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Aguirre PAU, Martins KM, López CDD, Sánchez FO, Castaño AT, Velásquez CMR, Vidal AP. Effect of nanoformulation Azadirachta indica on some factors associated with the vectorial capacity and competence of Anopheles aquasalis experimentally infected with Plasmodium vivax. Acta Trop 2024; 255:107223. [PMID: 38642694 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Malaria remains a highly prevalent infectious disease worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Effectively controlling of mosquitoes transmitting of Plasmodium spp. is crucial in to control this disease. A promising strategy involves utilizing plant-derived products, such as the Neem tree (Azadirachta indica), known for its secondary metabolites with biological activity against various insect groups of agricultural and public health importance. This study investigated the effects of a nanoformulation prototype Neem on factors linked to the vector competence of Anopheles aquasalis, a malaria vector in Latin America. Different concentrations of the nanoformulation were supplied through sugar solution and blood feeding, assessing impacts on longevity, fecundity, fertility, and transgenerational survival from larvae to adults. Additionally, the effects of the Neem nanoformulation and NeemAZAL® formulation on the sporogonic cycle of P. vivax were evaluated. Overall, significant impacts were observed at 100 ppm and 1,000 ppm concentrations on adult survival patterns and on survival of the F1 generation. A trend of reduced oviposition and hatching rates was also noted in nanoformulation-consuming groups, with fertility and fecundity declining proportionally to the concentration. Additionally, a significant decrease in the infection rate and intensity of P. vivax was observed in the 1,000 ppm group, with a mean of 3 oocysts per female compared to the control's 27 oocysts per female. In the commercial formulation, the highest tested concentration of 3 ppm yielded 5.36 oocysts per female. Concerning sporozoite numbers, there was a reduction of 52 % and 87 % at the highest concentrations compared to the control group. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the A. indica nanoformulation is a potential as a tool for malaria control through reduction in the vector longevity and reproductive capacity, possibly leading to decreased vector population densities. Moreover, the nanoformulation interfered with the sporogonic development of P. vivax. However, further basic research on Neem formulations, their effects, and mechanisms of action is imperative to gain a more specific perspective for safe field implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keillen Monick Martins
- Laboratório de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ Amazônia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Adriana Pabón Vidal
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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El-Beltagi HS, Ragab M, Osman A, El-Masry RA, Alwutayd KM, Althagafi H, Alqahtani LS, Alazragi RS, Alhajri AS, El-Saber MM. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles via neem extract and their anticancer and antibacterial activities. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17588. [PMID: 38948224 PMCID: PMC11212640 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were synthesized using neem leaf aqueous extracts and characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Then compare its efficacy as anticancer and antibacterial agents with chemically synthesized ZnO-NPs and the neem leaf extract used for the green synthesis of ZnO-NPs. The TEM, UV-vis, and particle size confirmed that the developed ZnO-NPs are nanoscale. The chemically and greenly synthesized ZnO-NPs showed their optical absorbance at 328 nm and 380 nm, respectively, and were observed as spherical particles with a size of about 85 nm and 62.5 nm, respectively. HPLC and GC-MS were utilized to identify the bioactive components in the neem leaf aqueous extract employed for the eco-friendly production of ZnO-NPs. The HPLC analysis revealed that the aqueous extract of neem leaf contains 19 phenolic component fractions. The GC-MS analysis revealed the existence of 21 bioactive compounds. The antiproliferative effect of green ZnO-NPs was observed at different concentrations (31.25 µg/mL-1000 µg/mL) on Hct 116 and A 549 cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 111 µg/mL for A 549 and 118 µg/mL for Hct 116. On the other hand, the antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was estimated. The antibacterial result showed that the MIC of green synthesized ZnO-NPs against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were 5, and 1 µg/mL. Hence, they could be utilized as effective antibacterial and antiproliferative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam S. El-Beltagi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Department, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa Ragab
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ali Osman
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ragab A. El-Masry
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Khairiah Mubarak Alwutayd
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Althagafi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena S. Alqahtani
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem S. Alazragi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam Saleh Alhajri
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, College of Agricultural and Food Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud M. El-Saber
- Biochemistry Unit, Genetic Resources Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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Almowallad SJ, Alqahtani LS. Synergistic antimicrobial action of chitosan-neem extracts nanoformulation as a promising strategy for overcoming multi-drug resistant bacteria. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132337. [PMID: 38797302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to analyze and identify the phytochemical components found in neem leaf extracts using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods. The extract samples were acquired using ethyl acetate (EA) and petroleum ether (PE) solvents. Moreover, the extracts were assessed for their antibacterial and antioxidant features. In addition, chitosan nanoparticles (Cs NPs) containing neem extracts were synthesized and evaluated for their potential antibacterial properties, explicitly targeting multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. The neem extracts were analyzed using GC-MS, which identified components such as hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, alkaloids, and glycosides. Results revealed that the PE extract showed significant antibacterial activity against a range of bacteria. In addition, the PE extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity, exceeding both the EA extract and vitamin C. In addition, both extracts exhibited notable antibiofilm activity, significantly inhibiting the production of biofilm. The Cs NPs, loaded with neem extracts, exhibited significant antibacterial action against multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms. The Cs NPs/EA materials had the greatest zone of inhibition values of 24 ± 2.95 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Similarly, the Cs NPs/PE materials exhibited a zone of inhibition measurement of 22 ± 3.14 mm against P. aeruginosa. This work highlights the various biochemical components of neem extracts, their strong abilities to combat bacteria and oxidative stress, and the possibility of Cs NPs containing neem extracts as effective treatments for antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa J Almowallad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Leena S Alqahtani
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23445, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Yadav A, Yadav S, Alam A. A Landscape on Lymphatic Filariasis with its Effects and Recent Advanced Treatments. RECENT ADVANCES IN ANTI-INFECTIVE DRUG DISCOVERY 2024; 19:197-215. [PMID: 38317463 DOI: 10.2174/0127724344266902231117112109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is an infection caused by parasites that poses a significant health, social, and economic burden, affecting a vast population that exceeds 120 million individuals globally. The Etiology of the infection is attributed to three nematode parasites, namely Wuchereria bancrofti, B. timori, and Brugia malayi, as well as which are phylogenetically related. These parasites are transmitted to humans via mosquitoes belonging to the Anopheles, Aedes genera, and Culex. As per the estimation provided by the WHO, the current number of individuals infected with filariasis stands at approximately 120 million across 81 countries. Furthermore, it is estimated that around 1.34 billion individuals reside in regions that are endemic to filariasis, thereby putting them at risk of contracting the disease. Different synthetic drugs such as Ivermectin, Doxycycline, Albendazole, and Suramin are used in the treatment. Some natural plants are Azadirachta indica, Tinospora cordifolia, Zingiber officinal, as well as, some marine sources are also included for better treatment. We also touch briefly on a few additional filarial diseases. Although there are only a few medications available to treat filariasis, their frequent usage may result in drug resistance. Furthermore, there is no effective vaccination for the treatment of filariasis. Due to these restrictions, it has been crucial to create new anti-filarial medications, which motivates researchers to find novel pharmaceuticals with anti-filarial action. In this article, we examine the latest achievements in the anti-filarial area, including the many forms of filariasis and their historical contexts, elimination programmes, various therapeutic classes (both synthetic and natural), investigated product-derived targets as well as clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agrima Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shikha Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Maafoh C, Onyedibe K. Alternative first-line malaria treatment. Ann Afr Med 2024; 23:5-12. [PMID: 38358164 PMCID: PMC10922181 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_35_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a disease affecting millions of people, especially in Africa, Asia, and South America, and has become a substantial economic burden. Because malaria is contracted through the bite of a mosquito vector, it is very challenging to prevent. Bed nets and insect repellents are used in some homes; others do not have or use them even when available. Thus, treatment measures are crucial to controlling this disease. Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is currently the first-line treatment for malaria. ACT has been used for decades, but recently, there has been evidence of potential resistance. This threat of resistance has led to the search for possible alternatives to ACT. In sub-Saharan Africa, Azadirachta indica, or simply neem, is a plant used to treat a variety of ailments, including malaria. Neem is effective against one of the more deadly malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum. Reports show that neem inhibits microgametogenesis of P. falciparum and interferes with the parasite's ookinete development. Although there is substantial in vitro research on the biological activity of A. indica (neem), there is limited in vivo research. Herein, we discuss the in vivo effects of neem on malaria parasites. With A. indica, the future of malaria treatment is promising, especially for high-risk patients, but further research and clinical trials are required to confirm its biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Maafoh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, USA
| | - Kenneth Onyedibe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, USA
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Muema JM, Bargul JL, Obonyo MA, Njeru SN, Matoke-Muhia D, Mutunga JM. Contemporary exploitation of natural products for arthropod-borne pathogen transmission-blocking interventions. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:298. [PMID: 36002857 PMCID: PMC9404607 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An integrated approach to innovatively counter the transmission of various arthropod-borne diseases to humans would benefit from strategies that sustainably limit onward passage of infective life cycle stages of pathogens and parasites to the insect vectors and vice versa. Aiming to accelerate the impetus towards a disease-free world amid the challenges posed by climate change, discovery, mindful exploitation and integration of active natural products in design of pathogen transmission-blocking interventions is of high priority. Herein, we provide a review of natural compounds endowed with blockade potential against transmissible forms of human pathogens reported in the last 2 decades from 2000 to 2021. Finally, we propose various translational strategies that can exploit these pathogen transmission-blocking natural products into design of novel and sustainable disease control interventions. In summary, tapping these compounds will potentially aid in integrated combat mission to reduce disease transmission trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson M Muema
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya.
