drug and vaccine development. In the induced blood-stage malaria (IBSM) model, volunteers are inoculated with erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Observations of elevated liver enzymes in the IBSM model with new chemical entities (NCEs) promoted an analysis of available data. Data were reviewed from eight IBSM studies of seven different NCEs, plus two studies with the registered antimalarial piperaquine conducted between June 2013 and January 2017 at QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, Australia. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was elevated (> 2.5 times the upper limit of normal [×ULN]) in 20/114 (17.5%) participants. Of these, 8.9% (10/114) had moderate increases (> 2.5–5 × ULN), noted in seven studies of six different NCEs ± piperaquine or piperaquine alone, and 8.9% (10/114) had severe elevations (> 5 × ULN), occurring in six studies of six different NCEs ± piperaquine. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was elevated (> 2.5 × ULN) in 11.4% (13/114) of participants, across six of the 10 studies. Bilirubin was > 2 × ULN in one participant. Published data from other VIS models, using sporozoite inoculation by systemic administration or mosquito feeding, also showed moderate/severe liver enzyme elevations. In conclusion, liver enzyme elevations in IBSM studies are most likely multifactorial and could be caused by the model conditions, that is, malaria infection/parasite density and/or effective parasite clearance, or by participant-specific risk factors, acetaminophen administration, or direct hepatotoxicity of the test drug. We make recommendations that may mitigate the risk of liver enzyme elevations in future VISs and propose measures to assist their interpretation, should they occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anand Odedra
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Aditya H Gaur
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - G Dennis Shanks
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James McCarthy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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41
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Johan A, Natalia A, Djauhari W, Effendi RF. CLINICAL AND HEMOGLOBIN PROFILE OF MALARIA PATIENTS IN KARITAS HOSPITAL, SOUTHWEST SUMBA, PERIOD OF YEAR 2017. INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE 2020. [DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v8i1.11455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria infections in high endemic areas are not pathognomonic and often show non-specific symptoms. The Southwest Sumba district is a high endemic area of malaria with the annual parasite incidence (API) of 14.48‰. The research conducted in this area was to identify the clinical and hemoglobin profile of malaria patients and to obtain comprehensive information on the clinical characteristics of malaria in a high endemic area of Southwest Sumba district. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The data was obtained from the medical record of malaria patients between January 1st and December 31st, 2017 in Karitas Hospital, Southwest Sumba district. Inclusion criteria were patients with asexual stages of Plasmodium spp. on their Giemsa-stained thick and thin peripheral blood smears examination. Exclusion criteria were malaria patients with coexisting diseases and who had taken medication before admitted to the hospital. The total number of patients was 322 patients, 50.6% of the subjects were ≥ 15 years old and 59.3% were male. Among 322 patients, 133 subjects were treated as inpatients. The result shows that most infection was caused by a single infection of P. falciparum. The most common clinical symptom was fever (98.4%), followed by headache, vomiting, cough, and nausea. The most common physical finding was the axillary temperature of > 37.5°C (87.6%) followed by anemic conjunctiva and hepatomegaly, which was mostly found in pediatric patients. The number of patients with hemoglobin level ≤ 10 g/dL was 129. The MCV <80 fL was found in 79% of patients with anemia. Severe malaria was found in 116 subjects in this study according to severe malaria criteria set by the Indonesian Ministry of Health. Study results were consistent with other existing studies from other high endemic areas in East Nusa Tenggara province.
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42
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Bhardwaj N, Ahmed MZ, Sharma S, Srivastava B, Pande V, Anvikar AR. Clinicopathological study of potential biomarkers of Plasmodium falciparum malaria severity and complications. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 77:104046. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhao S, Duan H, Yang Y, Yan X, Fan K. Fenozyme Protects the Integrity of the Blood-Brain Barrier against Experimental Cerebral Malaria. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:8887-8895. [PMID: 31671939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a lethal complication of malaria infection characterized by central nervous system dysfunction and is often not effectively treated by antimalarial combination therapies. It has been shown that the sequestration of the parasite-infected red blood cells that interact with cerebral vessel endothelial cells and the damage of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) play critical roles in the pathogenesis. In this study, we developed a ferritin nanozyme (Fenozyme) composed of recombinant human ferritin (HFn) protein shells that specifically target BBB endothelial cells (BBB ECs) and the inner Fe3O4 nanozyme core that exhibits reactive oxygen species-scavenging catalase-like activity. In the experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) mouse model, administration of the Fenozyme, but not HFn, markedly ameliorated the damage of BBB induced by the parasite and improved the survival rate of infected mice significantly. Further investigations found that Fenozyme, as well as HFn, was able to polarize the macrophages in the liver to the M1 phenotype and promote the elimination of malaria in the blood. Thus, the catalase-like activity of the Fenozyme is required for its therapeutic effect in the mouse model. Moreover, the Fenozyme significantly alleviated the brain inflammation and memory impairment in ECM mice that had been treated with artemether, indicating that combining Fenozyme with an antimalarial drug is a novel strategy for the treatment of cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhao
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- College of Life Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Hongxia Duan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Yili Yang
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Center for Systems Medicine , Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences , Suzhou 215133 , China
| | - Xiyun Yan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- College of Life Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Joint Laboratory of Nanozymes in Zhengzhou University, Academy of Medical Sciences , Zhengzhou University , 40 Daxue Road , Zhengzhou 450052 , China
| | - Kelong Fan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- Joint Laboratory of Nanozymes in Zhengzhou University, Academy of Medical Sciences , Zhengzhou University , 40 Daxue Road , Zhengzhou 450052 , China
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44
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Kamdem SD, Konhawa F, Kuemkon EM, Meyo Kamguia L, Tchanana GK, Nche F, Oumarou A, Hamza M, Ouratou Y, Tcheutchoua MN, Ghislain Essomba R, Ngogang MP, Kengne M, Netongo PM, Ondigui BE, Okomo Assoumou MC, Brombacher F, Nono JK. Negative Association of Interleukin-33 Plasma Levels and Schistosomiasis Infection in a Site of Polyparasitism in Rural Cameroon. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2827. [PMID: 31849991 PMCID: PMC6901687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to investigate the association of plasma levels of IL-33, a mucosal alarmin known to elicit type-2 immunity, with infection and liver fibrosis profiles of school children from an endemic area for Schistosoma mansoni, malaria and hepatitis (B & C) in rural Cameroon. Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolling schoolchildren from 5 public schools was conducted. Single schistosomiasis, malaria and hepatitis infections or co-infections were assessed by kato katz, microscopy, and rapid diagnostic tests, respectively. Hepatic fibrosis was assessed by ultrasound according to WHO Niamey guidelines and plasma levels of Interleukin 33 were determined by ELISA. All statistics were performed using R studio software. Principal findings: We found a prevalence of 13.5% (37/275), 18.2% (50/275), and 8% (22/275), respectively for schistosomiasis, malaria and hepatitis (B or C) single infections. Only 7.6% (21/275) of co-infections were reported. Although Plasma IL-33 showed a minimal negative risk for schistosomiasis infection (AOR 0.99; 95% CI 0.97–1.01), S. mansoni infected participants had lower levels of plasma IL-33 (p = 0.003) which decreased significantly as eggs burdens increased (p = 0.01) with a negative Pearson coefficient of r = −0.22. Hepatic fibrosis occurred in 47.3% (130/275) of our study population independently from plasma levels of IL-33 (AOR 1.00; 95% CI 0.99–1.01). Conclusion/Significance: Our data failed to show an association between plasma IL-33 levels and liver disease but convincingly report on a negative association between plasma IL-33 levels and schistosomiasis infection and egg burden in school children from a polyparasitic schistosomiasis endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Donald Kamdem
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa.,Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, South African Medical Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Francis Konhawa
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Erve Martial Kuemkon
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Leonel Meyo Kamguia
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Gladys K Tchanana
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,CIAB EXACT Medical Laboratory, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Frungwa Nche
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Yasmine Ouratou
- Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - René Ghislain Essomba
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Michel Kengne
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Palmer Masumbe Netongo
- Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Frank Brombacher
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa.,Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, South African Medical Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Justin Komguep Nono
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa.,Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, South African Medical Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa.,The Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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45
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Abstract
The scientific community worldwide has realized that malaria elimination will not be possible without development of safe and effective transmission-blocking interventions. Primaquine, the only WHO recommended transmission-blocking drug, is not extensively utilized because of the toxicity issues in G6PD deficient individuals. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic interventions that can target malaria parasites and effectively block transmission. But at first, it is imperative to unravel the existing portfolio of transmission-blocking drugs. This review highlights transmission-blocking potential of current antimalarial drugs and drugs that are in various stages of clinical development. The collective analysis of the relationships between the structure and the activity of transmission-blocking drugs is expected to help in the design of new transmission-blocking antimalarials.