| | - Joel L Bargul
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya.,International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Meshack A Obonyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, 20115, Kenya
| | - Sospeter N Njeru
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research (CTMDR), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
| | - Damaris Matoke-Muhia
- Centre for Biotechnology Research Development (CBRD), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
| | - James M Mutunga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Kenya University (MKU), P.O. Box 54, Thika, 01000, Kenya.,School of Engineering Design, Technology and Professional Programs, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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7
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Relitti N, Federico S, Pozzetti L, Butini S, Lamponi S, Taramelli D, D'Alessandro S, Martin RE, Shafik SH, Summers RL, Babij SK, Habluetzel A, Tapanelli S, Caldelari R, Gemma S, Campiani G. Synthesis and biological evaluation of benzhydryl-based antiplasmodial agents possessing Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) inhibitory activity. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 215:113227. [PMID: 33601312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to the surge in resistance to common therapies, malaria remains a significant concern to human health worldwide. In chloroquine (CQ)-resistant (CQ-R) strains of Plasmodium falciparum, CQ and related drugs are effluxed from the parasite's digestive vacuole (DV). This process is mediated by mutant isoforms of a protein called CQ resistance transporter (PfCRT). CQ-R strains can be partially re-sensitized to CQ by verapamil (VP), primaquine (PQ) and other compounds, and this has been shown to be due to the ability of these molecules to inhibit drug transport via PfCRT. We have previously developed a series of clotrimazole (CLT)-based antimalarial agents that possess inhibitory activity against PfCRT (4a,b). In our endeavor to develop novel PfCRT inhibitors, and to perform a structure-activity relationship analysis, we synthesized a new library of analogues. When the benzhydryl system was linked to a 4-aminoquinoline group (5a-f) the resulting compounds exhibited good cytotoxicity against both CQ-R and CQ-S strains of P. falciparum. The most potent inhibitory activity against the PfCRT-mediated transport of CQ was obtained with compound 5k. When compared to the reference compound, benzhydryl analogues of PQ (5i,j) showed a similar activity against blood-stage parasites, and a stronger in vitro potency against liver-stage parasites. Unfortunately, in the in vivo transmission blocking assays, 5i,j were inactive against gametocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Relitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Federico
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Pozzetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Lamponi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Sarah D'Alessandro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Rowena E Martin
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Sarah H Shafik
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Robert L Summers
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Simone K Babij
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Annette Habluetzel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza Cavour 19F, 62032, Camerino, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Sofia Tapanelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza Cavour 19F, 62032, Camerino, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Reto Caldelari
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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Moyo P, Mugumbate G, Eloff JN, Louw AI, Maharaj VJ, Birkholtz LM. Natural Products: A Potential Source of Malaria Transmission Blocking Drugs? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E251. [PMID: 32957668 PMCID: PMC7558993 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to block human-to-mosquito and mosquito-to-human transmission of Plasmodium parasites is fundamental to accomplish the ambitious goal of malaria elimination. The WHO currently recommends only primaquine as a transmission-blocking drug but its use is severely restricted by toxicity in some populations. New, safe and clinically effective transmission-blocking drugs therefore need to be discovered. While natural products have been extensively investigated for the development of chemotherapeutic antimalarial agents, their potential use as transmission-blocking drugs is comparatively poorly explored. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary of the activities of natural products (and their derivatives) of plant and microbial origins against sexual stages of Plasmodium parasites and the Anopheles mosquito vector. We identify the prevailing challenges and opportunities and suggest how these can be mitigated and/or exploited in an endeavor to expedite transmission-blocking drug discovery efforts from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phanankosi Moyo
- Malaria Parasite Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa;
| | - Grace Mugumbate
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Private Bag, 7724 Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe;
| | - Jacobus N. Eloff
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x04, Onderstepoort 0110 Pretoria, South Africa;
| | - Abraham I. Louw
- Malaria Parasite Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa;
| | - Vinesh J. Maharaj
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa;
| | - Lyn-Marié Birkholtz
- Malaria Parasite Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa;
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Kharwar RN, Sharma VK, Mishra A, Kumar J, Singh DK, Verma SK, Gond SK, Kumar A, Kaushik N, Revuru B, Kusari S. Harnessing the Phytotherapeutic Treasure Troves of the Ancient Medicinal Plant Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Associated Endophytic Microorganisms. PLANTA MEDICA 2020; 86:906-940. [PMID: 32126583 DOI: 10.1055/a-1107-9370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, is an evergreen tree of the tropics and sub-tropics native to the Indian subcontinent with demonstrated ethnomedicinal value and importance in agriculture as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. This ancient medicinal tree, often called the "wonder tree", is regarded as a chemical factory of diverse and complex compounds with a plethora of structural scaffolds that is very difficult to mimic by chemical synthesis. Such multifaceted chemical diversity leads to a fantastic repertoire of functional traits, encompassing a wide variety of biological activity and unique modes of action against specific and generalist pathogens and pests. Until now, more than 400 compounds have been isolated from different parts of neem including important bioactive secondary metabolites such as azadirachtin, nimbidin, nimbin, nimbolide, gedunin, and many more. In addition to its insecticidal property, the plant is also known for antimicrobial, antimalarial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, hypoglycaemic, antiulcer, antifertility, anticarcinogenic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anxiolytic, molluscicidal, acaricidal, and antifilarial properties. Notwithstanding the chemical and biological virtuosity of neem, it has also been extensively explored for associated microorganisms, especially a class of mutualists called endophytic microorganisms (or endophytes). More than 30 compounds, including neem "mimetic" compounds, have been reported from endophytes harbored in the neem trees in different ecological niches. In this review, we provide an informative and in-depth overview of the topic that can serve as a point of reference for an understanding of the functions and applications of a medicinal plant such as neem, including associated endophytes, within the overall theme of phytopathology. Our review further exemplifies the already-noted current surge of interest in plant and microbial natural products for implications both within the ecological and clinical settings, for a more secure and sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra N Kharwar
- Mycopathology and Microbial Technology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vijay K Sharma
- Mycopathology and Microbial Technology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Ashish Mishra
- Mycopathology and Microbial Technology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Mycopathology and Microbial Technology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Dheeraj K Singh
- Mycopathology and Microbial Technology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Satish K Verma
- Mycopathology and Microbial Technology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Anuj Kumar
- Department of Botany, Buddha PG College, Kushinagar, India
| | - Nutan Kaushik
- Amity Food and Agriculture Foundation, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Bharadwaj Revuru
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Souvik Kusari
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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10
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Sarkar L, Putchala RK, Safiriyu AA, Das Sarma J. Azadirachta indica A. Juss Ameliorates Mouse Hepatitis Virus-Induced Neuroinflammatory Demyelination by Modulating Cell-to-Cell Fusion in an Experimental Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:116. [PMID: 32477069 PMCID: PMC7236902 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)-induced murine neuroinflammation serves as a model to study acute meningoencephalomyelitis, hepatitis, and chronic neuroinflammatory demyelination; which mimics certain pathologies of the human neurologic disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). MHV-induced acute neuroinflammation occurs due to direct glial cell dystrophy instigated by central nervous system (CNS)-resident microglia and astrocytes, in contrast to peripheral CD4+T cell-mediated myelin damage prevalent in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS. Viral envelope Spike glycoprotein-mediated cell-to-cell fusion is an essential mechanistic step for MHV-induced CNS pathogenicity. Although Azadirachta indica (Neem), a traditional phytomedicine, is known for its anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, and spermicidal activities, not much is known about anti-neuroinflammatory properties of its bark (NBE) in MHV-induced acute neuroinflammation and chronic demyelination. Recombinant demyelinating MHV strain (RSA59) was preincubated with NBE to arrest the infection-initiation event, and its effect on viral replication, viral transcription, cytokine expression, and successive pathogenicity were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Virus-free Luciferase assay explained NBE's anti-virus-to-cell fusion activity in vitro. Intracranial inoculation of RSA59 preincubated with NBE into the mouse brain significantly reduces acute hepatitis, meningoencephalomyelitis, and chronic progressive demyelination. Additionally, NBE effectively restricts viral entry, dissemination in CNS, viral replication, viral transcription, and expression of the viral nucleocapsid and inflammatory cytokines. From mechanistic standpoints, RSA59 preincubated with NBE reduced viral entry, viral replication and cell-to-cell fusion, as a mode of viral dissemination. Moreover, intraperitoneal injection with NBE (25 mg/kg B.W.) into mice revealed a significant reduction in viral Nucleocapsid protein expression in vivo. Conclusively, A. indica bark extract may directly bind to the virus-host attachment Spike glycoprotein and suppresses MHV-induced neuroinflammation and neuropathogenesis by inhibiting cell-to-cell fusion and viral replication. Further studies will focus on combining bioanalytical assays to isolate potential NBE bioactive compound(s) that contribute towards the anti-viral activity of NBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucky Sarkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Ravi Kiran Putchala
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Abass Alao Safiriyu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
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Oladeji OS, Oluyori AP, Bankole DT, Afolabi TY. Natural Products as Sources of Antimalarial Drugs: Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacological Studies. SCIENTIFICA 2020; 2020:7076139. [PMID: 32455050 PMCID: PMC7238349 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7076139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
MATERIALS AND METHODS For this study, relevant information was procured from the inhabitants via a structured questionnaire to procure the general knowledge of antimalarial medicinal plants. Results and Discussion. A total of 90 interviewees (44 men and 46 women) were involved in this survey. A total of 59 medicinal species were identified, which were dispersed in 33 families (Asteraceae (6), Apocynaceae (5), Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Poaceae, and Rubiaceae (3 each), Phyllanthaceae (2)) totaling 49% of the cited species. The most cited plants are Azadirachta indica (42), Mangifera indica (38), Carica papaya (28), Cymbopogon citratus (27), Cassia fistula (15), Morinda lucida (14), Anacardium occidentale and Vernonia amygdalina (13 each), Helianthus annuus (11), Enantia chlorantha (10), and Moringa oleifera (9) A total of 105 citations were recorded for the plant parts used (leaf (46), bark (17), fruits (9), root (9), latex (11), stem (11), and inflorescence (2)) while decoction (59%), maceration (25%), infusion (9%), and exudation (7%) were the methods of preparation. Use Values (UVs) of 0.47 to 0.11 were recorded for the frequently used antimalarial plants. The Efficiency Levels (ELs) of 11 different medicinal plants stated by the respondents were Azadirachta indica, Cassia fistula and Morinda lucida (12), Chromolaena odorata (10), Mangifera indica, Enantia chlorantha and Helianthus annuus (8), Cymbopogon citratus (7), Gossypium arboretum (4), Landolphia dulcis (3), and Aloe vera (2) Cocos nucifera, Curcuma longa, Forkia biglobosa, and Musa acuminate are mentioned for the first time in the study area with little or no reported antiplasmodial activities. CONCLUSION The study appraised the commonly used antimalarial plants in the study areas. Therefore, commitment to scientifically explore the bioactive compounds, antimalarial potential and toxicological profile of these plants is inevitable as they could lead to novel natural products for effective malaria therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwole Solomon Oladeji
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Physical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Abimbola Peter Oluyori
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Physical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Deborah Temitope Bankole
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Physical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Tokunbo Yemisi Afolabi
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Physical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
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Abstract
As the world gets closer to eliminating malaria, the scientific community worldwide has begun to realize the importance of malaria transmission-blocking interventions. The onus of breaking the life cycle of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum predominantly rests upon transmission-blocking drugs because of emerging resistance to commonly used schizonticides and insecticides. This third part of our review series on malaria transmission-blocking entails transmission-blocking potential of preclinical transmission-blocking antimalarials and other non-malaria drugs/experimental compounds that are not in clinical or preclinical development for malaria but possess transmission-blocking potential. Collective analysis of the structure and the activity of these experimental compounds might pave the way toward generation of novel prototypes of next-generation transmission-blocking drugs.
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Ebstie YA, Guedoung ART, Habluetzel A. A murine malaria protocol for characterizing transmission blocking benefits of antimalarial drug combinations. MALARIAWORLD JOURNAL 2020; 11:1. [PMID: 34532220 PMCID: PMC8415060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current efforts towards malaria elimination include the discovery of new transmission blocking (TB) drugs and identification of compounds suitable to replace primaquine, recommended as transmission blocking post treatment after artemisinin combination therapy (ACT). High through put screening of compound libraries has allowed to identify numerous compounds active in vitro against gametocytes and insect early sporogonic stages, but few studies have been performed to characterize TB compounds in vivo. Here we propose a double TB drug Direct Feeding Assay (2TB-DFA), suitable to assess the combined effects of TB compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasmodium berghei GFPcon (PbGFPcon), BALB/c mice and Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes were used. Artemisinin (ART) and artesunate (AS) served as examples of artemisinins, NeemAzal® (NA), as a known TB-product with sporontocidal activity. DFA experiments were performed to assess the appropriate time point of administration before mosquito feeding and estimate suitable sub-optimal doses of the three compounds that allow combination effects to be appreciated. RESULTS Suboptimal dosages, that reduce about 50% of oocyst development, were recorded with ART in the range of 16-30 mg/ kg, AS 14-28 mg/kg and NA 31-38mg/kg. Ten hours before mosquito feeding (corresponding to 3.5 days after mouse infection) was determined as a suitable time point for mouse treatment with ART and AS and 1 hour for post-treatment with NA. ART given at 35 mg/kg in combination with NA at 40 mg/kg reduced oocyst density by 94% and prevalence of infection by 59%. Similarly, the combination of ART at 25 mg/kg plus NA at 35 mg/kg decreased oocyst density by 95% and prevalence of infection by 34%. In the 2TB-DFA, conducted with AS (20 mg/kg) and NA (35 mg/kg) the combination treatment reduced oocyst density by 71% and did not affect prevalence of infection. Applying 'Highest Single Agent' analysis and considering as readout oocyst density and prevalence of infection, cooperative effects of the combination treatments, compared with the single compound treatments emerged. CONCLUSION This study suggests the 2TB-DFA to be suitable for the profiling of new TB candidates that could substitute primaquine as a post-treatment to ACT courses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annette Habluetzel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria/Italian Malaria Network, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Tajuddeen N, Van Heerden FR. Antiplasmodial natural products: an update. Malar J 2019; 18:404. [PMID: 31805944 PMCID: PMC6896759 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in regions of the world where it is endemic. An unprecedented decline in malaria incidences was recorded during the last decade due to the availability of effective control interventions, such as the deployment of artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets. However, according to the World Health Organization, malaria is staging a comeback, in part due to the development of drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new anti-malarial drugs. This article reviews the literature on natural products with antiplasmodial activity that was reported between 2010 and 2017. Methods Relevant literature was sourced by searching the major scientific databases, including Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SciFinder, Pubmed, and Google Scholar, using appropriate keyword combinations. Results and Discussion A total of 1524 compounds from 397 relevant references, assayed against at least one strain of Plasmodium, were reported in the period under review. Out of these, 39% were described as new natural products, and 29% of the compounds had IC50 ≤ 3.0 µM against at least one strain of Plasmodium. Several of these compounds have the potential to be developed into viable anti-malarial drugs. Also, some of these compounds could play a role in malaria eradication by targeting gametocytes. However, the research into natural products with potential for blocking the transmission of malaria is still in its infancy stage and needs to be vigorously pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Tajuddeen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Fanie R Van Heerden
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa.