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46
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Knackstedt SL, Georgiadou A, Apel F, Abu-Abed U, Moxon CA, Cunnington AJ, Raupach B, Cunningham D, Langhorne J, Krüger R, Barrera V, Harding SP, Berg A, Patel S, Otterdal K, Mordmüller B, Schwarzer E, Brinkmann V, Zychlinsky A, Amulic B. Neutrophil extracellular traps drive inflammatory pathogenesis in malaria. Sci Immunol 2019; 4:eaaw0336. [PMID: 31628160 PMCID: PMC6892640 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaw0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are essential innate immune cells that extrude chromatin in the form of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) when they die. This form of cell death has potent immunostimulatory activity. We show that heme-induced NETs are essential for malaria pathogenesis. Using patient samples and a mouse model, we define two mechanisms of NET-mediated inflammation of the vasculature: activation of emergency granulopoiesis via granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production and induction of the endothelial cytoadhesion receptor intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Soluble NET components facilitate parasite sequestration and mediate tissue destruction. We demonstrate that neutrophils have a key role in malaria immunopathology and propose inhibition of NETs as a treatment strategy in vascular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lorenz Knackstedt
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Cellular Microbiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Falko Apel
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Cellular Microbiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Abu-Abed
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Microscopy Core Facility, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher A Moxon
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
| | | | - Bärbel Raupach
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Cellular Microbiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jean Langhorne
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Renate Krüger
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Immunology and Intensive Care, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valentina Barrera
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon P Harding
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Aase Berg
- Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Sam Patel
- Maputo Central Hospital, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Kari Otterdal
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- Universität Tübingen, Institut für Tropenmedizin, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Evelin Schwarzer
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Volker Brinkmann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Microscopy Core Facility, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arturo Zychlinsky
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Cellular Microbiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Borko Amulic
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Cellular Microbiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- University of Bristol, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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47
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Plasmodium-Salmonella Coinfection Induces Intense Inflammatory Response, Oxidative Stress, and Liver Damage: A Mice Model Study for Therapeutic Strategy. Shock 2019; 50:741-749. [PMID: 29394238 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of host immune response in malaria favors bacteremia caused by typhoidal or nontyphoidal serovars of Salmonella enterica. Ofloxacin and Artesunate are the drugs that are clinically proven for treating typhoid and malaria, respectively. The study evaluates the host responses upon treatment with antibiotic (Ofloxacin) and antimalarial (Artesunate) in a standardized mice model harboring coinfection. BALB/c mice (18-22 g) were simultaneously coinfected with Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis (Pyn) and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) and then treated with Ofloxacin or/and Artesunate from day 4 to day 7. The bacterial burden, liver function enzymes, oxidative stress, m-RNA expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR-2 and TLR-4), Th1/Th2 cytokines, hemeoxygenase-1, and NFкB were assessed. Ofloxacin treatment failed to counter the bacterial proliferation in Pyn-STm coinfected mice. However, upon controlling parasitemia with antimalarial, the efficacy of Ofloxacin could be regained. Elevated bacterial burden with malaria induces the expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 triggering intense inflammatory response (NFκB, Th1/Th2 cytokines) in coinfected mice. This results in critical liver damage (ALT, AST, and ALP), oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, total GSH, catalase, and super oxide dismutase), and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1). The study concludes that malaria infection aggravates the secondary infection of Salmonella serovars and the control of septicemia is critical in recovery of the coinfected subject.
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48
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de Menezes MN, Salles ÉM, Vieira F, Amaral EP, Zuzarte-Luís V, Cassado A, Epiphanio S, Alvarez JM, Alves-Filho JC, Mota MM, D'Império-Lima MR. IL-1α promotes liver inflammation and necrosis during blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi malaria. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7575. [PMID: 31110285 PMCID: PMC6527574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria causes hepatic inflammation and damage, which contribute to disease severity. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1α is released by non-hematopoietic or hematopoietic cells during liver injury. This study established the role of IL-1α in the liver pathology caused by blood-stage P. chabaudi malaria. During acute infection, hepatic inflammation and necrosis were accompanied by NLRP3 inflammasome-independent IL-1α production. Systemically, IL-1α deficiency attenuated weight loss and hypothermia but had minor effects on parasitemia control. In the liver, the absence of IL-1α reduced the number of TUNEL+ cells and necrotic lesions. This finding was associated with a lower inflammatory response, including TNF-α production. The main source of IL-1α in the liver of infected mice was inflammatory cells, particularly neutrophils. The implication of IL-1α in liver inflammation and necrosis caused by P. chabaudi infection, as well as in weight loss and hypothermia, opens up new perspectives for improving malaria outcomes by inhibiting IL-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Flávia Vieira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Zuzarte-Luís
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Cassado
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Epiphanio
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Maria Alvarez
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Manuel Mota
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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49
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Peterson MS, Joyner CJ, Cordy RJ, Salinas JL, Machiah D, Lapp SA, Meyer EVS, Gumber S, Galinski MR. Plasmodium vivax Parasite Load Is Associated With Histopathology in Saimiri boliviensis With Findings Comparable to P vivax Pathogenesis in Humans. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz021. [PMID: 30937329 PMCID: PMC6436601 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax can cause severe malaria with multisystem organ dysfunction and death. Clinical reports suggest that parasite accumulation in tissues may contribute to pathogenesis and disease severity, but direct evidence is scarce. Methods We present quantitative parasitological and histopathological analyses of tissue sections from a cohort of naive, mostly splenectomized Saimiri boliviensis infected with P vivax to define the relationship of tissue parasite load and histopathology. Results The lung, liver, and kidney showed the most tissue injury, with pathological presentations similar to observations reported from autopsies. Parasite loads correlated with the degree of histopathologic changes in the lung and liver tissues. In contrast, kidney damage was not associated directly with parasite load but with the presence of hemozoin, an inflammatory parasite byproduct. Conclusions This analysis supports the use of the S boliviensis infection model for performing detailed histopathological studies to better understand and potentially design interventions to treat serious clinical manifestations caused by P vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Regina J Cordy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center
| | - Jorge L Salinas
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Deepa Machiah
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center
| | | | | | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mary R Galinski
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
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50
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S. Chidi A, O. Mattew W, A. Benjamin A, U. Peter A, C. Uche N. The Modulatory Activity of Justicia carnea in Plasmodium Infected Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.31586/biochemistry.0304.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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