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Habluetzel A, Pinto B, Tapanelli S, Nkouangang J, Saviozzi M, Chianese G, Lopatriello A, Tenoh AR, Yerbanga RS, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Esposito F, Bruschi F. Effects of Azadirachta indica seed kernel extracts on early erythrocytic schizogony of Plasmodium berghei and pro-inflammatory response in inbred mice. Malar J 2019; 18:35. [PMID: 30736813 PMCID: PMC6368791 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medicinal plant research may contribute to develop new pharmacological control tools for vector borne diseases, such as malaria. METHODS The effects of methanol extracts (ME) obtained from seed kernel of ripe and unripe Azadirachta indica fruits were studied on erythrocytic proliferation of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA and on mice pro-inflammatory response, as evaluated by measuring the matrix-metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) plasma levels, in two mouse strains (C57BL/6 and BALB/c) which are considered as prototypical of Th1 and Th2 immune response, respectively. RESULTS ME obtained from seed kernel of unripe Azadirachta indica fruits decreased by about 30% the proportion of erythrocytes infected with the malaria parasite in C57BL/6 mice in the 4 days suppressive test. In this treatment group, MMP-9 and TNF levels were notably higher than those measured in the same mouse strain treated with the anti-malarial drug artesunate, Azadirachta indica kernel extracts from ripe fruits or solvent. In BALB/c mice, treatment with kernel extracts did not influence parasitaemia. MMP-9 and TNF levels measured in this mouse strain were notably lower than those recorded in C57BL/6 mice and did not vary among treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS The effects of the ME on the parasite-host interactions appeared to be mouse strain-dependent, but also related to the ripening stage of the neem fruits, as only the unripe fruit seed kernel extracts displayed appreciable bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Pinto
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sofia Tapanelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Judith Nkouangang
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michela Saviozzi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fabrizio Bruschi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Hossain MA, Al-Toubi WA, Weli AM, Al-Riyami QA, Al-Sabahi JN. Identification and characterization of chemical compounds in different crude extracts from leaves of Omani neem. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Hossain
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Nursing, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Wafa A.S. Al-Toubi
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Nursing, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Afaf M. Weli
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Nursing, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Qasim A. Al-Riyami
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Nursing, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Jamal N. Al-Sabahi
- Central Instrument Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
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In Vivo and In Vitro Activities and ADME-Tox Profile of a Quinolizidine-Modified 4-Aminoquinoline: A Potent Anti-P. falciparum and Anti-P. vivax Blood-Stage Antimalarial. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122102. [PMID: 29194347 PMCID: PMC6149971 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are a prolific source for the identification of new biologically active compounds. In the present work, we studied the in vitro and in vivo antimalarial efficacy and ADME-Tox profile of a molecular hybrid (AM1) between 4-aminoquinoline and a quinolizidine moiety derived from lupinine (Lupinus luteus). The aim was to find a compound endowed with the target product profile-1 (TCP-1: molecules that clear asexual blood-stage parasitaemia), proposed by the Medicine for Malaria Venture to accomplish the goal of malaria elimination/eradication. AM1 displayed a very attractive profile in terms of both in vitro and in vivo activity. By using standard in vitro antimalarial assays, AM1 showed low nanomolar inhibitory activity against chloroquine-sensitive and resistant P. falciparum strains (range IC50 16–53 nM), matched with a high potency against P. vivax field isolates (Mean IC50 29 nM). Low toxicity and additivity with artemisinin derivatives were also demonstrated in vitro. High in vivo oral efficacy was observed in both P.berghei and P. yoelii mouse models with IC50 values comparable or better than those of chloroquine. The metabolic stability in different species and the pharmacokinetic profile in the mouse model makes AM1 a compound worth further investigation as a potential novel schizonticidal agent.
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In vitro evaluation of antifilarial effect of Azadirachta indica leaves extract in different solvents on the microfilariae of Setaria cervi. J Parasit Dis 2017; 41:9-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s12639-015-0742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Pastrana-Mena R, Mathias DK, Delves M, Rajaram K, King JG, Yee R, Trucchi B, Verotta L, Dinglasan RR. A Malaria Transmission-Blocking (+)-Usnic Acid Derivative Prevents Plasmodium Zygote-to-Ookinete Maturation in the Mosquito Midgut. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:3461-3472. [PMID: 27978709 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of drug resistance is a recurrent problem that has plagued efforts to treat and control malaria. Recent emergence of artemisinin resistance in Southeast Asia underscores the need to develop novel antimalarials and identify new targetable pathways in Plasmodium parasites. Transmission-blocking approaches, which typically target gametocytes in the host bloodstream or parasite stages in the mosquito gut, are recognized collectively as a strategy that when used in combination with antimalarials that target erythrocytic stages will not only cure malaria but will also prevent subsequent transmission. We tested four derivatives of (+)-usnic acid, a metabolite isolated from lichens, for transmission-blocking activity against Plasmodium falciparum using the standard membrane feeding assay. For two of the derivatives, BT37 and BT122, we observed a consistent dose-response relationship between concentration in the blood meal and oocyst intensity in the midgut. To explore their mechanism of action, we used the murine model Plasmodium berghei and found that both derivatives prevent ookinete maturation. Using fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrated that in the presence of each compound zygote vitality was severely affected, and those that did survive failed to elongate and mature into ookinetes. The observed phenotypes were similar to those described for mutants of specific kinases (NEK2/NEK4) and of inner membrane complex 1 (IMC1) proteins, which are all vital to the zygote-to-ookinete transition. We discuss the implications of our findings and our high-throughput screening approach to identifying next generation, transmission-blocking antimalarials based on the scaffolds of these (+)-usnic acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Pastrana-Mena
- W.
Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Derrick K. Mathias
- W.
Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Michael Delves
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Krithika Rajaram
- W.
Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jonas G. King
- W.
Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Rebecca Yee
- W.
Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | | | | | - Rhoel R. Dinglasan
- W.
Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Dahiya N, Chianese G, Abay SM, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Esposito F, Lupidi G, Bramucci M, Quassinti L, Christophides G, Habluetzel A, Lucantoni L. In vitro and ex vivo activity of an Azadirachta indica A.Juss. seed kernel extract on early sporogonic development of Plasmodium in comparison with azadirachtin A, its most abundant constituent. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1743-1752. [PMID: 27912876 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NeemAzal® (NA) is a quantified extract from seed kernels of neem, Azadirachta indica A.Juss. (Meliaceae), with a wide spectrum of biological properties, classically ascribed to its limonoid content. NA contains several azadirachtins (A to L), azadirachtin A (AzaA) being its main constituent. AzaA has been shown to inhibit microgamete formation of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei, and NA was found to completely inhibit the transmission of Plasmodium berghei to Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes when administered to gametocytemic mice at a corresponding AzaA dose of 50mg/kg before exposure to mosquitoes. PURPOSE The present study was aimed at i) assessing the pharmacodynamics and duration of action of NA and AzaA against P. berghei exflagellation in systemic circulation in mice and ii) elucidating the transmission blocking activity (TBA) of the main NA constituents. STUDY DESIGN The NA and AzaA pharmacodynamics on exflagellation were assessed through ex vivo exflagellation assays, while TBA of NA constituents was evaluated through in vitro ookinete development assay. METHODS Pharmacodynamics experiments: Peripheral blood from P. berghei infected BALB/c mice with circulating mature gametocytes, were treated i.p. with 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg pure AzaA and with NeemAzal® (Trifolio-M GmbH) at the corresponding AzaA concentrations. The effect magnitude and duration of action of compounds was estimated by counting exflagellation centers, formed by microgametocytes in process of releasing flagellated gametes, at various time points after treatment in ex vivo exflagellation tests. Ookinete Development Assay: The direct effects of NeemAzal® and AzaA on ookinete development were measured by fluorescence microscopy after incubation of gametocytemic blood with various concentrations of test substances in microplates for 24h. RESULTS The exflagellation tests revealed an half-life of NA anti-plasmodial compounds of up to 7h at a NA dose corresponding to 100mg/kg equivalent dose of AzaA. The ookinete development assay showed an increased activity of NA against early sporogonic stages compared to that of AzaA. The IC50 value determined for NA was 6.8µg/ml (CI95: 5.95-7.86), about half of the AzaA IC50 (12.4µg/ml; CI95: 11.0-14.04). CONCLUSION The stronger activity of NA, when compared to AzaA, could not be explained by an additive or synergistic effect by other azadirachtins (B, D and I) present in NA. In fact, the addition of these compounds at 50µM concentration to AzaA did not evidence any decrease of the IC50 against early sporogonic stages to that obtained with AzaA alone. It is likely that other non-limonoid compounds present in NA may contribute to AzaA activity and enhanced pharmacodynamics against exflagellation both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Dahiya
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032 Camerino, (MC) Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Chianese
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Solomon Mequanente Abay
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032 Camerino, (MC) Italy; School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Fulvio Esposito
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032 Camerino, (MC) Italy.
| | - Giulio Lupidi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032 Camerino, (MC) Italy.
| | - Massimo Bramucci
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032 Camerino, (MC) Italy.
| | - Luana Quassinti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032 Camerino, (MC) Italy.
| | | | - Annette Habluetzel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032 Camerino, (MC) Italy.
| | - Leonardo Lucantoni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032 Camerino, (MC) Italy; Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Queensland, Australia.
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Tapanelli S, Chianese G, Lucantoni L, Yerbanga RS, Habluetzel A, Taglialatela-Scafati O. Transmission blocking effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel limonoids on Plasmodium berghei early sporogonic development. Fitoterapia 2016; 114:122-126. [PMID: 27642038 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Azadirachta indica, known as neem tree and traditionally called "nature's drug store" makes part of several African pharmacopeias and is widely used for the preparation of homemade remedies and commercial preparations against various illnesses, including malaria. Employing a bio-guided fractionation approach, molecules obtained from A. indica ripe and green fruit kernels were tested for activity against early sporogonic stages of Plasmodium berghei, the parasite stages that develop in the mosquito mid gut after an infective blood meal. The limonoid deacetylnimbin (3) was identified as one the most active compounds of the extract, with a considerably higher activity compared to that of the close analogue nimbin (2). Pure deacetylnimbin (3) appeared to interfere with transmissible Plasmodium stages at a similar potency as azadirachtin A. Considering its higher thermal and chemical stability, deacetylnimbin could represent a suitable alternative to azadirachtin A for the preparation of transmission blocking antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Tapanelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Chianese
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Leonardo Lucantoni
- Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Annette Habluetzel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.
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Benelli G, Canale A, Toniolo C, Higuchi A, Murugan K, Pavela R, Nicoletti M. Neem (Azadirachta indica): towards the ideal insecticide? Nat Prod Res 2016; 31:369-386. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1214834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- The BioRobotics Institute, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Angelo Canale
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Toniolo
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Akon Higuchi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan
| | - Kadarkarai Murugan
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, India
| | | | - Marcello Nicoletti
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Moyo P, Botha ME, Nondaba S, Niemand J, Maharaj VJ, Eloff JN, Louw AI, Birkholtz L. In vitro inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum early and late stage gametocyte viability by extracts from eight traditionally used South African plant species. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 185:235-242. [PMID: 26994818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Extracts of plant species, used traditionally to treat malaria, have been extensively investigated for their activity against Plasmodium intraerythrocytic asexual parasites in search of new antimalarial drugs. However, less effort has been directed towards examining their efficacy in blocking transmission. Here, we report the results of the in vitro screening of extracts from eight selected plant species used traditionally to treat malaria in South Africa for activity against Plasmodium falciparum NF54 early and late stage gametocytes. The species used were Khaya anthotheca, Trichilia emetica, Turraea floribunda, Leonotis leonurus, Leonotis leonurus ex Hort, Olea europaea subsp. Africana, Catha edulis and Artemisia afra. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the activities of extracts from plant species traditionally used for malaria treatment against P. falciparum gametocytes. MATERIAL AND METHODS Air-dried and ground plant leaves were extracted using acetone. Primary two point in vitro phenotypic screens against both early and late stage gametocytes were done at 10 and 20µg/ml followed by full IC50 determination of the most active extracts. Inhibition of gametocyte viability in vitro was assessed using the parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay. RESULTS Of the eight crude acetone extracts from plant species screened in vitro, four had good activity with over 50-70% inhibition of early and late stage gametocytes' viability at 10 and 20µg/ml, respectively. Artemisia afra (Asteraceae), Trichilia emetica (Meliaceae) and Turraea floribunda (Meliaceae) were additionally highly active against both gametocyte stages with IC50 values of less than 10µg/ml while Leonotis leonurus ex Hort (Lamiaceae) was moderately active (IC50<20µg/ml). The activity of these three highly active plant species was significantly more pronounced on late stage gametocytes compared to early stages. CONCLUSION This study shows the potential transmission blocking activity of extracts from selected South African medicinal plants and substantiates their traditional use in malaria control that broadly encompasses prevention, treatment and transmission blocking. Further studies are needed to isolate and identify the active principles from the crude extracts of A. afra, T. emetica and T. floribunda, as well as to examine their efficacy towards blocking parasite transmission to mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Moyo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa.
| | - M E Botha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa.
| | - S Nondaba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa.
| | - J Niemand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa.
| | - V J Maharaj
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa.
| | - J N Eloff
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x04, Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - A I Louw
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa.
| | - L Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa.
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Yerbanga RS, Rayaisse JB, Vantaux A, Salou E, Mouline K, Hien F, Habluetzel A, Dabiré RK, Ouédraogo JB, Solano P, Lefèvre T. Neemazal ® as a possible alternative control tool for malaria and African trypanosomiasis? Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:263. [PMID: 27146309 PMCID: PMC4857419 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research efforts to identify possible alternative control tools for malaria and African trypanosomiasis are needed. One promising approach relies on the use of traditional plant remedies with insecticidal activities. METHODS In this study, we assessed the effect of blood treated with different doses of NeemAzal ® (NA, neem seed extract) on mosquitoes (Anopheles coluzzii) and tsetse flies (Glossina palpalis gambiensis) (i) avidity to feed on the treated blood, (ii) longevity, and (iii) behavioural responses to human and calf odours in dual-choice tests. We also gauged NeemAzal ® toxicity in mice. RESULTS In An. coluzzii, the ingestion of NA in bloodmeals offered by membrane feeding resulted in (i) primary antifeedancy; (ii) decreased longevity; and (iii) reduced response to host odours. In G. palpalis gambiensis, NA caused (i) a knock-down effect; (ii) decreased or increased longevity depending on the dose; and (iii) reduced response to host stimuli. In both cases, NA did not affect the anthropophilic rate of activated insects. Overall, the most significant effects were observed with NA treated bloodmeals at a dose of 2000 μg/ml for mosquitoes and 50 μg/ml for tsetse flies. Although no mortality in mice was observed after 14 days of follow-up at oral doses of 3.8, 5.6, 8.4 and 12.7 g/kg, behavioural alterations were noticed at doses above 8 g/kg. CONCLUSION This study revealed promising activity of NA on A. coluzzii and G. palpalis gambiensis but additional research is needed to assess field efficacy of neem products to be possibly integrated in vector control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Serge Yerbanga
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rayaisse
- Centre International de Recherche Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Amélie Vantaux
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ernest Salou
- Centre International de Recherche Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Karine Mouline
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - François Hien
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Annette Habluetzel
- University of Camerino, School of Pharmacy, Piazza dei Costantini, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Jean Bosco Ouédraogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Philippe Solano
- Centre International de Recherche Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,INTERTRYP, UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Lefèvre
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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25
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Mongkol W, Arunyawat U, Surat W, Kubera A. Active Compounds Against Anopheles minimus Carboxypeptidase B for Malaria Transmission-Blocking Strategy. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:1322-1332. [PMID: 26352934 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Malaria transmission-blocking compounds have been studied to block the transmission of malaria parasites, especially the drug-resistant Plasmodium. Carboxypeptidase B (CPB) in the midgut of Anopheline mosquitoes has been demonstrated to be essential for the sexual development of Plasmodium in the mosquito. Thus, the CPB is a potential target for blocking compounds. The aim of this research was to screen compounds from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) diversity dataset and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs that could reduce the Anopheles CPB activity. The cDNA fragment of cpb gene from An. minimus (cpbAmi) was amplified and sequenced. The three-dimensional structure of CPB was predicted from the deduced amino acid sequence. The virtual screening of the compounds from NCI diversity set IV and FDA-approved drugs was performed against CPBAmi. The inhibition activity against CPBAmi of the top-scoring molecules was characterized in vitro. Three compounds-NSC-1014, NSC-332670, and aminopterin with IC50 at 0.99 mM, 1.55 mM, and 0.062 mM, respectively-were found to significantly reduce the CPBAmi activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watcharakorn Mongkol
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Uraiwan Arunyawat
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. Centre for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Wunrada Surat
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. Centre for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Anchanee Kubera
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. Centre for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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26
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Protective Effect of Aqueous Crude Extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaves on Plasmodium berghei-Induced Renal Damage in Mice. J Trop Med 2015; 2015:961205. [PMID: 26379714 PMCID: PMC4562167 DOI: 10.1155/2015/961205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major public health problem in the world because it can cause of death in patients. Malaria-associated renal injury is associated with 45% of mortality in adult patients hospitalized with severe form of the disease. Therefore, new plant extracts to protect against renal injury induced by malaria infection are urgently needed. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of aqueous crude extract of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves on renal injury induced by Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection in mice. ICR mice were injected intraperitoneally with 1 × 107 parasitized erythrocytes of PbANKA, and neem extracts (500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg) were given orally for 4 consecutive days. Plasma blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels were subsequently measured. Malaria-induced renal injury was evidenced as marked increases of BUN and creatinine levels. However, the oral administration of neem leaf extract to PbANKA infected mice for 4 days brought back BUN and creatinine levels to near normalcy, and the highest activity was observed at doses of 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg. Additionally, no toxic effects were found in normal mice treated with this extract. Hence, neem leaf extract can be considered a potential candidate for protection against renal injury induced by malaria.
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27
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Abay SM, Lucantoni L, Dahiya N, Dori G, Dembo EG, Esposito F, Lupidi G, Ogboi S, Ouédraogo RK, Sinisi A, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Yerbanga RS, Bramucci M, Quassinti L, Ouédraogo JB, Christophides G, Habluetzel A. Plasmodium transmission blocking activities of Vernonia amygdalina extracts and isolated compounds. Malar J 2015. [PMID: 26208861 PMCID: PMC4513948 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Medicinal plants are a validated source for discovery of new leads and standardized herbal medicines. The aim of this study was to assess the activity of Vernoniaamygdalina leaf extracts and isolated compounds against gametocytes and sporogonic stages of Plasmodiumberghei and to validate the findings on field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. Methods Aqueous (Ver-H2O) and ethanolic (Ver-EtOH) leaf extracts were tested in vivo for activity against sexual and asexual blood stage P. berghei parasites. In vivo transmission blocking effects of Ver-EtOH and Ver-H2O were estimated by assessing P. berghei oocyst prevalence and density in Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Activity targeting early sporogonic stages (ESS), namely gametes, zygotes and ookinetes was assessed in vitro using P. berghei CTRPp.GFP strain. Bioassay guided fractionation was performed to characterize V.amygdalina fractions and molecules for anti-ESS activity. Fractions active against ESS of the murine parasite were tested for ex vivo transmission blocking activity on P.falciparum field isolates. Cytotoxic effects of extracts and isolated compounds vernolide and vernodalol were evaluated on the human cell lines HCT116 and EA.hy926. Results Ver-H2O reduced the P. berghei macrogametocyte density in mice by about 50% and Ver-EtOH reduced P. berghei oocyst prevalence and density by 27 and 90%, respectively, in An.stephensi mosquitoes. Ver-EtOH inhibited almost completely (>90%) ESS development in vitro at 50 μg/mL. At this concentration, four fractions obtained from the ethylacetate phase of the methanol extract displayed inhibitory activity >90% against ESS. Three tested fractions were also found active against field isolates of the human parasite P. falciparum, reducing oocyst prevalence in Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes to one-half and oocyst density to one-fourth of controls. The molecules and fractions displayed considerable cytotoxicity on the two tested cell-lines. Conclusions Vernonia amygdalina leaves contain molecules affecting multiple stages of Plasmodium, evidencing its potential for drug discovery. Chemical modification of the identified hit molecules, in particular vernodalol, could generate a library of druggable sesquiterpene lactones. The development of a multistage phytomedicine designed as preventive treatment to complement existing malaria control tools appears a challenging but feasible goal. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0812-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon M Abay
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy. .,School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Leonardo Lucantoni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy. .,Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
| | - Nisha Dahiya
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Geme Dori
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Edson G Dembo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Esposito
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Guilio Lupidi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Sonny Ogboi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Robert K Ouédraogo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy. .,Institut de Recherche enSciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Annamaria Sinisi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | | | - R Serge Yerbanga
- Institut de Recherche enSciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Massimo Bramucci
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Luana Quassinti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Jean Bosco Ouédraogo
- Institut de Recherche enSciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | | | - Annette Habluetzel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
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28
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Dembo EG, Abay SM, Dahiya N, Ogboi JS, Christophides GK, Lupidi G, Chianese G, Lucantoni L, Habluetzel A. Impact of repeated NeemAzal-treated blood meals on the fitness of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:94. [PMID: 25884799 PMCID: PMC4330930 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbal remedies are widely used in many malaria endemic countries to treat patients, in particular in the absence of anti-malarial drugs and in some settings to prevent the disease. Herbal medicines may be specifically designed for prophylaxis and/or for blocking malaria transmission to benefit both, the individual consumer and the community at large. Neem represents a good candidate for this purpose due to its inhibitory effects on the parasite stages that cause the clinical manifestations of malaria and on those responsible for infection in the vector. Furthermore, neem secondary metabolites have been shown to interfere with various physiological processes in insect vectors. This study was undertaken to assess the impact of the standardised neem extract NeemAzal on the fitness of the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi following repeated exposure to the product through consecutive blood meals on treated mice. METHODS Batches of An. stephensi mosquitoes were offered 5 consecutive blood meals on female BALB/c mice treated with NeemAzal at an azadirachtin A concentration of 60, 105 or 150 mg/kg. The blood feeding capacity was estimated by measuring the haematin content of the rectal fluid excreted by the mosquitoes during feeding. The number of eggs laid was estimated by image analysis and their hatchability assessed by direct observations. RESULTS A dose and frequency dependent impact of NeemAzal treatment on the mosquito feeding capacity, oviposition and egg hatchability was demonstrated. In the 150 mg/kg treatment group, the mosquito feeding capacity was reduced by 50% already at the second blood meal and by 50 to 80% in all treatment groups at the fifth blood meal. Consequently, a 50 - 65% reduction in the number of eggs laid per female mosquito was observed after the fifth blood meal in all treatment groups. Similarly, after the fifth treated blood meal exposure, hatchability was found to be reduced by 62% and 70% in the 105 and 150 mg/kg group respectively. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study, taken together with the accumulated knowledge on neem open the challenging prospects of designing neem-based formulations as multi-target phytomedicines exhibiting preventive, parasite transmission-blocking as well as anti-vectorial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson G Dembo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Solomon M Abay
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy. .,School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Nisha Dahiya
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Johnbull S Ogboi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | | | - Giulio Lupidi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Chianese
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Lucantoni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy. .,Current address: Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Annette Habluetzel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
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Ishola I, Oreagba I, Adeneye A, Adirije C, Oshikoya K, Ogunleye O. Ethnopharmacological survey of herbal treatment of malaria in Lagos, Southwest Nigeria. J Herb Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tundis R, Loizzo MR, Menichini F. An overview on chemical aspects and potential health benefits of limonoids and their derivatives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:225-50. [PMID: 24188270 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.581400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Limonoids are heavily oxygenated, modified triterpenes dominant in Meliaceae and Rutaceae plant families. The term 'limonoid' is derived from limonin, which was first identified as the bitter constituent of Citrus seeds in 1841. This group of secondary metabolites exhibits a wide range of biological properties, including anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, and antiviral activities. Significant progress on the role of limonoids as promising candidates for cancer chemoprevention and/or therapy has been achieved in particular in recent years. The aim of this review article is to discuss the recent developments on limonoids chemical aspects and biological activities with the relationship between structure and activity, supporting the new possibilities for the medicinal and/or nutraceutical use of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Tundis
- a Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences , University of Calabria , I-87036 Rende (CS) , Italy
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Transmission blocking activity of Azadirachta indica and Guiera senegalensis extracts on the sporogonic development of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates in Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:185. [PMID: 24735564 PMCID: PMC3996177 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting the stages of the malaria parasites responsible for transmission from the human host to the mosquito vector is a key pharmacological strategy for malaria control. Research efforts to identify compounds that are active against these stages have significantly increased in recent years. However, at present, only two drugs are available, namely primaquine and artesunate, which reportedly act on late stage gametocytes. METHODS In this study, we assessed the antiplasmodial effects of 5 extracts obtained from the neem tree Azadirachta indica and Guiera senegalensis against the early vector stages of Plasmodium falciparum, using field isolates. In an ex vivo assay gametocytaemic blood was supplemented with the plant extracts and offered to Anopheles coluzzii females by membrane feeding. Transmission blocking activity was evaluated by assessing oocyst prevalence and density on the mosquito midguts. RESULTS Initial screening of the 5 plant extracts at 250 ppm revealed transmission blocking activity in two neem preparations. Up to a concentration of 70 ppm the commercial extract NeemAzal completely blocked transmission and at 60 ppm mosquitoes of 4 out of 5 replicate groups remained uninfected. Mosquitoes fed on the ethyl acetate phase of neem leaves at 250 ppm showed a reduction in oocyst prevalence of 59.0% (CI₉₅ 12.0 - 79.0; p < 10-4) and in oocyst density of 90.5% (CI₉₅ 86.0 - 93.5; p < 10-4 ), while the ethanol extract from the same plant part did not exhibit any activity. No evidence of transmission blocking activity was found using G. senegalensis ethyl acetate extract from stem galls. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study highlight the potential of antimalarial plants for the discovery of novel transmission blocking molecules, and open up the potential of developing standardized transmission blocking herbal formulations as malaria control tools to complement currently used antimalarial drugs and combination treatments.
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Malaria and natural products: what is the future of this long-lasting relationship? Future Med Chem 2014; 6:365-7. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Sáenz FE, LaCrue AN, Cross RM, Maignan JR, Udenze KO, Manetsch R, Kyle DE. 4-(1H)-Quinolones and 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroacridin-9(10H)-ones prevent the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum to Anopheles freeborni. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:6187-95. [PMID: 24080648 PMCID: PMC3837905 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00492-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria kills approximately 1 million people a year, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. Essential steps in the life cycle of the parasite are the development of gametocytes, as well as the formation of oocysts and sporozoites, in the Anopheles mosquito vector. Preventing transmission of malaria through the mosquito is necessary for the control of the disease; nevertheless, the vast majority of drugs in use act primarily against the blood stages. The study described herein focuses on the assessment of the transmission-blocking activities of potent antierythrocytic stage agents derived from the 4(1H)-quinolone scaffold. In particular, three 3-alkyl- or 3-phenyl-4(1H)-quinolones (P4Qs), one 7-(2-phenoxyethoxy)-4(1H)-quinolone (PEQ), and one 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9(10H)-one (THA) were assessed for their transmission-blocking activity against the mosquito stages of the human malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum) and the rodent parasite (P. berghei). Results showed that all of the experimental compounds reduced or prevented the exflagellation of male gametocytes and, more importantly, prevented parasite transmission to the mosquito vector. Additionally, treatment with ICI 56,780 reduced the number of sporozoites that reached the Anopheles salivary glands. These findings suggest that 4(1H)-quinolones, which have activity against the blood stages, can also prevent the transmission of Plasmodium to the mosquito and, hence, are potentially important drug candidates to eradicate malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián E. Sáenz
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Alexis N. LaCrue
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - R. Matthew Cross
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jordany R. Maignan
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Kenneth O. Udenze
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Roman Manetsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Dennis E. Kyle
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Al-Abd NM, Nor ZM, Al-Adhroey AH, Suhaimi A, Sivanandam S. Recent advances on the use of biochemical extracts as filaricidal agents. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:986573. [PMID: 24298292 PMCID: PMC3835708 DOI: 10.1155/2013/986573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic infection that causes a devastating public health and socioeconomic burden with an estimated infection of over 120 million individuals worldwide. The infection is caused by three closely related nematode parasites, namely, Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and B. timori, which are transmitted to human through mosquitoes of Anopheles, Culex, and Aedes genera. The species have many ecological variants and are diversified in terms of their genetic fingerprint. The rapid spread of the disease and the genetic diversification cause the lymphatic filarial parasites to respond differently to diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. This in turn prompts the current challenge encountered in its management. Furthermore, most of the chemical medications used are characterized by adverse side effects. These complications urgently warrant intense prospecting on bio-chemicals that have potent efficacy against either the filarial worms or thier vector. In lieu of this, we presented a review on recent literature that reported the efficacy of filaricidal biochemicals and those employed as vector control agents. In addition, methods used for biochemical extraction, screening procedures, and structure of the bioactive compounds were also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazeh M. Al-Abd
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zurainee Mohamed Nor
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abdulelah H. Al-Adhroey
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anwar Suhaimi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S. Sivanandam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Bedri S, Khalil EA, Khalid SA, Alzohairy MA, Mohieldein A, Aldebasi YH, Seke Etet PF, Farahna M. Azadirachta indica ethanolic extract protects neurons from apoptosis and mitigates brain swelling in experimental cerebral malaria. Malar J 2013; 12:298. [PMID: 23984986 PMCID: PMC3844317 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral malaria is a rapidly developing encephalopathy caused by the apicomplexan parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Drugs currently in use are associated with poor outcome in an increasing number of cases and new drugs are urgently needed. The potential of the medicinal plant Azadirachta indica (Neem) for the treatment of experimental cerebral malaria was evaluated in mice. METHODS Experimental cerebral malaria was induced in mice by infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Infected mice were administered with Azadirachta indica ethanolic extract at doses of 300, 500, or 1000 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.) in experimental groups, or with the anti-malarial drugs chloroquine (12 mg/kg, i.p.) or artemether (1.6 mg/kg, i.p.), in the positive control groups. Treatment was initiated at the onset of signs of brain involvement and pursued for five days on a daily basis. Mice brains were dissected out and processed for the study of the effects of the extract on pyramidal cells' fate and on markers of neuroinflammation and apoptosis, in the medial temporal lobe. RESULTS Azadirachta indica ethanolic extract mitigated neuroinflammation, decreased the severity of brain oedema, and protected pyramidal neurons from apoptosis, particularly at the highest dose used, comparable to chloroquine and artemether. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that Azadirachta indica ethanolic extract has protective effects on neuronal populations in the inflamed central nervous system, and justify at least in part its use in African and Asian folk medicine and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Bedri
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia.
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ZHIQING MA, GULIA-NUSS MONIKA, ZHANG XING, BROWN MARKR. Effects of the botanical insecticide, toosendanin, on blood digestion and egg production by female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): topical application and ingestion. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 50:112-121. [PMID: 23427659 PMCID: PMC3893133 DOI: 10.1603/me12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Botanical insecticides offer novel chemistries and actions that may provide effective mosquito control. Toosendanin (TSN, 95% purity) is one such insecticide used to control crop pests in China, and in this study, it was evaluated for lethal and sublethal effects on larvae and females of the yellowfever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.). TSN was very toxic to first instar larvae after a 24 h exposure (LC50 = 60.8 microg/ml) and to adult females up to 96 h after topical treatment (LD50 = 4.3 microg/female) or ingestion in a sugar bait (LC50 = 1.02 microg/microl). Treatment of first instars for 24 h with a range of sublethal doses (6.3-25 microg/ml) delayed development to pupae by 1 to 2 d. Egg production and larval hatching from eggs were dose dependently reduced (>45%) by TSN doses (1.25-10.0 microg) topically applied to females 24 h before or 1 h after a bloodmeal. Ingestion of TSN (0.031-0.25 microg/microl of sugar bait) by females 24 h before a bloodmeal also greatly reduced egg production and larval hatch; no eggs were oviposited by females ingesting the highest dose. Further studies revealed that topical or ingested TSN dose-dependently disrupted yolk deposition in oocytes, blood ingestion and digestion, and ovary ecdysteroid production in blood-fed females. Overall, our results indicate that TSN is an effective insecticide for Ae. aegypti larvae and adults, because of its overt toxicity at high doses and disruption of development and reproduction at sublethal doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- MA ZHIQING
- Biorational Pesticide Research and Development Center, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China 712100
| | | | - XING ZHANG
- Biorational Pesticide Research and Development Center, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China 712100
| | - MARK R. BROWN
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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Dechy-Cabaret O, Benoit-Vical F. Effects of Antimalarial Molecules on the Gametocyte Stage of Plasmodium falciparum: The Debate. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10328-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3005898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Odile Dechy-Cabaret
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 Route de Narbonne, BP
44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Françoise Benoit-Vical
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 Route de Narbonne, BP
44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie
and Faculté de Médecine de Rangueil, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Yerbanga RS, Lucantoni L, Lupidi G, Dori GU, Tepongning NR, Nikiéma JB, Esposito F, Habluetzel A. Antimalarial plant remedies from Burkina Faso: their potential for prophylactic use. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 140:255-260. [PMID: 22301449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Saye, a combination remedy prepared from Cochlospermum planchonii Hook.f. (Cochlospermaceae), Cassia alata L. (Fabaceae) and Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. et Thonn. (Euphorbiaceae), N'Dribala, a Cochlospermum planchonii root decoction, and a fruit preparation of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) are plant remedies of the folk medicine in Burkina Faso and are commonly used by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed at validating the antiplasmodial activity of the preparations and at estimating their potential for prophylaxis, using the murine malaria system Plasmodium berghei/Anopheles stephensi. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extracts were orally administered to mice (6 animals per treatment group) at a daily dose of 200mg/kg body weight for nine days, applying protocols that mimic as much as possible traditional recipes and treatment schemes. RESULTS Saye, N'Dribala and Azadirachta indica preparations revealed prophylactic activity, reducing parasitaemia in treated mice, with respect to controls, by 52.0% (CI(95) 46.1-57.9), 45.5% (CI(95) 44.5-46.5) and 45.0% (CI(95) 41.1-48.9), respectively. No evidence of transmission blocking effects was detected with any of the tested remedies. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms, in the murine malaria system, the antiplasmodial properties of the examined remedies on the Plasmodium stages developing in the vertebrate host, thus encouraging studies aiming at identifying the active fractions and compounds responsible for the described activity and to develop standardized prophylactic remedies.
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Tepongning RN, Lucantoni L, Nasuti CC, Dori GU, Yerbanga SR, Lupidi G, Marini C, Rossi G, Esposito F, Habluetzel A. Potential of a Khaya ivorensis -Alstonia boonei extract combination as antimalarial prophylactic remedy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:743-751. [PMID: 21742022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The decoction of the combined stem barks of Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. (Meliaceae) and Alstonia boonei De Wild (Apocynaceae) has a history of use in traditional medicine of central Cameroon for malaria treatment but also for the prevention of the disease. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this investigation was to determine the antiplasmodial activity of Khaya ivorensis (K) and Alstonia boonei (A) preparations in the murine malaria model Plasmodium berghei/Anopheles stephensi, to estimate their prophylactic potential and to assess acute and sub-acute toxicity of the formulations prepared according to the traditional recipes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extracts from the stem-bark of the two plants were prepared and tested separately and in combination. BALB/c mice were treated for 9 days and challenged on day 3 by exposure to mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium berghei. Treatment doses ranged between 200 and 400mg/kg/day, corresponding approximately to the dosage applied by traditional healers to cure malaria patients or prevent the disease. Parasitemia reduction in treated animals was calculated from Giemsa smear counts, of two replicate experiments. To estimate acute toxicity in terms of median lethal dose (LD50), geometrically increasing doses were administered to mice. Sub-acute toxicity of the herbal combination (KA) was investigated by administering the same doses as in the antiplasmodial activity test for a period of 14 days, followed by 14 days of recovery observation. Locomotor activity (Open Field Test), body weight, liver and kidney morphology were monitored. RESULTS The combination KA was found to exhibit antiplasmodial activity in the murine malaria model. In mice treated with the combination remedy at a dosage of 200mg/kg/day, parasitemia values of 6.2% ± 1.7 and 6.5% ± 0.8 were recorded, compared to 10.8% ± 1.3 and 12.0% ± 4.0 in controls (p<0.01). Doubling the dosage of the extracts did not significantly increase parasite suppression. When extracts of K and A were administered separately at a dosage of 400mg/kg, a reduction in parasitemia was still obtained, but it did not reach statistical significance. Toxicity studies yielded comforting results: the LD50 was estimated to be greater than 2779.5mg/kg. Moreover, mice exposed to the fourteen-day repeated-dose toxicity test (sub-acute toxicity test) did not display weight loss, liver or kidney morphological modifications, significant alterations in locomotor activity or any other sign of illness. CONCLUSION The antiplasmodial activity and the wide dose interval between the therapeutic dosage and the toxic dosage exhibited by the KA herbal combination in the murine malaria model argue in favor of its use as an antimalarial prophylactic remedy. It remains to be demonstrated by human clinical trials whether the combination remedy, when taken by inhabitants during malaria transmission season, can reduce parasite density and lead to a reduction of malaria episodes in the community.
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Chatterji BP, Jindal B, Srivastava S, Panda D. Microtubules as antifungal and antiparasitic drug targets. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:167-86. [PMID: 21204724 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.545349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diseases caused by fungi and parasites are major illnesses in humans as well as in animals. Microtubule-targeted drugs are highly effective for the treatment of fungal and parasitic infections; however, several human parasitic infections such as malaria, trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis do not have effective remedial drugs. In addition, the emergence of drug-resistant fungi and parasites makes the discovery of new drugs imperative. AREAS COVERED This article describes similarities and dissimilarities between parasitic, fungal and mammalian tubulins and focuses on microtubule-targeting agents and therapeutic approaches for the treatment of fungal and parasitic diseases. New microtubule-targeted antileishmanial, antimalarial and antifungal drugs, with structures, biological activities and related patents, are described. The potential of dsRNA against tubulin to inhibit proliferation of protozoan and helminthic parasites is also discussed. Patent documents up to 2010 have been searched on USPTO, Patentscope, and Espacenet resources. EXPERT OPINION The article suggests that vaccination with tubulin may offer novel opportunities for the antiparasitic treatment. Native or recombinant tubulin used as antigen has been shown to elicit immune response and cure infection partially or fully in animals upon challenge by protozoan parasites and helminths, thus indicating the suitability of tubulin as a vaccine against parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswa Prasun Chatterji
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
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Blocking Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Transmission with Drugs: The Gametocytocidal and Sporontocidal Properties of Current and Prospective Antimalarials. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010. [PMCID: PMC4052541 DOI: 10.3390/ph4010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs that kill or inhibit the sexual stages of Plasmodium could potentially amplify or synergize the impact of other interventions by blocking transmission to mosquitoes. Primaquine and other 8-aminoquinolines have long offered such potential, but safety and other concerns have limited their use. Although transmission-blocking properties are not often a priority of drug discovery efforts, a number of interesting gametocytocidal and/or sporontocidal drug candidates have emerged in recent years. Some still bear significant technical and safety concerns, while others have passed clinical trials and are on the verge of entering the antimalarial armamentarium. Recent advances in our knowledge of gametocyte differentiation, gametogenesis and sporogony have also led to the identification of a large array of potential new targets for drugs that might interfere with malaria transmission. This review examines the properties of existing and prospective drugs, mechanisms of action, counter-indications and their potential role in regional malaria elimination efforts.
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Chianese G, Yerbanga SR, Lucantoni L, Habluetzel A, Basilico N, Taramelli D, Fattorusso E, Taglialatela-Scafati O. Antiplasmodial triterpenoids from the fruits of neem, Azadirachta indica. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:1448-52. [PMID: 20669933 DOI: 10.1021/np100325q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Eight known and two new triterpenoid derivatives, neemfruitins A (9) and B (10), have been isolated from the fruits of neem, Azadirachta indica, a traditional antimalarial plant used by Asian and African populations. In vitro antiplasmodial tests evidenced a significant activity of the known gedunin and azadirone and the new neemfruitin A and provided useful information about the structure-antimalarial activity relationships in the limonoid class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Chianese
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131, Napoli, Italy
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Sinden RE, Talman A, Marques SR, Wass MN, Sternberg MJE. The flagellum in malarial parasites. Curr Opin Microbiol 2010; 13:491-500. [PMID: 20566299 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The malarial parasites assemble flagella exclusively during the formation of the male gamete in the midgut of the female mosquito vector. The observation of gamete formation ex vivo reported by Laveran (Laveran MA: De la nature parasitaire des accidents de l'impaludisme. Comptes Rendues De La Societe de Biologie. Paris 1881, 93:627-630) was seminal to the discovery of the parasite itself. Following ingestion of malaria-infected blood by the mosquito, microgamete formation from the terminally arrested gametocytes is exceptionally rapid, completing three mitotic divisions in just a few minutes, and is precisely regulated. This review attempts to draw together the diverse original observations with subsequent electron microscopic studies, and recent work on the signalling pathways regulating sexual development, together with transcriptomic and proteomic studies that are paving the way to new understandings of the molecular mechanisms involved and the potential they offer for effective interventions to block the transmission of the parasites in natural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Sinden
- The Malaria Centre, The Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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